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Speaker 1: Yeah, there you go, all right, the gateway to Mars.

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So here we are. Here, we are at the newly

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incorporated star based Texas. This is the first new city

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made in America in I think quite a few decades

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that at least, that's what I'm told. And a very

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cool name. And it's named that because it is the

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It is where we're going to develop the technology necessary

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to take humanity and civilization and life as we know

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it to another planet for the first time in the

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four and a half billion year history of Earth. Go

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with this little video here. This is how it started

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off with basically nothing. So start Starve started off as

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basically a sandbar with nothing. Even those little things we

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built obviously that's the original sort of Mad Max rocket.

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That's where you discovered light lighting is very important for

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that Mad Max rocket. So yeah, not that long ago,

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there was basically nothing here and in the space of

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about five or six years, thanks to the incredible work

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of the SpaceX team, we've built a small city and

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we've built two gigantic launch pads and a gigantic rocket

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factory for a gigantic rocket. And the cool thing is,

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for anyone out there who's watching this you can actually

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come and visit because our entire production facility and launch

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site are on a public highway, so anyone who comes

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to South Texas can come and see the rocket pretty

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close up and see the factory. And so if anyone

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is interested in seeing the largest flying object on earth

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can come here anytime they want and just drive down

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the public highway and see it, which is pretty cool.

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So then we progress to where we are now, start

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based twenty twenty five, so we're now at the point

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where we can produce a ship roughly every two or

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three weeks. Now, we don't always produce a ship every

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two or three weeks because we are making design upgrades,

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but ultimately we're aiming for the ability to produce one

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thousand ships a year, so three ships a day. So

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that's where things are now. I'm standing in that building

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that's our hovercraft. We're driving a booster down the road

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to the launch site. You can see the megabase, and

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I said, what's the cool The cool thing for those

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out there watching this video is that you can actually

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just literally come here, drive down the road and see it,

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which is the first time in history that that's been possible.

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So all this cool stuff. You that that road on

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the left there, that highway is public and you can

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just come here and see it, which I recommend doing.

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I think it's very inspiring to see. So that's our gigabay.

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So where we're expanding integration to produce one thousand star

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shows per year. Well, yeah, that hasn't been built yet,

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but we're building it. That is a truly enormous structure.

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Is that this will be one that'll be one of

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the biggest structures, I think, by some measures, the biggest

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structure in the world, and it's designed for a thousand

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starships a year. We're also building a gigabay in Florida,

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bringing so we'll have two facilities, one in Texas and

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one in Florida. It's it's actually difficult to gauge the

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size of these buildings because you need a kind of

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human for scale where you see how tiny a human

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is next to that building, you realize just how enormous

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it is. So when we look at our built comparison

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vehicles per year, and so you look at Boeing an

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airbus making airplanes, starship make it. We'll be making at

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some point probably as many starships from Mars as Boeing

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and Airbus make commercial airplanes, So this is really at

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a scale enormal scale, and each starship will have a capability.

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Each starship is bigger than a seven forty seven or

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an A three eighty, like, it's truly enormous. And then

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in terms of starship star stalling satellites, the Version three

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satellites making on the order of five thousand a year,

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maybe at some point closer to ten thousand a year,

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and those stalling B three satellites are each the size

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of roughly a seven thirty seven. They're pretty big. That

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compares to the B twenty four bomber in World War Two.

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Now it's still small compared to Tesla, so and Tesla

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will probably be doing you know, double or trouble that

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volume in the future. So it just puts things into

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perspective that is, it is actually possible to build a

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vast number of interplanetary star shifts. And even when you

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can compare things on the tonnage standpoint, Tesla is still

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and other co company is still building far more complex

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manufactured tonnage than this basics, which is really is a

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way of saying that it's very achievable. Like these numbers.

