Speaker 1: All right, let's dive into microprocessors today. Cool you shared
Speaker 1: a chapter from Microprocessor two. Communication in a Digital System.
Speaker 2: By Philip Darsh Right by Philip darsh good choice.
Speaker 1: Yeah, it looks like he really gets into the wheeze
Speaker 1: on how all the parts of a digital system.
Speaker 2: Like your computer.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, like your computer actually talk to each other.
Speaker 2: Yeah. It's way more complex than people think for sure.
Speaker 1: That's what we're going to unpack in this deep die. Right,
Speaker 1: the concept of the bus the boss, I'm already intrigued.
Speaker 1: Isn't it more than just a simple connection?
Speaker 2: Oh? Yeah, way more?
Speaker 1: Okay.
Speaker 2: The bus is like the central nervous system of a
Speaker 2: digital system. Okay, think of it as an information super highway, okay,
Speaker 2: with data constantly flowing between the microprocessor, the memory, and peripherals.
Speaker 1: I like that analogy. So data is the traffic on
Speaker 1: this highway. Yeah. Does that mean there can be traffic
Speaker 1: jams too?
Speaker 2: Absolutely, Just like a real highway. You have bottlenecks when
Speaker 2: multiple devices want to use the bus at the same time,
Speaker 2: and that's where bus arbitration comes in. It's like the
Speaker 2: traffic management system with rules to decide who gets priority.
Speaker 1: So it's not just a free for all. There's an
Speaker 1: actual logic, there's rule deciding which data gets to.
Speaker 2: Go first, right, And the chapter talks about different arbitration
Speaker 2: schemes you know, yeah, fixed priority where some devices always
Speaker 2: get to go first, round robin, which is like taking
Speaker 2: turns first come, first serve, which can be a little chaotic.
Speaker 1: So that's fascinating. And the chapter mentions different types of buses, right, yes,
Speaker 1: like control, address and data buses.
Speaker 2: That's right.
Speaker 1: What's the deal with that?
Speaker 2: So each bus carries a specific type of information, okay,
Speaker 2: and they all work together for seamless communication.
Speaker 1: Got it.
Speaker 2: Think of it as like a three lane highway. One
Speaker 2: lane for control signals. Imagine those are the traffic signals
Speaker 2: and signs, one lane dedicated to addresses, you know. Think
Speaker 2: of those as the GPS coordinates telling data where to go.
Speaker 2: And then the third lane reserved for the actual data
Speaker 2: being transferred.
Speaker 1: So it's like a perfectly coordinated system, it is. That's
Speaker 1: really cool. Yeah, what I'm curious about is this bus
Speaker 1: w thing. Okay, why does that matter?
Speaker 2: So think of the bus with as the number of
Speaker 2: lanes on our data highway. Oh yeah, a wider bus
Speaker 2: like a thirty two bit bus compared to an eight
Speaker 2: bit bus can carry more data simultaneously. It's like having
Speaker 2: a multi lane highway versus a single lane road. Right,
Speaker 2: the wider one can just handle a much higher volume
Speaker 2: of traffic.
Speaker 1: That makes sense. That's a great way to visualize it. Yeah,
Speaker 1: so wider bus, faster data transfer.
Speaker 2: Faster data transfer, got it.
Speaker 1: Now, what about this serial versus parallel communication. Yeah, I'm
Speaker 1: seeing both of those mentioned in the chapter.
Speaker 2: Okay, So imagine serial communication as a single lane road
Speaker 2: where bits of data travel one by one, knows to tail.
Speaker 2: It's simple, cost effective, but not the fact. Parallel communication,
Speaker 2: on the other hand, is like a multi lane highway
Speaker 2: where multiple bits can travel side by side dister, but
Speaker 2: requires more complex wiring.
Speaker 1: So cereals like the scenic route maybe for smaller data packets. Yeah,
Speaker 1: parallels the express lane for when you need speed exactly.
Speaker 2: And you know what, the IBMPC actually used a partially
Speaker 2: multiplex bus, the eighty eighty eight. Really, it combined elements
Speaker 2: of both cereal and parallel. It was a clever cost
Speaker 2: saving design choice back in the day.
