Speaker 1: Welcome. This is Marsha for Radio I, and today I
Speaker 1: will be reading National Geographic Magazine dated October twenty twenty five,
Speaker 1: which is donated by the publisher as a reminder, RADIOI
Speaker 1: is reading service intended for people who are blind or
Speaker 1: have other disabilities that make it difficult to read printed material.
Speaker 1: Please join me now for the first article titled Our
Speaker 1: Planet from Above and Below by Marina Koran. By capturing
Speaker 1: the same thing from various different perspectives, a NASA scientist
Speaker 1: and a National Geographic photographer create a whole new way
Speaker 1: of seeing our world. Earlier this year, two photographer friends
Speaker 1: had just finished shooting the Grand Canyon when they began
Speaker 1: discussing what they might capture together next. Don Pettitt was
Speaker 1: eager to train his camera on Madagascar and sent his
Speaker 1: friend Babak Tafreshi a text extolling the beauty of the place.
Speaker 1: Tafreshy didn't disagree. He imagined the famous Baobab trees, with
Speaker 1: their thick trunks and filigreed branches, cast mesmerizingly against a dark,
Speaker 1: star speckled sky. So, even though he was tired from
Speaker 1: a good bit of traveling, he boarded a flight from
Speaker 1: Boston to Paris, and then another to Atta Nonevo, Madagascar's
Speaker 1: capital city, where he stayed overnight before renting a car
Speaker 1: and driving out to the remote realm of the Baobabs,
Speaker 1: a dirt road lined with dozens of the ancient trees.
Speaker 1: Pettitt's journey was simpler. He floated from one room to
Speaker 1: the International Space Station to another towards the windows that
Speaker 1: looked out onto the world. During his seven month mission
Speaker 1: on the ISS, Pettitt, who's been an astronaut for nearly
Speaker 1: thirty years, worked with Tafreshe, a photographer and National Geographic Explorer,
Speaker 1: on an inventive project to photograph the same location or
Speaker 1: phenomenon from two wildly different perspectives, one photographer standing on
Speaker 1: the Earth, the other floating two hundred fifty miles above it. Together,
Speaker 1: they coordinated ten photoshoots across four continents. The result is
Speaker 1: a celestial scrapbook of our planet with spell spellbinding scenes
Speaker 1: that can make you feel grounded and weightless at the
Speaker 1: same time. The pair initially connected not long after Pettit's
Speaker 1: first day on the then newly assembled ISS in two
Speaker 1: thousand three. Pettit, an amateur photographer since sixth grade, had
Speaker 1: brought his digital cameras with him, and he'd used some
Speaker 1: scavenged stage materials to fashion a camera mount that provided
Speaker 1: the stillness necessary to capture the night sky without smears
Speaker 1: of starlight. Pettit, a scientist by training, is among Nassau's
Speaker 1: craftiest astronauts. He once designed a drinking cup to make
Speaker 1: sipping coffee easier in micro gravity. At the time, Tafreshi
Speaker 1: was working as an editor at the Iranian astronomy magazine Nojun.
Speaker 1: He had taken up photography as a teenager, focused on
Speaker 1: the night sky and the national wonders that became visible
Speaker 1: in the absence of light pollution. When Pettitt's pictures reached Earth,
Speaker 1: Tafreshey emailed the astronaut with compliments. Soon they became pen pails.
Speaker 1: Years later, as their correspondence grew into a photo project,
Speaker 1: Pettit and Tafreshy found that it helps to have different
Speaker 1: approaches to telling visual stories about Earth. Pettit, in particular,
Speaker 1: felt a duty to share his orbital vantage point with
Speaker 1: his fellow humans on Earth. You want to share that
Speaker 1: imagery to people that don't necessarily have the wherewithal to
Speaker 1: be there in orbit, Pettit said. Over the course of
Speaker 1: their project, the duel sought to synchronized their photoshoots, which
Speaker 1: required a tremendous amount of planning. They needed to account
Speaker 1: for orbital mechanics. From his perch on the ISS, Pettit
Speaker 1: circled the globe every ninety minutes, racing sunrises and sunsets.
