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Prices vary in express. 10 00:00:30.359 --> 00:00:33.200 Mum, why did they call it Scottish cheese? 11 00:00:33.280 --> 00:00:34.600 It's cottage cheese, honey. 12 00:00:34.640 --> 00:00:36.039 And I'm not sure. 13 00:00:35.840 --> 00:00:39.200 Did dogs in other countries speak different languages? 14 00:00:39.399 --> 00:00:39.719 Yeah? 15 00:00:39.960 --> 00:00:42.399 I think so. Well when we get there, well, we've 16 00:00:42.399 --> 00:00:44.560 got to fix the car first, but there's someone coming 17 00:00:44.600 --> 00:00:45.159 to help us. 18 00:00:45.359 --> 00:00:47.119 Is it the man from Geneva? 19 00:00:47.200 --> 00:00:49.880 Not Geneva, he's from a Viva. 20 00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:51.159 Oh there's a van now. 21 00:00:51.479 --> 00:00:54.479 For car insurance with breakdown rescue, it takes a Viva 22 00:00:54.759 --> 00:00:57.719 visit Aviva. Do I eat to say? Fifteen percent acceptance 23 00:00:57.759 --> 00:01:00.600 criteria terms and conditions apply. Minimum premium of three hundred 24 00:01:00.600 --> 00:01:02.640 and ten year old. Fifteen percent discount applies to new 25 00:01:02.640 --> 00:01:05.519 policies bought online. See Aviva Dotta E for details. Car 26 00:01:05.560 --> 00:01:08.519 insurance is underwritten by Aviva Insurance Arland duc Aviva Direct 27 00:01:08.599 --> 00:01:11.040 Arland Limited is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. 28 00:01:11.400 --> 00:01:14.280 Oh hey, it's your old dad Ward Bond podcast, just 29 00:01:14.359 --> 00:01:17.439 slipping into your life to chat with you about ancient toilets, 30 00:01:17.879 --> 00:01:22.840 buried treasure and Roman rulers. Welcome to another episode of Smologies. 31 00:01:23.040 --> 00:01:25.959 What are smologies, you may be asking yourself. They're smaller 32 00:01:26.239 --> 00:01:28.920 cuts of our classic episodes and we cut them down 33 00:01:29.480 --> 00:01:31.439 and we cut out all the swear words so that 34 00:01:31.480 --> 00:01:34.239 they are classroom safe, their kid friendly. They're good for 35 00:01:34.280 --> 00:01:37.239 all ages. And this is a great episode. People love 36 00:01:37.319 --> 00:01:38.959 this one, so now you can listen to it as 37 00:01:39.000 --> 00:01:42.359 a curriculum or with my grandpa or whomever you like. 38 00:01:42.599 --> 00:01:45.560 If you want the full version, we're gonna link in 39 00:01:45.560 --> 00:01:47.799 the show notes. That's the longer version with all the 40 00:01:47.799 --> 00:01:52.560 squares left in. But this one it's safe. Okay, enjoy, Okay. Archaeology, 41 00:01:52.799 --> 00:01:56.560 Let's get into the etymology really quick. Archaeology comes from 42 00:01:56.599 --> 00:02:02.560 the Greek ark for beginning and classical archaeology deals specifically 43 00:02:02.680 --> 00:02:06.799 with ancient Rome or ancient Greece. Boy, Howdy hot dang, 44 00:02:06.879 --> 00:02:11.800 this ologist knows his business. He's an American who lives 45 00:02:11.840 --> 00:02:15.319 in Rome, so the dude is literally walking the talk. 46 00:02:15.840 --> 00:02:19.639 And he's the executive director of the American Institute for 47 00:02:19.840 --> 00:02:23.319 Roman Culture. And he's the host of a PBS series 48 00:02:23.360 --> 00:02:26.879 called Ancient Invisible Cities, as well as the Italian series 49 00:02:26.960 --> 00:02:32.360 called Under Italy, where he crawls into cool tunnels and tombs. 50 00:02:32.479 --> 00:02:36.159 It's very rad. So a statement on his website just reads, 51 00:02:36.479 --> 00:02:39.680 my passion is Rome and it is not a lie. 52 00:02:39.759 --> 00:02:44.520 And like a plague in ancient times, it's infectious. So 53 00:02:44.719 --> 00:02:48.080 hang on to your togas and recline on your laurels 54 00:02:48.240 --> 00:02:52.439 to hear all kinds of dirt with classical archaeologist doctor 55 00:02:52.520 --> 00:02:53.520 Darius Aria. 56 00:02:54.280 --> 00:03:11.879 Ogious algy. 57 00:03:12.439 --> 00:03:15.840 Darius Aria sounds like a superheroim yeah, almost almost rhymes 58 00:03:15.879 --> 00:03:16.840 which I've gotten. 