Speaker 1: Oh that's really interesting. So even in the early days
Speaker 1: they were optimizing for cost and efficiency oh yeah. Now,
Speaker 1: something that's bit on my mind is timing. Okay, how
Speaker 1: do all these components stay in sync? The chapter talks
Speaker 1: about synchronous and asynchronous communication. What's the difference?
Speaker 2: So, synchronous communication is like a perfectly choreographed dance, okay,
Speaker 2: Everything happens in sync with a clock signal. Think of
Speaker 2: it as like the conductor's baton, keeping everyone on beat.
Speaker 2: It makes it reliable, but very dependent on precise time. Okay,
Speaker 2: any slight delay can throw things off.
Speaker 1: What about asynchronous communication, it's more like a.
Speaker 2: Free flowing conversation.
Speaker 1: Okay.
Speaker 2: Devices communicate without a shared clock signal, so it gives
Speaker 2: it more flexibility. But to avoid chaos, they rely on
Speaker 2: handshake protocols and shake protocols.
Speaker 1: Yes, that sounds interesting.
Speaker 2: Imagine sending a text and waiting for a reply to
Speaker 2: confirm the other person received it. Handshake protocols work similarly,
Speaker 2: but in the digital world they use request and acknowledge
Speaker 2: signals right, basically digital handshakes to ensure data is received correctly.
Speaker 1: So it's like building in a confirmation step to avoid
Speaker 1: messages getting lost exactly. That's smart. Yeah, are there different
Speaker 1: types of handshakes? There?
Speaker 2: Are you have two phase and four phase handshakes, each
Speaker 2: with its own You know, speed and efficiency trade offs.
Speaker 1: Got it.
Speaker 2: It's a bit like choosing between a quick nod of
Speaker 2: acknowledgment or a full blown handshake. The context determines what's
Speaker 2: more efficient.
Speaker 1: Okay, So we've got our data buses traffic management with
Speaker 1: arbitration handshakes to ensure smooth communication. How do we know
Speaker 1: that data itself isn't getting corrupted during all this back
Speaker 1: and forth?
Speaker 2: Excellent point. Data integrity is crucial, and the chapter describes
Speaker 2: techniques like bundled data and single rail encoding, simple but
Speaker 2: effective ways to validate the data being transmitted.
Speaker 1: Bundled data. Bundled data sounds straightforward, it is.
Speaker 2: Ok You basically send the data along with a signal
Speaker 2: that acts like a seal of approval, confirming its validity.
Speaker 2: It's like adding a tamperproof seal to a package.
Speaker 1: And single rail encoding.
Speaker 2: Single rail uses a single wire to represent both the
Speaker 2: data and its validity. It's simple, but has limitations in
Speaker 2: terms of speed and robustness. A more robust approach is
Speaker 2: dual rail encoding, also known as one of two code. Okay,
Speaker 2: This technique uses two wires for each bit, and only
Speaker 2: one wires bus to carry a signal at any time,
Speaker 2: so it makes it easier to detect if an error
Speaker 2: occurred oh during transmission. Interesting adding a layer of protection.
Speaker 1: So much thought goes into ensuring the data stays intact.
Speaker 2: Yeah, it's like they thought of everything they try to
Speaker 2: And we haven't even gotten to special bus cycles. Oh yeah,
Speaker 2: which handle more complex operations. All right, but maybe we
Speaker 2: should save that for part two.
Speaker 1: Agreed, Let's give our listeners a chance to process this
Speaker 1: information before we dive into even more fascinating aspects of
Speaker 1: microprocessor communication.
Speaker 2: That's a good idea.
Speaker 1: Stay tuned for part two.
Speaker 2: Absolutely, welcome back back for more.
Speaker 1: We left off with the promise of diving into these
Speaker 1: special bus cycles. What are they all about?
Speaker 2: So think of them as the advanced maneuvers on our
Speaker 2: data highway instead of just basic reads and writes. Special
Speaker 2: bus cycles handle more complex operations. Okay, like when you
Speaker 2: need to modify data that's already stored in memory.
Speaker 1: So give me an example.
Speaker 2: Take DRAM or dynamic random access memory. It's the main
Speaker 2: memory in most computers, but it requires a special type
Speaker 2: of bus cycle called read modify. Right, So you first
Speaker 2: have to read the existing data, modify it, and then
Speaker 2: write it back, all in one coordinated sequence.
Speaker 1: So it's not as simple as just overwriting the old data.
