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Speaker 1: Section seventeen of nineteen eighty four by George Orwell. This

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leagamous recording may be freely distributed and adapted for any purpose.

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Part two, Chapter nine. A. Winston was gelatinous with fatigue.

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Gelatinous was the right word. It had come into his

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head spontaneously. His body seemed to have not only the

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weakness of a jelly, but its translucency. He felt that

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if he held up his hand he would be able

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to see the lights through it. All the blood and

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limph had been drained out of him by an enormous

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debauch of work, leaving only a frail structure of nerves, bones,

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and skin. All sensations seemed to be magnified. His overalls

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fretted his shoulders, the pavement tiggled his feet. Even the

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opening and closing of her hand was an effort that

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made his joints creak. He had worked more than ninety

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hours in five days, so had every one else in

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the ministry. Now it was all over, and he had

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literally nothing to do, no party work of any description

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until to morrow morning. He could spend six hours in

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the hiding place and another nine in his own bed,

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slowly in mild afternoon sunshine, he walked up a dingy

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street in the direction of mister Charrington's shop, keeping one

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eye open for the patrols, but irrationally convinced that this

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afternoon there was no danger of anyone interfering with him.

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The heavy briefcase that he was carrying bumped against his

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knee at each step, sending a tingling sensation up and

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down the skin of his leg. Inside it was the

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book which he had now had in his possession for

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six days, and had not yet opened nor even looked at.

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On the sixth day of hate week, after the processions,

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the speeches, the shouting, the singing, the banners, the posters,

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the films, the waxworks, the rolling of drums and squealing

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of trumpets, the tramp of marching feet, the grinding of

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the caterpillars of tanks, the roar of massed planes, the

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booming of guns. After six days of this, when the

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great orgasm was quivering to its climax, and the general

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hatred of erasure had boiled up into such delirium that

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if the crowd could have got their hands on the

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two thousand Eurasian War criminals who were to be publicly

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hanged on the last day of the proceedings, they would

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unquestionably have torn them to pieces. At just this moment,

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it had been announced that Oceania was not, after all

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at war with Eurasia. Oceania was at war with East Asia.

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Eurasia was an ally. There was of course, no admission

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that any change had taken place. Merely it became known

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with extreme suddenness and everywhere at once, that East Asia,

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and not Eurasia, was the enemy. Winston was taking part

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in a demonstration in one of the central London squares

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at the moment when it happened. It was night, and

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the white faces and the scarlet banners were luridly floodless.

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The square was packed with several thousand people, including a

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block of about a thousand school children in the uniform

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of the Spies. On a scarlet draped platform, an orator

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of the Inner Party, a small, lean man with disproportionately

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long arms and a large bald skull over which a

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few lank locks straggled, was haranguing the crowd. A little

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rumpel Stiltskin figure contorted with hatred. He gripped the neck

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of the microphone with one hand, while the other enormous

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At the end of a bony arm clawed the air

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menacingly above his head. His voice, made metallic by the amplifiers,

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boomed forth an endless catalog of atrocities, massacres, deportations, lootings, rapings,

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torture of prisoners, bombing of civilians, lying propaganda, unjust aggressions,

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broken treaties. It was almost impossible to listen to him

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without first being convinced and then maddened. At every few moments,

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the fury of the crowd boiled over, and the voice

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of the speaker was drowned by a wild, beast like

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roaring that rose uncontrollably from thousands of throats. The most

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savage yells of all came from the school children. The

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speech had been proceeding for perhaps twenty minutes when a

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messenger hurried on to the platform and a scrap of

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paper was slipped into the speaker's hand. He unrolled and

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read it without pausing in his speech. Nothing altered in

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his voice or manner, or in the content of what

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he was saying. But suddenly the names were different, without

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words said, A wave of understanding rippled through the crowd.

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Oceania was at war with East Asia. The next moment

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there was a tremendous commotion. The banners and posters with

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which the square was decorated were all wrong. Quite half

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of them had the wrong faces on them. It was sabotage.

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The agents of Goldstein had been at work. There was

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a riotous interlude while posters were ripped from the walls,

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banners torn to shreds, and trampled under foot. The spies

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performed prodigies of activity in clambering over the rooftops and

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cutting the streamers that fluttered from the chimneys. But within

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two or three minutes it was all over. The orator,

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still gripping the neck of the microphone, his shoulders hunched forward,

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his free hand clawing at the air, had gone straight

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on with his speech. One minute more, and the feral

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roars of rage were again bursting from the crowd. The

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hate continued exactly as before, except that the target had

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been changed. The thing that impressed Winston in looking back

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was that the speaker had switched from one line to

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the other, actually in mid sentence, not only without a pause,

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but without even breaking the sea. But at the moment

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he had other things to preoccupy him. It was during

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the moment of disorder, while the posters were being torn down,

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that a man whose face he did not see, had

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tapped him on the shoulder and said, excuse me, I

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think you've dropped your briefcase. He took the briefcase abstractedly,

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without speaking. He knew that it would be days before

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he had an opportunity to look inside it. The instant

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that the demonstration was over, he went straight to the

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Ministry of Truth. Though the time was now nearly twenty

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three hours. The entire staff of the Ministry had done likewise.

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The orders already issuing from the telescreen recalling them to

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their posts were hardly necessary. Oceania was at war with

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East Asia. Oceania had always been at war with East Asia.

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A large part of the political literature of five years

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was now completely obsolete. Reports and records of all kinds, newspapers, books, pamphlets, films,

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sound tracks, photographs all had to be rectified at lightning speed.

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Although no directive was ever issued, it was known that

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the chiefs of the Day Apartment intended that within one

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week no reference to the war with Eurasia or the

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alliance with East Asia should remain in existence anywhere. The

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work was overwhelming, all the more so because the processes

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that it involved could not be called by their true names.

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Everyone in the records department worked eighteen hours in the

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twenty four, with two three hour snatches of sleep. Mattresses

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were brought up from the cellars and pitched all over

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the corridors. Meals consisted of sandwiches and victory coffee, wheeled

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round on trolleys by attendants from the canteen. Each time

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that Winston broke off for one of his spells of sleep,

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he tried to leave his desk clear of work, And

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each time that he crawled back, sticky eyed and aching,

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it was to find that another shower of paper cylinders

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had covered the desk like a snow drift, half burying

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the speakrit and overflowing onto the floor, so that the

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first job was always to stack them into a neat

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enough pile to give him room to work. What was

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worst of all was that the work was by no

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means purely mechanical. Often it was enough merely to substitute

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one name for another, but any detailed report of events

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demanded care and imagination, even the geographical knowledge that one

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needed in transferring the war from one part of the

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world to another was considerable. By the third day, his

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eyes ached unbearably, and his spectacles needed wiping every few minutes.

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It was like struggling with some crushing physical task, something

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which one had the right to refuse, in which one

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was nevertheless neurotically anxious to accomplish. In so far as

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he had time to remember it. He was not troubled

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by the fact that every word he murmured into the speakrite,

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every stroke of his ink pencil, was a deliberate lie.

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He was as anxious as any one else in the

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department that the forgery should be perfect. On the morning

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of the sixth day, the dribble of cylinders slowed down.

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For as much as half an hour. Nothing came out

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of the tube, then one more cylinder, then nothing everywhere.

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At about the same time the work was easing off.

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A deep and as it were, secret sigh went through

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the department. A mighty deed which could never be mentioned,

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had been achieved. It was now impossible for any human

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being to prove by a documentary evidence that the war

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with Eurasia had ever happened. At twelve hundred it was

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unexpectedly announced that all workers in the ministry were free

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till to morrow morning. Winston, still carrying the briefcase containing

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the book, which had remained between his feet while he

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worked and under his body while he slept, went home,

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shaved himself and almost fell asleep in his path. Although

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the water was barely more than teppid, With a sort

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of voluptuous creaking in his joints, he climbed to the

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stair above mister Charrington's shop. He was tired, but not

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sleepy any longer. He opened the window, lit the dirty

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little earth stove, and put on a pan of water

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for coffee. Julia would arrive presently. Meanwhile, there was the book.

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He sat down in the sluttish arm chair and undid

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the straps of the briefcase, a heavy black volume, amateuriously bound,

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with no name or title on the cover. The print

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also looked slightly irregular. The pages were worn at the

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edges and fell apart easily, as though the book had

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passed through many hands. The inscrittion on the title page

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ran The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism by Immanuel Goldstein.

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Winston began reading chapter one, Ignorance is strength. Throughout recorded time,

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and probably since the end of the Neolithic age, there

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have been three kinds of people in the world, the high,

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the middle, and the low. They have been subdivided in

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many ways. They have borne countless different names, and their

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relative numbers, as well as their attitude towards one another,

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have varied from age to age. But the essential structure

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of society has never altered. Even after enormous upheavals and

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seemingly irrevocable changes, the same pattern has always reasserted itself,

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just as a gyroscope will always return to equilibrium, however

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far it is pushed one way or the other. The

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aims of these groups are entirely irreconcilable. Winston stopped reading,

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chiefly in order to appreciate the fact that he was

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reading in comfort and safety. He was alone, no telescreen,

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no ear at the keyhole, no nervous impulse to glance

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over his shoulder or cover the page with his hand.

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The sweet summer air played against his cheek from somewhere

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far away. There floated the faint shouts of children. In

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the room itself. There was no sound except the insect

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voice of the clock. He settled deeper into the arm

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chair and put his feet up on the fender. It

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was bliss. It was eternity. Suddenly, as one sometimes does

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with the book of which one knows that one will

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ultimately read and reread every word, he opened it at

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a different place and found himself at chapter three. He

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went on reading Chapter three. War is peace. The splitting

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up of the world into three great superstates was an

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event which could be, and indeed was foreseen before the

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middle of the twentieth century. With the absorption of Europe

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by Russia and of the British Empire by the United States,

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two of the three existing powers, Eurasia and Oceania were

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already effectively in being the third East Asia only emerged

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as a distinct unit after another decade of confused fighting.

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The frontiers between the three superstans are in some places arbitrary,

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and in others they fluctuate according to the fortunes of war,

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but in general they follow geographical lines. Eurasia comprises the

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whole of the northern part of the European and Asiatic

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land mass, from Portugal to the Bering Strait. Oceania comprises

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the Americas, the Atlantic Islands, including the British Isles, Australasia,

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and the southern portion of Africa. East Asia, smaller than

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the others and with the less definite western frontier comprises

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China and the countries to the south of it, the

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Japanese Islands, and a large but fluctuating portion of Manchuria,

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Mongolia and Tibet. In one combination or another, these three

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superstates are permanently at war, and have been so for

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the past twenty five years. War, however, is no longer

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the desperate, annihilating struggle that it was in the early

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decades of the twentieth century. It is a warfare of

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limited aims between combatants who are unable to destroy one another,

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have no material cause for fighting, and are not divided

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by any genuine ideological difference. This is not to say

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that either the conduct of war or the prevailing attitude

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towards it, has become less bloodthirsty or more chivalrous. On

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the contrary, war hysteria is continuous and universal in all countries,

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and such acts as raping, looting, the slaughter of children,

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the reduction of whole populations to slavery, and reprisals against

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prisoners which extend even to boiling and burying alive are

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looked upon as normal, and when they are committed by

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one's own side and not by the enemy, meritorious. But

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in a physical sense, war involves very small numbers of people,

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mostly highly trained specialists, and causes comparatively few casualties. The fighting,

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when there is any, takes place on the vague frontiers,

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whose whereabouts the average man can only guess at or

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round the floating fortresses which guard strategic spots on the

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sea lanes in the centers of civilization, war means no

236
00:12:48,679 --> 00:12:51,519
more than a continuous shortage of consumption goods and the

237
00:12:51,559 --> 00:12:53,679
occasional crash of a rocket bomb, which may cause a

238
00:12:53,679 --> 00:12:57,720
few scores of deaths. War has in fact changed its character.

239
00:12:58,519 --> 00:13:00,840
More exactly, the reasons for which war is waged have

240
00:13:00,919 --> 00:13:04,440
changed in their order of importance. Motives which were already

241
00:13:04,480 --> 00:13:06,200
present to some extent in the great wars of the

242
00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:09,840
early twentieth century have now become dominant and are consciously

243
00:13:09,879 --> 00:13:13,559
recognized and acted upon. To understand the nature of the

244
00:13:13,559 --> 00:13:16,360
present war, for in spite of the regrouping which occurs

245
00:13:16,399 --> 00:13:19,200
every few years, it is always the same war, one

246
00:13:19,279 --> 00:13:21,559
must realize in the first place that it is impossible

247
00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:24,600
for it to be decisive. None of the three superstates

248
00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:27,440
could be definitively conquered even by the other two. In combination,

249
00:13:28,399 --> 00:13:31,159
they are two evenly matched, and their natural defenses are

250
00:13:31,159 --> 00:13:35,320
too formidable. Eurasia is protected by its vast land spaces,

251
00:13:35,720 --> 00:13:38,159
Oceania by the width of the Atlantic and the Pacific,

252
00:13:38,679 --> 00:13:43,440
East Asia by the fecundity and industriousness of its inhabitants. Secondly,

253
00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:45,679
there is no longer, in a material sense, anything to

254
00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:49,720
fight about. With the establishment of self contained economies in

255
00:13:49,759 --> 00:13:52,639
which production and consumption are geared to one another, the

256
00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:55,399
scramble for markets, which was the main cause of previous wars,

257
00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:58,039
has come to an end, while the competition for raw

258
00:13:58,080 --> 00:13:59,960
materials is no longer a matter of life and death.

259
00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:03,440
In any case, each of the three superstates is so

260
00:14:03,559 --> 00:14:05,960
vast that it can obtain almost all the materials that

261
00:14:06,039 --> 00:14:09,039
it needs within its own boundaries. In so far as

262
00:14:09,080 --> 00:14:11,600
the war has a direct economic purpose, it is a

263
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:15,240
war for labor power between the frontiers of the superstates,

264
00:14:15,360 --> 00:14:17,720
and not permanently in the possession of any of them.