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While they are insanely high by traditional space standards, are

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are are achievable by humans because they have been achieved

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in other industries. Progress is measured by the timeline to

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establishing a self sustaining civilization on Mars. That's how we're

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gauging out progress here at star Base. So with each launch,

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especially in the early days of Starship, each launch is

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about learning more and more about what's needed to make

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life multiplanetary and to improve Starship to the point where

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it can be taking ultimately hundreds of thousands, if not millions,

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of people to Mars. Ideally we can take anyone who

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wants to go to Mars. We can take to Mars

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and bring with it, bring all of the equipment necessary

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to make more self sustaining so Mars can grow by

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itself in a worst case scenario. Getting to the point

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where the fundamental folk in the road for human destiny

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is where where Mars can continue to grow even if

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the supply shifts from Earth stopped coming for any reason.

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At that point, we've achieved civilizational resilience where Mars can

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potentially come to the rescue of Earth if something goes wrong,

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or maybe Earth could come to the rescue of Mars.

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But having two planets that are that can that that

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are both self sustaining and strong, I think it's going

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to be incredibly important for the long term survival of civilization. So,

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like just I think any given civilization is likely to

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last maybe I don't know, ten times longer, maybe much

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longer if it is a multiplanet civilization, then if it

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is a single planet civilization, because there's always there's always

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some chance that you know, us humans could do something

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crazy like World Wars three, hopefully not, but it's possible,

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or that there could be some natural event like meteors

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or super volcanoes or something that we don't expect, and

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and and then if you only have one planet, the neck,

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that could be curtains. But if we've got two planets,

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we keep going and and then we go beyond Mars,

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ultimately to the mood maybe the asteroid belt, the moons

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are Jupiter and beyond, and ultimately to other star systems,

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and we can be out there among the stars, making

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science fiction no longer fiction. So in order to achieve

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this goal, we have to be we have to make

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rapidly reusable rockets so that the uh the cost per flight,

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the cost per ton to Mars is as low as possible.

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That's essential. So for that rapidly reusable rockets, I said,

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it's actually four urs. Right, it's like a pirate are.

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It's like rapidly reusable, reliable rockets is the key are are.

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Now we've uh aggrass to the SpaceX team on making

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incredible progress on catching a giant rocket. So it's really

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mind blowing that the SpaceX team has been able to

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catch the largest flying object ever made multiple times using

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a very novel method of catching it out of the

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air with giant chopsticks. I mean, I've ever seen that before. Yeah,

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congrarets agating. That was an incredible achievement. So the reason

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we are catching it in this way, which is never

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been done before, is in order to achieve the rapidly

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reasonable portion of the in order to make the rocket

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rapidly reasonable. So if it is if the super heavy booster,

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which is gigantic, it's like thirty feet in diameter, if

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it were to land with landing legs on landing pad,

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we would then have to pick it up, stow the legs,

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and put it back in the launch pad. And that's

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it's quite difficult to transport such a lot of thing.

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But if we catch it with the same tower that

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it's used to put it in the launch amount to

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begin with, that is the best case outcome for rapid reuse.

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So it literally gets caught by the same arms that

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placed it in the launch in launchering and then it

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is placed back in the launchering immediately. So in principle,

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the super heavy booster can be reflown within an hour

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of landing, so it comes back in about five or

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six minutes one way or another, and then it gets

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caught by the tower arms placed back in the launch mount,

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and then you can re propellant in about thirty to

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forty minutes and place a ship on top of it,

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and in principle refly the entire booster every hour, maybe

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every two hours to give a little bit of extra time.

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But let's just say it's it's very it's in the

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limit of rapid reuse. And then the next thing we

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need to do is catch the ship too. So we

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haven't done this yet, but we will. So that's what

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we hope to demonstrate later this year, maybe as soon

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as two or three months from now, and then the

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ship would be placed on top of the booster and

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then again refold with propellant and flown again with the ship.

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It takes a bit longer because it's got orbit Earth

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a few times until the groundtrack comes back over the

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launch pad. But the ship is also intended to be

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reflown multiple times per day. So is the new Raptor three,

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which is an awesome engine began to the Raftor team

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for this. This is very exciting. So a Raft three

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is designed to require no basic heat shield, saving a

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lot of mass on the bottom and actually improving reliability

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so that if there is, for example, a small fuel

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leak from the Raftor engine, it will simply leak into

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the existing flaming plasma and not really matter, whereas a

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fuel leak when the engines are contained in a box

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is a very scary thing. Indeed, So this is a

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Raptor three. Uh, it'll take it, probably a few kicks

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if the can, but it will be. It is a

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massive increase in payler capability, in engine efficiency, and in reliability.

