WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.800 --> 00:00:03.680 Welcome. This is Marsha for Radio I, and today I 2 00:00:03.720 --> 00:00:08.160 will be reading National Geographic Magazine dated October twenty twenty five, 3 00:00:08.599 --> 00:00:12.000 which is donated by the publisher as a reminder, RADIOI 4 00:00:12.400 --> 00:00:15.359 is reading service intended for people who are blind or 5 00:00:15.400 --> 00:00:18.920 have other disabilities that make it difficult to read printed material. 6 00:00:19.440 --> 00:00:22.640 Please join me now for the first article titled Our 7 00:00:22.760 --> 00:00:30.320 Planet from Above and Below by Marina Koran. By capturing 8 00:00:30.359 --> 00:00:34.920 the same thing from various different perspectives, a NASA scientist 9 00:00:35.000 --> 00:00:38.600 and a National Geographic photographer create a whole new way 10 00:00:38.719 --> 00:00:43.840 of seeing our world. Earlier this year, two photographer friends 11 00:00:43.880 --> 00:00:46.960 had just finished shooting the Grand Canyon when they began 12 00:00:47.000 --> 00:00:51.079 discussing what they might capture together next. Don Pettitt was 13 00:00:51.119 --> 00:00:54.640 eager to train his camera on Madagascar and sent his 14 00:00:54.640 --> 00:00:59.920 friend Babak Tafreshi a text extolling the beauty of the place. 15 00:01:00.560 --> 00:01:05.840 Tafreshy didn't disagree. He imagined the famous Baobab trees, with 16 00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:11.319 their thick trunks and filigreed branches, cast mesmerizingly against a dark, 17 00:01:11.560 --> 00:01:14.840 star speckled sky. So, even though he was tired from 18 00:01:14.840 --> 00:01:16.920 a good bit of traveling, he boarded a flight from 19 00:01:16.959 --> 00:01:22.560 Boston to Paris, and then another to Atta Nonevo, Madagascar's 20 00:01:23.120 --> 00:01:26.439 capital city, where he stayed overnight before renting a car 21 00:01:26.480 --> 00:01:29.280 and driving out to the remote realm of the Baobabs, 22 00:01:29.760 --> 00:01:32.680 a dirt road lined with dozens of the ancient trees. 23 00:01:33.280 --> 00:01:36.040 Pettitt's journey was simpler. He floated from one room to 24 00:01:36.079 --> 00:01:39.400 the International Space Station to another towards the windows that 25 00:01:39.480 --> 00:01:43.079 looked out onto the world. During his seven month mission 26 00:01:43.159 --> 00:01:46.680 on the ISS, Pettitt, who's been an astronaut for nearly 27 00:01:46.760 --> 00:01:52.680 thirty years, worked with Tafreshe, a photographer and National Geographic Explorer, 28 00:01:53.000 --> 00:01:56.719 on an inventive project to photograph the same location or 29 00:01:56.840 --> 00:02:01.359 phenomenon from two wildly different perspectives, one photographer standing on 30 00:02:01.359 --> 00:02:05.799 the Earth, the other floating two hundred fifty miles above it. Together, 31 00:02:05.959 --> 00:02:11.120 they coordinated ten photoshoots across four continents. The result is 32 00:02:11.120 --> 00:02:15.719 a celestial scrapbook of our planet with spell spellbinding scenes 33 00:02:15.759 --> 00:02:18.280 that can make you feel grounded and weightless at the 34 00:02:18.319 --> 00:02:22.439 same time. The pair initially connected not long after Pettit's 35 00:02:22.439 --> 00:02:26.000 first day on the then newly assembled ISS in two 36 00:02:26.080 --> 00:02:30.560 thousand three. Pettit, an amateur photographer since sixth grade, had 37 00:02:30.560 --> 00:02:33.280 brought his digital cameras with him, and he'd used some 38 00:02:33.360 --> 00:02:38.960 scavenged stage materials to fashion a camera mount that provided 39 00:02:39.000 --> 00:02:42.599 the stillness necessary to capture the night sky without smears 40 00:02:42.639 --> 00:02:46.400 of starlight. Pettit, a scientist by training, is among Nassau's 41 00:02:46.759 --> 00:02:50.719 craftiest astronauts. He once designed a drinking cup to make 42 00:02:50.840 --> 00:02:56.120 sipping coffee easier in micro gravity. At the time, Tafreshi 43 00:02:56.759 --> 00:03:01.719 was working as an editor at the Iranian astronomy magazine Nojun. 44 00:03:02.319 --> 00:03:04.840 He had taken up photography as a teenager, focused on 45 00:03:04.879 --> 00:03:08.319 the night sky and the national wonders that became visible 46 00:03:08.360 --> 00:03:12.280 in the absence of light pollution. When Pettitt's pictures reached Earth, 47 00:03:12.599 --> 00:03:16.800 Tafreshey emailed the astronaut with compliments. Soon they became pen pails. 