WEBVTT 1 00:00:01.280 --> 00:00:03.960 Welcome. This is Marsha for Radio I, and today I 2 00:00:04.000 --> 00:00:07.799 will be reading National Geographic magazine dated April twenty twenty five, 3 00:00:08.240 --> 00:00:11.720 which is donated by the publisher as a reminder. RADIOI 4 00:00:12.039 --> 00:00:14.439 is a reading service intended for people who are blind 5 00:00:14.880 --> 00:00:17.359 or have other disabilities that make it difficult to read 6 00:00:17.359 --> 00:00:20.719 printed material. Please join me now for the continuation of 7 00:00:20.760 --> 00:00:26.519 the article I began last time, entitled The National Geographic 8 00:00:27.039 --> 00:00:33.840 Founders of Bold Thinkers, Scientists, explorers and Scholars. Adam mackay, 9 00:00:34.079 --> 00:00:37.880 the filmmaker using biting satire to illuminate the dire realities 10 00:00:37.920 --> 00:00:41.320 of climate change. A few years back, when filmmaker Adam 11 00:00:41.359 --> 00:00:45.719 McKay released his movie Don't Look Up, an apocalyptic climate 12 00:00:45.920 --> 00:00:49.079 change satire, he was searching for a new way to 13 00:00:49.119 --> 00:00:53.000 talk about disaster. As horrific as all this is, mackay 14 00:00:53.039 --> 00:00:56.240 says about the climate crisis, it's important that we create 15 00:00:56.320 --> 00:01:00.399 a culture around dealing with this with humor. Now McKay 16 00:01:00.439 --> 00:01:03.000 has the machine to make it happen. The director of 17 00:01:03.079 --> 00:01:07.640 Anchorman and The Big Short has started Yellow Dot Studios, 18 00:01:07.959 --> 00:01:11.640 maker of such viral hits as a fake Chevron ad 19 00:01:11.719 --> 00:01:16.280 juxtaposing idyllic shots of nature with a voiceover about our 20 00:01:16.319 --> 00:01:22.920 gasoline fueled impending doom. The approach, McKay says, allows for anger, outrage, frustration, 21 00:01:23.200 --> 00:01:28.040 raw sincerity, expressions that are hard to ignore. By Amy 22 00:01:28.120 --> 00:01:36.000 Adam Rogers, Mohammed Monsur Muhui Deen the doctor discovering an 23 00:01:36.040 --> 00:01:40.719 unlikely new breed of heart donors. Sometimes tragedies can be breakthroughs. 24 00:01:41.000 --> 00:01:43.280 That's what happened a few years ago when a University 25 00:01:43.280 --> 00:01:48.280 of Maryland Medical Center surgical team led by Mohammed Monsur 26 00:01:48.760 --> 00:01:53.879 Muhui Dean and Bartley Griffith performed a revolutionary new procedure 27 00:01:53.959 --> 00:01:57.400 on a fifty seven year old who had terminal heart failure. 28 00:01:57.920 --> 00:02:01.599 David Bennett, Senior had been denied a traditional heart transplant 29 00:02:02.000 --> 00:02:05.040 due to a variety of health factors. Thousands of pupil 30 00:02:05.079 --> 00:02:08.080 each year face a similar reality, in part because the 31 00:02:08.159 --> 00:02:13.240 United States has an organ shortage crisis. Muhuey Dean recommended 32 00:02:13.280 --> 00:02:16.479 an alternative, the heart of a pig, genetically modified to 33 00:02:16.560 --> 00:02:20.560 minimize the chance of rejection. The experiment, conducted in twenty 34 00:02:20.599 --> 00:02:24.479 twenty two, was a success, at least initially. Bennett died 35 00:02:24.560 --> 00:02:28.680 about two months later after his heart failed from immune complications. 36 00:02:29.159 --> 00:02:33.919 Muhuiy Dean's second patient, a man named Lawrence Fausett, survived 37 00:02:33.960 --> 00:02:36.479 for nearly six weeks. He died in twenty twenty three 38 00:02:36.919 --> 00:02:40.840 after his immune system rejected the graft. For muhuiy Dean, 39 00:02:41.240 --> 00:02:45.639 a leader in the field of zeno transplantation, the process 40 00:02:45.680 --> 00:02:49.680 of transplanting organs from one species to another. Each operation 41 00:02:49.879 --> 00:02:54.039 offers valuable intelligence about the promising field. In an ideal future, 42 00:02:54.120 --> 00:02:57.159 we'd have more than enough hearts for everyone, and while 43 00:02:57.199 --> 00:03:01.599 the pigs used in muhuiy Dean's procedures have approximately thirty 44 00:03:01.639 --> 00:03:05.080 thousand genes, only ten genes were altered to make the 45 00:03:05.159 --> 00:03:08.240 heart suitable for humans. Some people may find the idea 46 00:03:08.240 --> 00:03:12.400 of killing pigs for their organs distasteful, but Muhuiden