Speaker 1: Yeah, there you go, all right, the gateway to Mars.
Speaker 1: So here we are. Here, we are at the newly
Speaker 1: incorporated star based Texas. This is the first new city
Speaker 1: made in America in I think quite a few decades
Speaker 1: that at least, that's what I'm told. And a very
Speaker 1: cool name. And it's named that because it is the
Speaker 1: It is where we're going to develop the technology necessary
Speaker 1: to take humanity and civilization and life as we know
Speaker 1: it to another planet for the first time in the
Speaker 1: four and a half billion year history of Earth. Go
Speaker 1: with this little video here. This is how it started
Speaker 1: off with basically nothing. So start Starve started off as
Speaker 1: basically a sandbar with nothing. Even those little things we
Speaker 1: built obviously that's the original sort of Mad Max rocket.
Speaker 1: That's where you discovered light lighting is very important for
Speaker 1: that Mad Max rocket. So yeah, not that long ago,
Speaker 1: there was basically nothing here and in the space of
Speaker 1: about five or six years, thanks to the incredible work
Speaker 1: of the SpaceX team, we've built a small city and
Speaker 1: we've built two gigantic launch pads and a gigantic rocket
Speaker 1: factory for a gigantic rocket. And the cool thing is,
Speaker 1: for anyone out there who's watching this you can actually
Speaker 1: come and visit because our entire production facility and launch
Speaker 1: site are on a public highway, so anyone who comes
Speaker 1: to South Texas can come and see the rocket pretty
Speaker 1: close up and see the factory. And so if anyone
Speaker 1: is interested in seeing the largest flying object on earth
Speaker 1: can come here anytime they want and just drive down
Speaker 1: the public highway and see it, which is pretty cool.
Speaker 1: So then we progress to where we are now, start
Speaker 1: based twenty twenty five, so we're now at the point
Speaker 1: where we can produce a ship roughly every two or
Speaker 1: three weeks. Now, we don't always produce a ship every
Speaker 1: two or three weeks because we are making design upgrades,
Speaker 1: but ultimately we're aiming for the ability to produce one
Speaker 1: thousand ships a year, so three ships a day. So
Speaker 1: that's where things are now. I'm standing in that building
Speaker 1: that's our hovercraft. We're driving a booster down the road
Speaker 1: to the launch site. You can see the megabase, and
Speaker 1: I said, what's the cool The cool thing for those
Speaker 1: out there watching this video is that you can actually
Speaker 1: just literally come here, drive down the road and see it,
Speaker 1: which is the first time in history that that's been possible.
Speaker 1: So all this cool stuff. You that that road on
Speaker 1: the left there, that highway is public and you can
Speaker 1: just come here and see it, which I recommend doing.
Speaker 1: I think it's very inspiring to see. So that's our gigabay.
Speaker 1: So where we're expanding integration to produce one thousand star
Speaker 1: shows per year. Well, yeah, that hasn't been built yet,
Speaker 1: but we're building it. That is a truly enormous structure.
Speaker 1: Is that this will be one that'll be one of
Speaker 1: the biggest structures, I think, by some measures, the biggest
Speaker 1: structure in the world, and it's designed for a thousand
Speaker 1: starships a year. We're also building a gigabay in Florida,
Speaker 1: bringing so we'll have two facilities, one in Texas and
Speaker 1: one in Florida. It's it's actually difficult to gauge the
Speaker 1: size of these buildings because you need a kind of
Speaker 1: human for scale where you see how tiny a human
Speaker 1: is next to that building, you realize just how enormous
Speaker 1: it is. So when we look at our built comparison
Speaker 1: vehicles per year, and so you look at Boeing an
Speaker 1: airbus making airplanes, starship make it. We'll be making at
Speaker 1: some point probably as many starships from Mars as Boeing
Speaker 1: and Airbus make commercial airplanes, So this is really at
Speaker 1: a scale enormal scale, and each starship will have a capability.
Speaker 1: Each starship is bigger than a seven forty seven or
Speaker 1: an A three eighty, like, it's truly enormous. And then
Speaker 1: in terms of starship star stalling satellites, the Version three
Speaker 1: satellites making on the order of five thousand a year,
Speaker 1: maybe at some point closer to ten thousand a year,
Speaker 1: and those stalling B three satellites are each the size
Speaker 1: of roughly a seven thirty seven. They're pretty big. That
Speaker 1: compares to the B twenty four bomber in World War Two.