48 00:03:17.360 --> 00:03:20.639 Years later, as their correspondence grew into a photo project, 49 00:03:21.039 --> 00:03:24.840 Pettit and Tafreshy found that it helps to have different 50 00:03:24.879 --> 00:03:28.919 approaches to telling visual stories about Earth. Pettit, in particular, 51 00:03:28.960 --> 00:03:31.639 felt a duty to share his orbital vantage point with 52 00:03:31.719 --> 00:03:34.599 his fellow humans on Earth. You want to share that 53 00:03:34.680 --> 00:03:38.120 imagery to people that don't necessarily have the wherewithal to 54 00:03:38.199 --> 00:03:41.360 be there in orbit, Pettit said. Over the course of 55 00:03:41.360 --> 00:03:45.159 their project, the duel sought to synchronized their photoshoots, which 56 00:03:45.199 --> 00:03:48.639 required a tremendous amount of planning. They needed to account 57 00:03:48.719 --> 00:03:52.479 for orbital mechanics. From his perch on the ISS, Pettit 58 00:03:52.599 --> 00:03:56.599 circled the globe every ninety minutes, racing sunrises and sunsets. 59 00:03:57.400 --> 00:04:00.719 The trajectory of the space station mattered as well. When 60 00:04:00.759 --> 00:04:05.039 the pair first started brainstorming potential areas of interest, Tafreshy 61 00:04:05.159 --> 00:04:08.520 had plenty of ideas. I told him, you know, Iceland 62 00:04:08.560 --> 00:04:13.159 is great, to Freshy recalled, but the ISS, Pettit replied, 63 00:04:13.240 --> 00:04:17.800 never flies over Iceland. Earthly considerations influenced the project too. 64 00:04:18.319 --> 00:04:22.240 Pettitt once once suggested a couple of regions that appeared 65 00:04:22.279 --> 00:04:25.279 photogenic from hundreds of miles up, but they were along 66 00:04:25.319 --> 00:04:28.959 the borders of countries in conflict India and Pakistan and 67 00:04:29.160 --> 00:04:32.040 North and South Korea, so I couldn't travel there because 68 00:04:32.040 --> 00:04:36.639 of safety matters, to Freshy said. Pettitt meanwhile, had to 69 00:04:36.680 --> 00:04:39.879 work around his astronaut duties. When you're on station, you've 70 00:04:39.879 --> 00:04:42.839 got a pretty encompassing day job. Pettit, who has locked 71 00:04:42.959 --> 00:04:46.839 nearly six hundred days in space across four missions told me, 72 00:04:47.560 --> 00:04:49.399 you need to make sure that there's a hole in 73 00:04:49.439 --> 00:04:51.879 your work schedule where you can run to the kubola 74 00:04:51.959 --> 00:04:55.600 and take a few pictures. Sometimes the universe went easy 75 00:04:55.639 --> 00:04:58.240 on them. A comet visiting from the edges of the 76 00:04:58.240 --> 00:05:01.639 Solar System showed up a week after Pettit reached orbit. 77 00:05:02.160 --> 00:05:05.519 Tafreshe observed the bright object in Puerto Rico, but Pettit 78 00:05:05.639 --> 00:05:09.319 had the best view without Earth's hazy atmosphere with its 79 00:05:09.360 --> 00:05:12.480 pesky clouds in the way. Not long after that, a 80 00:05:12.519 --> 00:05:17.600 major Aurora storm appeared in the skies over to Frayshe's house. Now, 81 00:05:17.759 --> 00:05:21.680 how convenient, and the photographers captured the event within hours 82 00:05:21.680 --> 00:05:25.120 of each other, their best timing of the entire endeavor. 83 00:05:25.759 --> 00:05:29.040 When it comes to the rippling mystical green lights, two 84 00:05:29.160 --> 00:05:31.279 views are better than one. If you look at the 85 00:05:31.279 --> 00:05:33.759 same ripple from orbit, you might find that it's actually 86 00:05:33.800 --> 00:05:37.680 an oval, Pettit said, It's as if they had surrounded 87 00:05:37.680 --> 00:05:42.560 the shimmering phenomenon, revealing its true nature. While Pettit was 88 00:05:42.600 --> 00:05:45.399 spared the difficulties that can ruin a photographer's day on 89 00:05:45.439 --> 00:05:49.319 the ground rainy weather, for example, his cameras would occasionally 90 00:05:49.399 --> 00:05:53.600 malfunction because of the constant invisible barrage of cosmic radiation, 91 00:05:54.319 --> 00:05:57.560 and now and again artifacts of astronaut life sneaked into 92 00:05:57.560 --> 00:06:01.240 his shots. Once Tafrashier was scanned Pett's images of the 93 00:06:01.319 --> 00:06:04.920 Baldives in the Indian Ocean when he noticed an intriguing 94 00:06:04.920 --> 00:06:08.079 patch of green in the water and algal bloom. I 95 00:06:08.160 --> 00:06:10.560 was so excited until I got the next few shots 96 00:06:10.800 --> 00:06:14.800 and I realized this patch is moving very fast, Afreshi said. 97 00:06:15.240 --> 00:06:17.879 It turned out to be a weight lifting machine reflected 98 00:06:17.920 --> 00:06:21.279 in the space station's windows. Every crew member works out 99 00:06:21.360 --> 00:06:23.120 on this machine for an hour and a half a day. 100 00:06:23.160 --> 00:06:26.319 Pettitt said he would occasionally ask his colleagues if they 101 00:06:26.360 --> 00:06:28.560 wouldn't mind turning off the lights and working out in 102 00:06:28.560 --> 00:06:32.040 the dark just for a few minutes. Not everyone obliged. 