265
00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:21,639
There lies a rough quadrilateral with its corners of Tangier, Brazaville,

266
00:14:22,039 --> 00:14:25,200
Darwin and Hong Kong, containing within it about a fifth

267
00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:27,679
of the population of the Earth. It is for the

268
00:14:27,679 --> 00:14:30,919
possession of these thickly populated regions and of the northern

269
00:14:30,919 --> 00:14:35,200
ice Cap, that the three powers are constantly struggling. In practice,

270
00:14:35,240 --> 00:14:37,919
no one power ever controls the whole of the disputed area.

271
00:14:38,519 --> 00:14:41,240
Portions of it are constantly changing hands, and it is

272
00:14:41,279 --> 00:14:43,360
the chance of seizing this or that fragment by a

273
00:14:43,399 --> 00:14:46,960
sudden stroke of treachery that dictates the endless changes of alignment.

274
00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:51,600
All of the disputed territories contain valuable minerals, and some

275
00:14:51,639 --> 00:14:55,000
of them yield important vegetable products, such as rubber, which,

276
00:14:55,039 --> 00:14:58,480
in colder climates it is necessary to synthesize by comparatively

277
00:14:58,519 --> 00:15:02,480
expensive methods. But above all they contain a bottomless reserve

278
00:15:02,519 --> 00:15:06,720
of cheap labor. Whichever power controls Equatorial Africa, or the

279
00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:09,600
countries of the Middle East, or Southern India or the

280
00:15:09,639 --> 00:15:13,360
Indonesian Archipelago disposes also of the bodies of scores of

281
00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:15,919
hundreds of millions of ill paid and hard working coolies.

282
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:20,440
The inhabitants of these areas reduced more or less openly

283
00:15:20,440 --> 00:15:23,919
to the status of slaves, pass continually from conqueror to contra,

284
00:15:24,279 --> 00:15:26,679
and are expended, like so much coal or oil, in

285
00:15:26,720 --> 00:15:29,639
the race to turn out more armaments, to capture more territory,

286
00:15:29,840 --> 00:15:32,960
to control more labor power, to turn out more armaments,

287
00:15:33,159 --> 00:15:36,639
to capture more territory, and so on indefinitely. It should

288
00:15:36,679 --> 00:15:38,919
be noted that the fighting never really moves beyond the

289
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:42,799
edges of the disputed areas. The frontiers of Eurasia flow

290
00:15:42,840 --> 00:15:44,799
back and forth between the basin of the Congo and

291
00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:47,840
the northern shore of the Mediterranean. The islands of the

292
00:15:47,879 --> 00:15:50,600
Indian Ocean under the Pacific are constantly being captured and

293
00:15:50,639 --> 00:15:54,360
recaptured by Oceania or by East Asia in Mongolia, the

294
00:15:54,399 --> 00:15:57,120
dividing line between Eurasia and East Asia is never stable.

295
00:15:57,919 --> 00:16:00,320
Round the pole, all three powers lake lids aimed to

296
00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:04,000
enormous territories, which in fact are largely uninhabited and unexplored.

297
00:16:04,519 --> 00:16:07,279
But the balance of power always remains roughly even, and

298
00:16:07,360 --> 00:16:09,759
the territory which forms the heart land of each superstate

299
00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:13,759
always remains inviolate. Moreover, the labor of the exploited peoples

300
00:16:13,799 --> 00:16:16,559
round the equator is not really necessary to the world's economy.

301
00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:19,200
They add nothing to the wealth of the world, since

302
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:21,799
whatever they produce is used for purposes of war, and

303
00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:23,639
the object of waging a war is always to be

304
00:16:23,639 --> 00:16:25,679
in a better position in which to wage another war.

305
00:16:26,519 --> 00:16:29,200
By their labor, the slave populations allow the tempo of

306
00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:32,159
continuous warfare to be speeded up, but if they did

307
00:16:32,159 --> 00:16:35,120
not exist, the structure of world society and the process

308
00:16:35,159 --> 00:16:38,039
by which it maintains itself would not be essentially different.

309
00:16:39,879 --> 00:16:42,679
The primary aim of modern warfare, in accordance with the

310
00:16:42,679 --> 00:16:45,879
principles of double think. This same is simultaneously recognized and

311
00:16:45,919 --> 00:16:48,399
not recognized by the directing brains of the Inner Party,

312
00:16:49,039 --> 00:16:51,440
is to use up the products of the machine without

313
00:16:51,519 --> 00:16:54,799
raising the general standard of living. Ever since the end

314
00:16:54,799 --> 00:16:56,799
of the nineteenth century, the problem of what to do

315
00:16:56,879 --> 00:16:59,120
with the surplus of consumption goods has been latent in

316
00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:03,080
industrial society. At present, when few human beings even have

317
00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:06,559
enough to eat, this problem is obviously not urgent, and

318
00:17:06,680 --> 00:17:09,359
it might not have become so even if no artificial

319
00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:12,799
processes of destruction had been at work. The world of

320
00:17:12,799 --> 00:17:15,680
to day is a bare, hungry, dilapidated place compared with

321
00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:18,960
the world that existed before nineteen fourteen, and still more

322
00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:21,119
so if compared with the imaginary future to which the

323
00:17:21,160 --> 00:17:25,440
people of that period looked forward. In the early twentieth century,

324
00:17:25,799 --> 00:17:30,039
the vision of a future society unbelievably rich leisured, orderly

325
00:17:30,079 --> 00:17:33,440
and efficient, a glittering, antiseptic world of glass and steel

326
00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:36,400
and snow white concrete was part of the consciousness of

327
00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:40,440
nearly every literate person. Science and technology were developing at

328
00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:43,160
a prodigious speed, and it seemed natural to assume that

329
00:17:43,160 --> 00:17:47,000
they would go on developing. This failed to happen, partly

330
00:17:47,039 --> 00:17:49,640
because of the impoverishment caused by a long series of

331
00:17:49,640 --> 00:17:54,079
wars and revolutions, partly because scientific and technical progress depended

332
00:17:54,119 --> 00:17:56,839
on the empirical habit of thought, which could not survive

333
00:17:56,880 --> 00:18:00,240
in a strictly regimented society. As a whole, all the

334
00:18:00,279 --> 00:18:02,799
world is more primitive today than it was fifty years ago.

335
00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:06,920
Certain backward areas have advanced, and various devices, always in

336
00:18:06,960 --> 00:18:10,359
some way connected with warfare and police espionage, have been developed.

337
00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:14,480
But experiment and invention have largely stopped, and the ravages

338
00:18:14,480 --> 00:18:16,519
of the atomic War of the nineteen fifties have never

339
00:18:16,559 --> 00:18:20,680
been fully repaired. Nevertheless, the dangers inherent in the machine

340
00:18:20,680 --> 00:18:23,480
are still there. From the moment when the machine first

341
00:18:23,559 --> 00:18:25,880
made its appearance, it was clear to all thinking people

342
00:18:26,279 --> 00:18:28,839
that the need for human drudgery, and therefore to a

343
00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:32,839
great extent, for human inequality, had disappeared. If the machine

344
00:18:32,839 --> 00:18:37,119
were used deliberately for that end, hunger overwork, dirt, illiteracy,

345
00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:40,839
and disease could be eliminated within a few generations, and

346
00:18:40,920 --> 00:18:43,160
in fact without being used for any such purpose, but

347
00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:46,480
by a sort of automatic process, by producing wealth which

348
00:18:46,480 --> 00:18:49,839
it was sometimes impossible not to distribute. The machine did

349
00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:52,279
raise the living standards of the average human being very

350
00:18:52,319 --> 00:18:55,039
greatly over a period of about fifty years at the

351
00:18:55,119 --> 00:18:57,640
end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries.

352
00:18:59,279 --> 00:19:01,440
But it was also clear that an all round increase

353
00:19:01,480 --> 00:19:04,799
in wealth threatened the destruction, indeed, in some sense, was

354
00:19:04,880 --> 00:19:09,039
the destruction of a hierarchical society. In a world in

355
00:19:09,079 --> 00:19:11,519
which every one worked short hours, had enough to eat,

356
00:19:11,839 --> 00:19:14,160
lived in a house with a bathroom and a refrigerator,

357
00:19:14,480 --> 00:19:17,440
and possessed a motor car or even an aeroplane, the

358
00:19:17,480 --> 00:19:20,799
most obvious and perhaps the most important form of inequality

359
00:19:20,799 --> 00:19:24,480
would already have disappeared. If it once became general wealth

360
00:19:24,519 --> 00:19:27,920
would confer no distinction. It was possible, no doubt, to

361
00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:30,559
imagine a society in which wealth in the sense of

362
00:19:30,599 --> 00:19:34,799
personal possessions and luxuries should be evenly distributed while power

363
00:19:34,880 --> 00:19:38,079
remained in the hands of a small privileged caste. But

364
00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:40,880
in practice such a society could not long remain stable,

365
00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:44,200
for if leisure and security were enjoyed by all alike,

366
00:19:44,599 --> 00:19:47,119
the great mass of human beings, who were normally stupefied

367
00:19:47,119 --> 00:19:49,920
by poverty would become literate and would learn to think

368
00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:52,880
for themselves. And when once they had done this, they

369
00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:55,799
would sooner or later realize that the privileged minority had

370
00:19:55,839 --> 00:19:59,160
no function, and they would sweep it away. In the

371
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:02,279
long run, the hierarchical society was only possible on a

372
00:20:02,319 --> 00:20:06,279
basis of poverty and ignorance. To return to the agricultural past,

373
00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:08,839
as some thinkers about the beginning of the twentieth century

374
00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:12,920
dreamed of doing, was not a practicable solution. It conflicted

375
00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:16,160
with the tendency towards mechanization, which had become quasi instinctive

376
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:19,599
throughout almost the whole world. And moreover, any country which

377
00:20:19,680 --> 00:20:23,039
remained industrially backward was helpless in a military sense, and

378
00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:25,920
was bound to be dominated directly or indirectly by its

379
00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:30,960
more advanced rivals. Nor was it a satisfactory solution to

380
00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:33,599
keep the masses in poverty by restricting the output of goods.

381
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:36,799
This happened to a great extent during the final phase

382
00:20:36,839 --> 00:20:40,799
of capitalism, roughly between nineteen twenty and nineteen forty. The

383
00:20:40,839 --> 00:20:43,839
economy of many countries was allowed to stagnate. Land went

384
00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:47,279
out of cultivation, capital equipment was not added to great

385
00:20:47,279 --> 00:20:49,720
blocks of the population were prevented from working and kept

386
00:20:49,759 --> 00:20:54,279
half alive by state charity. But this too entailed military weakness,

387
00:20:54,519 --> 00:20:57,720
and since the privations it inflicted were obviously unnecessary, it

388
00:20:57,759 --> 00:21:00,799
made opposition inevitable. The problem was how to keep the

389
00:21:00,799 --> 00:21:03,400
wheels of industry turning without increasing the real wealth of

390
00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:06,599
the world. Goods must be produced, but they must not

391
00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:09,720
be distributed, and in practice the only way of achieving

392
00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:13,799
this was by continuous warfare. The essential act of war

393
00:21:13,880 --> 00:21:16,640
is destruction, not necessarily of human lives, but of the

394
00:21:16,640 --> 00:21:20,039
products of human labor. War is a way of shattering

395
00:21:20,039 --> 00:21:22,519
to pieces, or pouring into the stratosphere, or sinking in

396
00:21:22,559 --> 00:21:25,319
the depths of the sea, materials which might otherwise be

397
00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:28,039
used to make the masses too comfortable and hence in

398
00:21:28,079 --> 00:21:31,519
the long run, too intelligent. Even when weapons of war

399
00:21:31,559 --> 00:21:34,920
are not actually destroyed, their manufacture is still a convenient

400
00:21:34,960 --> 00:21:38,200
way of expending labor power without producing anything that can

401
00:21:38,279 --> 00:21:41,759
be consumed. A floating fortress, for example, has locked up

402
00:21:41,799 --> 00:21:44,799
in it the labor that would build several hundred cargo ships.

403
00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:48,279
Ultimately it is scrapped as obsolete, never having brought any

404
00:21:48,279 --> 00:21:51,559
material benefit to anybody, and with further enormous labors and

405
00:21:51,640 --> 00:21:55,039
other floating fortresses built. In principle, the war effort is

406
00:21:55,039 --> 00:21:57,119
always so planned as to eat up any surplus that

407
00:21:57,200 --> 00:21:59,559
might exist after meeting the bare needs of the population.

408
00:22:00,839 --> 00:22:03,640
In practice, the needs of the population are always underestimated,

409
00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:05,759
with the result that there is a chronic shortage of

410
00:22:05,759 --> 00:22:08,519
half the necessities of life. But this is looked on

411
00:22:08,559 --> 00:22:12,119
as an advantage. It is deliberate policy to keep even

412
00:22:12,160 --> 00:22:14,960
the favored groups somewhere near the brink of hardship, because

413
00:22:14,960 --> 00:22:18,039
a general state of scarcity increases the importance of small

414
00:22:18,039 --> 00:22:21,960
privileges and thus magnifies the distinction between one group and another.

415
00:22:22,920 --> 00:22:25,599
By the standards of the early twentieth century, even a

416
00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:28,400
member of the Inner Party lives an austere, laborious kind

417
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:31,720
of life. Nevertheless, the few luxuries that he does enjoy,

418
00:22:32,039 --> 00:22:35,160
his large, well appointed flat, the better texture of his clothes,

419
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:37,799
the better quality of his food and drink, and tobacco

420
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:40,759
is two or three servants, his private motor cawur or

421
00:22:40,799 --> 00:22:43,680
helicopter set him in a different world from a member

422
00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:45,880
of the outer party, and the members of the outer

423
00:22:45,960 --> 00:22:49,240
party have a similar advantage in comparison with the submerged masses,

424
00:22:49,240 --> 00:22:52,359
whom we call the proles. The social atmosphere is that

425
00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:55,079
of a besieged city, where the possession of a lump

426
00:22:55,079 --> 00:22:57,640
of horse flesh makes the difference between wealth and poverty,

427
00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:00,640
and at the same time, the consciousnes of being at

428
00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:03,240
war and therefore in danger, makes the handing over of

429
00:23:03,279 --> 00:23:06,119
all power to a small caste seem the natural, unavoidable

430
00:23:06,119 --> 00:23:10,720
condition of survival. War, it will be seen, accomplishes the

431
00:23:10,759 --> 00:23:14,519
necessary destruction, but accomplishes it in a psychologically acceptable way.