Speaker 2: Not with DRAM. It's a bit more involved, but essential
Speaker 2: for how most computer memory functions. And then you have
Speaker 2: scenarios where you need to communicate with multiple devices at once. Okay,
Speaker 2: that's where broadcast and broad call come in.
Speaker 1: Broadcasts and broad call, yeah, so it's like sending a
Speaker 1: mass email instead of individual messages exactly.
Speaker 2: Broadcast is like sending the same data to multiple devices simultaneously.
Speaker 1: Got it.
Speaker 2: Think of it as a system wide announcement.
Speaker 1: Okay.
Speaker 2: Broad call is the opposite. It's like collecting information from
Speaker 2: multiple devices at once.
Speaker 1: Makes sense. Are there any other special bus cycles mentioned
Speaker 1: in the chapter.
Speaker 2: Yes, there's burst mode.
Speaker 1: Burst mode which is.
Speaker 2: Used for efficiently transferring large chunks of data. Okay, think
Speaker 2: of it like downloading a large file instead of getting
Speaker 2: it piece by piece. Burst mode allows for a continuous
Speaker 2: stream of data, right, significantly speeding up the process.
Speaker 1: That's way more efficient, more efficient. So we've got these
Speaker 1: special bus cycles handling these complex scenarios. Yeah, but what
Speaker 1: happens when a device needs the microprocessors attention urgently, Okay,
Speaker 1: does it just have to wait its turn.
Speaker 2: That's where interrupts come in.
Speaker 1: Interruption.
Speaker 2: Yeah, they're like the emergency alert system of a digital system.
Speaker 1: Okay.
Speaker 2: Imagine you're cooking dinner and the smoke alarm goes off, Right,
Speaker 2: you immediately stop what you're doing and address the urgent situation.
Speaker 1: Of course, it's a priority.
Speaker 2: Exactly. Interrupts work similarly, there's signals that tell the processor
Speaker 2: to pause its current task and handle a high priority
Speaker 2: event like a keystroke or a mouse click or a
Speaker 2: critical error.
Speaker 1: So it's like pushing a button that says, hey, pay
Speaker 1: attention to me right now.
Speaker 2: Yeah, exactly, got it.
Speaker 1: And the chapter explains how in signs can be shared, yes,
Speaker 1: but that this needs careful management to avoid missing requests.
Speaker 2: Right. Imagine multiple people shouting for your attention at the
Speaker 2: same time. Right, It's easy to miss something important.
Speaker 1: That makes sense. You don't want those urgent messages getting
Speaker 1: lost in the chaos. Now, so far we focused on
Speaker 1: the bus itself, right, Can we zoom out and look
Speaker 1: at how all these different buses and components connect in
Speaker 1: a typical computer system.
Speaker 2: Absolutely, think of a computer as a city. Okay, with
Speaker 2: different districts connected by a network of roads. Right, you
Speaker 2: have the central business district that's like the microprocessor, the
Speaker 2: residential areas which are like the memory modules, and the
Speaker 2: industrial zones which are like the peripherals.
Speaker 1: Okay, I could see that analogy working.
Speaker 2: Yeah, And just like a city needs efficient transportation, a
Speaker 2: computer needs different types of buses to connect everything.
Speaker 1: Right.
Speaker 2: You have internal buses within the microprocessor itself, Okay, system
Speaker 2: buses connecting major components like the CPU and memory, and
Speaker 2: external buses for peripherals like hard drives and expansion cards.
Speaker 1: So it's like a hierarchy of buses, each with its
Speaker 1: own purpose exactly.
Speaker 2: And to manage the flow of data between different buses,
Speaker 2: ok you have bridges and chipsets. Bridges and chipsets, they
Speaker 2: act like traffic interchanges, routing data to the correct destination.
Speaker 1: So that's pretty amazing. It's a good, perfectly organized transportation system.
Speaker 1: But for data it is.
Speaker 2: And remember the pcibus we mentioned earlier. Yeah, it was
Speaker 2: a significant advancement because it was designed to be independent
Speaker 2: of the microprocessor, right, allowing for a wide range of
Speaker 2: expansion cards like graphics cards, sound cards, and network adapters.
Speaker 1: Right, all those different cards. Yeah, it's fascinating to think
Speaker 1: about how they all communicated seamlessly with the rest of
Speaker 1: the system.