believes 47 00:03:12.439 --> 00:03:15.520 the practice can serve a greater good whenever it comes 48 00:03:15.560 --> 00:03:18.520 to saving a life, he says that takes precedence over 49 00:03:18.560 --> 00:03:25.479 any other issues. By Chris Gayamali next Maya Gaberia, the 50 00:03:25.479 --> 00:03:29.000 big Wave surfer, attacking the scourge of plastic waste. For 51 00:03:29.120 --> 00:03:31.599 much of the year, the ocean at Nazare, a fishing 52 00:03:31.680 --> 00:03:34.639 village on Portugal's coast, is placid, but in the winter, 53 00:03:34.759 --> 00:03:38.879 certain storms funnel swells through an underwater canyon, transforming the 54 00:03:38.919 --> 00:03:42.199 waves into moving mountains of waters so colossal they have 55 00:03:42.280 --> 00:03:45.520 been described as the everest of the ocean. Big wave 56 00:03:45.599 --> 00:03:49.520 surfers have made pilgrimages to the town since twenty eleven, 57 00:03:49.919 --> 00:03:53.879 when a video of Garrett macnamara barreling down a seventy 58 00:03:53.919 --> 00:03:56.719 eight foot wave established it as having one of the 59 00:03:56.759 --> 00:04:00.639 planet's biggest breaks. Over much of the past decade, one 60 00:04:00.680 --> 00:04:02.879 of the select few women in the line up has 61 00:04:02.919 --> 00:04:07.560 been Maya Gabiea, a Brazilian with a contagious laugh who 62 00:04:07.680 --> 00:04:11.199 harbored what some regarded as an outlandist dream. She too 63 00:04:11.280 --> 00:04:14.080 wanted to serve the biggest wave in the world. Growing 64 00:04:14.120 --> 00:04:18.040 up in Rio de Janeiro, Gabriel Gabiere had a taste 65 00:04:18.040 --> 00:04:21.680 for adrenaline, terrible asthma, and an intense fear of dying 66 00:04:21.720 --> 00:04:25.279 out of breath, as she put it, leading to severe anxiety. 67 00:04:25.439 --> 00:04:28.279 This would have pushed many people to avoid open water. 68 00:04:28.920 --> 00:04:32.439 For Gabieia, it did the opposite. She spent probably half 69 00:04:32.439 --> 00:04:36.000 her life in the ocean, says Stephanie Johns, director of 70 00:04:36.040 --> 00:04:39.920 the twenty twenty two documentary Maya and the Wave. She's 71 00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:42.240 lived through really hard things, but she has a unique 72 00:04:42.279 --> 00:04:45.360 ability to transcend that and get to the other side. 73 00:04:45.759 --> 00:04:50.759 Gabierre's early attempts at Nazare ended in disaster in twenty thirteen. 74 00:04:50.879 --> 00:04:53.199 Flying down the face of one of the largest waves 75 00:04:53.279 --> 00:04:56.519 she has ever tried, she catapulted into the water, and 76 00:04:56.600 --> 00:05:00.120 once she was finally dragged onto the beach, had to 77 00:05:00.120 --> 00:05:03.560 to be revived with CPR. The near death experience proved 78 00:05:03.639 --> 00:05:06.519 both profound and painful. When you go to the other side, 79 00:05:06.560 --> 00:05:08.959 it's dark and full of wisdom, she says. She was 80 00:05:09.040 --> 00:05:12.240 left with a broken leg, a severely damaged spine, and 81 00:05:12.360 --> 00:05:16.399 even more intense anxiety. Three spine surgeries and four years 82 00:05:16.399 --> 00:05:19.959 of recovery later, something inside her began to shift. I 83 00:05:20.000 --> 00:05:22.439 got up again, she says, and she felt stronger for it. 84 00:05:22.920 --> 00:05:27.240 In January twenty eighteen, Gabierira dropped in on a sixty 85 00:05:27.319 --> 00:05:30.519 eight foot monster at Nazare, the biggest any woman had 86 00:05:30.519 --> 00:05:33.759 ever served. Two years later, she broke her own record, 87 00:05:34.079 --> 00:05:38.079 surfing a seventy three point five foot wave there that 88 00:05:38.279 --> 00:05:41.519 was the largest serf by any man or woman that season. 