432
00:23:15,480 --> 00:23:17,480
In principle, it would be quite simple to waste the

433
00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:20,240
surplus labor of the world by building temples and pyramids,

434
00:23:20,680 --> 00:23:23,119
by digging holes and filling them up again, or even

435
00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:25,720
by producing vast quantities of goods and then setting fire

436
00:23:25,759 --> 00:23:28,400
to them. But this would provide only the economic and

437
00:23:28,519 --> 00:23:32,480
not the emotional basis for a hierarchical society. What is

438
00:23:32,519 --> 00:23:35,440
concerned here is not the morale of masses, whose attitude

439
00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:37,799
is unimportant so long as they are kept steadily at work,

440
00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:41,319
but the morale of the party itself. Even the humblest

441
00:23:41,319 --> 00:23:44,440
party member is expected to be competent, industrious, and even

442
00:23:44,480 --> 00:23:47,680
intelligent within narrow limits. But it is also necessary that

443
00:23:47,720 --> 00:23:50,759
he should be a credulous and ignorant fanatic, whose prevailing

444
00:23:50,799 --> 00:23:55,720
moods of fear, hatred, adulation, and augiastic triumph. In other words,

445
00:23:55,759 --> 00:23:58,240
it is necessary that he should have the mentality appropriate

446
00:23:58,279 --> 00:24:01,079
to a state of war. It does not matter whether

447
00:24:01,079 --> 00:24:04,039
the war is actually happening, and since no decisive victory

448
00:24:04,079 --> 00:24:06,279
is possible, it does not matter whether the war is

449
00:24:06,319 --> 00:24:09,200
going well or badly. All that is needed is that

450
00:24:09,279 --> 00:24:12,559
a state of war should exist. The splitting of the intelligence,

451
00:24:12,559 --> 00:24:15,079
which the party requires of its members, and which is

452
00:24:15,079 --> 00:24:17,759
more easily achieved in an atmosphere of war, is now

453
00:24:17,799 --> 00:24:20,720
almost universal. But the higher up the ranks one goes,

454
00:24:20,839 --> 00:24:23,799
the more marked it becomes. It is precisely in the

455
00:24:23,799 --> 00:24:26,359
inner party that war hysteria and hatred of the enemy

456
00:24:26,359 --> 00:24:30,079
are strongest. In his capacity as an administrator. It is

457
00:24:30,119 --> 00:24:32,480
often necessary for a member of the Inner Party to

458
00:24:32,559 --> 00:24:35,000
know that this or that item of war news is untruthful,

459
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:37,519
and he may often be aware that the entire war

460
00:24:37,599 --> 00:24:40,200
is spurious and is either not happening or is being

461
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,599
waged for purposes quite other than the declared ones. But

462
00:24:43,640 --> 00:24:48,039
such knowledge is easily neutralized by the technique of double think. Meanwhile,

463
00:24:48,079 --> 00:24:50,240
no Inner Party member wavers for an instant in his

464
00:24:50,359 --> 00:24:53,000
mystical belief that the war is real and that it

465
00:24:53,079 --> 00:24:56,680
is bound to end victoriously with Oceania the undisputed master

466
00:24:56,759 --> 00:25:00,680
of the entire world. All members of the Inner Party

467
00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:03,039
believe in this coming conquest is an article of faith.

468
00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:06,400
It is to be achieved either by gradually acquiring more

469
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:09,640
and more territory and so building up an overwhelming preponderance

470
00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:12,000
of power, or by the discovery of some new and

471
00:25:12,119 --> 00:25:16,880
unanswerable weapon. The search for new weapons continues unceasingly and

472
00:25:17,039 --> 00:25:19,279
is one of the very few remaining activities in which

473
00:25:19,319 --> 00:25:22,319
the inventive or speculative type of mind can find any outlet.

474
00:25:23,599 --> 00:25:25,960
In Oceania. At the present day, science in the old

475
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:29,599
sense has almost ceased to exist. In new speak, there

476
00:25:29,640 --> 00:25:33,000
is no word for science. The empirical method of thought,

477
00:25:33,119 --> 00:25:35,680
on which all the scientific achievements of the past were founded,

478
00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:39,880
is opposed to the most fundamental principles of inksock, and

479
00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,880
even technological progress only happens when its products can in

480
00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:45,359
some way be used for the diminution of human liberty.

481
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:48,559
In all the useful arts, the world is either standing

482
00:25:48,599 --> 00:25:52,119
still or going backwards. The fields are cultivated with horse plows,

483
00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:55,039
while books are written by machinery. But in matters of

484
00:25:55,079 --> 00:25:58,880
vital importance, meaning in effect, war and police espionage, the

485
00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:02,920
empirical approaches still encouraged, or at least tolerated. The two

486
00:26:02,960 --> 00:26:05,000
aims of the Party are to conquer the whole surface

487
00:26:05,079 --> 00:26:07,480
of the earth and to extinguish once and for all

488
00:26:07,519 --> 00:26:11,359
the possibility of independent thought. There are therefore two great

489
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:14,440
problems which the Party is concerned to solve. One is

490
00:26:14,480 --> 00:26:16,960
how to discover, against his will, what another human being

491
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:19,279
is thinking, and the other is how to kill several

492
00:26:19,359 --> 00:26:22,240
hundred million people in a few seconds without giving warning beforehand.

493
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:25,920
In so far as scientific research still continues, this is

494
00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:29,319
its subject matter. The scientist of to day is either

495
00:26:29,359 --> 00:26:33,000
a mixture of psychologists and inquisitor studying with real ordinary

496
00:26:33,039 --> 00:26:36,359
minuteness the meaning of facial expressions, gestures and tones of voice,

497
00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:40,559
and testing the truth producing effects of drugs, shock therapy, hypnosis,

498
00:26:40,599 --> 00:26:44,519
and physical torture. Or he is chemist, physicist or biologists

499
00:26:44,559 --> 00:26:47,039
concerned only with such branches of his special subject as

500
00:26:47,039 --> 00:26:50,519
are relevant to the taking of life. In the vast

501
00:26:50,599 --> 00:26:53,519
laboratories of the Ministry of Peace, and in the experimental

502
00:26:53,519 --> 00:26:56,720
stations hidden in the Brazilian forests or in the Australian desert,

503
00:26:57,160 --> 00:26:59,599
or on lost islands of the Antarctic, the teams of

504
00:26:59,599 --> 00:27:03,440
experts are indefatigably at work. Some are concerned simply with

505
00:27:03,519 --> 00:27:07,119
planning the logistics of future wars. Others devise larger and

506
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,839
larger rocket bombs, more and more powerful explosives, and more

507
00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:14,359
and more impenetrable armour plating. Others search for new and

508
00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:17,799
deadlier gases, or for soluble poisons capable of being produced

509
00:27:17,799 --> 00:27:21,119
in such quantities as to destroy the vegetation of whole continents,

510
00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:25,079
or for breeds of disease germs immunised against all possible antibodies.

511
00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:28,200
Others strive to produce a vehicle that shall bore its

512
00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:30,319
way under the soil like a submarine under the water,

513
00:27:30,920 --> 00:27:32,960
or an aeroplane is independent of its base as a

514
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:37,400
sailing ship. Others explore even remoter possibilities, such as focussing

515
00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:40,559
the Sun's rays through lenses suspended thousands of kilometers away

516
00:27:40,599 --> 00:27:44,160
in space, or producing artificial earthquakes and tidal waves by

517
00:27:44,160 --> 00:27:47,400
tapping the heat at the Earth's center. But none of

518
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,519
these projects ever comes anywhere near realization, and none of

519
00:27:50,519 --> 00:27:53,240
the three superstates ever gains a significant lead on the others.

520
00:27:54,279 --> 00:27:57,000
What is more remarkable is that all three powers already possess,

521
00:27:57,279 --> 00:27:59,720
in the atomic bomb, a weapon far more powerful than

522
00:27:59,720 --> 00:28:03,559
any that their present researchers are likely to discover, although

523
00:28:03,599 --> 00:28:06,559
the Party, according to its habit, claims the invention for itself.

524
00:28:06,799 --> 00:28:09,440
Atomic bombs first appeared as early as the nineteen forties

525
00:28:09,799 --> 00:28:11,799
and were first used on a large scale about ten

526
00:28:11,880 --> 00:28:15,279
years later. At that time, some hundreds of bombs were

527
00:28:15,319 --> 00:28:19,240
dropped on industrial centers, chiefly in European Russia, Western Europe,

528
00:28:19,319 --> 00:28:22,680
and North America. The effect was to convince the ruling

529
00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:24,720
groups of all countries that a few more atomic bombs

530
00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:27,319
would mean the end of organized society and hence of

531
00:28:27,359 --> 00:28:31,160
their own power. Thereafter, although no formal agreement was ever

532
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:34,079
made or hinted at, no more bombs were dropped. All

533
00:28:34,160 --> 00:28:37,039
three powers merely continue to produce atomic bombs and store

534
00:28:37,079 --> 00:28:39,680
them up against the decisive opportunity which they all believe

535
00:28:39,680 --> 00:28:43,079
will come sooner or later. And meanwhile, the art of

536
00:28:43,119 --> 00:28:45,960
war has remained almost stationary for thirty or forty years.

537
00:28:46,839 --> 00:28:50,079
Helicopters are more used than they were formerly, Bombing plants

538
00:28:50,119 --> 00:28:53,839
have been largely superseded by self propelled projectiles, and the fragile,

539
00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:57,319
movable battleship has given way to the almost unsinkable floating fortress.

540
00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:01,960
But otherwise there has been little development. The tank, the submarine,

541
00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:04,440
the torpedo, the machine gun, even the rifle and the

542
00:29:04,480 --> 00:29:07,119
hand grenade are still in use. And in spite of

543
00:29:07,119 --> 00:29:09,960
the endless slaughters reported in the press and on the telescreens,

544
00:29:10,359 --> 00:29:13,000
the desperate battles of earlier wars, in which hundreds of

545
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:15,079
thousands or even millions of men were often killed in

546
00:29:15,119 --> 00:29:19,680
a few weeks, have never been repeated. None of the

547
00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:22,720
three superstates ever attempts any maneuver which involves the risk

548
00:29:22,759 --> 00:29:27,480
of serious defeat. Whenever any large operation is undertaken, it

549
00:29:27,559 --> 00:29:31,039
is usually a surprise attack against an ally. The strategy

550
00:29:31,079 --> 00:29:33,720
that all three powers are following, or pretend to themselves

551
00:29:33,799 --> 00:29:36,960
that they are following, is the same. The plan is,

552
00:29:37,160 --> 00:29:40,160
by a combination of fighting, bargaining, and well timed strokes

553
00:29:40,160 --> 00:29:43,720
of treachery, to acquire a ring of bases completely encircling

554
00:29:43,759 --> 00:29:46,200
one or other of the rival states, and then to

555
00:29:46,279 --> 00:29:48,799
sign a pact of friendship with that rival and remain

556
00:29:48,839 --> 00:29:50,839
on peaceful terms for so many years as to lull

557
00:29:50,920 --> 00:29:54,559
suspicion to sleep. During this time, rockets loaded with atomic

558
00:29:54,599 --> 00:29:58,000
bombs can be assembled at all the strategic spots. Finally,

559
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:00,440
there will all be fired simultaneously, with the efects so

560
00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:04,119
devastating as to make retaliation impossible. It will then be

561
00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:06,240
time to sign a pact of friendship with the remaining

562
00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:10,160
world power in preparation for another attack. This scheme, it

563
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:12,799
is hardly necessary to say, is a mere day dream

564
00:30:12,839 --> 00:30:17,000
impossible of realization. Moreover, no fighting ever occurs except in

565
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:20,400
the disputed areas around the equator and the Pole. No

566
00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:24,160
invasion of enemy territory is ever undertaken. This explains the

567
00:30:24,160 --> 00:30:26,759
fact that in some places the frontiers between the superstates

568
00:30:26,799 --> 00:30:31,000
are arbitrary. Eurasia, for example, could easily conquer the British Isles,

569
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:34,279
which are geographically part of Europe. Or on the other hand,

570
00:30:34,319 --> 00:30:36,759
it would be possible for Oceania to push its frontiers

571
00:30:36,799 --> 00:30:39,240
to the Rhine or even to the Vistula, but this

572
00:30:39,279 --> 00:30:42,720
would violate the principle followed on all sides, though never formulated,

573
00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:46,279
of cultural integrity. If Oceania were to conquer the areas

574
00:30:46,279 --> 00:30:48,559
that used once to be known as France and Germany,

575
00:30:49,039 --> 00:30:51,920
it would be necessary either to exterminate the inhabitants, a

576
00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:55,319
task of great physical difficulty, or to assimilate a population

577
00:30:55,359 --> 00:30:57,839
of about a hundred million people, who, so far as

578
00:30:57,839 --> 00:31:01,519
technical development goes, are roughly on the ocean level. The

579
00:31:01,599 --> 00:31:04,400
problem is the same for all three superstates. It is

580
00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:06,799
absolutely necessary to their structure that there should be no

581
00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:10,000
contact with foreigners, except to a limited extent with war

582
00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:13,359
prisoners and colored slaves. Even the official ally of the

583
00:31:13,359 --> 00:31:17,920
moment is always regarded with the darkest suspicion war prisoners apart.