Speaker 1: Now it's still small compared to Tesla, so and Tesla
Speaker 1: will probably be doing you know, double or trouble that
Speaker 1: volume in the future. So it just puts things into
Speaker 1: perspective that is, it is actually possible to build a
Speaker 1: vast number of interplanetary star shifts. And even when you
Speaker 1: can compare things on the tonnage standpoint, Tesla is still
Speaker 1: and other co company is still building far more complex
Speaker 1: manufactured tonnage than this basics, which is really is a
Speaker 1: way of saying that it's very achievable. Like these numbers.
Speaker 1: While they are insanely high by traditional space standards, are
Speaker 1: are are achievable by humans because they have been achieved
Speaker 1: in other industries. Progress is measured by the timeline to
Speaker 1: establishing a self sustaining civilization on Mars. That's how we're
Speaker 1: gauging out progress here at star Base. So with each launch,
Speaker 1: especially in the early days of Starship, each launch is
Speaker 1: about learning more and more about what's needed to make
Speaker 1: life multiplanetary and to improve Starship to the point where
Speaker 1: it can be taking ultimately hundreds of thousands, if not millions,
Speaker 1: of people to Mars. Ideally we can take anyone who
Speaker 1: wants to go to Mars. We can take to Mars
Speaker 1: and bring with it, bring all of the equipment necessary
Speaker 1: to make more self sustaining so Mars can grow by
Speaker 1: itself in a worst case scenario. Getting to the point
Speaker 1: where the fundamental folk in the road for human destiny
Speaker 1: is where where Mars can continue to grow even if
Speaker 1: the supply shifts from Earth stopped coming for any reason.
Speaker 1: At that point, we've achieved civilizational resilience where Mars can
Speaker 1: potentially come to the rescue of Earth if something goes wrong,
Speaker 1: or maybe Earth could come to the rescue of Mars.
Speaker 1: But having two planets that are that can that that
Speaker 1: are both self sustaining and strong, I think it's going
Speaker 1: to be incredibly important for the long term survival of civilization. So,
Speaker 1: like just I think any given civilization is likely to
Speaker 1: last maybe I don't know, ten times longer, maybe much
Speaker 1: longer if it is a multiplanet civilization, then if it
Speaker 1: is a single planet civilization, because there's always there's always
Speaker 1: some chance that you know, us humans could do something
Speaker 1: crazy like World Wars three, hopefully not, but it's possible,
Speaker 1: or that there could be some natural event like meteors
Speaker 1: or super volcanoes or something that we don't expect, and
Speaker 1: and and then if you only have one planet, the neck,
Speaker 1: that could be curtains. But if we've got two planets,
Speaker 1: we keep going and and then we go beyond Mars,
Speaker 1: ultimately to the mood maybe the asteroid belt, the moons
Speaker 1: are Jupiter and beyond, and ultimately to other star systems,
Speaker 1: and we can be out there among the stars, making
Speaker 1: science fiction no longer fiction. So in order to achieve
Speaker 1: this goal, we have to be we have to make
Speaker 1: rapidly reusable rockets so that the uh the cost per flight,
Speaker 1: the cost per ton to Mars is as low as possible.
Speaker 1: That's essential. So for that rapidly reusable rockets, I said,
Speaker 1: it's actually four urs. Right, it's like a pirate are.
Speaker 1: It's like rapidly reusable, reliable rockets is the key are are.
Speaker 1: Now we've uh aggrass to the SpaceX team on making
Speaker 1: incredible progress on catching a giant rocket. So it's really
Speaker 1: mind blowing that the SpaceX team has been able to
Speaker 1: catch the largest flying object ever made multiple times using
Speaker 1: a very novel method of catching it out of the
Speaker 1: air with giant chopsticks. I mean, I've ever seen that before. Yeah,
Speaker 1: congrarets agating. That was an incredible achievement. So the reason
Speaker 1: we are catching it in this way, which is never
Speaker 1: been done before, is in order to achieve the rapidly
Speaker 1: reasonable portion of the in order to make the rocket
Speaker 1: rapidly reasonable. So if it is if the super heavy booster,
Speaker 1: which is gigantic, it's like thirty feet in diameter, if
Speaker 1: it were to land with landing legs on landing pad,
Speaker 1: we would then have to pick it up, stow the legs,
Speaker 1: and put it back in the launch pad. And that's
Speaker 1: it's quite difficult to transport such a lot of thing.