Speaker 1: The trajectory of the space station mattered as well. When
Speaker 1: the pair first started brainstorming potential areas of interest, Tafreshy
Speaker 1: had plenty of ideas. I told him, you know, Iceland
Speaker 1: is great, to Freshy recalled, but the ISS, Pettit replied,
Speaker 1: never flies over Iceland. Earthly considerations influenced the project too.
Speaker 1: Pettitt once once suggested a couple of regions that appeared
Speaker 1: photogenic from hundreds of miles up, but they were along
Speaker 1: the borders of countries in conflict India and Pakistan and
Speaker 1: North and South Korea, so I couldn't travel there because
Speaker 1: of safety matters, to Freshy said. Pettitt meanwhile, had to
Speaker 1: work around his astronaut duties. When you're on station, you've
Speaker 1: got a pretty encompassing day job. Pettit, who has locked
Speaker 1: nearly six hundred days in space across four missions told me,
Speaker 1: you need to make sure that there's a hole in
Speaker 1: your work schedule where you can run to the kubola
Speaker 1: and take a few pictures. Sometimes the universe went easy
Speaker 1: on them. A comet visiting from the edges of the
Speaker 1: Solar System showed up a week after Pettit reached orbit.
Speaker 1: Tafreshe observed the bright object in Puerto Rico, but Pettit
Speaker 1: had the best view without Earth's hazy atmosphere with its
Speaker 1: pesky clouds in the way. Not long after that, a
Speaker 1: major Aurora storm appeared in the skies over to Frayshe's house. Now,
Speaker 1: how convenient, and the photographers captured the event within hours
Speaker 1: of each other, their best timing of the entire endeavor.
Speaker 1: When it comes to the rippling mystical green lights, two
Speaker 1: views are better than one. If you look at the
Speaker 1: same ripple from orbit, you might find that it's actually
Speaker 1: an oval, Pettit said, It's as if they had surrounded
Speaker 1: the shimmering phenomenon, revealing its true nature. While Pettit was
Speaker 1: spared the difficulties that can ruin a photographer's day on
Speaker 1: the ground rainy weather, for example, his cameras would occasionally
Speaker 1: malfunction because of the constant invisible barrage of cosmic radiation,
Speaker 1: and now and again artifacts of astronaut life sneaked into
Speaker 1: his shots. Once Tafrashier was scanned Pett's images of the
Speaker 1: Baldives in the Indian Ocean when he noticed an intriguing
Speaker 1: patch of green in the water and algal bloom. I
Speaker 1: was so excited until I got the next few shots
Speaker 1: and I realized this patch is moving very fast, Afreshi said.
Speaker 1: It turned out to be a weight lifting machine reflected
Speaker 1: in the space station's windows. Every crew member works out
Speaker 1: on this machine for an hour and a half a day.
Speaker 1: Pettitt said he would occasionally ask his colleagues if they
Speaker 1: wouldn't mind turning off the lights and working out in
Speaker 1: the dark just for a few minutes. Not everyone obliged.
Speaker 1: Pettit and Tafreshy both believe that space photography is better
Speaker 1: done by people. There are plenty of satellites that take
Speaker 1: images of Earth from orbit, but often these pictures are
Speaker 1: flat and textureless. Pettitt can play around with light and shadow,
Speaker 1: creating a richer portrait, and an orbital view of Earth
Speaker 1: is more meaningful when there is real emotion behind it.
Speaker 1: Karen Nyberg, and a retired Nassau astronaut, told me that
Speaker 1: she liked photographing the places where she knew her loved
Speaker 1: ones were. I would go over Houston or go over
Speaker 1: when they were visiting upstate New York and feel very
Speaker 1: connected to them because I was only two hundred and fifty
Speaker 1: miles away, just directly above them, Iberg said. And then
Speaker 1: I would actually start to feel kind of this connection
Speaker 1: with people in other places on the Earth that I
Speaker 1: don't know. There's also perhaps a hint of triumph in it.