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So this is really a revolutionary engine. The Raft three

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is really i'd say, kind of alien technology rocket engine.

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I mean even industry experts when we showed a picture

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of the RAPT three said that engine is not complete.

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So then we said, well, here's the engine not complete,

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firing at a level of efficiency that has never been

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achieved before. So I mean that is one clean engine.

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So in order to the engine like that, we had

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to simplify so many parts of the design incorporate secondary

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fluid circuits and electronics in the structure of the engine itself,

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so everything is contained and protected. It is a marvel

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of engineering. Frankly. Then one of the other technologies that's

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key for MARS is doing orbital propellant transfer. So you

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can think of this like similar to aerial refueling for airplanes,

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but in this case it's orbital refilling of rockets, which

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has never been done before. But it is, you know,

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technically feasible. I always feel like these things are a

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little NSFW sort of Listen, you've got to trans for

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food somehow, there's no this has got to be done.

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So the two starships would get together and one starship

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would transfer fuel an oxygen, and actually most of the

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masses oxygen. It's almost eighty percent oxygen that gets transferred

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a little over twenty percent fuel and and so on.

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You so you'd send a starship to orbit with that's

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full of payload, and then you send up a bunch

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of other starships up and you would refill the propellant

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on that starship, and once the propellant tanks are mostly full,

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then you can depart for the Mars, for Mars or

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the Moon or Yeah. So this is an important technology

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which we should hopefully demonstrate next year. Yeah, with the

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one of the toughest problems to solve is the reusable

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heat shield. So no, no one has ever developed a

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truly reusable orbital heat shield, so that it's extremely difficult

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to do so. Even the Shuttle Shuttle's heat shield required

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several months of refurbishment basically fixing broken tiles, testing each

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tile and because it's an extremely hard problem to be

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able to withstand the extreme heat and pressure of re entry,

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and the only things that can really withstand this level

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of heat are advanced sort of ceramics kind of you know,

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basically glass, aluminum, sometimes of carbon carbon, but very very

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little actually can survive the and with reusability, without getting

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without eroding or falling off or cracking, can survive the

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stresses of re entry. So this will be the first

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time that it's done. That that that a reusable orbital

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heat shield is developed and it needs to be obviously

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extremely reliable. So this will this will be something that

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will be working on for a few years. I think

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to keep honing the heat shield. It's it's a very

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it's it's it is an achievable thing. So we're not

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trying to do something that isn't achievable. It is within

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the realm of physics to get this done. Just an

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extraordinarily difficult thing to get done. And Marsh the Mars

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atmosphere is carbon dioxide, which at first may seem better,

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but actually it ends up being worse because it when

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the CO two turns into a plasma and you've got

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you actually end up with more free oxygen entering on

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a Mars atmosphere then on earth atmosphere. So Earth's atmosphere

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is only around twenty percent oxygen and Mars ends up

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being basically more than double that. Maybe trouble that when

240
00:21:13,839 --> 00:21:17,480
you consider when the CO two becomes a plasma and

241
00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:21,680
and you get carbon and O two, so that wants

242
00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:24,319
to oxidize the heat shield, basically burn the heat shield.

243
00:21:25,359 --> 00:21:28,880
So that's why we we test it very regular orgorously

244
00:21:28,880 --> 00:21:30,839
in a CO two atmosphere, because it's got to work

245
00:21:31,039 --> 00:21:39,920
not just for Earth but also for Mars, and we

246
00:21:40,319 --> 00:21:42,240
want to we want to use the same heat shield

247
00:21:42,319 --> 00:21:44,680
for Earth that we use for Mars, because there are

248
00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:48,240
many other factors with the heat shield, such as making

249
00:21:48,279 --> 00:21:50,319
sure the tiles don't crack or fall off or anything

250
00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:53,880
like that. So we want to have the same heat

251
00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:57,240
shield structure, same material on Earth as on Mars, so

252
00:21:57,279 --> 00:22:01,079
we can test it hundreds of times on Earth before