Speaker 1: But if we catch it with the same tower that
Speaker 1: it's used to put it in the launch amount to
Speaker 1: begin with, that is the best case outcome for rapid reuse.
Speaker 1: So it literally gets caught by the same arms that
Speaker 1: placed it in the launch in launchering and then it
Speaker 1: is placed back in the launchering immediately. So in principle,
Speaker 1: the super heavy booster can be reflown within an hour
Speaker 1: of landing, so it comes back in about five or
Speaker 1: six minutes one way or another, and then it gets
Speaker 1: caught by the tower arms placed back in the launch mount,
Speaker 1: and then you can re propellant in about thirty to
Speaker 1: forty minutes and place a ship on top of it,
Speaker 1: and in principle refly the entire booster every hour, maybe
Speaker 1: every two hours to give a little bit of extra time.
Speaker 1: But let's just say it's it's very it's in the
Speaker 1: limit of rapid reuse. And then the next thing we
Speaker 1: need to do is catch the ship too. So we
Speaker 1: haven't done this yet, but we will. So that's what
Speaker 1: we hope to demonstrate later this year, maybe as soon
Speaker 1: as two or three months from now, and then the
Speaker 1: ship would be placed on top of the booster and
Speaker 1: then again refold with propellant and flown again with the ship.
Speaker 1: It takes a bit longer because it's got orbit Earth
Speaker 1: a few times until the groundtrack comes back over the
Speaker 1: launch pad. But the ship is also intended to be
Speaker 1: reflown multiple times per day. So is the new Raptor three,
Speaker 1: which is an awesome engine began to the Raftor team
Speaker 1: for this. This is very exciting. So a Raft three
Speaker 1: is designed to require no basic heat shield, saving a
Speaker 1: lot of mass on the bottom and actually improving reliability
Speaker 1: so that if there is, for example, a small fuel
Speaker 1: leak from the Raftor engine, it will simply leak into
Speaker 1: the existing flaming plasma and not really matter, whereas a
Speaker 1: fuel leak when the engines are contained in a box
Speaker 1: is a very scary thing. Indeed, So this is a
Speaker 1: Raptor three. Uh, it'll take it, probably a few kicks
Speaker 1: if the can, but it will be. It is a
Speaker 1: massive increase in payler capability, in engine efficiency, and in reliability.
Speaker 1: So this is really a revolutionary engine. The Raft three
Speaker 1: is really i'd say, kind of alien technology rocket engine.
Speaker 1: I mean even industry experts when we showed a picture
Speaker 1: of the RAPT three said that engine is not complete.
Speaker 1: So then we said, well, here's the engine not complete,
Speaker 1: firing at a level of efficiency that has never been
Speaker 1: achieved before. So I mean that is one clean engine.
Speaker 1: So in order to the engine like that, we had
Speaker 1: to simplify so many parts of the design incorporate secondary
Speaker 1: fluid circuits and electronics in the structure of the engine itself,
Speaker 1: so everything is contained and protected. It is a marvel
Speaker 1: of engineering. Frankly. Then one of the other technologies that's
Speaker 1: key for MARS is doing orbital propellant transfer. So you
Speaker 1: can think of this like similar to aerial refueling for airplanes,
Speaker 1: but in this case it's orbital refilling of rockets, which
Speaker 1: has never been done before. But it is, you know,
Speaker 1: technically feasible. I always feel like these things are a
Speaker 1: little NSFW sort of Listen, you've got to trans for
Speaker 1: food somehow, there's no this has got to be done.
Speaker 1: So the two starships would get together and one starship
Speaker 1: would transfer fuel an oxygen, and actually most of the
Speaker 1: masses oxygen. It's almost eighty percent oxygen that gets transferred
Speaker 1: a little over twenty percent fuel and and so on.