Speaker 1: Human bodies were not made to be in outer space,
Speaker 1: but there astronauts go, soaking up the wonder and sharing
Speaker 1: it with the rest of us. In more than two
Speaker 1: decades of friendship, Heatitt and Tafreshy have met in person
Speaker 1: only a handful of times. They communicate mostly via text
Speaker 1: and email. They told me they don't really talk about
Speaker 1: their personal lives or get too philosophical. Despite the nature
Speaker 1: of their work, their conversations are the stuff of true
Speaker 1: shutterbug geegree, all about f stops and imaging software. Still,
Speaker 1: they're not just photography buddies. When Taffrisia was robbed in
Speaker 1: sicily and lost most of his equipment. He withheld the
Speaker 1: depressing details from Pettit because he didn't want to worry him,
Speaker 1: explaining to me that it's best practice not to upset
Speaker 1: an astronaut far from home. Pettit gently roused him, saying
Speaker 1: that Tafreshe should be more careful about where he keeps
Speaker 1: his passport, which had been stolen too. The Madagascar shoot
Speaker 1: was their last session before Pettit returned to Earth. The
Speaker 1: region has little artificial light, so Pettitt's shot hinged on
Speaker 1: the very alignment of selestial bodies the presence of a
Speaker 1: full moon to illuminate a landscape shrouded in night time.
Speaker 1: Tafreshe stood in the brush, in the brush, taking in
Speaker 1: the shimmer of the milky Way in the unspoiled sky.
Speaker 1: It was surreal, he said. The evening quiet was punctuated
Speaker 1: by the nocturnal murmurings of unseen wildlife and of villagers
Speaker 1: passing by in carts pulled by mules. From above, Earth
Speaker 1: is a gleaming world with a wispy atmosphere in an
Speaker 1: inky void. From below, it is a tangle of florofauna
Speaker 1: and humanity that as far as we know doesn't exist
Speaker 1: anywhere else. The resulting diptychs present Earth as it truly
Speaker 1: is just another planet and our only home. Next, I
Speaker 1: want to live to be one hundred longevity. Learning from
Speaker 1: the legends. As told to Devon Gordon, these iconic athletes
Speaker 1: were the greatest of all time at what they did.
Speaker 1: So who better? Day asked about getting the most out
Speaker 1: of our bodies as we age. We came in search
Speaker 1: of wisdom, but they gave us something even better, motivation.
Speaker 1: Nadiya Komenich was the first gymnast to achieve a perfect
Speaker 1: ten at the Olympics. While she hasn't competed in over
Speaker 1: forty years, she stays in shape by exercising every day,
Speaker 1: and when she misses the feeling of being a gymnast,
Speaker 1: she heads to the balance beam. Next article from National
Speaker 1: Geographic History Percy Fawcett tragic search for lost city of z.
Speaker 1: Convinced by old documents that a lost civilization lay in
Speaker 1: the Amazon rainforest, Fawcet set out to find it in
Speaker 1: nineteen twenty five. His disappearance sparked a century of speculation
Speaker 1: as to his fate. When the Spanish first ventured into
Speaker 1: the Amazon basin, in the fifteen forties, they recorded indigenous
Speaker 1: accounts of a lost city of fantastic wealth that they
Speaker 1: called El Dorado the Golden Over the centuries, many vain
Speaker 1: attempts were made to locate a lost civilization in the
Speaker 1: Amazon Forest. The last significant attempt to find such a
Speaker 1: culture was undertaken by British explorer Percy Fawcet. Between nineteen
Speaker 1: o six and nineteen twenty four, Fawcet made seven expeditions
Speaker 1: across the Amazon basin, concluding with his doomed quest to
Speaker 1: find the city called z Fawcet was inspired by his
Speaker 1: extensive reading of historical sources, including a mysterious document known
Speaker 1: as Manuscript five twelve. A man of extraordinary mental and
Speaker 1: physical stamina, Fawcet was working at a time when the
Speaker 1: Amazon region was still largely undocumented by Europeans who sought
Speaker 1: to explore its jungles and water wins, seeking ancient cities
Speaker 1: and riches. His disappearance during his search for Ze in
Speaker 1: nineteen twenty five in the Matto Grosso region of Brazil
Speaker 1: continues to intrigue writers and filmmakers yearning to explore. Percy
Speaker 1: Harrison Fawcett was born in eighteen sixty seven in Torquay, Devon,
Speaker 1: the English county that had produced many famous explorers and mariners,