103 00:06:32.879 --> 00:06:36.240 Pettit and Tafreshy both believe that space photography is better 104 00:06:36.279 --> 00:06:39.639 done by people. There are plenty of satellites that take 105 00:06:39.680 --> 00:06:42.600 images of Earth from orbit, but often these pictures are 106 00:06:42.600 --> 00:06:46.600 flat and textureless. Pettitt can play around with light and shadow, 107 00:06:46.959 --> 00:06:50.279 creating a richer portrait, and an orbital view of Earth 108 00:06:50.360 --> 00:06:53.560 is more meaningful when there is real emotion behind it. 109 00:06:54.199 --> 00:06:57.680 Karen Nyberg, and a retired Nassau astronaut, told me that 110 00:06:57.759 --> 00:07:00.319 she liked photographing the places where she knew her loved 111 00:07:00.360 --> 00:07:03.560 ones were. I would go over Houston or go over 112 00:07:03.839 --> 00:07:06.920 when they were visiting upstate New York and feel very 113 00:07:06.920 --> 00:07:09.600 connected to them because I was only two hundred and fifty 114 00:07:09.600 --> 00:07:13.360 miles away, just directly above them, Iberg said. And then 115 00:07:13.399 --> 00:07:15.519 I would actually start to feel kind of this connection 116 00:07:15.639 --> 00:07:18.040 with people in other places on the Earth that I 117 00:07:18.079 --> 00:07:22.639 don't know. There's also perhaps a hint of triumph in it. 118 00:07:23.040 --> 00:07:25.319 Human bodies were not made to be in outer space, 119 00:07:25.639 --> 00:07:28.519 but there astronauts go, soaking up the wonder and sharing 120 00:07:28.560 --> 00:07:31.240 it with the rest of us. In more than two 121 00:07:31.319 --> 00:07:34.800 decades of friendship, Heatitt and Tafreshy have met in person 122 00:07:34.839 --> 00:07:38.160 only a handful of times. They communicate mostly via text 123 00:07:38.160 --> 00:07:41.279 and email. They told me they don't really talk about 124 00:07:41.279 --> 00:07:44.759 their personal lives or get too philosophical. Despite the nature 125 00:07:44.759 --> 00:07:47.839 of their work, their conversations are the stuff of true 126 00:07:48.079 --> 00:07:52.959 shutterbug geegree, all about f stops and imaging software. Still, 127 00:07:53.000 --> 00:07:56.160 they're not just photography buddies. When Taffrisia was robbed in 128 00:07:56.199 --> 00:07:59.079 sicily and lost most of his equipment. He withheld the 129 00:07:59.079 --> 00:08:02.279 depressing details from Pettit because he didn't want to worry him, 130 00:08:02.639 --> 00:08:06.160 explaining to me that it's best practice not to upset 131 00:08:06.199 --> 00:08:10.959 an astronaut far from home. Pettit gently roused him, saying 132 00:08:10.959 --> 00:08:13.319 that Tafreshe should be more careful about where he keeps 133 00:08:13.319 --> 00:08:18.000 his passport, which had been stolen too. The Madagascar shoot 134 00:08:18.079 --> 00:08:20.879 was their last session before Pettit returned to Earth. The 135 00:08:20.920 --> 00:08:24.480 region has little artificial light, so Pettitt's shot hinged on 136 00:08:24.560 --> 00:08:28.040 the very alignment of selestial bodies the presence of a 137 00:08:28.079 --> 00:08:31.600 full moon to illuminate a landscape shrouded in night time. 138 00:08:32.120 --> 00:08:35.399 Tafreshe stood in the brush, in the brush, taking in 139 00:08:35.440 --> 00:08:37.960 the shimmer of the milky Way in the unspoiled sky. 140 00:08:38.440 --> 00:08:41.639 It was surreal, he said. The evening quiet was punctuated 141 00:08:41.679 --> 00:08:46.200 by the nocturnal murmurings of unseen wildlife and of villagers 142 00:08:46.240 --> 00:08:50.480 passing by in carts pulled by mules. From above, Earth 143 00:08:50.559 --> 00:08:53.080 is a gleaming world with a wispy atmosphere in an 144 00:08:53.159 --> 00:08:56.840 inky void. From below, it is a tangle of florofauna 145 00:08:57.159 --> 00:09:00.440 and humanity that as far as we know doesn't exist 146 00:09:00.519 --> 00:09:04.840 anywhere else. The resulting diptychs present Earth as it truly 147 00:09:04.960 --> 00:09:09.919 is just another planet and our only home. Next, I 148 00:09:09.960 --> 00:09:13.000 want to live to be one hundred longevity. Learning from 149 00:09:13.000 --> 00:09:18.639 the legends. As told to Devon Gordon, these iconic athletes 150 00:09:18.679 --> 00:09:20.519 were the greatest of all time at what they did. 151 00:09:20.799 --> 00:09:22.759 So who better? Day asked about getting the most out 152 00:09:22.799 --> 00:09:25.200 of our bodies as we age. We came in search 153 00:09:25.240 --> 00:09:28.360 of wisdom, but they gave us something even better, motivation. 