Speaker 1: You so you'd send a starship to orbit with that's
Speaker 1: full of payload, and then you send up a bunch
Speaker 1: of other starships up and you would refill the propellant
Speaker 1: on that starship, and once the propellant tanks are mostly full,
Speaker 1: then you can depart for the Mars, for Mars or
Speaker 1: the Moon or Yeah. So this is an important technology
Speaker 1: which we should hopefully demonstrate next year. Yeah, with the
Speaker 1: one of the toughest problems to solve is the reusable
Speaker 1: heat shield. So no, no one has ever developed a
Speaker 1: truly reusable orbital heat shield, so that it's extremely difficult
Speaker 1: to do so. Even the Shuttle Shuttle's heat shield required
Speaker 1: several months of refurbishment basically fixing broken tiles, testing each
Speaker 1: tile and because it's an extremely hard problem to be
Speaker 1: able to withstand the extreme heat and pressure of re entry,
Speaker 1: and the only things that can really withstand this level
Speaker 1: of heat are advanced sort of ceramics kind of you know,
Speaker 1: basically glass, aluminum, sometimes of carbon carbon, but very very
Speaker 1: little actually can survive the and with reusability, without getting
Speaker 1: without eroding or falling off or cracking, can survive the
Speaker 1: stresses of re entry. So this will be the first
Speaker 1: time that it's done. That that that a reusable orbital
Speaker 1: heat shield is developed and it needs to be obviously
Speaker 1: extremely reliable. So this will this will be something that
Speaker 1: will be working on for a few years. I think
Speaker 1: to keep honing the heat shield. It's it's a very
Speaker 1: it's it's it is an achievable thing. So we're not
Speaker 1: trying to do something that isn't achievable. It is within
Speaker 1: the realm of physics to get this done. Just an
Speaker 1: extraordinarily difficult thing to get done. And Marsh the Mars
Speaker 1: atmosphere is carbon dioxide, which at first may seem better,
Speaker 1: but actually it ends up being worse because it when
Speaker 1: the CO two turns into a plasma and you've got
Speaker 1: you actually end up with more free oxygen entering on
Speaker 1: a Mars atmosphere then on earth atmosphere. So Earth's atmosphere
Speaker 1: is only around twenty percent oxygen and Mars ends up
Speaker 1: being basically more than double that. Maybe trouble that when
Speaker 1: you consider when the CO two becomes a plasma and
Speaker 1: and you get carbon and O two, so that wants
Speaker 1: to oxidize the heat shield, basically burn the heat shield.
Speaker 1: So that's why we we test it very regular orgorously
Speaker 1: in a CO two atmosphere, because it's got to work
Speaker 1: not just for Earth but also for Mars, and we
Speaker 1: want to we want to use the same heat shield
Speaker 1: for Earth that we use for Mars, because there are
Speaker 1: many other factors with the heat shield, such as making
Speaker 1: sure the tiles don't crack or fall off or anything
Speaker 1: like that. So we want to have the same heat
Speaker 1: shield structure, same material on Earth as on Mars, so
Speaker 1: we can test it hundreds of times on Earth before
Speaker 1: going to Mars and be confident that when it goes
Speaker 1: to Mars it will work. So we're developing some next
Speaker 1: generation starships which are have a number of improvements versus
Speaker 1: our carrent Gent, so it's toller, for example, and has
Speaker 1: a better it are kind of a the interstage between
Speaker 1: the ship and the booster. You can see that sort
Speaker 1: of the sort of struts there that makes it easier
Speaker 1: for the flame like they're right there when doing hot staging,
Speaker 1: which is when we light the ship's engines while the
Speaker 1: booster's engines are still firing the floor I aim from
Speaker 1: the from the ship engines can more easily exit through
Speaker 1: the the open struts of the of the new interstage,
Speaker 1: and this case will bring the struts interstage back with
Speaker 1: us instead of throwing it away. So a little more
Speaker 1: height here seventy two meters from around sixty nine repellent capacity.
Speaker 1: I think we'll probably push that up a little, maybe
Speaker 1: thirty seven hundred tons. Long term, my guesses were maybe
Speaker 1: around four thousand tons, and but just sort of just
Speaker 1: over eight you know, sort of eight thousand, probably like
Speaker 1: eight thousand three. This will keep getting up. My guess
Speaker 1: is ultimately we're four thousand tons here, close to ten
Speaker 1: thousand tons of thrust. But this is kind of the
Speaker 1: next the next level or the next version of the
Speaker 1: super Heavy. So the booster will look a little naked
Speaker 1: on the bottom because the rafter of three engines don't
Speaker 1: require heat shield, so it looked like it looks like
Speaker 1: there's kind of parts missing, but that's just because the
Speaker 1: rafter heat shield does not the rafter three does not
Speaker 1: need a heat shield, so it's just it's just standing there.