584
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:20,640
The average citizen of Oceania never sets eyes on a

585
00:31:20,640 --> 00:31:23,359
citizen of either Eurasia or East Asia, and he has

586
00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:26,759
forbidden the knowledge of foreign languages. If he were allowed

587
00:31:26,799 --> 00:31:29,039
contact with foreigners, who would discover that there are creatures

588
00:31:29,079 --> 00:31:31,400
similar to himself, and that most of what he has

589
00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:34,440
been told about them is lies. The sealed world in

590
00:31:34,480 --> 00:31:36,839
which he lives would be broken, and the fear, hatred

591
00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:39,839
and self righteousness on which his morale depends might evaporate.

592
00:31:40,559 --> 00:31:43,279
It is therefore realized on all sides that, however often

593
00:31:43,319 --> 00:31:46,920
Persia or Egypt, or Java or Salon may change hands,

594
00:31:47,240 --> 00:31:50,319
the main frontiers must never be crossed by anything except bombs.

595
00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:55,759
Under this lies a fact never mentioned aloud, but tacitly

596
00:31:55,799 --> 00:31:59,319
understood and acted upon, namely, that the conditions of life

597
00:31:59,359 --> 00:32:01,440
in all three sous states are very much the same.

598
00:32:02,119 --> 00:32:05,720
In Oceania, the prevailing philosophy is called insok. In Eurasia

599
00:32:05,759 --> 00:32:08,640
it is called Neo Bolshevism, and in East Asia it

600
00:32:08,680 --> 00:32:12,119
is called by a Chinese name usually translated as death worship,

601
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:15,559
but perhaps better rendered as obliteration of the self. The

602
00:32:15,599 --> 00:32:17,799
citizen of Oceania is not allowed to know anything of

603
00:32:17,799 --> 00:32:20,240
the tenets of the other two philosophies, but he is

604
00:32:20,279 --> 00:32:23,440
taught to execrate them as barbarous outrages upon morality and

605
00:32:23,519 --> 00:32:28,440
common sense. Actually, the three philosophies are barely distinguishable, and

606
00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:31,440
the social systems which they support are not distinguishable at all.

607
00:32:32,519 --> 00:32:35,680
Everywhere there is the same pyramidal structure, the same worship

608
00:32:35,680 --> 00:32:39,079
of semi divine leader, the same economy existing by and

609
00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:43,119
four continuous warfare. It follows that the three superstates not

610
00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:46,160
only cannot conquer one another, but would gain no advantage

611
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:49,039
by doing so. On the contrary, so long as they

612
00:32:49,039 --> 00:32:51,920
remain in conflict, they prop one another up like three

613
00:32:51,960 --> 00:32:55,440
sheaves of corn. And as usual, the ruling groups of

614
00:32:55,480 --> 00:32:58,160
all three powers are simultaneously aware and unaware of what

615
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:02,000
they are doing. Lives are dedicated to world conquest, but

616
00:33:02,039 --> 00:33:03,960
they also know that it is necessary that the war

617
00:33:03,960 --> 00:33:08,119
should continue, everlastingly and without victory. Meanwhile, the fact that

618
00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:11,000
there is no danger of conquest makes possible the denial

619
00:33:11,039 --> 00:33:13,559
of reality, which is the special feature of INKSOK and

620
00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:16,680
its rival systems of thought. Here it is necessary to

621
00:33:16,720 --> 00:33:20,000
repeat what has been said earlier that by becoming continuous,

622
00:33:20,079 --> 00:33:25,039
war has fundamentally changed its character. In past ages of war,

623
00:33:25,079 --> 00:33:27,519
almost by definition, was something that sooner or later came

624
00:33:27,559 --> 00:33:32,200
to an end, usually in unmistakable victory or defeat. In

625
00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:34,799
the past also War was one of the main instruments

626
00:33:34,799 --> 00:33:37,880
by which human societies were kept in touch with physical reality.

627
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:41,279
All rulers in all ages have tried to impose a

628
00:33:41,279 --> 00:33:43,799
false view of the world upon their followers, but they

629
00:33:43,799 --> 00:33:46,200
could not afford to encourage any illusion that tended to

630
00:33:46,240 --> 00:33:50,200
impair military efficiency. So long as defeat meant the loss

631
00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:53,720
of independence or some other results generally held to be undesirable,

632
00:33:54,119 --> 00:33:57,880
the precautions against defeat had to be serious. Physical facts

633
00:33:57,920 --> 00:34:01,240
could not be ignored in philosophy or religion, or ethics

634
00:34:01,279 --> 00:34:04,400
or politics. Two and two might make five, but when

635
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:06,400
one was designing a gun or an aeroplane, they had

636
00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:10,480
to make four. Inefficient nations were always conquered sooner or later,

637
00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:14,840
and the struggle for efficiency was inimical to illusions. Moreover,

638
00:34:14,920 --> 00:34:16,880
to be efficient, it was necessary to be able to

639
00:34:16,960 --> 00:34:19,559
learn from the past, which meant having a fairly accurate

640
00:34:19,599 --> 00:34:22,599
idea of what had happened in the past. Newspapers and

641
00:34:22,679 --> 00:34:25,400
history books were, of course always colored and biased, but

642
00:34:25,519 --> 00:34:28,159
falsification of the kind that is practiced to day would

643
00:34:28,159 --> 00:34:31,679
have been impossible. War was a sure safeguard of sanity,

644
00:34:32,159 --> 00:34:34,239
and so far as the ruling classes were concerned, it

645
00:34:34,320 --> 00:34:38,119
was probably the most important of all safeguards. While wars

646
00:34:38,159 --> 00:34:40,400
could be won or lost, no ruling class could be

647
00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:45,400
completely irresponsible. But when war becomes literally continuous, it also

648
00:34:45,480 --> 00:34:48,760
ceases to be dangerous. When war is continuous, there is

649
00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:52,559
no such thing as military necessity, Technical progress con ceased,

650
00:34:52,599 --> 00:34:55,519
and the most palpable facts can be denied or disregarded.

651
00:34:56,599 --> 00:34:59,039
As we have seen, Researches that could be called scientific

652
00:34:59,039 --> 00:35:01,400
are still carried out for the purposes of war, but

653
00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:04,000
they are essentially a kind of day dreaming, and their

654
00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:08,559
failure to show results is not important. Efficiency, even military efficiency,

655
00:35:08,599 --> 00:35:11,920
is no longer needed. Nothing is efficient in Oceania except

656
00:35:11,920 --> 00:35:15,920
the thought police. Since each of the three superstates is unconquerable,

657
00:35:16,519 --> 00:35:19,159
each is in effect a separate universe within which almost

658
00:35:19,199 --> 00:35:23,000
any perversion of thought can be safely practiced. Reality only

659
00:35:23,039 --> 00:35:25,199
exerts its pressure through the needs of every day life,

660
00:35:25,599 --> 00:35:28,360
the need to eat and drink, to get shelter and clothing,

661
00:35:28,599 --> 00:35:31,159
to avoid swallowing poison or stepping out of top story

662
00:35:31,159 --> 00:35:35,480
windows under the like between life and death, between physical

663
00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:38,159
pleasure and physical pain. There is still a distinction, but

664
00:35:38,239 --> 00:35:41,079
that is all cut off from contact with the outer world.

665
00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:44,119
And with the past. The citizen of Oceania is like

666
00:35:44,159 --> 00:35:46,599
a man in interstellar space who has no way of

667
00:35:46,639 --> 00:35:49,599
knowing which direction is up and which is down. The

668
00:35:49,679 --> 00:35:52,159
rulers of such a state are absolute, as the Pharaohs

669
00:35:52,199 --> 00:35:54,960
or the Caesars could not be. They are obliged to

670
00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:57,440
prevent their followers from starving to death in numbers large

671
00:35:57,519 --> 00:36:00,440
enough to be inconvenient, and they are obliged to remain

672
00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:02,920
at the same low level of military technique as their rivals.

673
00:36:03,199 --> 00:36:06,119
But once that minimum is achieved, they can twist reality

674
00:36:06,119 --> 00:36:10,079
into whatever shape they choose. The war, therefore, if we

675
00:36:10,159 --> 00:36:12,360
judge it by the standards of previous wars, is merely

676
00:36:12,360 --> 00:36:16,079
an imposture. It is like the battles between certain ruminant

677
00:36:16,159 --> 00:36:18,159
animals whose horns are set at such an angle that

678
00:36:18,159 --> 00:36:21,239
they are incapable of hurting one another. But though it

679
00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:23,880
is unreal, it is not meaningless. It eats up the

680
00:36:23,920 --> 00:36:27,119
surplus of consumable goods, and it helps to preserve the

681
00:36:27,119 --> 00:36:31,199
special mental atmosphere that a hierarchical society needs. War, it

682
00:36:31,239 --> 00:36:34,159
will be seen, is now a purely internal affair. In

683
00:36:34,199 --> 00:36:37,119
the past, the ruling groups of all countries, although they

684
00:36:37,199 --> 00:36:40,239
might recognize their common interest and therefore limit the destructiveness

685
00:36:40,280 --> 00:36:43,079
of war. Did fight against one another, and the victor

686
00:36:43,119 --> 00:36:46,440
always plundered the vanquished. In our own day, they are

687
00:36:46,440 --> 00:36:49,159
not fighting against one another at all. The war is

688
00:36:49,199 --> 00:36:52,280
waged by each ruling group against its own subjects, and

689
00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:53,920
the object of the war is not to make or

690
00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:56,599
prevent conquests of territory, but to keep the structure of

691
00:36:56,639 --> 00:37:02,360
society intact. The very word war has become misleading. It

692
00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:05,039
would probably be accurate to say that, by becoming continuous,

693
00:37:05,119 --> 00:37:08,199
war has ceased to exist. The peculiar pressure that it

694
00:37:08,320 --> 00:37:10,800
exerted on human beings between the Neolithic age and the

695
00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:14,199
early twentieth century has disappeared and been replaced by something

696
00:37:14,239 --> 00:37:17,360
quite different. The effect would be much the same if

697
00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,400
the three superstates, instead of fighting one another, should agree

698
00:37:20,440 --> 00:37:23,920
to live in perpetual peace, each inviolate within its own boundaries.

699
00:37:24,719 --> 00:37:26,320
For in that case, each would still be a self

700
00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:30,159
contained universe, freed forever from the sobering influence of external danger.

701
00:37:31,079 --> 00:37:33,119
A piece that was truly permanent would be the same

702
00:37:33,119 --> 00:37:36,880
as a permanent war. This, although the vast majority of

703
00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:39,960
party members understand it only in a shallower sense, is

704
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:42,920
the inner meaning of the party slogan war is Peace.

705
00:37:45,199 --> 00:37:49,199
Winston stopped reading for a moment. Somewhere in remote distance,

706
00:37:49,280 --> 00:37:52,800
a rocket bomb thundered. The blissful feeling of being alone

707
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:55,360
with the forbidden book in a room with no telescreen

708
00:37:55,599 --> 00:38:00,000
had not worn off. Solitude and safety were physical sensations,

709
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,840
stup somehow with the tiredness of his body, the softness

710
00:38:02,840 --> 00:38:05,159
of the chair, the touch of the faint breeze from

711
00:38:05,159 --> 00:38:09,320
the window that played upon his cheek. The book fascinated him, or,

712
00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:12,360
more exactly, it reassured him. In a sense. It told

713
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:14,400
him nothing that was new, but that was part of

714
00:38:14,400 --> 00:38:17,840
the attraction. It said what he would have said if

715
00:38:17,880 --> 00:38:19,800
it had been possible for him to set his scattered

716
00:38:19,840 --> 00:38:22,679
thoughts in order. It was the product of a mind

717
00:38:22,719 --> 00:38:25,920
similar to his own, but enormously more powerful, more systematic,

718
00:38:26,119 --> 00:38:29,519
less fear ridden. The best books, he perceived are those

719
00:38:29,559 --> 00:38:32,320
that tell you what you know already. He had just

720
00:38:32,360 --> 00:38:35,280
turned back to chapter one when he heard Julia's footstep

721
00:38:35,360 --> 00:38:37,320
on the stair and started out of his chair to

722
00:38:37,320 --> 00:38:40,199
meet her. She dumped her brown tool bag on the

723
00:38:40,239 --> 00:38:43,000
floor and flung herself into his arms. It was more

724
00:38:43,039 --> 00:38:46,320
than a week since they had seen one another. I've

725
00:38:46,360 --> 00:38:49,639
got the book, he said, as they disant angled themselves.

726
00:38:50,440 --> 00:38:53,599
Oh you've got it, good, she said, without much interest,

727
00:38:53,960 --> 00:38:56,840
and almost immediately knelt down beside the oil stove to

728
00:38:56,880 --> 00:39:00,679
make the coffee. They did not return into the subject

729
00:39:00,719 --> 00:39:02,440
until they had been in bed for half an hour.

730
00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:05,159
The evening was just cool enough to make it worth

731
00:39:05,159 --> 00:39:08,119
while to pull up the counterpane. From below came the

732
00:39:08,159 --> 00:39:10,280
familiar sound of singing in the scrape of boots on

733
00:39:10,320 --> 00:39:13,960
the flagstones. The brawny, red armed woman whom Winston had

734
00:39:13,960 --> 00:39:16,239
seen there on his first visit, was almost a fixture

735
00:39:16,239 --> 00:39:18,760
in the yard. There seemed to be no hour of

736
00:39:18,840 --> 00:39:21,000
daylight when she was not marching to and fro between

737
00:39:21,039 --> 00:39:24,000
the wash tub and the lion, alternately gagging herself with

738
00:39:24,039 --> 00:39:28,360
clothes pegs and breaking forth into lusty song. Julia had

739
00:39:28,360 --> 00:39:30,639
settled down on her side and seemed to be already

740
00:39:30,639 --> 00:39:33,639
on the point of falling asleep. He reached out for

741
00:39:33,679 --> 00:39:35,480
the book, which was lying on the floor, and sat

742
00:39:35,559 --> 00:39:39,239
up against the bed head. We must read it, he said,

743
00:39:39,559 --> 00:39:42,320
you too. All members of the brotherhood have to read it.