154 00:09:30.320 --> 00:09:33.720 Nadiya Komenich was the first gymnast to achieve a perfect 155 00:09:33.759 --> 00:09:36.720 ten at the Olympics. While she hasn't competed in over 156 00:09:36.799 --> 00:09:39.799 forty years, she stays in shape by exercising every day, 157 00:09:40.080 --> 00:09:42.320 and when she misses the feeling of being a gymnast, 158 00:09:42.519 --> 00:09:47.879 she heads to the balance beam. Next article from National 159 00:09:47.919 --> 00:09:53.840 Geographic History Percy Fawcett tragic search for lost city of z. 160 00:09:54.840 --> 00:09:57.960 Convinced by old documents that a lost civilization lay in 161 00:09:58.000 --> 00:10:01.639 the Amazon rainforest, Fawcet set out to find it in 162 00:10:01.720 --> 00:10:05.600 nineteen twenty five. His disappearance sparked a century of speculation 163 00:10:05.759 --> 00:10:09.639 as to his fate. When the Spanish first ventured into 164 00:10:09.639 --> 00:10:13.399 the Amazon basin, in the fifteen forties, they recorded indigenous 165 00:10:13.440 --> 00:10:16.279 accounts of a lost city of fantastic wealth that they 166 00:10:16.320 --> 00:10:20.200 called El Dorado the Golden Over the centuries, many vain 167 00:10:20.240 --> 00:10:22.720 attempts were made to locate a lost civilization in the 168 00:10:22.720 --> 00:10:26.759 Amazon Forest. The last significant attempt to find such a 169 00:10:26.799 --> 00:10:31.519 culture was undertaken by British explorer Percy Fawcet. Between nineteen 170 00:10:31.519 --> 00:10:34.919 o six and nineteen twenty four, Fawcet made seven expeditions 171 00:10:34.960 --> 00:10:38.440 across the Amazon basin, concluding with his doomed quest to 172 00:10:38.440 --> 00:10:42.039 find the city called z Fawcet was inspired by his 173 00:10:42.200 --> 00:10:46.600 extensive reading of historical sources, including a mysterious document known 174 00:10:46.600 --> 00:10:50.600 as Manuscript five twelve. A man of extraordinary mental and 175 00:10:50.600 --> 00:10:54.080 physical stamina, Fawcet was working at a time when the 176 00:10:54.080 --> 00:10:58.440 Amazon region was still largely undocumented by Europeans who sought 177 00:10:58.440 --> 00:11:01.799 to explore its jungles and water wins, seeking ancient cities 178 00:11:01.840 --> 00:11:05.480 and riches. His disappearance during his search for Ze in 179 00:11:05.559 --> 00:11:09.519 nineteen twenty five in the Matto Grosso region of Brazil 180 00:11:09.960 --> 00:11:15.519 continues to intrigue writers and filmmakers yearning to explore. Percy 181 00:11:15.639 --> 00:11:20.600 Harrison Fawcett was born in eighteen sixty seven in Torquay, Devon, 182 00:11:20.759 --> 00:11:25.399 the English county that had produced many famous explorers and mariners, 183 00:11:25.440 --> 00:11:28.639 including Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh. The son of an 184 00:11:28.639 --> 00:11:32.720 aristocrat who had lost his fortune, Fawcet described his childhood 185 00:11:32.720 --> 00:11:36.159 as lacking in affection. At age nineteen, he was commissioned 186 00:11:36.159 --> 00:11:39.360 as a lieutenant in the Royal Artillery and sent out 187 00:11:39.399 --> 00:11:42.879 to outposts of the British Empire. In nineteen oh one, 188 00:11:42.960 --> 00:11:46.759 Fawcet joined the Royal Geographical Society of London and traveled 189 00:11:46.759 --> 00:11:49.080 to Africa as a surveyor in the service of the 190 00:11:49.080 --> 00:11:53.919 British State, tasked with gathering military intelligence. In nineteen o six, 191 00:11:53.960 --> 00:11:56.919 he was commissioned by the Society to lead an expedition 192 00:11:57.039 --> 00:12:00.559 to the Amazon. Arriving in South America was the moment 193 00:12:00.639 --> 00:12:03.519 his whole life changed. Setting out from La Pause to 194 00:12:03.559 --> 00:12:06.600 map the vast territory on the border lands of Bolivia 195 00:12:06.600 --> 00:12:11.519 and Brazil, Faucet often faced hostility from indigenous peoples angered 196 00:12:11.559 --> 00:12:15.279 by rubber barons who had invaded their lands to extract 197 00:12:15.360 --> 00:12:20.679 rubber for use in car and train manufacturing. For nearly 198 00:12:20.720 --> 00:12:23.440 a decade, he roamed the Amazon basin, often the first 199 00:12:23.440 --> 00:12:27.879 European to record geographical features such as waterfalls. His writing 200 00:12:27.919 --> 00:12:31.200 gives a sense of the awe he experienced above us 201 00:12:31.279 --> 00:12:36.240 Rode Rose, the Ricardo Franco Hills, flat topped and mysterious, 202 00:12:36.519 --> 00:12:41.919 their flanks scarred by deep Quabardin's ravines, they stood like 203 00:12:41.960 --> 00:12:46.159 a lost forest to their tops, and the imagination could 204 00:12:46.159 --> 00:12:49.879 picture the last vestiges of an age log vanished. The 205 00:12:49.919 --> 00:12:53.320 outbreak of World War One interrupted this rich period of exploration, 206 00:12:53.840 --> 00:12:57.039 forcing