Speaker 1: They're in a bathed in flaming plasma. But it's a
Speaker 1: lot lighter, yep, integrated hot stage. I think it looks amazing.
Speaker 1: Then the shifts a little a little more, a little longer,
Speaker 1: and more capable moving to fifteen and fifty tons of
Speaker 1: propelling capacity. My guess is this probably ends up twenty
Speaker 1: more than this long term. And yeah, you can see
Speaker 1: the heat shield is sleeker, so much smoother boundaries as
Speaker 1: as the boundary of the heat shield going to the
Speaker 1: leeward side is very smooth, no more jagged tiles. I
Speaker 1: think it looks very sleek. So and this version we
Speaker 1: still have six engines, but a future version will have nine,
Speaker 1: but with the raft of three again we have improved
Speaker 1: reduced mass, higher specific impulse. It's this is the Starship
Speaker 1: Version three is really the the vote that is I
Speaker 1: think achieves all of the key elements. I mean generally
Speaker 1: with any new technology, it takes three major, three major
Speaker 1: iterations of any major of any new technology to have
Speaker 1: it really, really really work well. And this with Raptor
Speaker 1: three and Starship and Booster version three, it should be
Speaker 1: able to achieve all of the things that I just mentioned,
Speaker 1: which is a rapidly reusable, reliable rocket with orbital refilling,
Speaker 1: basically all of the ingredients necessary to make life multiplanetary
Speaker 1: will be achieved with version three of Starship, which we're
Speaker 1: aiming to launch for the first time at the end
Speaker 1: of this year. Yeah, so you can see this is
Speaker 1: kind of where things are on the left, where things
Speaker 1: will be end of this year in the middle and
Speaker 1: as I was saying, kind of with will be probably
Speaker 1: long term, yeah, one hundred and forty two meters so,
Speaker 1: but the one in the middle is will be fully
Speaker 1: capable of doing Mars and thereafter will It'll be a
Speaker 1: lot of performance improvements and as as has been the
Speaker 1: case with the Falcon nine, we always end up making
Speaker 1: the rocket longer and increasing payload. So that's that's that's
Speaker 1: the game plan, pretty straightforward, but it's important to empa size.
Speaker 1: Even with the rocket that will be launching just at
Speaker 1: the end of this year, it will be capable of
Speaker 1: making life multiplanetary, and thereafter it's it's just about continuing
Speaker 1: to hone the efficiency and capability of the rocket and
Speaker 1: reduce the cost per ton, and reduce the cost per
Speaker 1: posting to Mars, and like I said, ultimately make its
Speaker 1: that anyone who wants to move to Mars and help
Speaker 1: build a new civilization can do so. So anyone out there, like,
Speaker 1: how cool will that would that be? And even if
Speaker 1: you don't want to do it, maybe that you have
Speaker 1: a son or daughter who wants to do that, or
Speaker 1: a friend who wants to do it, and I think
Speaker 1: it would be the adventure that the best adventure that
Speaker 1: it on it could possibly do is to go and
Speaker 1: help build a new civilization on a new planet. So yeah,
Speaker 1: ultimately we'll have forty two engines, which it was inevitable
Speaker 1: as the prophecy foretold by the great prophet Douglas Adams
Speaker 1: and his you know, book of the Hitchock's Guide to
Speaker 1: the Galaxy, the answer to the Meaning of life is
Speaker 1: forty two and so inevitably the starship stack will have
Speaker 1: forty two engines. And in terms of payload to orbit,
Speaker 1: what's remarkable is that it's two hundred tons of you know,
Speaker 1: Starship will have two hundred tons paler to orbit with
Speaker 1: full reusability. So this is twice the capability of the
Speaker 1: Saturn five Moon rocket. Saturn five Moon rocket was fully expendable. Uh,
Speaker 1: Starship is fully reusable. But we'll have twice the payload
Speaker 1: to orbit of the next biggest rocket that made it
Speaker 1: to orbit, which is a Saturn five. In fact, if
Speaker 1: without reusability, Starship would have about four hundred tons of
Speaker 1: palo to orbit. So this is a this is a