Speaker 2: It is, and speaking of evolution. As microprocessors became more
Speaker 2: complex with multiple cores and specialized units, traditional buses started
Speaker 2: to show their limitations. Okay, it's like a city outgrowing
Speaker 2: its existing road network.
Speaker 1: Huh.
Speaker 2: You need a more advanced solution, and that's where network
Speaker 2: on chip or no C comes in.
Speaker 1: No C. You tease this earlier. Yes, it sounds like
Speaker 1: the next level of on chip communication. It is what
Speaker 1: makes it so special.
Speaker 2: So no C is a paradigm shift from the traditional
Speaker 2: shared bus architecture. Okay, imagine instead of having a few
Speaker 2: major highways connecting everything, you have a network of smaller,
Speaker 2: interconnected roads that can handle more traffic and are less
Speaker 2: prone to bottlenecks.
Speaker 1: So it's a more distributed approach exactly.
Speaker 2: New C uses a network of interconnected routers to move
Speaker 2: data around the chip.
Speaker 1: Okay.
Speaker 2: Each component or node has its own router okay, and
Speaker 2: data is transmitted in packets, much like on the Internet.
Speaker 1: So it's like having a mini Internet within the microprocessor itself.
Speaker 2: You got it, And just like the Internet, no C
Speaker 2: offers scalability. You can add more components without overwhelming the system.
Speaker 2: It also provides flexibility, allowing for different types of connections
Speaker 2: and data paths right to optimize for performance and power consumption.
Speaker 1: So it's not just about speed, it's about efficiency too.
Speaker 2: Absolutely, and because data is transmitted in packets, only the
Speaker 2: necessary components are activated, which reduces overall power usage. Right.
Speaker 2: No C also allows for fine grain control over voltage
Speaker 2: and frequency, okay, further enhancing energy efficiency.
Speaker 1: This is incredible, it's pretty cool. It seems like no
Speaker 1: C is the future of on chip communication.
Speaker 2: Then it's certainly a major trend.
Speaker 1: Okay.
Speaker 2: Of course, there are challenges in designing and implementing no
Speaker 2: SE's right, you know, routing algorithms, congestion management, and ensuring
Speaker 2: data integrity are complex issues, but the potential benefits are enormous,
Speaker 2: especially as we continue to pack more transistors onto ever
Speaker 2: smaller chips.
Speaker 1: It's amazing how engineers are constantly pushing the boundaries of
Speaker 1: what's possible. It is we've come a long way from
Speaker 1: those early simple buses to this intricate world of no ce's.
Speaker 2: Yeah, long way.
Speaker 1: It makes you wonder what's next for microprocessor communication.
Speaker 2: It's an exciting time to be following this field. Yeah,
Speaker 2: but before we get too far ahead of ourselves, let's
Speaker 2: take a moment to appreciate something often overlooked.
Speaker 1: Okay, the power bus. The power bus.
Speaker 2: It may not be involved in communication directly, but it's
Speaker 2: the lifeline that provides the energy for everything to run.
Speaker 1: The power bus the unsung hero of the digital world. Absolutely,
Speaker 1: Maliars tell me more so.
Speaker 2: The power bus is like the electrical grid of a city, Okay,
Speaker 2: but on a microscopic scale. It's a network of conductors,
Speaker 2: usually copper traces, are wires that distribute electricity to every
Speaker 2: component on a chip or motherboard. And unlike your home's
Speaker 2: electrical outlet, which provides a single voltage, modern microprocessors require multiple,
Speaker 2: precisely regulated voltages to meet the needs of different components.
Speaker 1: So it's not just about delivering power. It's about delivering
Speaker 1: the right kind of power to each part of the
Speaker 1: system exactly.
Speaker 2: Think of it like having different types of power adapters
Speaker 2: for your phone, laptop, and other devices. Each one needs
Speaker 2: a specific voltage and current to operate correctly. The power
Speaker 2: bus ensures each component receives the right amount of power
Speaker 2: at the right time, allowing for optimal performance, stability, and
Speaker 2: energy efficiency.
Speaker 1: It's like a delicate balancing act, then it is.
Speaker 2: Power management is crucial, especially as our digital systems become
Speaker 2: more powerful and complex. Too much power can damage components,
Speaker 2: too little can lead to instability and malfunctions.