him to return to Europe. Although in his fifties, 207 00:12:57.080 --> 00:13:00.360 Faucet was in peak physical condition and he proved to 208 00:13:00.399 --> 00:13:05.519 be an outstanding soldier a mysterious manuscript, Fawcett could not 209 00:13:05.559 --> 00:13:08.440 shake off the allure of South America, however, so when 210 00:13:08.480 --> 00:13:11.039 the war ended, he returned to Brazil, where he would 211 00:13:11.039 --> 00:13:13.399 pursue an idea that led him to his last great 212 00:13:13.440 --> 00:13:18.519 adventures and ultimately his mysterious death. Although Fawcet often relied 213 00:13:18.559 --> 00:13:21.960 on racist tropes and ideas when he wrote of Brazil's 214 00:13:21.960 --> 00:13:25.320 indigenous peoples, he also made great efforts to understand their 215 00:13:25.360 --> 00:13:29.960 customs and languages. He lamented the effects of colonialists greed 216 00:13:30.120 --> 00:13:33.919 on these societies and became convinced that Spanish and Portuguese 217 00:13:33.960 --> 00:13:38.279 accounts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of complex civilizations 218 00:13:38.279 --> 00:13:43.200 in the Rainforest may have had merit. Such accounts mentioned 219 00:13:43.279 --> 00:13:48.159 very large settlements as well as fine roadways in the interior. 220 00:13:48.840 --> 00:13:53.279 One document in particular fascinated Fawcet. Known as Manuscript five 221 00:13:53.399 --> 00:13:56.639 twelve and written in Portuguese, it is purportedly an account 222 00:13:56.639 --> 00:14:01.159 of adventurers and fortune hunters in fifty three in search 223 00:14:01.200 --> 00:14:04.799 of precious metals. The adventurers found a ruined city boasting 224 00:14:04.919 --> 00:14:08.799 monumental buildings, roads, and a plaza, in each corner of 225 00:14:08.840 --> 00:14:11.639 which is a spire in the style of the Romans. 226 00:14:12.159 --> 00:14:17.320 Scholars are divided about the manuscript's authenticity. Skeptics consider it 227 00:14:17.360 --> 00:14:21.759 a forgery. Brazil achieved independence from Portugal in eighteen twenty five, 228 00:14:22.240 --> 00:14:24.399 It would have been useful for a new and secure 229 00:14:24.480 --> 00:14:28.679 republic to discover a document that described ancient civilizations in 230 00:14:28.759 --> 00:14:32.919 its territory, akin to the Great Maya sites in Central America. 231 00:14:33.639 --> 00:14:38.159 Many at this time, however, accepted the manuscript's authenticity, including Fawcet, 232 00:14:38.200 --> 00:14:42.000 Already convinced that early accounts of complex civilizations in the 233 00:14:42.080 --> 00:14:46.159 Rainforest were accurate. He became obsessed with finding such a 234 00:14:46.159 --> 00:14:50.639 place in search of Z. Although Fawcet was inspired by 235 00:14:50.720 --> 00:14:54.159 Manuscript five twelve's claim, he never intended to find the 236 00:14:54.200 --> 00:14:58.240 city it described. The settlement in that document lies supposedly 237 00:14:58.320 --> 00:15:02.879 in Brazil's northeast. Citing other sources which he did not name, 238 00:15:03.320 --> 00:15:06.639 Fawcet became convinced that a lost civilization existed in the 239 00:15:06.639 --> 00:15:11.200 wild central western region of Mato Grosso. He named the 240 00:15:11.200 --> 00:15:15.559 city Z. In April nineteen twenty five, Facet set out 241 00:15:15.600 --> 00:15:20.279 from Cuiaba to find it, accompanied by his eldest son, 242 00:15:20.360 --> 00:15:24.360 Jack and his son's best friend, Raleigh Rimmel. The last 243 00:15:24.480 --> 00:15:26.919 news from them was in a letter Facet sent to 244 00:15:26.960 --> 00:15:30.360 his wife, we shall disappear from civilization until next year. 245 00:15:30.720 --> 00:15:34.320 Imagine us in for us so far untrodden by civilized man. 246 00:15:35.159 --> 00:15:37.919 And then they really did disappear. Were they killed by 247 00:15:37.919 --> 00:15:41.639 animals or people? Several expeditions were launched in an attempt 248 00:15:41.720 --> 00:15:45.759 to clarify what happened, including one headed by Peter Fleming, 249 00:15:46.000 --> 00:15:50.600 brother of the James Bond character creator Ian Fleming. Many 250 00:15:50.639 --> 00:15:53.879 of these venturers also ended in tragedy, and none shed 251 00:15:53.919 --> 00:15:57.120 any light on what happened to Fawcet. In nineteen fifty two, 252 00:15:57.159 --> 00:16:02.519 anthropologists Orlando Viias announced he had found the bones of 253 00:16:02.559 --> 00:16:08.879 the explorer and that Calopolo Indians had confessed to killing him. Later, 254 00:16:09.000 --> 00:16:12.200 forensic analysis showed the remains did not belong to Fawcett. 