59 00:03:16.560 --> 00:03:21.319 That Darius Aria hello, also known as Dar. What does 60 00:03:21.319 --> 00:03:25.000 an archaeologist do If someone says I'm an archaeologist, what 61 00:03:25.080 --> 00:03:27.520 does that mean? Because I feel like we I think 62 00:03:27.560 --> 00:03:32.080 of dusty chinos and like worn boots and definitely a hat. 63 00:03:32.199 --> 00:03:37.479 Yeah, most most archaeology isn't spending your time in the field. 64 00:03:38.000 --> 00:03:39.560 I mean I can qualify that and say, okay, some 65 00:03:39.560 --> 00:03:41.159 people just do that all the time because they're like 66 00:03:41.199 --> 00:03:43.840 contract archaeologists. So there's always something going on in Italy 67 00:03:43.879 --> 00:03:46.360 where you know, some house is being built or some 68 00:03:46.400 --> 00:03:49.080 building is being restored, or some road is being put in, 69 00:03:49.560 --> 00:03:53.080 and so they're always out in the field doing the excavation. 70 00:03:52.719 --> 00:03:56.319 And that sense urban development and so on, or rescue operations. 71 00:03:56.360 --> 00:04:00.919 But you know, generally speaking, you're studying the so you know, 72 00:04:00.919 --> 00:04:05.159 you're an egyptologist or I'm a classical archaeologist, so I'm 73 00:04:05.199 --> 00:04:07.280 in the Mediterranean, I'm in Central Europe, I'm where the 74 00:04:07.360 --> 00:04:09.840 Romans were. But generally speaking, you know, the archaeologists will 75 00:04:09.840 --> 00:04:12.599 spend a lot of time in libraries, like I'm here 76 00:04:12.800 --> 00:04:15.680 at the library, using the resources of the getty. 77 00:04:15.560 --> 00:04:18.120 And so it's some part in the field, but a 78 00:04:18.199 --> 00:04:21.839 lot of it is spent also piecing together a lot 79 00:04:21.879 --> 00:04:24.759 of different parts of history to form kind of a narrative, 80 00:04:24.839 --> 00:04:27.160 or try to piece together a narrative that has parts missing. 81 00:04:27.279 --> 00:04:27.920 Yeah, exactly. 82 00:04:27.959 --> 00:04:31.000 So you're getting a wealth of information when you're excavating 83 00:04:31.560 --> 00:04:33.480 or doing some sort of evaluative study. I mean it 84 00:04:33.480 --> 00:04:36.800 could be non invasive nowadays, but then you need to 85 00:04:37.040 --> 00:04:39.759 sift through the data, like what you've now come up 86 00:04:39.759 --> 00:04:41.079 with has to make sense. 87 00:04:41.439 --> 00:04:44.399 Oh man, I love this part. Archaeology is like a 88 00:04:44.800 --> 00:04:48.000 fascinating parfait of abandoned junk. 89 00:04:48.240 --> 00:04:52.079 Or if you're excavating, you know you've unearthed different strata, 90 00:04:52.240 --> 00:04:55.639 different layers that people have left behind, and you've gone 91 00:04:55.680 --> 00:04:57.759 through the chronology, you know, backwards, so you're trying to 92 00:04:57.759 --> 00:05:00.360 piece it together understanding from the beginning to the Of 93 00:05:00.360 --> 00:05:03.720 course you're actually the most recent stuff first, so there's 94 00:05:03.720 --> 00:05:05.680 a bit of a puzzle there, and what kind. 95 00:05:05.600 --> 00:05:07.839 Of tools are you using? Take me through a dig? 96 00:05:07.920 --> 00:05:11.920 Okay, so what I'm concentrating on professionally has been the 97 00:05:12.000 --> 00:05:15.240 Roman Era, and because Rome is not a place that's 98 00:05:15.240 --> 00:05:18.480 abandoned and it has continually been occupied, there are various. 