744
00:39:43,519 --> 00:39:46,239
You read it, she said, with her eyes shut. Read it. Aloud.

745
00:39:46,360 --> 00:39:48,400
That's the best way. Then you can explain it to

746
00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:53,079
me as you go. The clock's hands said six, meaning eighteen.

747
00:39:53,760 --> 00:39:56,119
They had three or four hours ahead of them. He

748
00:39:56,159 --> 00:40:00,599
propped the book against his knees and began reading Chapter one,

749
00:40:01,360 --> 00:40:05,920
Ignorance is strength. Throughout recorded time, and probably since the

750
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,360
end of the Neolithic Age, there have been three kinds

751
00:40:08,360 --> 00:40:10,760
of people in the world, the high, the middle, and

752
00:40:10,880 --> 00:40:13,960
the low. They have been subdivided in many ways. They

753
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:17,280
have borne countless different names, and their relative numbers, as

754
00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:19,840
well as their attitude towards one another, have varied from

755
00:40:19,880 --> 00:40:23,000
age to age, But the essential structure of society has

756
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:27,480
never altered. Even after enormous upheavals and seemingly irrevocable changes,

757
00:40:27,719 --> 00:40:30,639
the same pattern has always reasserted itself, just as a

758
00:40:30,679 --> 00:40:34,000
gyroscope will always return to equilibrium, however far it has

759
00:40:34,039 --> 00:40:37,880
pushed one way or the other. Julia, are you awake,

760
00:40:38,320 --> 00:40:43,519
said Winston, Yes, my love, I'm listening. Go on, it's marvelous.

761
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:47,199
He continued reading. The aims of these three groups are

762
00:40:47,320 --> 00:40:50,440
entirely irreconcilable. The aim of the high is to remain

763
00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:52,519
where they are. The aim of the middle is to

764
00:40:52,559 --> 00:40:55,119
change places with the high. The aim of the low,

765
00:40:55,199 --> 00:40:57,599
when they have an aim, for it is an abiding

766
00:40:57,679 --> 00:40:59,920
characteristic of the low that they are too much crushed

767
00:41:00,039 --> 00:41:02,880
by drudgery to be more than intermittently conscious of anything

768
00:41:02,920 --> 00:41:06,239
outside their daily lives, is to abolish all distinctions and

769
00:41:06,360 --> 00:41:09,880
create a society in which all men shall be equal. Thus,

770
00:41:09,920 --> 00:41:12,079
throughout history, a struggle which is the same in its

771
00:41:12,079 --> 00:41:15,960
main outlines recurs over and over again. For long periods,

772
00:41:15,960 --> 00:41:18,800
the high seem to be securely in power, but sooner

773
00:41:18,920 --> 00:41:20,920
or later there always comes a moment when they lose

774
00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:24,519
either their belief in themselves or their capacity to govern efficiently,

775
00:41:24,760 --> 00:41:27,760
or both. They are then overthrown by the middle, who

776
00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:29,920
enlist the low on their side by pretending to them

777
00:41:29,960 --> 00:41:33,599
that they are fighting for liberty and justice. As soon

778
00:41:33,639 --> 00:41:35,719
as they have reached their objective, the middle thrust the

779
00:41:35,760 --> 00:41:38,880
low back into their old position of servitude and themselves

780
00:41:38,880 --> 00:41:42,360
become the high. Presently, a new middle group splits off

781
00:41:42,360 --> 00:41:44,360
from one of the other groups, or from both of them,

782
00:41:44,480 --> 00:41:47,920
and the struggle begins over again. Of the three groups,

783
00:41:47,920 --> 00:41:51,480
only the lower never even temporarily successful in achieving their aims.

784
00:41:52,159 --> 00:41:54,599
It would be an exaggeration to say that throughout history

785
00:41:54,599 --> 00:41:57,920
there has been no progress of a material kind, even

786
00:41:57,920 --> 00:42:00,159
to day, in a period of decline the average which

787
00:42:00,239 --> 00:42:02,079
human being as physically better off than he was a

788
00:42:02,079 --> 00:42:05,559
few centuries ago, but no advance in wealth, no softening

789
00:42:05,599 --> 00:42:08,480
of manners. No reform or revolution has ever brought human

790
00:42:08,519 --> 00:42:11,760
equality a minder meter nearer. From the point of view

791
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:14,320
of the low, no historic change has ever meant much

792
00:42:14,320 --> 00:42:16,639
more than a change in the name of their masters.

793
00:42:18,039 --> 00:42:20,519
By the late nineteenth century, the recurrence of this pattern

794
00:42:20,519 --> 00:42:24,039
had become obvious to many observers. There then rose schools

795
00:42:24,039 --> 00:42:27,000
of thinkers who interpreted history as a psychical process and

796
00:42:27,079 --> 00:42:29,679
claimed to show that inequality was the unalterable law of

797
00:42:29,719 --> 00:42:33,719
human life. This doctrine, of course, had always had its adherents,

798
00:42:33,960 --> 00:42:35,599
but in the manner in which it was now put

799
00:42:35,639 --> 00:42:38,800
forward there was a significant change. In the past, the

800
00:42:38,880 --> 00:42:41,119
need for a hierarchical form of society had been the

801
00:42:41,119 --> 00:42:44,360
doctrine specifically of the high. It had been preached by

802
00:42:44,440 --> 00:42:46,840
kings and aristocrats, and by the priests, lawyers and the

803
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:50,199
like who were parasitical upon them, and it had generally

804
00:42:50,239 --> 00:42:53,519
been softened by promises of compensation in an imaginary world

805
00:42:53,559 --> 00:42:56,760
beyond the grave. The middle, so long as it was

806
00:42:56,800 --> 00:42:59,480
struggling for power, had always made use of such terms

807
00:42:59,480 --> 00:43:03,119
as freedom, justice, and fraternity. Now, however, the concept of

808
00:43:03,159 --> 00:43:05,960
human brotherhood began to be assailed by people who were

809
00:43:05,960 --> 00:43:08,880
not yet in positions of command, but merely hoped to

810
00:43:08,920 --> 00:43:12,039
be so. Before long. In the past, the middle had

811
00:43:12,039 --> 00:43:14,960
made revolutions under the banner of equality, and then had

812
00:43:15,039 --> 00:43:17,079
established a fresh tyranny as soon as the old one

813
00:43:17,119 --> 00:43:20,480
was overthrown. The new middle groups in effect proclaimed their

814
00:43:20,480 --> 00:43:24,440
tyranny beforehand. Socialism, a theory which appeared in the early

815
00:43:24,519 --> 00:43:26,760
nineteenth century and was the last link in a chain

816
00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:29,679
of thought stretching back to the slave rebellions of antiquity,

817
00:43:30,239 --> 00:43:33,239
was still deeply infected by the utopianism of past ages.

818
00:43:33,960 --> 00:43:36,440
But in each variant of socialism that appeared from about

819
00:43:36,519 --> 00:43:39,840
nineteen hundred onwards, the aim of establishing liberty and equality

820
00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:43,320
was more and more openly abandoned. The new movements which

821
00:43:43,320 --> 00:43:46,400
appeared in the middle years of the century ingsok in Oceania,

822
00:43:46,880 --> 00:43:50,079
Neo Bolshevism in Eurasia, death worship as it is commonly

823
00:43:50,119 --> 00:43:53,719
called in East Asia, had the conscious aim of perpetuating unfreedom,

824
00:43:53,760 --> 00:43:56,960
and inequality. These new movements, of course, grew out of

825
00:43:56,960 --> 00:43:59,000
the old ones, intended to keep their names and pay

826
00:43:59,039 --> 00:44:02,039
lip service to their ideaology, but the purpose of all

827
00:44:02,079 --> 00:44:04,199
of them was to arrest progress and freeze history. At

828
00:44:04,239 --> 00:44:07,800
a chosen moment, the familiar pendulum swing was to happen

829
00:44:07,840 --> 00:44:11,159
once more and then stop. As usual, the high were

830
00:44:11,199 --> 00:44:13,039
to be turned out by the middle, who would then

831
00:44:13,079 --> 00:44:16,360
become the high. But this time, by conscious strategy, the

832
00:44:16,440 --> 00:44:20,639
high would be able to maintain their position permanently. The

833
00:44:20,679 --> 00:44:23,639
new doctrines arose partly because of the accumulation of historical

834
00:44:23,679 --> 00:44:26,480
knowledge and the growth of the historical sense, which had

835
00:44:26,480 --> 00:44:30,559
hardly existed before the nineteenth century. The cyclical movement of

836
00:44:30,639 --> 00:44:33,760
history was now intelligible, or appeared to be so, and

837
00:44:33,840 --> 00:44:37,199
if it was intelligible, then it was alterable. But the

838
00:44:37,239 --> 00:44:40,480
principal underlying cause was that as early as the beginning

839
00:44:40,480 --> 00:44:43,920
of the twentieth century, human equality had become technically possible.

840
00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:46,599
It was still true that men were not equal in

841
00:44:46,639 --> 00:44:49,679
their native talents, and that functions had to be specialized

842
00:44:49,679 --> 00:44:53,119
in ways that favored some individuals against others, but there

843
00:44:53,159 --> 00:44:55,480
was no longer any real need for class distinctions or

844
00:44:55,519 --> 00:44:59,400
for large differences of wealth. In earlier ages, class distinctions

845
00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:03,000
had been not only inevitable but desirable. Inequality was the

846
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:06,880
price of civilization. With the development of machine production, however,

847
00:45:06,920 --> 00:45:10,079
the case was altered. Even if it was still necessary

848
00:45:10,079 --> 00:45:12,280
for human beings to do different kinds of work, it

849
00:45:12,320 --> 00:45:14,320
was no longer necessary for them to live at different

850
00:45:14,320 --> 00:45:17,679
social or economic levels. Therefore, from the point of view

851
00:45:17,679 --> 00:45:19,199
of the new groups who were on the point of

852
00:45:19,199 --> 00:45:22,000
seizing power, human equality was no longer an ideal to

853
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:25,159
be striven after, but a danger to be averted. In

854
00:45:25,239 --> 00:45:28,199
more primitive ages, when a just and peaceful society was

855
00:45:28,239 --> 00:45:30,800
in fact not possible, it had been fairly easy to

856
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:33,960
believe it. The idea of an earthly paradise in which

857
00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:36,519
men should live together in a state of brotherhood, without

858
00:45:36,599 --> 00:45:39,639
laws and without brute labor had haunted the human imagination

859
00:45:39,719 --> 00:45:42,280
for thousands of years, and this vision had had a

860
00:45:42,280 --> 00:45:44,880
certain hold even on the groups who actually profited by

861
00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:48,599
each historical change. The airs of the French, English and

862
00:45:48,639 --> 00:45:51,639
American revolutions had partly believed in their own phrases about

863
00:45:51,639 --> 00:45:54,840
the rights of man, freedom of speech, equality before the law,

864
00:45:54,880 --> 00:45:57,440
and the like, and had even allowed their conduct to

865
00:45:57,480 --> 00:46:00,519
be influenced by them to some extent. But by the

866
00:46:00,559 --> 00:46:03,440
fourth decade of the twentieth century, all the main currents

867
00:46:03,440 --> 00:46:07,360
of political thought were authoritarian. The earthly paradise had been

868
00:46:07,360 --> 00:46:11,280
discredited at exactly the moment when it became realizable. Every

869
00:46:11,280 --> 00:46:14,480
new political theory, by whatever name it called itself, led

870
00:46:14,519 --> 00:46:18,360
back to hierarchy and regimentation, and in the general hardening

871
00:46:18,360 --> 00:46:21,440
of outlook that set in round about nineteen thirty, practices

872
00:46:21,440 --> 00:46:23,800
which had been long abandoned, in some cases for hundreds

873
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:27,559
of years, imprisonment without trial, the use of war prisoners

874
00:46:27,559 --> 00:46:32,000
as slaves, public executions, torture to extract confessions, the use

875
00:46:32,039 --> 00:46:35,760
of hostages, and the deportation of whole populations not only

876
00:46:35,800 --> 00:46:38,480
became common again, but were tolerated and even defended by

877
00:46:38,480 --> 00:46:43,039
people who considered themselves enlightened and progressive. It was only

878
00:46:43,119 --> 00:46:46,199
after a decade of national wars, civil wars, revolutions and

879
00:46:46,239 --> 00:46:49,159
counter revolutions in all parts of the world that Ingsock

880
00:46:49,239 --> 00:46:52,320
and its rivals emerged as fully worked out to political theories.

881
00:46:53,519 --> 00:46:56,719
But they had been foreshadowed by the various systems generally

882
00:46:56,719 --> 00:47:00,599
called totalitarian which had appeared earlier in the century, and

883
00:47:00,719 --> 00:47:02,840
the main outlines of the world which would emerge from

884
00:47:02,880 --> 00:47:06,039
the prevailing chaos had long been obvious. What kind of

885
00:47:06,079 --> 00:47:09,199
people would control this world had been equally obvious. The

886
00:47:09,280 --> 00:47:13,880
new aristocracy was made up for the most part of bureaucrats, scientists, technicians,

887
00:47:14,079 --> 00:47:20,159
trade union organizers, publicity experts, sociologists, teachers, journalists, and professional politicians.

888
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,760
These people, whose origins lay in the salaried middle class

889
00:47:23,840 --> 00:47:26,159
and the upper grades of the working class, had been

890
00:47:26,159 --> 00:47:28,559
shaped and brought together by the barren world of monopoly,

891
00:47:28,599 --> 00:47:32,800
industry and centralized government. As compared with their opposite numbers

892
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:35,920
in past ages, they were less avaricious, less tempted by luxury,

893
00:47:36,159 --> 00:47:38,880
hungrier for pure power, and above all, more conscious of

894
00:47:38,880 --> 00:47:41,280
what they were doing and more intent on crushing opposition.