255 00:16:12.799 --> 00:16:17.080 Fawcett's story has had an enduring cultural impact. He is 256 00:16:17.120 --> 00:16:20.440 one of the inspirations for the character Indiana Jones. The 257 00:16:20.480 --> 00:16:24.240 Walt Disney Company is a main majority owner of National 258 00:16:24.279 --> 00:16:28.840 Geographic Media. The English Explorer was also the subject of 259 00:16:28.960 --> 00:16:32.080 David Grand's The Lost City of z a tale of 260 00:16:32.159 --> 00:16:35.559 deadly obsession in the Amazon, the basis for a twenty 261 00:16:35.600 --> 00:16:40.519 sixteen feature film. In his book, Grand quotes Kalopolo Indians 262 00:16:40.559 --> 00:16:43.519 who insist they had not killed Fawcett. They had seen 263 00:16:43.559 --> 00:16:45.879 the smoke from Fawcett's camp for a few days until 264 00:16:45.919 --> 00:16:48.559 it stopped. They say he likely died at the hands 265 00:16:48.559 --> 00:16:52.840 of hostile people in territory to the east. Although the 266 00:16:52.879 --> 00:16:55.600 mystery of his last days may never be fully resolved, 267 00:16:55.919 --> 00:16:59.080 Fawcett's quest for a lost city may be at an end. 268 00:16:59.480 --> 00:17:04.079 In the decade since his disappearance, exploration of northeastern Manto 269 00:17:05.079 --> 00:17:08.960 Mato Grosso has uncovered the remains of large urban settlements 270 00:17:09.000 --> 00:17:15.640 now located in Shingu Indigenous park named Kihukugu. The complex 271 00:17:15.839 --> 00:17:20.039 includes remnants of streets, bridges, and large squares. Modern light 272 00:17:20.079 --> 00:17:24.000 our scans further suggest that between fifteen hundred and four 273 00:17:24.119 --> 00:17:26.880 hundred years ago, this part of the Amazon was indeed 274 00:17:26.880 --> 00:17:31.119 the site of a large settlement. Whilezi's exact itdentity and 275 00:17:31.200 --> 00:17:34.559 location are still a mystery, Faucet's hunch about a hidden 276 00:17:34.599 --> 00:17:38.480 ancient city in the region seems to have been correct. 277 00:17:38.880 --> 00:17:44.440 This article by Jordi Canal Solar Next Phoenician ties to 278 00:17:44.519 --> 00:17:50.480 an ancient Spanish culture Tartisos. When Phoenician colonists arrived on 279 00:17:50.519 --> 00:17:53.880 the southern shores of the Iberian Peninsula ninth century BC, 280 00:17:54.519 --> 00:17:58.200 their contact with the peoples of Kadiz, Seville and Yelva 281 00:17:59.039 --> 00:18:06.480 sparked a rich, sophisticated society called Tartisos by Sebastian Selestino Perez. 282 00:18:08.279 --> 00:18:11.759 To this day, historians can't fully explain the mysterious disappearance 283 00:18:11.799 --> 00:18:16.480 of the thriving ancient society of Tartisos. New questions arise 284 00:18:16.519 --> 00:18:21.839 as excavations reveal more about the advanced multicultural civilization that 285 00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:25.759 seemingly vanished over night, rising to power along the southern 286 00:18:25.839 --> 00:18:29.359 coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Tartisos is believed to have 287 00:18:29.400 --> 00:18:32.759 strong ties to a group of seafaring traders, the Phoenicians, 288 00:18:32.799 --> 00:18:35.880 who first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in the tenth 289 00:18:35.920 --> 00:18:40.279 century b C. They originally hailed from modern day Lebanon, Syria, 290 00:18:40.319 --> 00:18:43.920 and northern Israel, and were known across the Mediterranean as 291 00:18:43.960 --> 00:18:48.359 skilled sailors and expert merchants. Given the name Phoenician by 292 00:18:48.359 --> 00:18:51.480 the Greeks for the exquisite purple dye they crafted, they 293 00:18:51.519 --> 00:18:55.599 never created a unified kingdom. Tartisos is believed to be 294 00:18:55.640 --> 00:18:59.519 the resulting outgrowth of Phoenician culture combined with the indigenous 295 00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:03.880 culture of peoples living on the Iberian Peninsula. Some scholars 296 00:19:03.880 --> 00:19:08.680 still believed that Tartisos itself could predate these Phoenician influences, 297 00:19:08.960 --> 00:19:13.920 and new discoveries continued to fuel the debate legends of Tartisos. 298 00:19:14.319 --> 00:19:16.799 Tales of Tartizos stretch all the way back to the 299 00:19:16.799 --> 00:19:21.640 mid seventy century BC. A Greek trader called Colia was 300 00:19:22.240 --> 00:19:25.359 set sail from his home island of Samos off the 301 00:19:25.400 --> 00:19:28.240 coast of present day Turkey. He was headed for Egypt, 302 00:19:28.279 --> 00:19:32.160 but during the voyage, Colaius' ship was surprised by strong 303 00:19:32.200 --> 00:19:35.960 winds from the east that pushed it westward across the Mediterranean, 304 00:19:36.240 --> 00:19:39.119 beyond the Pillars of Hercules and into the Strait of Gibraltar. 