Speaker 1: very big rocket, is what I'm saying. So, but you
Speaker 1: need a big rocket, you know, the you know, make
Speaker 1: life multiplanetary. And then along the way we could do
Speaker 1: very cool things like have a moon base, like moon
Speaker 1: based Alpha. Long ago there was a TV show about
Speaker 1: moon based Alpha. You can't couldn't think about the physics
Speaker 1: of that too much because apparently, like the moon base
Speaker 1: was like drifting away from Earth. But anyway, we should
Speaker 1: have a moon based alpha, which is the next step
Speaker 1: after the Apollo program, would be to have a base
Speaker 1: on the Moon, so you could like you could have
Speaker 1: a like a gigantic you know, science station doing research
Speaker 1: about the nature of the universe on the Moon. Would
Speaker 1: be very cool. So in terms of like when can
Speaker 1: you go to Mars, So you can go to Mars
Speaker 1: every two years or every twenty six months. So the
Speaker 1: next Mars opportunity is at the end of next year,
Speaker 1: in about eighteen months, So November December is the next
Speaker 1: Mars opportunity. So we'll try to make that opportunity. If
Speaker 1: we get lucky. I think we'll probably have a fifty
Speaker 1: to fifty chance right now, because we've got to we've
Speaker 1: got to figure out orbital refilling in order to have
Speaker 1: enough capability to go to Mars. But if we achieve
Speaker 1: orbital refilling in time, then we will launch the first
Speaker 1: uncrewed starship to Mars at the end of next year.
Speaker 1: So this gives you an illustration of how does how
Speaker 1: does the spaceship go from Earth to Mars. So you've
Speaker 1: got blue Earth there and red Mars. And I mean
Speaker 1: the the actual distance traveled on the arc is close
Speaker 1: to it, like a thousand times further than the Moon.
Speaker 1: So you can't just go straight to Mars. You have
Speaker 1: to create this elliptical orbit with Earth at one point
Speaker 1: and Mars at the other side at the far end
Speaker 1: of the ellipse, and then time the time where you
Speaker 1: are in that and that ellipse to intersect with Mars
Speaker 1: and this so this is a the orbital transfer or
Speaker 1: how you do orbital transfer from Earth to Mars. And
Speaker 1: if you look on your starlink Wi Fi router, you'll
Speaker 1: see this image because the starlink Wi Fi is what
Speaker 1: is starling. Internet is what's being used to pay for
Speaker 1: humanity getting to Mars. So I'd just like to thank
Speaker 1: everyone out there who's bought Starlink because you're helping helping
Speaker 1: secure the future of civilization and helping make life multiple
Speaker 1: multiplanetary and helping make humanity a space baring civilization. Thank you.
Speaker 1: So this is a tentative game plan here where we're
Speaker 1: hoping to the hoping to achieve where we increase the
Speaker 1: cadence of flights to Mars dramatically with every launch window.
Speaker 1: So every every roughly two years, we are dramatically increasing
Speaker 1: the number of of ships that go to Mars and
Speaker 1: ultimately try to get to a thousand or two thousand ships.
Speaker 1: Uh you know per Mars rendezvous. The the I mean
Speaker 1: as a rough order manning two. There's just guesses obviously,
Speaker 1: but we need to get about a thou about about
Speaker 1: a million tons is my guess to the soaps of
Speaker 1: Mars to make a civilization or Mars self sustaining against
Speaker 1: that critical point where if the if the re supply
Speaker 1: ship's most stopped coming for any reason, Mars still succeeds,
Speaker 1: Mars can still grow. And so you can't be missing anything.
Speaker 1: You can't be missing even like the equivalent of vitamin
Speaker 1: C or anything. You've got to have everything you need
Speaker 1: for Mars to grow. That's that's essential. So my guess
Speaker 1: is that's about a million tons, but it might be
Speaker 1: ten million tons. I hope it's not one hundred million tons.
Speaker 1: That'd be a lot. But we want to try to
Speaker 1: get to that point and secure the future of civilization
Speaker 1: as quickly as possible, so we're looking at different locations.