Speaker 1: including Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh. The son of an
Speaker 1: aristocrat who had lost his fortune, Fawcet described his childhood
Speaker 1: as lacking in affection. At age nineteen, he was commissioned
Speaker 1: as a lieutenant in the Royal Artillery and sent out
Speaker 1: to outposts of the British Empire. In nineteen oh one,
Speaker 1: Fawcet joined the Royal Geographical Society of London and traveled
Speaker 1: to Africa as a surveyor in the service of the
Speaker 1: British State, tasked with gathering military intelligence. In nineteen o six,
Speaker 1: he was commissioned by the Society to lead an expedition
Speaker 1: to the Amazon. Arriving in South America was the moment
Speaker 1: his whole life changed. Setting out from La Pause to
Speaker 1: map the vast territory on the border lands of Bolivia
Speaker 1: and Brazil, Faucet often faced hostility from indigenous peoples angered
Speaker 1: by rubber barons who had invaded their lands to extract
Speaker 1: rubber for use in car and train manufacturing. For nearly
Speaker 1: a decade, he roamed the Amazon basin, often the first
Speaker 1: European to record geographical features such as waterfalls. His writing
Speaker 1: gives a sense of the awe he experienced above us
Speaker 1: Rode Rose, the Ricardo Franco Hills, flat topped and mysterious,
Speaker 1: their flanks scarred by deep Quabardin's ravines, they stood like
Speaker 1: a lost forest to their tops, and the imagination could
Speaker 1: picture the last vestiges of an age log vanished. The
Speaker 1: outbreak of World War One interrupted this rich period of exploration,
Speaker 1: forcing him to return to Europe. Although in his fifties,
Speaker 1: Faucet was in peak physical condition and he proved to
Speaker 1: be an outstanding soldier a mysterious manuscript, Fawcett could not
Speaker 1: shake off the allure of South America, however, so when
Speaker 1: the war ended, he returned to Brazil, where he would
Speaker 1: pursue an idea that led him to his last great
Speaker 1: adventures and ultimately his mysterious death. Although Fawcet often relied
Speaker 1: on racist tropes and ideas when he wrote of Brazil's
Speaker 1: indigenous peoples, he also made great efforts to understand their
Speaker 1: customs and languages. He lamented the effects of colonialists greed
Speaker 1: on these societies and became convinced that Spanish and Portuguese
Speaker 1: accounts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of complex civilizations
Speaker 1: in the Rainforest may have had merit. Such accounts mentioned
Speaker 1: very large settlements as well as fine roadways in the interior.
Speaker 1: One document in particular fascinated Fawcet. Known as Manuscript five
Speaker 1: twelve and written in Portuguese, it is purportedly an account
Speaker 1: of adventurers and fortune hunters in fifty three in search
Speaker 1: of precious metals. The adventurers found a ruined city boasting
Speaker 1: monumental buildings, roads, and a plaza, in each corner of
Speaker 1: which is a spire in the style of the Romans.
Speaker 1: Scholars are divided about the manuscript's authenticity. Skeptics consider it
Speaker 1: a forgery. Brazil achieved independence from Portugal in eighteen twenty five,
Speaker 1: It would have been useful for a new and secure
Speaker 1: republic to discover a document that described ancient civilizations in
Speaker 1: its territory, akin to the Great Maya sites in Central America.
Speaker 1: Many at this time, however, accepted the manuscript's authenticity, including Fawcet,
Speaker 1: Already convinced that early accounts of complex civilizations in the
Speaker 1: Rainforest were accurate. He became obsessed with finding such a
Speaker 1: place in search of Z. Although Fawcet was inspired by
Speaker 1: Manuscript five twelve's claim, he never intended to find the
Speaker 1: city it described. The settlement in that document lies supposedly
Speaker 1: in Brazil's northeast. Citing other sources which he did not name,
Speaker 1: Fawcet became convinced that a lost civilization existed in the
Speaker 1: wild central western region of Mato Grosso. He named the
Speaker 1: city Z. In April nineteen twenty five, Facet set out
Speaker 1: from Cuiaba to find it, accompanied by his eldest son,
Speaker 1: Jack and his son's best friend, Raleigh Rimmel. The last
Speaker 1: news from them was in a letter Facet sent to
Speaker 1: his wife, we shall disappear from civilization until next year.
Speaker 1: Imagine us in for us so far untrodden by civilized man.