99 00:05:18.360 --> 00:05:19.959 Layers that can be quite late. 100 00:05:20.160 --> 00:05:23.240 So you know, the top layer of a site, well, 101 00:05:23.279 --> 00:05:25.160 I mean it will be modern, you know, so there's 102 00:05:25.199 --> 00:05:27.839 going to be something just people deposits, how people leave 103 00:05:27.839 --> 00:05:30.959 stuff behind, and it can be you know, a coke 104 00:05:31.040 --> 00:05:33.399 bottle or a piece of barbed wire fencing. 105 00:05:33.399 --> 00:05:35.000 I mean, it could be something obviously like. 106 00:05:34.959 --> 00:05:38.519 That, and then you're getting down into actually in Rome 107 00:05:38.680 --> 00:05:41.680 and Vicinity, the environs can be very, very rapid. Sometimes 108 00:05:41.720 --> 00:05:44.480 it's even as it's been just shallow as say four 109 00:05:44.560 --> 00:05:47.759 or five inches. Awesome, boom, We're already hitting ancient material. 110 00:05:48.160 --> 00:05:51.279 And where is this like in a construction site? A puzzle. 111 00:05:51.319 --> 00:05:54.720 No, So I've been My excavations have been in really 112 00:05:54.800 --> 00:05:57.279 historic places that are well known, like the Roman Forum, 113 00:05:57.360 --> 00:06:01.480 but then also an archaeological site Ostia Antica, and Ostia 114 00:06:01.480 --> 00:06:04.480 Antica was the port city of Rome. Basically, Ostia was 115 00:06:04.639 --> 00:06:07.240 developed as the city at the mouth of the Tiber River. 116 00:06:07.360 --> 00:06:09.319 So you imagine this river. 117 00:06:09.199 --> 00:06:13.360 Flowing from the north through Rome and then dumping out 118 00:06:13.360 --> 00:06:14.639 into the Mediterranean. 119 00:06:15.160 --> 00:06:17.879 So this is a city located right about at the 120 00:06:17.920 --> 00:06:20.600 kneecap of Italy. It's right on the sea, and it's 121 00:06:20.600 --> 00:06:23.639 been abandoned for about one thousand years and it now 122 00:06:23.759 --> 00:06:27.639 kind of looks like grassland taking over a grid of 123 00:06:27.839 --> 00:06:31.759 crumbling brick structures. But in its heyday it was this 124 00:06:31.920 --> 00:06:35.839 bustling port city and the seaside tourist town, filled with 125 00:06:35.959 --> 00:06:41.879 government buildings and military fortifications, amphitheaters, residences and ships carrying 126 00:06:41.920 --> 00:06:44.759 grains and other supplies. Would offload tons of goods to 127 00:06:44.800 --> 00:06:48.519 be stored and cataloged in warehouses and then tugged upriver 128 00:06:48.720 --> 00:06:52.079 by little boats and then dragged into Rome itself. This 129 00:06:52.240 --> 00:06:54.560 was a place of a lot of comings and goings, 130 00:06:54.680 --> 00:06:58.600 but once a newer port city nearby started getting more traffic, 131 00:06:58.879 --> 00:07:03.160 Ostia Antika became so five minutes ago, it was so over. 132 00:07:03.639 --> 00:07:06.959 But it's abandoned. Ruins are a really really good place 133 00:07:07.040 --> 00:07:10.160 for archaeologists to piece together the past, because that's what 134 00:07:10.199 --> 00:07:14.399 they do. I just stated the obvious anyway, Ostia Antica. 135 00:07:14.600 --> 00:07:17.120 And so then obviously Ostia becomes a very very important 136 00:07:17.160 --> 00:07:21.920 place for the Empire, and it becomes a very multicultural city, 137 00:07:22.000 --> 00:07:24.199 and it's a great it's like a mini Rome. So 138 00:07:24.240 --> 00:07:26.600 the fact that it gets abandoned that is just there 139 00:07:27.600 --> 00:07:30.680 then allows us to have really exciting and pretty immediate 140 00:07:31.000 --> 00:07:33.879 excavations as opposed to you know, other sites that are 141 00:07:34.319 --> 00:07:35.839 continue occupied like Rome. 142 00:07:35.959 --> 00:07:37.160 Obviously, Rome was much more. 143 00:07:37.040 --> 00:07:40.480 Complex to excavate because there's a modern city on top 144 00:07:40.519 --> 00:07:40.879 of ye. 145 00:07:41.279 --> 00:07:42.800 And what kind of stuff do you typically find? 146 00:07:43.959 --> 00:07:45.319 See you find a lot of pottery. 