253
00:22:01,119 --> 00:22:03,640
going to Mars and be confident that when it goes

254
00:22:03,680 --> 00:22:24,920
to Mars it will work. So we're developing some next

255
00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:30,960
generation starships which are have a number of improvements versus

256
00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:37,119
our carrent Gent, so it's toller, for example, and has

257
00:22:37,759 --> 00:22:42,319
a better it are kind of a the interstage between

258
00:22:42,359 --> 00:22:44,720
the ship and the booster. You can see that sort

259
00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:49,480
of the sort of struts there that makes it easier

260
00:22:49,480 --> 00:22:54,880
for the flame like they're right there when doing hot staging,

261
00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:57,200
which is when we light the ship's engines while the

262
00:22:57,200 --> 00:23:00,559
booster's engines are still firing the floor I aim from

263
00:23:00,599 --> 00:23:04,559
the from the ship engines can more easily exit through

264
00:23:04,640 --> 00:23:09,599
the the open struts of the of the new interstage,

265
00:23:09,839 --> 00:23:14,079
and this case will bring the struts interstage back with

266
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:22,519
us instead of throwing it away. So a little more

267
00:23:22,559 --> 00:23:29,759
height here seventy two meters from around sixty nine repellent capacity.

268
00:23:29,799 --> 00:23:31,519
I think we'll probably push that up a little, maybe

269
00:23:31,519 --> 00:23:37,240
thirty seven hundred tons. Long term, my guesses were maybe

270
00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:41,640
around four thousand tons, and but just sort of just

271
00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:46,920
over eight you know, sort of eight thousand, probably like

272
00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:49,519
eight thousand three. This will keep getting up. My guess

273
00:23:49,559 --> 00:23:53,279
is ultimately we're four thousand tons here, close to ten

274
00:23:53,319 --> 00:23:55,079
thousand tons of thrust. But this is kind of the

275
00:23:55,119 --> 00:23:59,240
next the next level or the next version of the

276
00:23:59,319 --> 00:24:06,000
super Heavy. So the booster will look a little naked

277
00:24:06,039 --> 00:24:09,400
on the bottom because the rafter of three engines don't

278
00:24:09,440 --> 00:24:12,400
require heat shield, so it looked like it looks like

279
00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:15,200
there's kind of parts missing, but that's just because the

280
00:24:15,559 --> 00:24:20,319
rafter heat shield does not the rafter three does not

281
00:24:20,359 --> 00:24:25,240
need a heat shield, so it's just it's just standing there.

282
00:24:25,279 --> 00:24:35,079
They're in a bathed in flaming plasma. But it's a

283
00:24:35,119 --> 00:24:44,480
lot lighter, yep, integrated hot stage. I think it looks amazing.

284
00:24:49,039 --> 00:24:52,079
Then the shifts a little a little more, a little longer,

285
00:24:52,279 --> 00:24:57,039
and more capable moving to fifteen and fifty tons of

286
00:24:57,039 --> 00:25:01,839
propelling capacity. My guess is this probably ends up twenty

287
00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:08,920
more than this long term. And yeah, you can see

288
00:25:09,119 --> 00:25:16,720
the heat shield is sleeker, so much smoother boundaries as

289
00:25:16,839 --> 00:25:19,960
as the boundary of the heat shield going to the

290
00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:29,680
leeward side is very smooth, no more jagged tiles. I

291
00:25:29,680 --> 00:25:38,119
think it looks very sleek. So and this version we

292
00:25:38,160 --> 00:25:41,599
still have six engines, but a future version will have nine,

293
00:25:42,160 --> 00:25:48,240
but with the raft of three again we have improved

294
00:25:48,319 --> 00:25:55,680
reduced mass, higher specific impulse. It's this is the Starship

295
00:25:55,720 --> 00:26:02,599
Version three is really the the vote that is I

296
00:26:02,640 --> 00:26:05,359
think achieves all of the key elements. I mean generally

297
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:09,559
with any new technology, it takes three major, three major

298
00:26:09,559 --> 00:26:12,319
iterations of any major of any new technology to have

299
00:26:12,359 --> 00:26:15,480
it really, really really work well. And this with Raptor