Speaker 1: And then they really did disappear. Were they killed by
Speaker 1: animals or people? Several expeditions were launched in an attempt
Speaker 1: to clarify what happened, including one headed by Peter Fleming,
Speaker 1: brother of the James Bond character creator Ian Fleming. Many
Speaker 1: of these venturers also ended in tragedy, and none shed
Speaker 1: any light on what happened to Fawcet. In nineteen fifty two,
Speaker 1: anthropologists Orlando Viias announced he had found the bones of
Speaker 1: the explorer and that Calopolo Indians had confessed to killing him. Later,
Speaker 1: forensic analysis showed the remains did not belong to Fawcett.
Speaker 1: Fawcett's story has had an enduring cultural impact. He is
Speaker 1: one of the inspirations for the character Indiana Jones. The
Speaker 1: Walt Disney Company is a main majority owner of National
Speaker 1: Geographic Media. The English Explorer was also the subject of
Speaker 1: David Grand's The Lost City of z a tale of
Speaker 1: deadly obsession in the Amazon, the basis for a twenty
Speaker 1: sixteen feature film. In his book, Grand quotes Kalopolo Indians
Speaker 1: who insist they had not killed Fawcett. They had seen
Speaker 1: the smoke from Fawcett's camp for a few days until
Speaker 1: it stopped. They say he likely died at the hands
Speaker 1: of hostile people in territory to the east. Although the
Speaker 1: mystery of his last days may never be fully resolved,
Speaker 1: Fawcett's quest for a lost city may be at an end.
Speaker 1: In the decade since his disappearance, exploration of northeastern Manto
Speaker 1: Mato Grosso has uncovered the remains of large urban settlements
Speaker 1: now located in Shingu Indigenous park named Kihukugu. The complex
Speaker 1: includes remnants of streets, bridges, and large squares. Modern light
Speaker 1: our scans further suggest that between fifteen hundred and four
Speaker 1: hundred years ago, this part of the Amazon was indeed
Speaker 1: the site of a large settlement. Whilezi's exact itdentity and
Speaker 1: location are still a mystery, Faucet's hunch about a hidden
Speaker 1: ancient city in the region seems to have been correct.
Speaker 1: This article by Jordi Canal Solar Next Phoenician ties to
Speaker 1: an ancient Spanish culture Tartisos. When Phoenician colonists arrived on
Speaker 1: the southern shores of the Iberian Peninsula ninth century BC,
Speaker 1: their contact with the peoples of Kadiz, Seville and Yelva
Speaker 1: sparked a rich, sophisticated society called Tartisos by Sebastian Selestino Perez.
Speaker 1: To this day, historians can't fully explain the mysterious disappearance
Speaker 1: of the thriving ancient society of Tartisos. New questions arise
Speaker 1: as excavations reveal more about the advanced multicultural civilization that
Speaker 1: seemingly vanished over night, rising to power along the southern
Speaker 1: coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Tartisos is believed to have
Speaker 1: strong ties to a group of seafaring traders, the Phoenicians,
Speaker 1: who first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in the tenth
Speaker 1: century b C. They originally hailed from modern day Lebanon, Syria,
Speaker 1: and northern Israel, and were known across the Mediterranean as
Speaker 1: skilled sailors and expert merchants. Given the name Phoenician by
Speaker 1: the Greeks for the exquisite purple dye they crafted, they
Speaker 1: never created a unified kingdom. Tartisos is believed to be
Speaker 1: the resulting outgrowth of Phoenician culture combined with the indigenous
Speaker 1: culture of peoples living on the Iberian Peninsula. Some scholars
Speaker 1: still believed that Tartisos itself could predate these Phoenician influences,
Speaker 1: and new discoveries continued to fuel the debate legends of Tartisos.
Speaker 1: Tales of Tartizos stretch all the way back to the
Speaker 1: mid seventy century BC. A Greek trader called Colia was
Speaker 1: set sail from his home island of Samos off the
Speaker 1: coast of present day Turkey. He was headed for Egypt,
Speaker 1: but during the voyage, Colaius' ship was surprised by strong
Speaker 1: winds from the east that pushed it westward across the Mediterranean,
Speaker 1: beyond the Pillars of Hercules and into the Strait of Gibraltar.