Speaker 1: So the next time I use my computer or a smartphone,
Speaker 1: I'll be thinking about all these intricate processes happening behind
Speaker 1: the scenes. You should including the power bus diligently keeping
Speaker 1: everything running.
Speaker 2: Absolutely, it's a testament to the ingenuity of engineers who
Speaker 2: have mastered the art of delivering power on such a
Speaker 2: tiny scale.
Speaker 1: It really is.
Speaker 2: But we've covered a lot of ground today we have.
Speaker 2: Maybe it's time to take a break and let our
Speaker 2: listener digest all this information.
Speaker 1: Agreed, we'll be back with part three of our deep dive,
Speaker 1: where we'll explore the evolution of communication protocols and standards.
Speaker 2: Looking forward to it, Stay.
Speaker 1: Tuned, Welcome back to our microprocessor deep dive. We've explored buses,
Speaker 1: data transfer, all that, even touched on the future with
Speaker 1: network on chip right, But something I'm really curious about
Speaker 1: is how all this evolved over time. Oh yeah, you know,
Speaker 1: from the early days of microprocessors to now.
Speaker 2: It's a fascinating history.
Speaker 1: Yeah.
Speaker 2: You know, in the early days, things were much simpler.
Speaker 2: Microprocessors like the Intel eighty eighty, the Motorola sixty eight hundred,
Speaker 2: they had they had basic buses, you know, limited in
Speaker 2: speed and capabilities.
Speaker 1: So were they like the dial up modems of their time.
Speaker 2: Yeah, that's a good analogy. Back then, you know, those
Speaker 2: early buses were sufficient for the tax at hand, right,
Speaker 2: But as microprocessors, as they rapidly advanced, the demand for faster,
Speaker 2: more robust communication grew and that's when we started seeing
Speaker 2: dedicated bus standards emerged.
Speaker 1: Okay, so what were some of the early pioneers in
Speaker 1: bus standards.
Speaker 2: So one of the first widely adopted standard was the
Speaker 2: S one hundred bus S one hundred bus, which came
Speaker 2: out in the mid nineteen seventies. It was a it
Speaker 2: was a parallel bus with you guessed it, one hundred
Speaker 2: lines used in some of the first personal computers. Oh wow,
Speaker 2: And it was it was a revolutionary step towards modularity,
Speaker 2: allowing for you know, various peripherals expansion cards to be connected.
Speaker 1: So the S one hundred bus was like opening up
Speaker 1: a whole new world of possibilities for early PCs.
Speaker 2: Exactly. It was a huge leap forward. However, as as
Speaker 2: processor speeds increased, the S one hundred bus started showing
Speaker 2: its limitations. Issues like signal reflections and crosstalk.
Speaker 1: Emerged, and cross stock.
Speaker 2: Which are which are basically electrical interference that can corrupt data.
Speaker 2: Think of it as like trying to have a conversation
Speaker 2: in a noisy room. Sometimes a message gets lost.
Speaker 1: So they needed a more robust solution, yeah, to keep
Speaker 1: up with the increasing speed and complexity.
Speaker 2: Right, and that and that need led to the development
Speaker 2: of standards like ISA and later PCI PCI. These names
Speaker 2: might ring a bell, especially if you've ever tinkered with
Speaker 2: a desktop PC.
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I remember those ISA slots for those long
Speaker 1: black connectors on the motherboard.
Speaker 2: That's the one ISA stands for Industry Standard Architecture.
Speaker 1: Right.
Speaker 2: It was introduced by IBM in the early nineteen eighties. Right,
Speaker 2: and it was. It was a parallel bus, okay, that
Speaker 2: offered better performance and compatibility compared to its predecessors.
Speaker 1: Right, But even ISA eventually hit its limits, of course,
Speaker 1: as processor speeds continued to soar. So what came after is.
Speaker 2: Enter PCI okay, or Peripheral component interconnect Okay. In the
Speaker 2: mid nineteen nineties, okay, and it was a it was
Speaker 2: a high speed parallel bus Okay, that blue ISA out
Speaker 2: of the water in terms of data transfer rates. Wows us.
Speaker 2: It introduced features like bus mastering and plug and play.
Speaker 1: Bus mastering, Yeah, plug and play those are game changes
Speaker 1: back there.
Speaker 2: They were huge. Yeah. Made adding and configuring devices much
Speaker 2: easier for users.