300
00:26:15,720 --> 00:26:20,119
three and Starship and Booster version three, it should be

301
00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:22,039
able to achieve all of the things that I just mentioned,

302
00:26:22,079 --> 00:26:27,119
which is a rapidly reusable, reliable rocket with orbital refilling,

303
00:26:29,079 --> 00:26:34,079
basically all of the ingredients necessary to make life multiplanetary

304
00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:37,759
will be achieved with version three of Starship, which we're

305
00:26:37,799 --> 00:26:39,319
aiming to launch for the first time at the end

306
00:26:39,359 --> 00:26:50,759
of this year. Yeah, so you can see this is

307
00:26:52,880 --> 00:26:55,160
kind of where things are on the left, where things

308
00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:58,440
will be end of this year in the middle and

309
00:26:58,480 --> 00:27:00,839
as I was saying, kind of with will be probably

310
00:27:00,920 --> 00:27:08,039
long term, yeah, one hundred and forty two meters so,

311
00:27:09,559 --> 00:27:12,440
but the one in the middle is will be fully

312
00:27:12,440 --> 00:27:17,440
capable of doing Mars and thereafter will It'll be a

313
00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:23,640
lot of performance improvements and as as has been the

314
00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:26,480
case with the Falcon nine, we always end up making

315
00:27:26,480 --> 00:27:33,839
the rocket longer and increasing payload. So that's that's that's

316
00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:37,720
the game plan, pretty straightforward, but it's important to empa size.

317
00:27:37,759 --> 00:27:40,240
Even with the rocket that will be launching just at

318
00:27:40,279 --> 00:27:42,440
the end of this year, it will be capable of

319
00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:47,400
making life multiplanetary, and thereafter it's it's just about continuing

320
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,400
to hone the efficiency and capability of the rocket and

321
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:53,160
reduce the cost per ton, and reduce the cost per

322
00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:56,079
posting to Mars, and like I said, ultimately make its

323
00:27:56,119 --> 00:27:58,720
that anyone who wants to move to Mars and help

324
00:27:58,759 --> 00:28:05,160
build a new civilization can do so. So anyone out there, like,

325
00:28:05,240 --> 00:28:07,200
how cool will that would that be? And even if

326
00:28:07,240 --> 00:28:09,279
you don't want to do it, maybe that you have

327
00:28:10,680 --> 00:28:12,440
a son or daughter who wants to do that, or

328
00:28:13,480 --> 00:28:16,599
a friend who wants to do it, and I think

329
00:28:16,599 --> 00:28:19,640
it would be the adventure that the best adventure that

330
00:28:19,720 --> 00:28:23,200
it on it could possibly do is to go and

331
00:28:23,359 --> 00:28:35,160
help build a new civilization on a new planet. So yeah,

332
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:40,359
ultimately we'll have forty two engines, which it was inevitable

333
00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:47,359
as the prophecy foretold by the great prophet Douglas Adams

334
00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:53,359
and his you know, book of the Hitchock's Guide to

335
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:57,440
the Galaxy, the answer to the Meaning of life is

336
00:28:57,480 --> 00:29:02,759
forty two and so inevitably the starship stack will have

337
00:29:02,799 --> 00:29:14,160
forty two engines. And in terms of payload to orbit,

338
00:29:14,359 --> 00:29:17,960
what's remarkable is that it's two hundred tons of you know,

339
00:29:18,039 --> 00:29:20,119
Starship will have two hundred tons paler to orbit with

340
00:29:20,319 --> 00:29:24,720
full reusability. So this is twice the capability of the

341
00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:29,759
Saturn five Moon rocket. Saturn five Moon rocket was fully expendable. Uh,

342
00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:33,599
Starship is fully reusable. But we'll have twice the payload

343
00:29:33,640 --> 00:29:37,839
to orbit of the next biggest rocket that made it

344
00:29:37,880 --> 00:29:41,960
to orbit, which is a Saturn five. In fact, if

345
00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:46,839
without reusability, Starship would have about four hundred tons of

346
00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:51,759
palo to orbit. So this is a this is a

347
00:29:51,839 --> 00:29:55,599
very big rocket, is what I'm saying. So, but you