147 00:07:45.439 --> 00:07:48.480 I was going to say, yeah, yeah, So I mean 148 00:07:48.519 --> 00:07:51.120 imagine you have your house, you're living in your house 149 00:07:51.360 --> 00:07:54.720 for decades and decades and decades, and you're producing over 150 00:07:54.759 --> 00:07:57.240 that time period a lot of garbage. Now imagine your 151 00:07:57.560 --> 00:08:01.040 rubbish heap, your dump was right out side in your backyard. 152 00:08:01.720 --> 00:08:03.959 Just imagine what people would find. 153 00:08:03.759 --> 00:08:07.959 Personally, there's a bunch of kombucha bottles and empty bags 154 00:08:07.959 --> 00:08:10.199 of cool ranch to writos. Let's be honest. 155 00:08:10.759 --> 00:08:13.040 Oh yeah, And of course we're obviously we're talking about 156 00:08:13.040 --> 00:08:14.879 a lot of today, we're talking about a lot of plastic. 157 00:08:15.600 --> 00:08:19.040 So for the Romans, almost everything. I mean, sure there's 158 00:08:19.120 --> 00:08:21.439 leather goods they're using, or baskets or what you know, 159 00:08:21.600 --> 00:08:25.560 burlap bags, but really what's traditionally preserving, what was used 160 00:08:25.600 --> 00:08:29.560 for storage from pretty much anything, was pottery. So you're 161 00:08:29.560 --> 00:08:31.279 gonna find that and that stuff is fired and it's 162 00:08:31.279 --> 00:08:35.000 basically indestructible, but you know, it's kind of like smashed 163 00:08:35.080 --> 00:08:37.679 up and there's things can be pieced together and then 164 00:08:37.759 --> 00:08:40.360 hopefully if you're lucky, you know, they write on them 165 00:08:40.519 --> 00:08:44.320 oftentimes what the material is and so forth, or you know, who. 166 00:08:44.159 --> 00:08:45.519 Owns it and so on. 167 00:08:45.679 --> 00:08:48.799 There's a big dump actually in Rome called Monthly Tstatcho. 168 00:08:48.840 --> 00:08:49.440 It's like a hill. 169 00:08:49.720 --> 00:08:50.200 Oh my god. 170 00:08:50.240 --> 00:08:54.200 Okay, a Google search reveals this huge grassy hill in 171 00:08:54.240 --> 00:08:56.759 an otherwise flat neighborhood. But then you get up close 172 00:08:57.080 --> 00:09:00.840 and it's like a ceramics graveyard. There's just piles and 173 00:09:00.879 --> 00:09:03.600 piles and piles of broken pottery, like if a giant 174 00:09:03.919 --> 00:09:05.200 just smashed all your jars. 175 00:09:05.399 --> 00:09:09.080 It's literally something like about one hundred and fifty feet high. 176 00:09:09.279 --> 00:09:11.240 Oh my god, and it's got a circumference of like 177 00:09:11.279 --> 00:09:15.039 a mile and a half and they just dumped ceramics 178 00:09:15.039 --> 00:09:18.600 that are smashed, and the primarily the amphidire. These jars 179 00:09:18.639 --> 00:09:21.559 were used for carrying olive oil. So then you say, well, 180 00:09:21.559 --> 00:09:23.720 why don't they just reuse the jars? Well, because if 181 00:09:23.720 --> 00:09:26.080 you have it filled with olive oil, you ever try 182 00:09:26.080 --> 00:09:28.559 to clean a bottle of olive oil, it's a paint, Okay, 183 00:09:28.600 --> 00:09:30.200 it's yeah. So what they did was they just smashed it. 184 00:09:30.200 --> 00:09:31.639 So it gives you an idea of the volume, the 185 00:09:31.679 --> 00:09:34.000 sheer volume that's coming in. And then keep in mind 186 00:09:34.000 --> 00:09:38.000 too that the we love the ancient guys because it 187 00:09:38.039 --> 00:09:41.000 was also sustainable. So even Rome was a big consumer city, 188 00:09:41.200 --> 00:09:44.600 generally speaking, you'd take those jars and you'd smash them 