895
00:47:42,480 --> 00:47:46,280
This last difference was cardinal by comparison with that existing

896
00:47:46,280 --> 00:47:48,239
to day. All the tyrannies of the past were half

897
00:47:48,239 --> 00:47:51,639
hearted and inefficient. The ruling groups were always infected to

898
00:47:51,679 --> 00:47:54,480
some extent by liberal ideas, and were content to leave

899
00:47:54,519 --> 00:47:57,440
loose ends everywhere, to regard only the overt act, and

900
00:47:57,480 --> 00:48:01,079
to be uninterested in what their subjects were thinking. Even

901
00:48:01,079 --> 00:48:03,239
the Catholic Church of the Middle Ages was tolerant by

902
00:48:03,280 --> 00:48:06,280
modern standards. Part of the reason for this was that

903
00:48:06,320 --> 00:48:08,440
in the past, no government had the power to keep

904
00:48:08,480 --> 00:48:12,719
its citizens under constant surveillance. The invention of print, however,

905
00:48:12,760 --> 00:48:15,800
made it easier to manipulate public opinion, and the film

906
00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:19,280
and the radio carried the process further. With the development

907
00:48:19,320 --> 00:48:21,760
of television and the technical advance which made it possible

908
00:48:21,760 --> 00:48:24,920
to receive and transmit simultaneously on the same instrument, private

909
00:48:24,960 --> 00:48:27,800
life came to an end. Every citizen, or at least

910
00:48:27,800 --> 00:48:30,519
every citizen important enough to be worth watching, could be

911
00:48:30,599 --> 00:48:32,519
kept for twenty four hours a day under the eyes

912
00:48:32,559 --> 00:48:35,159
of the police and in the sound of official propaganda.

913
00:48:35,639 --> 00:48:39,440
With all other channels of communication closed. The possibility of

914
00:48:39,480 --> 00:48:41,920
enforcing not only complete obedience to the will of the state,

915
00:48:42,360 --> 00:48:45,639
but complete uniformity of opinion on all subjects now existed

916
00:48:45,639 --> 00:48:50,440
for the first time. After the revolutionary period of the

917
00:48:50,440 --> 00:48:54,000
fifties and sixties, society regrouped itself, as always into high, middle,

918
00:48:54,000 --> 00:48:57,800
and low. But the new high group, unlike all its forerunners,

919
00:48:57,920 --> 00:49:00,519
did not act upon instinct, but knew what was needed

920
00:49:00,559 --> 00:49:03,760
to safeguard its position. It had long been realized that

921
00:49:03,840 --> 00:49:07,840
the only secure basis for oligarchy is collectivism. Wealth and

922
00:49:07,840 --> 00:49:10,599
privilege are most easily defended when they are possessed jointly.

923
00:49:11,440 --> 00:49:14,159
The so called abolition of private property, which took place

924
00:49:14,159 --> 00:49:16,320
in the middle years of the century, meant in effect

925
00:49:16,559 --> 00:49:19,280
the concentration of property and far fewer hands than before,

926
00:49:19,920 --> 00:49:22,159
but with this difference that the new owners were a

927
00:49:22,159 --> 00:49:26,000
group instead of a mass of individuals. Individually, no member

928
00:49:26,039 --> 00:49:30,119
of the Party owns anything except petty personal belongings. Collectively,

929
00:49:30,159 --> 00:49:33,360
the Party owns everything in Oceania because it controls everything

930
00:49:33,559 --> 00:49:36,639
and disposes of the products as it thinks fit. In

931
00:49:36,679 --> 00:49:38,920
the years following the revolution, it was able to step

932
00:49:38,960 --> 00:49:42,559
into this commanding position almost unopposed because the whole process

933
00:49:42,639 --> 00:49:46,079
was represented as an act of collectivisation. It had always

934
00:49:46,119 --> 00:49:50,079
been assumed that if the capitalists class were expropriated, socialism

935
00:49:50,119 --> 00:49:57,280
must follow, and unquestionably, the capitalists had been expropriated. Factories, mines, land, houses, transport,

936
00:49:57,559 --> 00:49:59,920
everything had been taken away from them, and since the

937
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:02,639
these things were no longer private property, it followed that

938
00:50:02,679 --> 00:50:05,760
they must be public property. Inksock, which grew out of

939
00:50:05,760 --> 00:50:09,440
the earlier socialist movement and inherited its phraseology, has in

940
00:50:09,480 --> 00:50:12,599
fact carried out the main item in the socialist program,

941
00:50:12,880 --> 00:50:16,599
with the result foreseen and intended beforehand, that economic inequality

942
00:50:16,639 --> 00:50:20,480
has been made permanent. But the problems of perpetuating a

943
00:50:20,519 --> 00:50:24,559
hierarchical society go deeper than this. There are only four

944
00:50:24,599 --> 00:50:26,840
ways in which a ruling group can fall from power.

945
00:50:27,599 --> 00:50:30,000
Either it is conquered from without, or it governs so

946
00:50:30,039 --> 00:50:33,239
inefficiently that the masses are stirred to revolt. Or it

947
00:50:33,280 --> 00:50:36,400
allows a strong and discontented middle group to come into being,

948
00:50:37,079 --> 00:50:39,719
or it loses its own self confidence and willingness to govern.

949
00:50:40,960 --> 00:50:44,159
These causes do not operate singly, and as a rule,

950
00:50:44,239 --> 00:50:46,880
all four of them are present in some degree. A

951
00:50:46,960 --> 00:50:49,239
ruling class which could guard against all of them would

952
00:50:49,280 --> 00:50:53,719
remain in power permanently. Ultimately, the determining factor is the

953
00:50:53,719 --> 00:50:58,559
mental attitude of the ruling class itself. After the middle

954
00:50:58,599 --> 00:51:01,599
of the present century, the first day had in reality disappeared.

955
00:51:02,119 --> 00:51:04,320
Each of the three powers which now divide the world

956
00:51:04,400 --> 00:51:08,000
is in fact unconquerable, and could only become conquerable through

957
00:51:08,079 --> 00:51:11,559
slow demographic changes, which a government with wide powers can

958
00:51:11,599 --> 00:51:16,000
easily avert. The second danger also is only a theoretical one.

959
00:51:16,079 --> 00:51:18,440
The masses never revolt of their own accord, and they

960
00:51:18,480 --> 00:51:22,360
never revolt merely because they are oppressed. Indeed, so long

961
00:51:22,400 --> 00:51:24,679
as they are not permitted to have standards of comparison,

962
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:28,480
they never even become aware that they are oppressed. The

963
00:51:28,559 --> 00:51:32,360
recurrent economic crises of past times were totally unnecessary and

964
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:35,239
are not now permitted to happen. But other and equally

965
00:51:35,320 --> 00:51:38,760
large dislocations can and do happen without having political results,

966
00:51:39,280 --> 00:51:42,159
because there is no way in which discontent can become articulate.

967
00:51:43,280 --> 00:51:45,960
As for the problem of overproduction, which has been latent

968
00:51:46,000 --> 00:51:49,280
in our society since the development of machine technique, it

969
00:51:49,360 --> 00:51:52,639
is solved by the device of continuous warfare see Chapter three,

970
00:51:53,159 --> 00:51:55,880
which is also useful in keying up public morale to

971
00:51:55,920 --> 00:51:59,159
the necessary pitch. From the point of view of our

972
00:51:59,159 --> 00:52:02,000
present rulers. There for the only genuine dangers of the

973
00:52:02,039 --> 00:52:04,920
splitting off of a new group of able, underemployed, power

974
00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:08,280
hungry people and the growth of liberalism and skepticism in

975
00:52:08,320 --> 00:52:12,159
their own ranks. The problem, that is to say, is educational.

976
00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:15,800
It is a problem of continuously molding the consciousness both

977
00:52:15,800 --> 00:52:18,559
of the directing group and of the larger executive group

978
00:52:18,599 --> 00:52:22,079
that lies immediately below it, the consciousness of the masses

979
00:52:22,119 --> 00:52:26,079
needs only to be influenced in a negative way. Given

980
00:52:26,119 --> 00:52:28,280
this background, one could infer, if one did not know

981
00:52:28,320 --> 00:52:31,920
it already, the general structure of Oceanic society. At the

982
00:52:31,960 --> 00:52:35,239
apex of the pyramid comes Big Brother. Big Brother is

983
00:52:35,239 --> 00:52:39,519
infallible and all powerful. Every success, every achievement, every victory,

984
00:52:39,760 --> 00:52:43,760
every scientific discovery, all knowledge, all wisdom, all happiness, all

985
00:52:43,840 --> 00:52:47,679
virtue are held to issue directly from his leadership and inspiration.

986
00:52:48,519 --> 00:52:51,159
Nobody has ever seen Big Brother. He is a face

987
00:52:51,159 --> 00:52:53,960
on the hoardings a voice on the telescreen. We may

988
00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:56,719
be reasonably sure that he will never die, and there

989
00:52:56,760 --> 00:52:59,280
is already considerable uncertainty as to when he was born.

990
00:53:00,440 --> 00:53:02,679
Big Brother is the guise in which the party chooses

991
00:53:02,719 --> 00:53:05,760
to exhibit itself to the world. His function is to

992
00:53:05,800 --> 00:53:08,480
act as a focusing point for love, fear, and reverence,

993
00:53:08,800 --> 00:53:11,440
emotions which are more easily felt towards an individual than

994
00:53:11,480 --> 00:53:15,800
towards an organization. Below Big Brother comes the Inner Party,

995
00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:18,880
its numbers limited to six millions, or something less than

996
00:53:18,920 --> 00:53:22,519
two percent of the population of Oceania. Below the Inner

997
00:53:22,519 --> 00:53:25,119
Party comes the outer Party, which, if the Inner Party

998
00:53:25,159 --> 00:53:27,320
is described as the brain of the state may be

999
00:53:27,480 --> 00:53:31,039
justly likened to the hands below that come the dumb masses,

1000
00:53:31,039 --> 00:53:34,320
whom we habitually refer to as the proles, numbering perhaps

1001
00:53:34,360 --> 00:53:37,639
eighty five percent of the population. In the terms of

1002
00:53:37,679 --> 00:53:40,760
our earlier classification, the proles are the low for the

1003
00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:43,800
slave population of the equatorial lands, who pass constantly from

1004
00:53:43,800 --> 00:53:46,760
conqueror to conqueror, are not a permanent or necessary part

1005
00:53:46,760 --> 00:53:50,519
of the structure. In principle, membership of these three groups

1006
00:53:50,559 --> 00:53:53,800
is not hereditary. The child of the Inner Party parents is,

1007
00:53:53,800 --> 00:53:57,159
in theory not born into the Inner Party. Admission to

1008
00:53:57,199 --> 00:53:59,480
hire the branch of the party is by examination taken

1009
00:53:59,480 --> 00:54:02,440
at the age of tis sixteen. Nor is there any

1010
00:54:02,519 --> 00:54:07,679
racial discrimination or any march domination of one province by another. Jews, Negroes,

1011
00:54:07,760 --> 00:54:10,360
South Americans of pure Indian blood are to be found

1012
00:54:10,360 --> 00:54:13,199
in the highest ranks of the party, and the administrators

1013
00:54:13,239 --> 00:54:15,639
of any area are always drawn from the inhabitants of

1014
00:54:15,639 --> 00:54:19,280
that area. In no part of Oceania do the inhabitants

1015
00:54:19,320 --> 00:54:21,679
have the feeling that they are a colonial population ruled

1016
00:54:21,679 --> 00:54:25,639
from a distant capital. Oceania has no capital, and its

1017
00:54:25,679 --> 00:54:30,039
titular head is a person whose swhereabouts nobody knows, except

1018
00:54:30,079 --> 00:54:32,960
that English is its chief lingua franca and new Speak

1019
00:54:33,000 --> 00:54:36,599
its official language. It is not centralized in any way.

1020
00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:39,320
Its rulers are not held together by blood ties, but

1021
00:54:39,360 --> 00:54:42,679
by adherence to a common doctrine. It is true that

1022
00:54:42,719 --> 00:54:46,840
our society is stratified, and very rigidly stratified, on what

1023
00:54:46,960 --> 00:54:50,519
at first sight appear to be hereditary lines. There is

1024
00:54:50,559 --> 00:54:53,199
far less to and fro movement between the different groups

1025
00:54:53,199 --> 00:54:56,559
than happened under capitalism or even in the pre industrial age.

1026
00:54:57,480 --> 00:54:59,360
Between the two branches of the party, there is a

1027
00:54:59,360 --> 00:55:02,239
certain amount of interchange, but only so much as will

1028
00:55:02,320 --> 00:55:05,199
ensure that weaklings are excluded from the inner party, and

1029
00:55:05,239 --> 00:55:07,679
that ambitious members of the outer party are made harmless

1030
00:55:07,679 --> 00:55:11,719
by allowing them to rise. Proletarians, in practice are not

1031
00:55:11,760 --> 00:55:15,440
allowed to graduate into the party. The most gifted among them,

1032
00:55:15,519 --> 00:55:19,079
who might possibly become nuclei of discontent, are simply marked

1033
00:55:19,079 --> 00:55:22,679
down by the thought police and eliminated. But this state

1034
00:55:22,679 --> 00:55:25,440
of affairs is not necessarily permanent, nor is it a

1035
00:55:25,440 --> 00:55:27,960
matter of principle. The Party is not a class in

1036
00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:30,360
the old sense of the word. It does not aim

1037
00:55:30,440 --> 00:55:33,440
at transmitting power to its own children. As such, and

1038
00:55:33,519 --> 00:55:35,440
if there were no other way of keeping the ablest

1039
00:55:35,440 --> 00:55:37,840
people at the top, it would be perfectly prepared to

1040
00:55:37,840 --> 00:55:40,039
recruit an entire new generation from the ranks of the

1041
00:55:40,039 --> 00:55:44,000
proletariat in the crucial years. The fact that the Party

1042
00:55:44,079 --> 00:55:46,000
was not a hereditary body did a great deal to

1043
00:55:46,039 --> 00:55:50,000
neutralize opposition. The older kind of socialists, who had been

1044
00:55:50,039 --> 00:55:53,559
trained to fight against something called class privilege, assumed that

1045
00:55:53,599 --> 00:55:56,639
what is not hereditary cannot be permanent. He did not

1046
00:55:56,719 --> 00:55:59,519
see that the continuity of an oligarchy need not be physical,

1047
00:56:00,079 --> 00:56:03,039
nor did he pause to reflect that hereditary aristocracies have

1048
00:56:03,079 --> 00:56:06,480
always been short lived, whereas adoptive organizations such as the

1049
00:56:06,480 --> 00:56:09,880
Catholic Church have sometimes lasted for hundreds or thousands of years.