305 00:19:39.839 --> 00:19:44.440 Coleas and his fellow soldiers arrived in Tartisos, a commercial 306 00:19:44.519 --> 00:19:50.400 emporium previously unknown to merchants from Greece. Coleas began to 307 00:19:50.440 --> 00:19:53.960 trade with the Tartisians and turned a large prophet, mainly 308 00:19:54.000 --> 00:19:56.720 thanks to the silver over a ton in three quarters 309 00:19:57.000 --> 00:20:00.200 that he amassed there. This traveler's tail is found in 310 00:20:00.240 --> 00:20:04.640 Greek historian Herodotus's histories, written in the fifth century BC, 311 00:20:05.160 --> 00:20:08.759 and although the narrative has no doubt embellished, Herodotus did 312 00:20:08.799 --> 00:20:11.119 live for a time in Samos, where he may have 313 00:20:11.160 --> 00:20:15.880 heard of Coleus's adventure. Other classical texts also contained references 314 00:20:15.880 --> 00:20:19.079 to a town called Tartisos in the lands around the 315 00:20:19.079 --> 00:20:24.400 Gulf of Cadiz in the southern Iberian Peninsula. From these mentions, 316 00:20:24.480 --> 00:20:27.519 historians and archaeologists are working to build up a picture 317 00:20:27.519 --> 00:20:33.440 of this enigmatic civilization steeped in legend Tortisos's beginning. One 318 00:20:33.559 --> 00:20:37.400 of the most controversial issues has been when Tortissos was founded. 319 00:20:38.160 --> 00:20:42.599 Until the late twentieth century, most experts believed that Tartisos 320 00:20:42.640 --> 00:20:45.400 emerged as far back as the Bronze Age. The culture 321 00:20:45.559 --> 00:20:48.119 was thought to have spread over a large area in 322 00:20:48.200 --> 00:20:53.000 the southwestern Iberian Peninsula between the settlements of Huelva, Seville, 323 00:20:53.039 --> 00:20:58.160 and Kadiz the Tartisian's Corps. If so, Tartisos would have 324 00:20:58.200 --> 00:21:02.000 existed even before the first Phoenician colonies were established in 325 00:21:02.039 --> 00:21:08.640 the tenth and ninth centuries b C. However, an archaeological excavation, 326 00:21:09.279 --> 00:21:14.200 as they continue, this hypothesis seems increasingly unlikely. Although some 327 00:21:14.279 --> 00:21:17.599 authors speak of a period called the Tartisian Late Bronze Age, 328 00:21:17.839 --> 00:21:20.920 there is little strong evidence to support the existence of 329 00:21:20.960 --> 00:21:25.000 a defined settlement in the southwestern Peninsula during the twelfth 330 00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.279 and eleventh centuries b C. What may have existed was 331 00:21:29.359 --> 00:21:33.400 an emerging social organization based on agriculture and the export 332 00:21:33.440 --> 00:21:37.319 of raw materials from mining. Archaeologists have found evidence of 333 00:21:37.359 --> 00:21:41.920 a community at nearby Huelva during this period. Artifacts unearthed 334 00:21:42.000 --> 00:21:45.119 at the site and elsewhere suggest that the community was 335 00:21:45.160 --> 00:21:48.759 skilled at trading with the Atlantic world. Objects made of 336 00:21:48.759 --> 00:21:51.880 copper from Weiova have been found as far away as 337 00:21:51.920 --> 00:21:55.680 France and the British Isles. The well established trading links 338 00:21:55.880 --> 00:21:58.839 would have helped them profit from the abundant silver mines 339 00:21:59.119 --> 00:22:03.799 in the area, such as those in Asna Kolar, northwest 340 00:22:03.839 --> 00:22:09.079 of modern day Seville. Phoenicians in Iberia, these early trading 341 00:22:09.119 --> 00:22:13.960 communities around the Gulf of Kadiz experienced a profound transformation 342 00:22:14.079 --> 00:22:16.799 with the rival of the Phoenicians. It was in the 343 00:22:16.880 --> 00:22:19.759 ninth century b C. The traders from the flourishing cities 344 00:22:19.799 --> 00:22:23.920 of the eastern Mediterranean settled permanently in the southwest of 345 00:22:24.119 --> 00:22:28.680 the Iberian Peninsula. Phoenician colonizers started by building temples to 346 00:22:28.720 --> 00:22:32.519 their gods along the coast. These religious complexes not only 347 00:22:32.559 --> 00:22:35.920 served spiritual purposes, they also played a key role in 348 00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:40.200 commerce by providing a neutral space for trading. The temple 349 00:22:40.319 --> 00:22:44.960 of Melkarte or Hercules near Kadiz seems to have had 350 00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.200 this dual purpose. Very soon the Phoenicians built permanent establishments 351 00:22:49.240 --> 00:22:52.880 called factories and later the first colonies. One of these 352 00:22:52.960 --> 00:22:56.680 new city colonies, Cadiz, would become the most important economic 353 00:22:56.720 --> 00:23:00.599 political and religious center in the region served as the 354 00:23:00.640 --> 00:23:04.359 main port for exporting silver, tin, and salted fish. These 355 00:23:04.480 --> 00:23:08.759 mining and yet agricultural products came both from Huelva itself 356 00:23:08.799 --> 00:23:12.680 and from inland. The Phoenicians brought innovations to the areas. 