189 00:09:44.639 --> 00:09:46.840 and you'd stick them in the rubble for the mortar 190 00:09:47.200 --> 00:09:49.039 of a wall. So these things get you know, they're 191 00:09:49.080 --> 00:09:52.799 reusing everything. But to be able to create a massive 192 00:09:52.879 --> 00:09:55.360 hill like that means it has so much volume coming 193 00:09:55.399 --> 00:09:58.279 into this megacity that was the ultimate consumer city, that oh, 194 00:09:58.320 --> 00:09:59.840 we can't even use all this stuff, We'll just dump 195 00:10:00.120 --> 00:10:02.320 over here and it just becomes this hill. 196 00:10:02.799 --> 00:10:05.279 My god, So people have always been garbage people. 197 00:10:05.399 --> 00:10:05.799 Oh yeah. 198 00:10:05.840 --> 00:10:08.360 Some of the greatest finds I think in recent times 199 00:10:08.399 --> 00:10:11.679 really adding to our knowledge of the ancient world is like, 200 00:10:11.720 --> 00:10:15.120 for example, the drainage channels in Herculaneum, one of these 201 00:10:15.120 --> 00:10:17.799 cities destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius. They found something 202 00:10:17.840 --> 00:10:20.759 like six tons of human feces. So you go, oh, 203 00:10:20.759 --> 00:10:23.480 that's not my kind of dig, but yeah, like, oh, 204 00:10:23.600 --> 00:10:26.440 hit the mother load now. But basically what happens is 205 00:10:26.559 --> 00:10:29.480 they sift through all this stuff and they find out, oh, 206 00:10:29.519 --> 00:10:32.000 they had parasites, and they had you know, and this 207 00:10:32.080 --> 00:10:34.639 is what they're eating, this is their diet and so forth, 208 00:10:34.679 --> 00:10:36.159 and it's really really fascinating. 209 00:10:36.240 --> 00:10:40.679 Since making this episode side note, we've done scatology all 210 00:10:40.720 --> 00:10:45.120 about zoo poo and more recently environmental microbiology, which is 211 00:10:45.320 --> 00:10:47.840 all about testing wastewater for diseases. 212 00:10:47.840 --> 00:10:49.799 You're welcome, enjoy your lunch. 213 00:10:50.240 --> 00:10:51.120 Somebody's got to do it. 214 00:10:51.159 --> 00:10:53.399 And you don't know what's going to happen when you dig, 215 00:10:53.679 --> 00:10:56.440 and just you will not know until you excavate, And 216 00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:59.000 that's part of the fun and the mystery and in 217 00:10:59.039 --> 00:11:01.639 the puzzle work because you never find everything intact. You're 218 00:11:01.639 --> 00:11:05.039 always going to find you know, half the puzzle pieces 219 00:11:05.039 --> 00:11:07.440 are missing, so then you need to figure it out, 220 00:11:07.919 --> 00:11:09.759 and you figure that out by talking to colleagues and 221 00:11:09.799 --> 00:11:12.200 seeing things that are similar and so forth. 222 00:11:12.320 --> 00:11:13.679 But that's a lot of fun. 223 00:11:13.919 --> 00:11:17.159 Now when you've got let's say, a crushed base that 224 00:11:17.200 --> 00:11:18.799 you've understeden, it's very exciting. 225 00:11:19.039 --> 00:11:21.879 Whose job is it to physically put it back together? 226 00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:25.120 Ah? Yes, So then I mean, well that's the job 227 00:11:25.159 --> 00:11:28.399 of the conservator, which is very very important. So you know, 228 00:11:28.480 --> 00:11:32.399 you can carefully document and excavate, like we actually had 229 00:11:32.480 --> 00:11:34.399 a number of tombs at our last dig, so then 230 00:11:34.440 --> 00:11:37.000 we had a you know, specific expert. 231 00:11:37.279 --> 00:11:40.120 So this expert he's talking about is the very very 232 00:11:40.360 --> 00:11:45.799 European sounding Pierre Paulo Petrone of the Laboratory of Human 233 00:11:45.919 --> 00:11:50.519 Osteobiology and Forensic anthropology. This is near POMPEII. 