Speaker 1: The lead candidate right now is the Arcadia region. So
Speaker 1: Mars has a lot of real estate. But when you
Speaker 1: combine all of the factors and say, okay, we need
Speaker 1: we can't be too close to the poles, we need
Speaker 1: to be near ice for for to get to get water,
Speaker 1: and can't be too mountainous for the rockets, then you
Speaker 1: it narrows down to a smaller region. So Arcadia is uh,
Speaker 1: it's one of my my daughter's the name is Arcadia
Speaker 1: actually is one of the options. So we got the
Speaker 1: first starships on Mars gather critical data. So the first
Speaker 1: the first flights there we'll send with the Optimist robot
Speaker 1: so we can go out there and explore and kind
Speaker 1: of prepare the way for humans and that'll be a
Speaker 1: very cool image if we're able to achieve it by
Speaker 1: launching and the next year would actually technically arrive in
Speaker 1: twenty twenty seven, but that would be an epic fixture
Speaker 1: to see Optimists walking around on the surface of Mars.
Speaker 1: And then with the launching two years later, we would
Speaker 1: be sending humans. Seeing the first missions are successful and
Speaker 1: they land successfully, would send humans on the next mission,
Speaker 1: and we'll really start building the infrastructure for Mars. So anyway,
Speaker 1: might maybe just to be safe and we might just
Speaker 1: do two landing episodes with the Optimists and do the
Speaker 1: third one with humans. We'll see that classic picture of
Speaker 1: the workers on the Empire state. And then for communications
Speaker 1: on Mars, we'll be using a motion of Starling to
Speaker 1: provide Internet on Mars. Yeah, so the speed of light,
Speaker 1: even moving up the speed of light, your best case
Speaker 1: scenario is I guess Rik around three and a half
Speaker 1: minutes to Mars and then worst cases twenty two minutes
Speaker 1: or more. Because Mars is on the other side of
Speaker 1: the Sun from Earth. So anyway, it's quite challenging to
Speaker 1: do high bandwidth communications with Mars, but Starling will achieve that. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and then we'll have the first humans laid the groundwork
Speaker 1: for permanent presence on the surface. And yeah, the goal,
Speaker 1: like I said, will be to make Mars self sustaining
Speaker 1: as quickly as possible. It's just a sort of rough
Speaker 1: idea of what things will be like for the first
Speaker 1: city on Mars. My guess is we'll probably put the
Speaker 1: launch pads a little further away or the landing pads
Speaker 1: just in case. But ian four Mars, we're going to
Speaker 1: need a lot of solar power, will be you know,
Speaker 1: since you you can't really walk around on the surface
Speaker 1: of Mars, at least as yet, until Mars is terror
Speaker 1: formed to be like Earth, you need to walk around
Speaker 1: worth a Marris suit and be you know, initially in
Speaker 1: kind of like glass domes. But it would work and
Speaker 1: eventually we can make Mars into an earth like planet.
Speaker 1: We want to get to the point where we're transferring
Speaker 1: over a million tons at every Mars transfer window, and
Speaker 1: then that's like a serious civilization, a mega ton for
Speaker 1: transfer window. So yeah, I have a lot of space ports,
Speaker 1: I mean, because of the fact that you can't fly
Speaker 1: there continuously and you have to transfer in these windows.
Speaker 1: You'd have a gathering of a thousand ships or two
Speaker 1: thousand ships or more than that. So we look to
Speaker 1: have this kind of like Battlestar Glactica Fiel where all
Speaker 1: these ships are in orbit, went need to depart and uh,
Speaker 1: and then they all depart. I look at I think
Speaker 1: an amazing image of all these ships departing at once.
Speaker 1: And then you're gonna need obviously a lot of launch pads,
Speaker 1: a lot of landing pads on Mars are you'll need
Speaker 1: to move the ships off the landing pad pretty fast.
Speaker 1: So if you get it, you've got to I don't know,
Speaker 1: a few thousand ships inbound, probably need at least a
Speaker 1: few hundred pads and landing pads. And anyway, we'll solve
Speaker 1: that problem later. So yeah, anyway, this is this is
Speaker 1: like an incredible thing to have, like this amazing city
Speaker 1: on Mars, the first city on another planet and a
Speaker 1: new world. And it's also an opportunity to, I think,
Speaker 1: for the Martians to rethink how they want civilization to be,
Speaker 1: so you can maybe rethink, like what kind of form
Speaker 1: of government do you want, what new rules do you
Speaker 1: want to have. There's a lot of freedom and opportunity
Speaker 1: in Mars to do a recompile on civilization, which will
Speaker 1: be up to the Martians. So all right, let's get
Speaker 1: it done. Thank you everyone,