348
00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:59,000
need a big rocket, you know, the you know, make

349
00:29:59,079 --> 00:30:02,680
life multiplanetary. And then along the way we could do

350
00:30:02,799 --> 00:30:06,160
very cool things like have a moon base, like moon

351
00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:10,240
based Alpha. Long ago there was a TV show about

352
00:30:10,279 --> 00:30:14,799
moon based Alpha. You can't couldn't think about the physics

353
00:30:14,799 --> 00:30:17,000
of that too much because apparently, like the moon base

354
00:30:17,039 --> 00:30:20,920
was like drifting away from Earth. But anyway, we should

355
00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:23,039
have a moon based alpha, which is the next step

356
00:30:23,079 --> 00:30:24,960
after the Apollo program, would be to have a base

357
00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:27,599
on the Moon, so you could like you could have

358
00:30:27,599 --> 00:30:34,960
a like a gigantic you know, science station doing research

359
00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:36,799
about the nature of the universe on the Moon. Would

360
00:30:36,799 --> 00:30:42,440
be very cool. So in terms of like when can

361
00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:44,039
you go to Mars, So you can go to Mars

362
00:30:44,079 --> 00:30:49,000
every two years or every twenty six months. So the

363
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,400
next Mars opportunity is at the end of next year,

364
00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:53,960
in about eighteen months, So November December is the next

365
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:56,960
Mars opportunity. So we'll try to make that opportunity. If

366
00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:58,960
we get lucky. I think we'll probably have a fifty

367
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:02,119
to fifty chance right now, because we've got to we've

368
00:31:02,119 --> 00:31:06,200
got to figure out orbital refilling in order to have

369
00:31:06,319 --> 00:31:09,240
enough capability to go to Mars. But if we achieve

370
00:31:09,319 --> 00:31:12,640
orbital refilling in time, then we will launch the first

371
00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:16,960
uncrewed starship to Mars at the end of next year.

372
00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:28,119
So this gives you an illustration of how does how

373
00:31:28,119 --> 00:31:30,279
does the spaceship go from Earth to Mars. So you've

374
00:31:30,279 --> 00:31:44,960
got blue Earth there and red Mars. And I mean

375
00:31:44,960 --> 00:31:48,640
the the actual distance traveled on the arc is close

376
00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:52,000
to it, like a thousand times further than the Moon.

377
00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:57,079
So you can't just go straight to Mars. You have

378
00:31:57,119 --> 00:32:00,920
to create this elliptical orbit with Earth at one point

379
00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:03,039
and Mars at the other side at the far end

380
00:32:03,039 --> 00:32:07,759
of the ellipse, and then time the time where you

381
00:32:07,799 --> 00:32:10,440
are in that and that ellipse to intersect with Mars

382
00:32:11,079 --> 00:32:15,440
and this so this is a the orbital transfer or

383
00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:18,240
how you do orbital transfer from Earth to Mars. And

384
00:32:18,279 --> 00:32:21,240
if you look on your starlink Wi Fi router, you'll

385
00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:25,920
see this image because the starlink Wi Fi is what

386
00:32:26,079 --> 00:32:29,079
is starling. Internet is what's being used to pay for

387
00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:33,640
humanity getting to Mars. So I'd just like to thank

388
00:32:33,680 --> 00:32:37,640
everyone out there who's bought Starlink because you're helping helping

389
00:32:38,079 --> 00:32:41,480
secure the future of civilization and helping make life multiple

390
00:32:41,559 --> 00:32:45,200
multiplanetary and helping make humanity a space baring civilization. Thank you.

391
00:32:54,599 --> 00:32:58,839
So this is a tentative game plan here where we're

392
00:32:58,839 --> 00:33:05,119
hoping to the hoping to achieve where we increase the

393
00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:09,119
cadence of flights to Mars dramatically with every launch window.

394
00:33:09,319 --> 00:33:15,480
So every every roughly two years, we are dramatically increasing

395
00:33:15,519 --> 00:33:19,799
the number of of ships that go to Mars and

396
00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:23,519
ultimately try to get to a thousand or two thousand ships.