1050
00:56:11,039 --> 00:56:14,119
The essence of oligarchical rule is not farther to sun inheritance,

1051
00:56:14,440 --> 00:56:16,480
but the persistence of a certain world view and a

1052
00:56:16,519 --> 00:56:19,440
certain way of life imposed by the dead upon the living.

1053
00:56:20,400 --> 00:56:22,280
A ruling group is a ruling group so long as

1054
00:56:22,280 --> 00:56:25,480
it can nominate its successes. The party is not concerned

1055
00:56:25,480 --> 00:56:30,440
with perpetuating its blood, but with perpetuating itself. Who wield's

1056
00:56:30,440 --> 00:56:33,760
power is not important, provided that the hierarchical structure remains

1057
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:39,519
always the same. All the beliefs, habits, tastes, emotions, mental

1058
00:56:39,519 --> 00:56:43,199
attitudes that characterize our time are really designed to sustain

1059
00:56:43,199 --> 00:56:45,760
the mystique of the Party and prevent the true nature

1060
00:56:45,760 --> 00:56:49,840
of present day society from being perceived. Physical rebellion or

1061
00:56:49,880 --> 00:56:53,440
any preliminary move toward rebellion, is at present not possible.

1062
00:56:54,480 --> 00:56:58,360
From the proletarians. Nothing is to be feared. Left to themselves.

1063
00:56:58,559 --> 00:57:01,320
They will continue from generation to generation and from century

1064
00:57:01,320 --> 00:57:05,480
to century, working, breeding, and dying, not only without any

1065
00:57:05,519 --> 00:57:08,440
impulse to rebel, but without the power of grasping that

1066
00:57:08,480 --> 00:57:11,320
the world could be other than it is. They could

1067
00:57:11,320 --> 00:57:14,639
only become dangerous if the advance of industrial technique made

1068
00:57:14,639 --> 00:57:18,280
it necessary to educate them more highly. But since military

1069
00:57:18,280 --> 00:57:21,400
and commercial rivalry are no longer important, the level of

1070
00:57:21,440 --> 00:57:26,079
popular education is actually declining. What opinions the masses hold

1071
00:57:26,119 --> 00:57:27,920
or do not hold is looked on as a matter

1072
00:57:27,960 --> 00:57:31,639
of indifference. They can be granted intellectual liberty because they

1073
00:57:31,679 --> 00:57:34,760
have no intellect. In a party member, on the other hand,

1074
00:57:35,119 --> 00:57:37,639
not even the smallest deviation of opinion on the most

1075
00:57:37,760 --> 00:57:42,599
unimportant subject can be tolerated. A party member lives from

1076
00:57:42,599 --> 00:57:44,760
birth to death under the eye of the thought police.

1077
00:57:45,679 --> 00:57:47,559
Even when he is alone, he can never be sure

1078
00:57:47,599 --> 00:57:51,239
that he is alone. Wherever he may be asleep or awake,

1079
00:57:51,480 --> 00:57:53,840
working or resting, in his bath or in bed, he

1080
00:57:53,880 --> 00:57:56,239
can be inspected without warning and without knowing that he

1081
00:57:56,320 --> 00:58:01,119
is being inspected. Nothing that he does is indifferent. His friendships,

1082
00:58:01,159 --> 00:58:04,599
his relaxations, his behavior towards his wife and children, the

1083
00:58:04,639 --> 00:58:07,119
expression of his face when he is alone, the words

1084
00:58:07,119 --> 00:58:10,000
he mutters in sleep, even the characteristic movements of his

1085
00:58:10,039 --> 00:58:14,679
body are all jealously scrutinized, not only any actual misdemeanor,

1086
00:58:15,039 --> 00:58:18,960
but any eccentricity, however small, any change of habits, any

1087
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:21,320
nervous mannerism that could possibly be the symptom of an

1088
00:58:21,360 --> 00:58:25,039
inner struggle, is certain to be detected. He has no

1089
00:58:25,159 --> 00:58:28,480
freedom of choice in any direction whatever. On the other hand,

1090
00:58:28,519 --> 00:58:31,199
his actions are not regulated by law or by any

1091
00:58:31,199 --> 00:58:35,320
clearly formulated code of behavior. In Oceania, there is no law.

1092
00:58:36,079 --> 00:58:38,960
Thoughts and actions, which, when detected, means certain death, are

1093
00:58:38,960 --> 00:58:44,440
not formally forbidden, and the endless purges, arrests, tortures, imprisonments,

1094
00:58:44,480 --> 00:58:47,800
and vaporizations are not inflicted as punishment for crimes which

1095
00:58:47,840 --> 00:58:50,719
have actually been committed but are merely the wiping out

1096
00:58:50,760 --> 00:58:52,880
of persons who might perhaps commit a crime at some

1097
00:58:53,000 --> 00:58:56,119
time in the future. A party member is required to

1098
00:58:56,159 --> 00:58:58,880
have not only the right opinions, but the right instincts.

1099
00:58:59,440 --> 00:59:01,719
Many of the leaves and attitudes demanded of him are

1100
00:59:01,760 --> 00:59:05,199
never plainly stated, and could not be stated without laying

1101
00:59:05,199 --> 00:59:08,679
bare the contradictions inherent in ingsock. If he is a

1102
00:59:08,719 --> 00:59:12,280
person naturally orthodox in New Speaker good thinker, he will

1103
00:59:12,280 --> 00:59:15,599
in all circumstances know, without taking thought what is the

1104
00:59:15,599 --> 00:59:19,119
true belief or the desirable emotion. But in any case,

1105
00:59:19,440 --> 00:59:22,840
an elaborate mental training undergone in childhood and grouping itself

1106
00:59:22,880 --> 00:59:25,960
around the new speak words crime, stop, black, white, and

1107
00:59:26,079 --> 00:59:29,159
double think makes him unwilling and unable to think too

1108
00:59:29,199 --> 00:59:33,679
deeply on any subject whatever. A party member is expected

1109
00:59:33,679 --> 00:59:36,679
to have no private emotions and no respites from enthusiasm.

1110
00:59:37,400 --> 00:59:39,679
He is supposed to live in a continuous frenzy of

1111
00:59:39,679 --> 00:59:43,639
hatred of foreign enemies and internal traitors, triumph over victories,

1112
00:59:43,920 --> 00:59:47,079
and self abasement before the power and wisdom of the party.

1113
00:59:47,679 --> 00:59:51,320
The discontents produced by his bare, unsatisfying life are deliberately

1114
00:59:51,320 --> 00:59:54,239
turned outwards and dissipated by such devices, as the two

1115
00:59:54,239 --> 00:59:57,679
minutes hate and the speculations which might possibly induce a

1116
00:59:57,719 --> 01:00:01,000
skeptical or rebellious attitude are killed and advance by his

1117
01:00:01,079 --> 01:00:05,000
early acquired inner discipline. The first and simplest stage in

1118
01:00:05,039 --> 01:00:07,280
the discipline, which can be taught even to young children,

1119
01:00:07,639 --> 01:00:11,679
is called, in new speak, crime stop. Crime stop means

1120
01:00:11,679 --> 01:00:14,519
the faculty of stopping short, as though by instinct, at

1121
01:00:14,519 --> 01:00:17,920
the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes the power

1122
01:00:17,960 --> 01:00:21,639
of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors,

1123
01:00:21,719 --> 01:00:25,039
of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical to wingsock,

1124
01:00:25,440 --> 01:00:27,519
and of being bored or repelled by any train of

1125
01:00:27,559 --> 01:00:30,280
thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction.

1126
01:00:31,760 --> 01:00:35,800
Crime stop, in short means protective stupidity. But stupidity is

1127
01:00:35,800 --> 01:00:38,719
not enough. On the contrary, Orthodoxy in the full sense,

1128
01:00:38,760 --> 01:00:41,800
demands a control over one's mental processes as complete as

1129
01:00:41,800 --> 01:00:46,000
that of a contortionist over his body. Oceanic society rests

1130
01:00:46,079 --> 01:00:48,679
ultimately on the belief that big Brother is omnipotent and

1131
01:00:48,760 --> 01:00:52,119
that the party is infallible. But since in reality, big

1132
01:00:52,159 --> 01:00:54,880
Brother is not omnipotent and the party is not infallible.

1133
01:00:55,320 --> 01:00:58,599
There is need for an unwearying moment to moment flexibility

1134
01:00:58,599 --> 01:01:01,199
in the treatment of facts. The key word here is

1135
01:01:01,239 --> 01:01:05,000
black white. Like so many news speak words, this word

1136
01:01:05,039 --> 01:01:08,920
has two mutually contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it

1137
01:01:09,000 --> 01:01:11,639
means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white

1138
01:01:11,880 --> 01:01:15,880
in contradiction of the plain facts. Applied to a party member,

1139
01:01:15,920 --> 01:01:18,039
it means a loyal willingness to say that black is

1140
01:01:18,079 --> 01:01:21,679
white when party discipline demands this. But it means also

1141
01:01:21,760 --> 01:01:24,400
the ability to believe that black is white, and more

1142
01:01:24,519 --> 01:01:26,920
to know that black is white and to forget that

1143
01:01:26,920 --> 01:01:30,840
one has ever believed the contrary. This demands a continuous

1144
01:01:30,840 --> 01:01:33,400
alteration of the past, made possible by the system of

1145
01:01:33,440 --> 01:01:36,039
thought which really embraces all the rest, and which is

1146
01:01:36,079 --> 01:01:41,000
known in news speakers double think. The alteration of the

1147
01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:43,480
past is necessary for two reasons, one of which is

1148
01:01:43,599 --> 01:01:48,119
subsidiary and so to speak, precautionary. The subsidiary reason is

1149
01:01:48,119 --> 01:01:52,039
that the party member, like the proletarian, tolerates present day

1150
01:01:52,039 --> 01:01:55,679
conditions partly because he has no standards of comparison. He

1151
01:01:55,760 --> 01:01:57,760
must be cut off from the past, just as he

1152
01:01:57,840 --> 01:02:00,239
must be cut off from foreign countries, because as it

1153
01:02:00,280 --> 01:02:02,079
is necessary for him to believe that he is better

1154
01:02:02,119 --> 01:02:05,000
off than his ancestors, and that the average level of

1155
01:02:05,000 --> 01:02:08,880
material comfort is constantly rising. But by far the more

1156
01:02:08,920 --> 01:02:11,639
important reason for the readjustment of the past is the

1157
01:02:11,719 --> 01:02:15,079
need to safeguard the infallibility of the party. It is

1158
01:02:15,119 --> 01:02:18,239
not merely that speeches, statistics, and records of every kind

1159
01:02:18,360 --> 01:02:20,880
must be constantly brought up to date in order to

1160
01:02:20,920 --> 01:02:22,719
show that the predictions of the Party were in all

1161
01:02:22,760 --> 01:02:25,800
cases right. It is also that no change in doctrine

1162
01:02:25,840 --> 01:02:28,880
or in political alignment can ever be admitted, for to

1163
01:02:28,960 --> 01:02:31,679
change one's mind or even one's policy is a confession

1164
01:02:31,679 --> 01:02:35,840
of weakness. If, for example, Eurasia or East Asia, whichever

1165
01:02:35,880 --> 01:02:38,519
it may be, is the enemy today, then that country

1166
01:02:38,599 --> 01:02:41,119
must always have been the enemy, and if the facts

1167
01:02:41,159 --> 01:02:44,519
say otherwise, then the facts must be altered. Thus history

1168
01:02:44,559 --> 01:02:48,280
is continuously rewritten this day to day. Falsification of the

1169
01:02:48,280 --> 01:02:50,800
past carried out by the Ministry of Truth is as

1170
01:02:50,880 --> 01:02:53,239
necessary to the stability of the regime as the work

1171
01:02:53,280 --> 01:02:56,079
of repressioned and espionage carried out by the Ministry of Love.

1172
01:02:57,480 --> 01:02:59,639
The mutability of the past is the central tenet of

1173
01:02:59,719 --> 01:03:04,199
ncol past events, it is argued, have no objective existence,

1174
01:03:04,639 --> 01:03:07,400
but survive only in written records and in human memories.

1175
01:03:08,320 --> 01:03:10,840
The past is whatever the records and the memories agree upon,

1176
01:03:11,719 --> 01:03:13,599
and since the Party is in full control of all

1177
01:03:13,639 --> 01:03:16,000
records and in equally full control of the minds of

1178
01:03:16,039 --> 01:03:18,679
its members, it follows that the past is whatever the

1179
01:03:18,679 --> 01:03:21,679
Party chooses to make it. It also follows that though

1180
01:03:21,679 --> 01:03:24,239
the past is alterable, it never has been altered in

1181
01:03:24,239 --> 01:03:27,639
any specific instance. For when it has been recreated in

1182
01:03:27,679 --> 01:03:30,119
whatever shape is needed at the moment, then this new

1183
01:03:30,199 --> 01:03:32,840
version is the past, and no different past can ever

1184
01:03:32,880 --> 01:03:36,519
have existed. This holds good even when, as often happens,

1185
01:03:36,679 --> 01:03:38,800
the same event has to be altered out of recognition

1186
01:03:38,920 --> 01:03:42,239
several times in the course of a year. At all times,

1187
01:03:42,280 --> 01:03:45,079
the party is in possession of absolute truth, and clearly

1188
01:03:45,119 --> 01:03:47,039
the absolute can never have been different from what it

1189
01:03:47,079 --> 01:03:49,599
is now. It will be seen that the control of

1190
01:03:49,639 --> 01:03:52,119
the past depends above all on the training of memory.