234 00:11:50.919 --> 00:11:54.159 He's looking at some pelvic bone and he's telling you 235 00:11:54.799 --> 00:11:57.720 man or woman and age and da da da dad. 236 00:11:57.840 --> 00:11:59.639 So it's just it was a lot of fun to 237 00:11:59.639 --> 00:12:01.879 have him on the site. And you have to depend 238 00:12:01.960 --> 00:12:05.919 upon a good team of people from different backgrounds depending 239 00:12:05.919 --> 00:12:09.679 on what you're doing. Do you need a structural engineer 240 00:12:09.759 --> 00:12:14.200 because you're going deep, Do you need this forensic anthropologist? 241 00:12:14.279 --> 00:12:17.320 Do you need the numismatists? Do you need you know, 242 00:12:17.360 --> 00:12:19.919 for the coins. But it really is exciting because what 243 00:12:19.960 --> 00:12:23.840 you're doing is you're recovering the remains of ancient cultures. 244 00:12:24.200 --> 00:12:25.679 That's what really archaeology is. 245 00:12:26.120 --> 00:12:30.639 And you're doing that through the examination of the material remains. 246 00:12:31.279 --> 00:12:33.759 And you know, it's not just the. 247 00:12:33.600 --> 00:12:37.919 Things, but it's the things that then indicate human activity, 248 00:12:38.360 --> 00:12:40.480 human lives. I mean, it really is the way to 249 00:12:40.519 --> 00:12:43.519 connect to those those people of the past. And oftentimes, 250 00:12:43.519 --> 00:12:47.519 you know, it's not the big high and mighty the emperors. 251 00:12:47.519 --> 00:12:48.759 Like I've done a lot of TV shows, it's like 252 00:12:48.960 --> 00:12:51.480 tell us one more episode, do one more episode on Caligula, 253 00:12:51.679 --> 00:12:54.799 you know, or somebody who create you know, Nero Burning Rome. 254 00:12:55.000 --> 00:12:59.120 But it's also just that average person those communities, who 255 00:12:59.159 --> 00:13:02.399 are those people? And so they oftentimes remain anonymous because 256 00:13:02.399 --> 00:13:05.120 they don't have the funds to leave behind something great 257 00:13:05.200 --> 00:13:09.000 and massive and impressive. So it's really the archaeological remains 258 00:13:09.000 --> 00:13:11.200 that can help unearth their story. 259 00:13:10.879 --> 00:13:12.679 And how did ancient Romans live? 260 00:13:12.759 --> 00:13:14.600 Yeah, there was different ways of looking at it because 261 00:13:14.639 --> 00:13:16.360 on the one hand, we just I mean, I'm still 262 00:13:16.399 --> 00:13:19.639 in awe of the aqueducts that were constructed to bring 263 00:13:19.639 --> 00:13:21.320 all that water into a city. I mean, how do 264 00:13:21.360 --> 00:13:24.200 you maintain you know, a million people. I mean, that's 265 00:13:24.240 --> 00:13:26.879 a mega city. Cities didn't get that large until after 266 00:13:26.919 --> 00:13:29.000 the seventeen hundreds. I mean, this is you got to 267 00:13:29.000 --> 00:13:31.879 get the Industrial revolution to have the sophistication to have 268 00:13:31.960 --> 00:13:36.279 these cities. So the Romans had incredible, you know, different 269 00:13:36.279 --> 00:13:41.000 ways of you know, benefiting from yeah, conquest, but then 270 00:13:41.080 --> 00:13:44.440 also just a kind of a life standard that nobody 271 00:13:44.440 --> 00:13:46.879 else had. And so then people were what are people 272 00:13:46.879 --> 00:13:48.679 doing today? We're going to the cities because cities give 273 00:13:48.720 --> 00:13:51.039 you more opportunities. What were they doing under the Romans? 