357 00:23:12.720 --> 00:23:16.839 They settled iron hybrid animals such as the mule, plant 358 00:23:16.960 --> 00:23:20.400 species like grapevines and olive trees, the potter's wheel, and 359 00:23:20.440 --> 00:23:24.440 ceramic kilns. They also introduced the alphabet, an essential element 360 00:23:24.480 --> 00:23:28.400 for trade. Even the architecture would be influenced. The Phoenicians 361 00:23:28.400 --> 00:23:32.799 favored orthogonal structures with right angles, which generated a much 362 00:23:32.839 --> 00:23:36.640 more complex urban layout over the course of the ninth 363 00:23:36.640 --> 00:23:39.839 and eighth centuries b c. These things would transform the 364 00:23:39.839 --> 00:23:43.279 economy and way of life of the local peoples. During 365 00:23:43.319 --> 00:23:47.920 this initial period of colonization, local Iberian communities gradually adapted 366 00:23:47.960 --> 00:23:51.200 to the presence of the Eastern settlers. Our gaelogists are 367 00:23:51.200 --> 00:23:54.240 looking for more insight as to how this integration developed, 368 00:23:54.519 --> 00:23:58.119 but it seems likely that people migrated from inland regions 369 00:23:58.119 --> 00:24:02.640 to the coastal colonies. Workforce swelled. Miners and farmers arrived, 370 00:24:02.680 --> 00:24:05.920 as well as the artisans and construction workers needed for 371 00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:11.039 the new cities, temples, and communication routes. In the Gaudiana 372 00:24:11.079 --> 00:24:15.319 and Tagus Valleys, the dominant warrior elite may have supplied 373 00:24:15.359 --> 00:24:18.720 labor in exchange for access to the Phoenicians iron and 374 00:24:18.839 --> 00:24:24.200 technical innovations. In these inland areas, local traders would have 375 00:24:24.200 --> 00:24:28.680 provided gold, tin, and agricultural products to the Phoenicians. Although 376 00:24:28.680 --> 00:24:32.160 the Phoenicians had a huge impact on the colonized territories 377 00:24:32.480 --> 00:24:36.759 of the Iberian Peninsula, the changes were experienced unevenly in 378 00:24:36.799 --> 00:24:41.400 sparsely populated areas such as the guaudal Quivier Valley and 379 00:24:41.440 --> 00:24:44.279 the Bay of Kadiz. The incoming Phoenicians were able to 380 00:24:44.319 --> 00:24:49.279 found their own cities and incorporate the indigenous population. In Huelva, 381 00:24:49.400 --> 00:24:53.839 a more established economy and defined social structure already existed, 382 00:24:54.160 --> 00:24:59.640 rendering Phoenician influence weaker. It was in eighth century BC 383 00:25:00.160 --> 00:25:04.240 interactions between the Phoenicians, the indigenous communities, and the populations 384 00:25:04.240 --> 00:25:07.839 of the interior gave rise to the culture now termed Tartisian. 385 00:25:08.319 --> 00:25:11.640 The word Tartisos first appears in Greek sources in the 386 00:25:11.680 --> 00:25:18.000 following century. Archaeological evidence contact between Phoenician colonists and indigenous 387 00:25:18.000 --> 00:25:22.720 peoples of the peninsula sparked remarkable economic development, with work 388 00:25:22.759 --> 00:25:28.839 for potters, goldsmith's, blacksmiths, builders, stevedores, and sailors. Maritime trade 389 00:25:28.839 --> 00:25:32.799 defined the society. It was labor intensive about, involving many 390 00:25:32.839 --> 00:25:36.519 workers to fell trees, build ships, and create vessels such 391 00:25:36.519 --> 00:25:40.759 as ampheri to move the goods. These changes likely caused 392 00:25:40.799 --> 00:25:44.839 tensions between the Tartisian communities, who found themselves enjoying new 393 00:25:44.920 --> 00:25:49.599 lucrative relations with the Phoenicians and other indigenous interior communities 394 00:25:49.920 --> 00:25:54.240 who also sought to control the new economic resources. Tartisian 395 00:25:54.279 --> 00:25:57.519 culture saw an evergence of new social groups and a 396 00:25:57.599 --> 00:26:01.920 much more complex social organization. The society lasted some four 397 00:26:02.000 --> 00:26:06.279 hundred years. How elites maintained control is not clear. Neither 398 00:26:06.440 --> 00:26:11.559 Tartisian sites nor tombs provide evidence of much weaponry. Although 399 00:26:11.599 --> 00:26:16.039 Tartisos had some notable cultural traits, it wasn't a homogeneous 400 00:26:16.039 --> 00:26:19.799 society and shouldn't be considered a united kingdom let alone 401 00:26:19.839 --> 00:26:25.319