1191
01:03:52,760 --> 01:03:54,800
To make sure that all written records agree with the

1192
01:03:54,920 --> 01:03:57,760
orthodoxy of the moment is merely a mechanical act, but

1193
01:03:57,840 --> 01:04:00,440
it is also necessary to remember that events happened in

1194
01:04:00,440 --> 01:04:03,119
the desired manner and if it is necessary to re

1195
01:04:03,239 --> 01:04:06,280
arrange one's memories or to tamper with written records, then

1196
01:04:06,320 --> 01:04:08,400
it is necessary to forget that one has done so.

1197
01:04:09,079 --> 01:04:10,960
The trick of doing this can be learned. Like any

1198
01:04:10,960 --> 01:04:13,880
other mental technique. It is learned by the majority of

1199
01:04:13,880 --> 01:04:17,000
party members, and certainly by those who are intelligent as

1200
01:04:17,000 --> 01:04:20,519
well as orthodox. In old speak, it is called, quite frankly,

1201
01:04:20,599 --> 01:04:24,320
reality control. In new speak it is called doublethink, though

1202
01:04:24,360 --> 01:04:29,480
doublethink comprises much else as well. Doublethink means the power

1203
01:04:29,480 --> 01:04:33,079
of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously and

1204
01:04:33,159 --> 01:04:37,000
accepting both of them. The party intellectual knows in which

1205
01:04:37,039 --> 01:04:40,159
direction his memories must be altered. He therefore knows that

1206
01:04:40,199 --> 01:04:43,159
he is playing tricks with reality. But by the exercise

1207
01:04:43,199 --> 01:04:46,760
of doublethink, he also satisfies himself that reality is not violated.

1208
01:04:47,800 --> 01:04:49,679
The process has to be conscious, or it would not

1209
01:04:49,760 --> 01:04:52,719
be carried out with sufficient precision, but it also has

1210
01:04:52,760 --> 01:04:54,840
to be unconscious, or it would bring with it a

1211
01:04:54,840 --> 01:04:58,639
feeling of falsity and hentsive guilt. Doublethink lies at the

1212
01:04:58,719 --> 01:05:01,239
very heart of inksock, since the essential act of the

1213
01:05:01,280 --> 01:05:04,199
party is to use conscious deception while retaining the firmness

1214
01:05:04,199 --> 01:05:08,039
of purpose that goes with complete honesty, to tell deliberate

1215
01:05:08,079 --> 01:05:10,960
lies while genuinely believing in them, to forget any fact

1216
01:05:11,000 --> 01:05:14,760
that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary again,

1217
01:05:14,920 --> 01:05:16,960
to draw it back from oblivion, for just so long

1218
01:05:16,960 --> 01:05:20,039
as it is needed to deny the existence of objective reality,

1219
01:05:20,039 --> 01:05:21,920
and all the while to take account of the reality

1220
01:05:21,960 --> 01:05:26,159
which one denies. All this is indispensably necessary. Even in

1221
01:05:26,280 --> 01:05:28,199
using the word to double think, it is necessary to

1222
01:05:28,239 --> 01:05:31,519
exercise double think, For by using the word one admits

1223
01:05:31,519 --> 01:05:34,239
that one is tampering with the reality. By a fresh

1224
01:05:34,280 --> 01:05:36,800
act of double think, one erases its knowledge, and so

1225
01:05:36,880 --> 01:05:39,760
on indefinitely, with the lie always one leap ahead of

1226
01:05:39,800 --> 01:05:42,719
the truth. Ultimately, it is by means of double think

1227
01:05:42,760 --> 01:05:44,840
that the party has been able, and may, for all

1228
01:05:44,880 --> 01:05:47,000
we know, continue to be able for thousands of years,

1229
01:05:47,360 --> 01:05:51,840
to arrest the course of history. All past oligarchies have

1230
01:05:51,920 --> 01:05:54,480
fallen from power, either because they ossified or because they

1231
01:05:54,519 --> 01:05:58,840
grew soft. Either they became stupid and arrogant, failed to

1232
01:05:58,880 --> 01:06:03,119
adjust themselves to check ranging circumstances and were overthrown, or

1233
01:06:03,159 --> 01:06:06,360
they became liberal and cowardly made concessions when they should

1234
01:06:06,400 --> 01:06:10,440
have used force, and once again were overthrown, they fell.

1235
01:06:10,519 --> 01:06:13,440
That is to say, either through consciousness or through unconsciousness.

1236
01:06:14,199 --> 01:06:16,280
It is the achievement of the Party to have produced

1237
01:06:16,280 --> 01:06:19,519
a system of thought in which both conditions can exist simultaneously.

1238
01:06:20,159 --> 01:06:22,920
And upon no other intellectual basis could the dominion of

1239
01:06:22,920 --> 01:06:26,199
the party be made permanent. If one is to rule,

1240
01:06:26,280 --> 01:06:29,360
and to continue ruling, one must be able to dislocate

1241
01:06:29,440 --> 01:06:32,800
the sense of reality. For the secret of rulership is

1242
01:06:32,840 --> 01:06:35,519
to combine a belief in one's own infallibility with the

1243
01:06:35,559 --> 01:06:40,039
power to learn from past mistakes. It need hardly be

1244
01:06:40,079 --> 01:06:43,000
said that the subtlest practitioners of double think are those

1245
01:06:43,039 --> 01:06:45,360
who invented double think and know that it is a

1246
01:06:45,440 --> 01:06:49,519
vast system of mental cheating in our society. Those who

1247
01:06:49,599 --> 01:06:51,599
have the best knowledge of what is happening are also

1248
01:06:51,639 --> 01:06:54,000
those who are furthest from seeing the world as it is.

1249
01:06:55,360 --> 01:06:58,039
In general, the greater the understanding, the greater the delusion,

1250
01:06:58,760 --> 01:07:02,960
The more intelligent, the less One clear illustration of this

1251
01:07:03,119 --> 01:07:06,079
is the fact that war hysteria increases in intensity as

1252
01:07:06,079 --> 01:07:09,599
one rises in the social scale. Those whose attitude towards

1253
01:07:09,599 --> 01:07:12,559
the war is most nearly rational are the subject peoples

1254
01:07:12,599 --> 01:07:16,039
of the disputed territories. To these people, the war is

1255
01:07:16,079 --> 01:07:18,880
simply a continuous calamity which sweeps to and fro over

1256
01:07:18,960 --> 01:07:22,920
their bodies like a tidal wave, which side is winning

1257
01:07:22,920 --> 01:07:25,960
as a matter of complete indifference to them. They are

1258
01:07:26,000 --> 01:07:28,519
aware that a change of overlordship means simply that they

1259
01:07:28,519 --> 01:07:31,239
will be doing the same work as before for new masters,

1260
01:07:31,239 --> 01:07:33,239
who treat them in the same manner as the old ones.

1261
01:07:34,400 --> 01:07:36,960
The slightly more favored workers, whom we call the proles,

1262
01:07:37,400 --> 01:07:41,000
are only intermittently conscious of the war. When it is necessary,

1263
01:07:41,000 --> 01:07:43,400
they can be prodded into frenzies of fear and hatred,

1264
01:07:43,880 --> 01:07:46,679
but when left to themselves, they are capable of forgetting

1265
01:07:46,719 --> 01:07:50,159
for long periods that the war is happening. It is

1266
01:07:50,159 --> 01:07:51,880
in the ranks of the party, and above all of

1267
01:07:51,880 --> 01:07:54,719
the inner Party, that the true war enthusiasm is found.

1268
01:07:55,639 --> 01:07:58,280
World's conquest is believed in most firmly by those who

1269
01:07:58,320 --> 01:08:02,119
know it to be impossible. This peculiar linking together of

1270
01:08:02,119 --> 01:08:06,800
opposites knowledge with ignorance, cynicism with fanaticism, is one of

1271
01:08:06,800 --> 01:08:11,159
the chief distinguishing marks of Oceanic society. The official ideology

1272
01:08:11,159 --> 01:08:13,920
abounds with contradictions, even when there is no practical reason

1273
01:08:14,000 --> 01:08:17,920
for them. Thus, the party rejects and vilifies every principle

1274
01:08:17,960 --> 01:08:21,199
for which the socialist movement originally stood, and it chooses

1275
01:08:21,239 --> 01:08:24,319
to do this in the name of socialism. It preaches

1276
01:08:24,319 --> 01:08:27,239
a contempt for the working class unexampled for centuries past,

1277
01:08:27,720 --> 01:08:29,920
and it dresses its members in a uniform which was

1278
01:08:29,960 --> 01:08:32,960
at one time peculiar to manual workers, and was adopted

1279
01:08:32,960 --> 01:08:37,239
for that reason. It systematically undermines the solidarity of the family,

1280
01:08:37,800 --> 01:08:39,800
and it calls its leader by a name which is

1281
01:08:39,840 --> 01:08:43,079
a direct appeal to the sentiment of family loyalty. Even

1282
01:08:43,079 --> 01:08:45,079
the names of the four ministries by which we are

1283
01:08:45,119 --> 01:08:48,640
governed exhibit a sort of impudence in their deliberate reversal

1284
01:08:48,640 --> 01:08:52,159
of the facts. The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war,

1285
01:08:52,439 --> 01:08:55,279
the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love

1286
01:08:55,319 --> 01:08:59,119
with torture, and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. These

1287
01:08:59,119 --> 01:09:02,800
contradictions are not accidental, nor do they result from ordinary hypocrisy.

1288
01:09:03,319 --> 01:09:06,880
Their deliberate exercises in double think. For it is only

1289
01:09:06,920 --> 01:09:11,319
by reconciling contradictions that power can be retained indefinitely. In

1290
01:09:11,359 --> 01:09:14,239
no other way could the ancient cycle be broken? If

1291
01:09:14,319 --> 01:09:17,520
human equality is to be forever averted, if the high,

1292
01:09:17,560 --> 01:09:19,920
as we have called them, are to keep their places permanently,

1293
01:09:20,399 --> 01:09:25,039
then the prevailing mental condition must be controlled insanity. But

1294
01:09:25,119 --> 01:09:27,199
there is one question which until this moment we have

1295
01:09:27,279 --> 01:09:31,239
almost ignored. It is why should human equality be averted?

1296
01:09:32,039 --> 01:09:35,119
Supposing that the mechanics of the process have been rightly described,

1297
01:09:35,520 --> 01:09:38,199
what is the motive for this huge, accurately planned effort

1298
01:09:38,319 --> 01:09:42,279
to freeze history at a particular moment of time. Here

1299
01:09:42,319 --> 01:09:45,199
we reach the central secret. As we have seen, the

1300
01:09:45,239 --> 01:09:47,520
mystique of the party, and above all of the Inner Party,

1301
01:09:47,800 --> 01:09:51,840
depends upon doublethink. But deeper than this lies the original motive,

1302
01:09:52,039 --> 01:09:54,800
the never questioned instinct that first led to the seizure

1303
01:09:54,800 --> 01:09:58,960
of power and brought doublethink, the thought police, continuous warfare,

1304
01:09:59,039 --> 01:10:03,439
and all the other necess paraphernalia into existence. Afterwards, this

1305
01:10:03,600 --> 01:10:08,560
motive really consists. Minston became aware of silence as one

1306
01:10:08,600 --> 01:10:11,840
becomes aware of a new sound. It seemed to him

1307
01:10:11,840 --> 01:10:14,239
that Julia had been very still for some time past.

1308
01:10:15,199 --> 01:10:17,880
She was lying on her side, naked from the waist upwards,

1309
01:10:18,000 --> 01:10:20,079
with her cheek pillowed on her hand, and one dark

1310
01:10:20,119 --> 01:10:23,760
lock tumbling across her eyes. Her breast rose and fell

1311
01:10:23,840 --> 01:10:30,520
slowly and regularly. Julia, No answer, Julia, are you awake?

1312
01:10:31,399 --> 01:10:34,720
No answer, She was asleep. He shut the book, put

1313
01:10:34,720 --> 01:10:36,720
it carefully on the floor, lay down, and pulled the

1314
01:10:36,760 --> 01:10:40,880
coverlet over both of them. He had still, he reflected,

1315
01:10:40,920 --> 01:10:44,359
not learned the ultimate secret. He understood how he did

1316
01:10:44,359 --> 01:10:47,760
not understand why. Chapter one, like chapter three, had not

1317
01:10:47,840 --> 01:10:50,239
actually told him anything that he did not know. It

1318
01:10:50,319 --> 01:10:53,920
had merely systematized the knowledge that he possessed already. But

1319
01:10:54,039 --> 01:10:56,039
after reading it he knew better than before that he

1320
01:10:56,159 --> 01:10:59,359
was not mad. Being in a minority, even a minority

1321
01:10:59,359 --> 01:11:02,239
of one, did not make you mad. There was truth,

1322
01:11:02,239 --> 01:11:04,479
and there was untruth, And if you clung to the truth,

1323
01:11:04,520 --> 01:11:07,840
even against the whole world, you were not mad. A

1324
01:11:07,920 --> 01:11:10,359
yellow beam from the sinking sun slanted in through the

1325
01:11:10,359 --> 01:11:13,279
window and fell across the pillow. He shut his eyes.

1326
01:11:14,399 --> 01:11:16,640
The sun on his face and the girl's smooth body

1327
01:11:16,720 --> 01:11:20,199
touching his own gave him a strong, sleepy, confident feeling.

1328
01:11:21,079 --> 01:11:25,000
He was safe, Everything was all right. He fell asleep, murmuring,

1329
01:11:25,760 --> 01:11:29,319
sanity is not statistical, with the feeling that this remark

1330
01:11:29,439 --> 01:11:34,800
contained in it a profound wisdom end of Section seventeen