274 00:13:51.279 --> 00:13:53.799 People were flocking to the cities. There were jobs, there 275 00:13:53.799 --> 00:13:56.320 were opportunities, and there was a whole different lifestyle, you know, 276 00:13:56.360 --> 00:13:58.840 all these specializations, all these careers, like this is the 277 00:13:58.840 --> 00:14:00.879 person that makes the shoes times, I mean there was 278 00:14:00.879 --> 00:14:02.799 the guy down the street that was making your shoes 279 00:14:03.440 --> 00:14:06.480 unless you get the import right, get more refined leather 280 00:14:06.600 --> 00:14:08.519 or whatever, and it can be much more expensive. But 281 00:14:08.600 --> 00:14:11.320 you know the clothes that are being made. Everything is 282 00:14:11.360 --> 00:14:13.519 made by hand. But in a certain sense things did 283 00:14:13.559 --> 00:14:16.120 get industrialized. You could go to dry cleaners that could 284 00:14:16.120 --> 00:14:18.960 accommodate thousands and thousands of people. You drop off your 285 00:14:19.039 --> 00:14:22.279 toga and your toga would be cleaned, oftentimes being soaked 286 00:14:22.279 --> 00:14:27.120 in ammonium from urine to get those stains out, no 287 00:14:27.240 --> 00:14:29.480 thank you, and then afterwards. 288 00:14:28.919 --> 00:14:29.799 You'd rinse it out. 289 00:14:29.799 --> 00:14:31.600 And obviously there are different ways in which you can 290 00:14:31.639 --> 00:14:33.919 have it clean and smelling well. So the life got 291 00:14:33.960 --> 00:14:37.559 really complicated, but then also sophisticated. Because you have the water, 292 00:14:37.679 --> 00:14:39.639 let's say, from the aqueducts coming in, you have the 293 00:14:39.639 --> 00:14:42.360 bath complexes. You can go You who don't even have 294 00:14:42.399 --> 00:14:44.519 a flushing, you know, running water in your house or 295 00:14:44.559 --> 00:14:47.879 a toilet could go to these public spaces where you 296 00:14:47.879 --> 00:14:49.720 could have a jacuzzi. 297 00:14:50.279 --> 00:14:52.679 Okay, looked up the amenities in Roman baths and they 298 00:14:52.759 --> 00:14:56.399 had heated floors and dry saunas and wet saunas, and 299 00:14:56.519 --> 00:15:00.960 furnace warmed bathing water and coal plunges and these soaring, 300 00:15:01.120 --> 00:15:06.159 beautiful ceilings and intricate mosaic floors. And they were public 301 00:15:06.240 --> 00:15:08.000 so they were pretty cheap to get into, and on 302 00:15:08.000 --> 00:15:10.559 some holidays they were just totally free. And while we're 303 00:15:10.600 --> 00:15:14.320 talking aquatic, so the water systems in Rome were legendary. 304 00:15:14.399 --> 00:15:17.240 They were channels of water that went under the city 305 00:15:17.759 --> 00:15:21.399 or above it in these bridge like structures, and they 306 00:15:21.440 --> 00:15:25.159 were fed by springs and the flow was transported only 307 00:15:25.240 --> 00:15:28.399 via gravity. So all these aqueducts were built to be 308 00:15:28.480 --> 00:15:31.279 on some gradient and even if it wasn't too steep, 309 00:15:31.320 --> 00:15:33.320 it didn't even look steep, it still was enough to 310 00:15:33.360 --> 00:15:36.519 keep the water flowing just slightly downhill. Now, the first 311 00:15:36.519 --> 00:15:40.399 aqueduct began operating in three hundred and twelve BCE and 312 00:15:40.480 --> 00:15:43.120 it fed a cattle market in Rome. And then as 313 00:15:43.159 --> 00:15:47.840 the centuries passed, hundreds of these human built rivers existed 314 00:15:47.879 --> 00:15:49.879 all over the Roman Empire, and a lot of the 315 00:15:49.919 --> 00:15:53.679 water was used for the bath houses. I mean, I'm 316 00:15:53.679 --> 00:15:56.639 mostly Italian, and it's so weird to think of my 317 00:15:56.759 --> 00:16:00.960 ancestors just Scrubby Dubby Jacuzzi chillin if you had to 318 00:16:01.039 --> 00:16:04.679 describe to like a second grader, the rise and fall 319 00:16:04.720 --> 00:16:08.080 of the Roman Empire, and like a couple of sentences, Uh, 320 00:16:09.440 --> 00:16:11.840 how did the Roman Empire get so powerful? 321 00:16:11.919 --> 00:16:12.080 Right? 