397
00:33:24,240 --> 00:33:33,799
Uh you know per Mars rendezvous. The the I mean

398
00:33:33,880 --> 00:33:36,119
as a rough order manning two. There's just guesses obviously,

399
00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:38,000
but we need to get about a thou about about

400
00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:41,039
a million tons is my guess to the soaps of

401
00:33:41,039 --> 00:33:46,480
Mars to make a civilization or Mars self sustaining against

402
00:33:46,559 --> 00:33:49,640
that critical point where if the if the re supply

403
00:33:49,720 --> 00:33:53,160
ship's most stopped coming for any reason, Mars still succeeds,

404
00:33:53,279 --> 00:33:56,359
Mars can still grow. And so you can't be missing anything.

405
00:33:56,440 --> 00:33:58,440
You can't be missing even like the equivalent of vitamin

406
00:33:58,440 --> 00:33:59,960
C or anything. You've got to have everything you need

407
00:34:00,279 --> 00:34:05,160
for Mars to grow. That's that's essential. So my guess

408
00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:06,839
is that's about a million tons, but it might be

409
00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:09,760
ten million tons. I hope it's not one hundred million tons.

410
00:34:10,199 --> 00:34:14,000
That'd be a lot. But we want to try to

411
00:34:14,039 --> 00:34:16,679
get to that point and secure the future of civilization

412
00:34:16,719 --> 00:34:23,280
as quickly as possible, so we're looking at different locations.

413
00:34:24,519 --> 00:34:28,719
The lead candidate right now is the Arcadia region. So

414
00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:32,199
Mars has a lot of real estate. But when you

415
00:34:33,360 --> 00:34:35,559
combine all of the factors and say, okay, we need

416
00:34:35,599 --> 00:34:38,039
we can't be too close to the poles, we need

417
00:34:38,079 --> 00:34:42,119
to be near ice for for to get to get water,

418
00:34:43,960 --> 00:34:49,400
and can't be too mountainous for the rockets, then you

419
00:34:49,639 --> 00:34:53,119
it narrows down to a smaller region. So Arcadia is uh,

420
00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:56,880
it's one of my my daughter's the name is Arcadia

421
00:34:56,920 --> 00:35:02,519
actually is one of the options. So we got the

422
00:35:02,559 --> 00:35:06,239
first starships on Mars gather critical data. So the first

423
00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:08,880
the first flights there we'll send with the Optimist robot

424
00:35:10,199 --> 00:35:12,079
so we can go out there and explore and kind

425
00:35:12,079 --> 00:35:15,920
of prepare the way for humans and that'll be a

426
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:19,239
very cool image if we're able to achieve it by

427
00:35:19,280 --> 00:35:21,519
launching and the next year would actually technically arrive in

428
00:35:21,519 --> 00:35:27,079
twenty twenty seven, but that would be an epic fixture

429
00:35:27,320 --> 00:35:30,159
to see Optimists walking around on the surface of Mars.

430
00:35:34,159 --> 00:35:39,039
And then with the launching two years later, we would

431
00:35:39,119 --> 00:35:43,239
be sending humans. Seeing the first missions are successful and

432
00:35:43,280 --> 00:35:45,960
they land successfully, would send humans on the next mission,

433
00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:53,599
and we'll really start building the infrastructure for Mars. So anyway,

434
00:35:53,679 --> 00:35:55,559
might maybe just to be safe and we might just

435
00:35:55,559 --> 00:36:00,840
do two landing episodes with the Optimists and do the

436
00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:06,320
third one with humans. We'll see that classic picture of

437
00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:15,119
the workers on the Empire state. And then for communications

438
00:36:15,119 --> 00:36:18,480
on Mars, we'll be using a motion of Starling to

439
00:36:18,599 --> 00:36:34,920
provide Internet on Mars. Yeah, so the speed of light,

440
00:36:35,159 --> 00:36:37,719
even moving up the speed of light, your best case

441
00:36:37,719 --> 00:36:40,840
scenario is I guess Rik around three and a half

442
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:46,199
minutes to Mars and then worst cases twenty two minutes

443
00:36:46,280 --> 00:36:48,199
or more. Because Mars is on the other side of

444
00:36:48,239 --> 00:36:55,159
the Sun from Earth. So anyway, it's quite challenging to