Speaker 1: Coleas and his fellow soldiers arrived in Tartisos, a commercial
Speaker 1: emporium previously unknown to merchants from Greece. Coleas began to
Speaker 1: trade with the Tartisians and turned a large prophet, mainly
Speaker 1: thanks to the silver over a ton in three quarters
Speaker 1: that he amassed there. This traveler's tail is found in
Speaker 1: Greek historian Herodotus's histories, written in the fifth century BC,
Speaker 1: and although the narrative has no doubt embellished, Herodotus did
Speaker 1: live for a time in Samos, where he may have
Speaker 1: heard of Coleus's adventure. Other classical texts also contained references
Speaker 1: to a town called Tartisos in the lands around the
Speaker 1: Gulf of Cadiz in the southern Iberian Peninsula. From these mentions,
Speaker 1: historians and archaeologists are working to build up a picture
Speaker 1: of this enigmatic civilization steeped in legend Tortisos's beginning. One
Speaker 1: of the most controversial issues has been when Tortissos was founded.
Speaker 1: Until the late twentieth century, most experts believed that Tartisos
Speaker 1: emerged as far back as the Bronze Age. The culture
Speaker 1: was thought to have spread over a large area in
Speaker 1: the southwestern Iberian Peninsula between the settlements of Huelva, Seville,
Speaker 1: and Kadiz the Tartisian's Corps. If so, Tartisos would have
Speaker 1: existed even before the first Phoenician colonies were established in
Speaker 1: the tenth and ninth centuries b C. However, an archaeological excavation,
Speaker 1: as they continue, this hypothesis seems increasingly unlikely. Although some
Speaker 1: authors speak of a period called the Tartisian Late Bronze Age,
Speaker 1: there is little strong evidence to support the existence of
Speaker 1: a defined settlement in the southwestern Peninsula during the twelfth
Speaker 1: and eleventh centuries b C. What may have existed was
Speaker 1: an emerging social organization based on agriculture and the export
Speaker 1: of raw materials from mining. Archaeologists have found evidence of
Speaker 1: a community at nearby Huelva during this period. Artifacts unearthed
Speaker 1: at the site and elsewhere suggest that the community was
Speaker 1: skilled at trading with the Atlantic world. Objects made of
Speaker 1: copper from Weiova have been found as far away as
Speaker 1: France and the British Isles. The well established trading links
Speaker 1: would have helped them profit from the abundant silver mines
Speaker 1: in the area, such as those in Asna Kolar, northwest
Speaker 1: of modern day Seville. Phoenicians in Iberia, these early trading
Speaker 1: communities around the Gulf of Kadiz experienced a profound transformation
Speaker 1: with the rival of the Phoenicians. It was in the
Speaker 1: ninth century b C. The traders from the flourishing cities
Speaker 1: of the eastern Mediterranean settled permanently in the southwest of
Speaker 1: the Iberian Peninsula. Phoenician colonizers started by building temples to
Speaker 1: their gods along the coast. These religious complexes not only
Speaker 1: served spiritual purposes, they also played a key role in
Speaker 1: commerce by providing a neutral space for trading. The temple
Speaker 1: of Melkarte or Hercules near Kadiz seems to have had
Speaker 1: this dual purpose. Very soon the Phoenicians built permanent establishments
Speaker 1: called factories and later the first colonies. One of these
Speaker 1: new city colonies, Cadiz, would become the most important economic
Speaker 1: political and religious center in the region served as the
Speaker 1: main port for exporting silver, tin, and salted fish. These
Speaker 1: mining and yet agricultural products came both from Huelva itself
Speaker 1: and from inland. The Phoenicians brought innovations to the areas.