Speaker 1: Yeah. I remember the days of having to manually set
Speaker 1: jumpers can figure IRQs for every new device.
Speaker 2: It was a pain, It was a headache. Yeah. PCI
Speaker 2: simplified things significantly. Bus Mastering allowed peripherals to access memory
Speaker 2: directly without bogging down the CPU, and plug and play
Speaker 2: made installing new hardware practically effortless.
Speaker 1: Yeah.
Speaker 2: It truly was a revolution in PC architecture.
Speaker 1: So PCI was a major step forward. But as we've seen,
Speaker 1: technology never stand still. Now, what happened next in this
Speaker 1: evolution of bus standards?
Speaker 2: So as we entered the twenty first century, okay, a
Speaker 2: new trend emerged, the shift towards serial communication. Remember our
Speaker 2: earlier analogy of the single lane road versus the multi
Speaker 2: lane highway, right, parallel communicate like PCI was like that
Speaker 2: multi lane highway fast book complex. Serial communication, on the
Speaker 2: other hand, was like the single lane road, simpler, more
Speaker 2: cost effective.
Speaker 1: But didn't we say cereal was slower? How to become
Speaker 1: the dominant approach?
Speaker 2: That's the that's the key point. Advancements in technology allowed
Speaker 2: serial communication to reach speeds that rivaled okay, and eventually
Speaker 2: surpassed parallel buses and and this shift led to the
Speaker 2: rise of standards like PCI Express or PCI ECI. Success
Speaker 2: of the PCI exactly, PCI took the best of both worlds.
Speaker 2: It's a it's a high speed serial bus, right that
Speaker 2: uses point to point connections. Think of it as each
Speaker 2: device having a dedicated lane directly to the chipset or processor,
Speaker 2: eliminating the bottlenecks and contention of shared buses.
Speaker 1: So no more traffic jams on the data highway.
Speaker 2: No more traffic jams.
Speaker 1: Each device has its own express lane exactly. Wow.
Speaker 2: This architecture allows for incredible data transfer rates, and DCIE
Speaker 2: continues to evolve. We're now up to PCIe five point
Speaker 2: zero really, and even faster versions are on the horizon.
Speaker 1: It's mind boggling to think how far we've come from
Speaker 1: those early simple buses to these incredibly sophisticated serial communication standards.
Speaker 2: It really is.
Speaker 1: It's pretty amazing.
Speaker 2: And this evolution isn't limited to desktop PCs. Serial communications
Speaker 2: standards like USB seta Thunderbolt. They've become ubiquitous, Yeah, revolutionizing
Speaker 2: how we connect to everything from smartphones to external hard drives.
Speaker 1: It's true those names are practically household terms now they are. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I can't imagine life without them, right.
Speaker 2: They've made our digital lives so much easier and more connected. Yea.
Speaker 2: And as we move towards an even more interconnected world
Speaker 2: right with billions of devices exchanging data whylessly Wow, communication
Speaker 2: protocols and standards will continue to evolve and play a
Speaker 2: vital role in shaping our technological landscape.
Speaker 1: This has been a fantastic overview of how microprocessors communicate.
Speaker 1: It has from the foundational concepts of buses to the
Speaker 1: intricate world of network on chip and the remarkable evolution
Speaker 1: of communication standards.
Speaker 2: Absolutely, we've explored the highways and byways of the digital world,
Speaker 2: and I hope you've gained a deeper appreciation I have
Speaker 2: for the ingenuity and complexity behind the systems that we
Speaker 2: rely on every day.
Speaker 1: Absolutely, it's been an eye opening journey it has, and
Speaker 1: a reminder that even in the invisible realm of ones
Speaker 1: and zeros, there's a fascinating story there is of innovation
Speaker 1: and progress waiting.
Speaker 2: To be told, and that story is far from over.
Speaker 2: As technology continues to advance, we can only imagine what
Speaker 2: exciting new developments await us in the world of microprocessor
Speaker 2: communicator exactly.
Speaker 1: Who knows what the future holds, but one thing's for sure,
Speaker 1: it's going to be an exciting ride.
Speaker 2: It will be.
Speaker 1: Thanks for joining us on this incredible deep dive into
Speaker 1: microprocessor communication.
Speaker 2: You're welcome.
Speaker 1: Until next time, keep exploring and stay curious.
Speaker 2: Absolutely,