322 00:16:12.639 --> 00:16:13.519 And what happened? 323 00:16:13.600 --> 00:16:13.840 Yeah? 324 00:16:13.879 --> 00:16:16.120 Okay, that's that's who. That's a great one. 325 00:16:16.200 --> 00:16:18.480 So they started off as a little village like everybody else, 326 00:16:19.320 --> 00:16:22.039 but they had a sense of themselves and what they 327 00:16:22.080 --> 00:16:25.519 could accomplish, and they did it so against all odds. 328 00:16:25.600 --> 00:16:28.559 So they end up having a better military. Basically, they 329 00:16:28.600 --> 00:16:32.200 had something a good idea, a good kind of mindset 330 00:16:32.600 --> 00:16:35.480 that ends up over time allowing them not just to 331 00:16:35.519 --> 00:16:38.440 defeat people, but to have relationships with those people in 332 00:16:38.440 --> 00:16:41.840 those communities. And they do it rather quickly, and they 333 00:16:41.919 --> 00:16:44.679 end up having a great network, to the point that 334 00:16:45.480 --> 00:16:49.200 all these communities in Italy are now on their side 335 00:16:49.559 --> 00:16:55.039 and they're all becoming Romans, right, they actually get the citizenship. 336 00:16:55.159 --> 00:16:57.679 Okay, let's buckle up your bots for a whiz through 337 00:16:57.759 --> 00:17:00.840 space and time to get some highlight in a very 338 00:17:00.960 --> 00:17:05.680 very brief history of the Roman Empire situation. So the 339 00:17:05.720 --> 00:17:08.680 history of Rome, it all starts around seven fifty three BCE. 340 00:17:09.400 --> 00:17:12.039 Rome was ruled by a bunch of kings, a lot. 341 00:17:11.839 --> 00:17:14.000 Of whom a bunch of old meanings, and. 342 00:17:13.920 --> 00:17:16.839 Then it became a republic in five hundred and nine 343 00:17:16.880 --> 00:17:20.640 BCE all the way to forty five BC when it 344 00:17:20.640 --> 00:17:24.480 becomes an empire. So weird rulers start to take over, 345 00:17:24.680 --> 00:17:28.440 starting with Julius Caesar, who crosses the Rubicon into Italy 346 00:17:28.559 --> 00:17:32.039 and ends the era of this people led republic by 347 00:17:32.039 --> 00:17:36.640 becoming a dictator. So that empire lasts about five hundred 348 00:17:36.720 --> 00:17:40.759 years until its fall, which happened about four hundred and 349 00:17:40.880 --> 00:17:42.440 seventy six a d. 350 00:17:42.599 --> 00:17:44.640 But Rome ends up, you know, so having this voice. 351 00:17:44.920 --> 00:17:46.519 Rome today still has a voice as well as the 352 00:17:46.559 --> 00:17:49.440 capital of a country country's only been around since eighteen 353 00:17:49.559 --> 00:17:54.400 seventy eighteen sixty thereabouts, as modern Italy. There was no 354 00:17:54.440 --> 00:17:56.319 modern Italy before there. It was all city states. 355 00:17:56.599 --> 00:17:59.079 So Italy is a brand new country. I did not 356 00:17:59.319 --> 00:18:02.400 know this, and again I'm Italian. Can I ask you 357 00:18:02.720 --> 00:18:03.519 patron questions? 358 00:18:03.599 --> 00:18:04.200 Yeah? 359 00:18:04.200 --> 00:18:06.680 But before that, let's send off some money to a 360 00:18:06.720 --> 00:18:08.640 good cause. And this week we're going to toss some 361 00:18:09.160 --> 00:18:13.039 chunks of gold at the nonprofit Ancient Romelive dot org, 362 00:18:13.119 --> 00:18:16.039 which is a free educational learning platform for students and 363 00:18:16.079 --> 00:18:18.799 teachers and travelers and history lovers. You can find out 364 00:18:18.839 --> 00:18:22.839 more at ancient romelive dot org and Darius is the director. 365 00:18:23.000 --> 00:18:27.200 So score boom money, Thank you sponsors. 366 00:18:27.119 --> 00:18:29.359 Get value. You can't argue with at Tesco with their 367 00:18:29.400 --> 00:18:32.519 amazing club card prices. 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