445
00:36:55,159 --> 00:37:03,360
do high bandwidth communications with Mars, but Starling will achieve that. Yeah,

446
00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:05,639
and then we'll have the first humans laid the groundwork

447
00:37:05,679 --> 00:37:11,320
for permanent presence on the surface. And yeah, the goal,

448
00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:13,559
like I said, will be to make Mars self sustaining

449
00:37:14,119 --> 00:37:23,239
as quickly as possible. It's just a sort of rough

450
00:37:23,280 --> 00:37:25,519
idea of what things will be like for the first

451
00:37:25,519 --> 00:37:28,000
city on Mars. My guess is we'll probably put the

452
00:37:28,079 --> 00:37:32,559
launch pads a little further away or the landing pads

453
00:37:32,639 --> 00:37:36,960
just in case. But ian four Mars, we're going to

454
00:37:37,079 --> 00:37:41,760
need a lot of solar power, will be you know,

455
00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:45,880
since you you can't really walk around on the surface

456
00:37:45,920 --> 00:37:48,159
of Mars, at least as yet, until Mars is terror

457
00:37:48,199 --> 00:37:52,039
formed to be like Earth, you need to walk around

458
00:37:52,119 --> 00:37:56,159
worth a Marris suit and be you know, initially in

459
00:37:56,320 --> 00:38:01,440
kind of like glass domes. But it would work and

460
00:38:01,519 --> 00:38:04,360
eventually we can make Mars into an earth like planet.

461
00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:11,679
We want to get to the point where we're transferring

462
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:16,519
over a million tons at every Mars transfer window, and

463
00:38:16,559 --> 00:38:20,960
then that's like a serious civilization, a mega ton for

464
00:38:21,079 --> 00:38:31,519
transfer window. So yeah, I have a lot of space ports,

465
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:34,679
I mean, because of the fact that you can't fly

466
00:38:34,760 --> 00:38:37,239
there continuously and you have to transfer in these windows.

467
00:38:37,679 --> 00:38:40,679
You'd have a gathering of a thousand ships or two

468
00:38:40,719 --> 00:38:43,039
thousand ships or more than that. So we look to

469
00:38:43,159 --> 00:38:45,320
have this kind of like Battlestar Glactica Fiel where all

470
00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:48,719
these ships are in orbit, went need to depart and uh,

471
00:38:48,840 --> 00:38:53,840
and then they all depart. I look at I think

472
00:38:54,119 --> 00:38:56,679
an amazing image of all these ships departing at once.

473
00:38:57,280 --> 00:38:59,920
And then you're gonna need obviously a lot of launch pads,

474
00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:03,800
a lot of landing pads on Mars are you'll need

475
00:39:03,880 --> 00:39:08,039
to move the ships off the landing pad pretty fast.

476
00:39:09,519 --> 00:39:11,719
So if you get it, you've got to I don't know,

477
00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:15,599
a few thousand ships inbound, probably need at least a

478
00:39:15,599 --> 00:39:23,599
few hundred pads and landing pads. And anyway, we'll solve

479
00:39:23,599 --> 00:39:31,599
that problem later. So yeah, anyway, this is this is

480
00:39:31,599 --> 00:39:34,639
like an incredible thing to have, like this amazing city

481
00:39:34,639 --> 00:39:44,079
on Mars, the first city on another planet and a

482
00:39:44,119 --> 00:39:50,599
new world. And it's also an opportunity to, I think,

483
00:39:50,639 --> 00:39:56,599
for the Martians to rethink how they want civilization to be,

484
00:39:57,400 --> 00:39:59,639
so you can maybe rethink, like what kind of form

485
00:39:59,639 --> 00:40:02,000
of government do you want, what new rules do you

486
00:40:02,039 --> 00:40:06,159
want to have. There's a lot of freedom and opportunity

487
00:40:06,199 --> 00:40:11,320
in Mars to do a recompile on civilization, which will

488
00:40:11,320 --> 00:40:18,519
be up to the Martians. So all right, let's get

489
00:40:18,559 --> 00:40:24,159
it done. Thank you everyone,