Speaker 1: They settled iron hybrid animals such as the mule, plant
Speaker 1: species like grapevines and olive trees, the potter's wheel, and
Speaker 1: ceramic kilns. They also introduced the alphabet, an essential element
Speaker 1: for trade. Even the architecture would be influenced. The Phoenicians
Speaker 1: favored orthogonal structures with right angles, which generated a much
Speaker 1: more complex urban layout over the course of the ninth
Speaker 1: and eighth centuries b c. These things would transform the
Speaker 1: economy and way of life of the local peoples. During
Speaker 1: this initial period of colonization, local Iberian communities gradually adapted
Speaker 1: to the presence of the Eastern settlers. Our gaelogists are
Speaker 1: looking for more insight as to how this integration developed,
Speaker 1: but it seems likely that people migrated from inland regions
Speaker 1: to the coastal colonies. Workforce swelled. Miners and farmers arrived,
Speaker 1: as well as the artisans and construction workers needed for
Speaker 1: the new cities, temples, and communication routes. In the Gaudiana
Speaker 1: and Tagus Valleys, the dominant warrior elite may have supplied
Speaker 1: labor in exchange for access to the Phoenicians iron and
Speaker 1: technical innovations. In these inland areas, local traders would have
Speaker 1: provided gold, tin, and agricultural products to the Phoenicians. Although
Speaker 1: the Phoenicians had a huge impact on the colonized territories
Speaker 1: of the Iberian Peninsula, the changes were experienced unevenly in
Speaker 1: sparsely populated areas such as the guaudal Quivier Valley and
Speaker 1: the Bay of Kadiz. The incoming Phoenicians were able to
Speaker 1: found their own cities and incorporate the indigenous population. In Huelva,
Speaker 1: a more established economy and defined social structure already existed,
Speaker 1: rendering Phoenician influence weaker. It was in eighth century BC
Speaker 1: interactions between the Phoenicians, the indigenous communities, and the populations
Speaker 1: of the interior gave rise to the culture now termed Tartisian.
Speaker 1: The word Tartisos first appears in Greek sources in the
Speaker 1: following century. Archaeological evidence contact between Phoenician colonists and indigenous
Speaker 1: peoples of the peninsula sparked remarkable economic development, with work
Speaker 1: for potters, goldsmith's, blacksmiths, builders, stevedores, and sailors. Maritime trade
Speaker 1: defined the society. It was labor intensive about, involving many
Speaker 1: workers to fell trees, build ships, and create vessels such
Speaker 1: as ampheri to move the goods. These changes likely caused
Speaker 1: tensions between the Tartisian communities, who found themselves enjoying new
Speaker 1: lucrative relations with the Phoenicians and other indigenous interior communities
Speaker 1: who also sought to control the new economic resources. Tartisian
Speaker 1: culture saw an evergence of new social groups and a
Speaker 1: much more complex social organization. The society lasted some four
Speaker 1: hundred years. How elites maintained control is not clear. Neither
Speaker 1: Tartisian sites nor tombs provide evidence of much weaponry. Although
Speaker 1: Tartisos had some notable cultural traits, it wasn't a homogeneous
Speaker 1: society and shouldn't be considered a united kingdom let alone
Speaker 1: in empire. Herodotus does mention a kingdom ruled by Arganthonios,
Speaker 1: but is referring to a chief within what the Greeks
Speaker 1: called Tartisos. There would have been other kings or leaders,
Speaker 1: with each ruler maintaining their political independence despite interconnected economic interests.
Speaker 1: This social structure was more heterarchical than hierarchical, involving various
Speaker 1: leaders and a network of power. Mixed marriages between indigenous
Speaker 1: people and Phoenicians consolidated the integration of the two communities.
Speaker 1: This practice would explain the discoveries made in inland areas
Speaker 1: far removed from the Tartisian nucleus, such as the treasures
Speaker 1: of Aliseda and Tallaveria, both in Caraces, and the tomb
Speaker 1: of Casa del Carbio Toledo, which of the rich hordes
Speaker 1: found at these sites came from local workshops and were
Speaker 1: produced by artisans trained in Phoenician goldsmithing techniques. The pieces
Speaker 1: include many motifs of the Phoenician religion, with representations of
Speaker 1: the gods El Baal and Astarte. In Extra Madurura and
Speaker 1: the Tagis Valley, archaeologists have found mixed trousseau in necropoliss
Speaker 1: of the Tartisian nucleus, such as La Congress in El
Speaker 1: Proueto de Santa Maria, Cadiz. They feature both indigenous and
Speaker 1: Phoenician elements. Recently, large Adobe constructions were uncovered beneath a
Speaker 1: tumulus by the Guardiana River, providing more evidence of Tartisian
Speaker 1: culture and architecture mismixing with Phoenician influences. This concludes readings
Speaker 1: from National Geographic Magazine and National Geographic History for today.
Speaker 1: Your reader, husband Marsha, thank you for listening, Keep on
Speaker 1: listening and have a great day.