89 00:05:42.279 --> 00:05:44.959 Of course, her time in the ocean has left her 90 00:05:44.959 --> 00:05:49.120 acutely aware of the problems faced by marine ecosystems, including 91 00:05:49.160 --> 00:05:52.160 the prevalence of garbage and plastic. More often than not, 92 00:05:52.439 --> 00:05:54.839 it is a sea of trash, she says, that's just 93 00:05:54.879 --> 00:05:58.040 the reality. As a child, she had learned about conservation 94 00:05:58.160 --> 00:06:01.800 issues and the value of pushing for change from her father, 95 00:06:01.959 --> 00:06:05.480 a founding member of Brazil's Green Party. As I drifted 96 00:06:05.480 --> 00:06:07.639 into the ocean, it was a transition of knowing the 97 00:06:07.680 --> 00:06:10.800 green parts through my dad, she says, then diving into 98 00:06:10.839 --> 00:06:14.319 the blue. Now she's leveraging her reputation as one of 99 00:06:14.319 --> 00:06:19.079 the most world's most prominus prominent big wave surfers to 100 00:06:19.120 --> 00:06:22.920 abdicate for solutions. Gabiira has served as a board member 101 00:06:23.199 --> 00:06:27.480 at the nonprofit Oceania since twenty twenty one, and during 102 00:06:27.480 --> 00:06:30.120 the pandemic, she was a driving force in the group's 103 00:06:30.439 --> 00:06:35.680 campaign to encourage Brazil's largest food delivery service Food to 104 00:06:35.879 --> 00:06:42.199 use less prep plastic packaging. Her communication skills played an 105 00:06:42.240 --> 00:06:45.800 instrumental role in the campaign's success. She has a practical 106 00:06:45.800 --> 00:06:48.480 sense of how to reach the public, says Jim Simon, 107 00:06:48.600 --> 00:06:54.600 Oceania's CEO, and she's sensitive to people's aspirations for a 108 00:06:54.639 --> 00:06:58.519 spiritual connection with the Ocean. In twenty twenty two, she 109 00:06:58.600 --> 00:07:02.720 became UNESCO's Champion for the Ocean and Youth, a role 110 00:07:02.800 --> 00:07:05.120 in which she works to connect with young people about 111 00:07:05.120 --> 00:07:08.560 conservation issues. As a surfer, you are always trying to 112 00:07:08.600 --> 00:07:11.360 become intimate with the ocean, she says, and when you 113 00:07:11.439 --> 00:07:14.399 love something, you care. I feel so fortunate to have 114 00:07:14.439 --> 00:07:17.079 built this connection with the ocean and to be able 115 00:07:17.120 --> 00:07:19.560 to save myself out there. It would be unfair not 116 00:07:19.680 --> 00:07:22.839 to try and communicate the things I learned spending time 117 00:07:22.959 --> 00:07:26.920 in the seas. Last year, Kabira decided to retire, though 118 00:07:26.920 --> 00:07:29.800 she continues to live in Nazaree with her two dogs. 119 00:07:30.240 --> 00:07:32.240 I can't pretend I did it because it was fun, 120 00:07:32.279 --> 00:07:35.600 she says. Of big wave surfing. You're chasing something, and 121 00:07:35.680 --> 00:07:38.439 to me particularly, I was so troubled in my mind 122 00:07:38.439 --> 00:07:41.360 that I was chasing moments to be present or aware. 123 00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:44.560 Whatever she had been seeking out there all those years, 124 00:07:44.839 --> 00:07:47.480 she seems to have found it in the concentrated, formidable 125 00:07:47.519 --> 00:07:54.279 power of the Ocean by Molly Longmuir. Next Hector Bellerin 126 00:07:54.800 --> 00:07:57.600 The Soccer Player, Dreaming up a more eco friendly future 127 00:07:57.639 --> 00:08:03.199 for sports, The transformation of ecdor Bellerin began nearly ten 128 00:08:03.279 --> 00:08:06.120 years ago when he went vegan, he was a defender 129 00:08:06.240 --> 00:08:09.959 playing for Arsenal in the English Premier League and he 130 00:08:10.000 --> 00:08:12.800 wanted a better way to train and recover. That opened 131 00:08:12.879 --> 00:08:17.519 so many doors, Bellerine's thirty says of his foray into environmentalism. 132 00:08:17.959 --> 00:08:20.360 He started working with a nonprofit to plant trees in 133 00:08:20.360 --> 00:08:24.879 the Amazon three thousand for every game Arsenal won. These days, 134 00:08:24.879 --> 00:08:29.120 he's playing for Seville's Real Betis in his native Spain 135 00:08:29.560 --> 00:08:32.200 while working with a club to dramatically reduce the team's 136 00:08:32.200 --> 00:08:36.679 carbon footprint. The initiatives are highly creative, like installing seats 137 00:08:36.679 --> 00:08:39.919 at the club's stadium made from fishing nets recovered from 138 00:08:39.960 --> 00:08:43.559 the seafloor. For me, it's a pioneering system, says Bellerine. 139 00:08:43.879 --> 00:08:46.759 Loads of clubs around the world now are wanting to 140 00:08:46.799 --> 00:08:49.720 peek into what we're doing and promote the same stuff. 141 00:08:50.279 --> 00:08:53.000 He also has a stake in a lower division English team, 142 00:08:53.080 --> 00:08:57.279 the Forest Green Rovers, that's become carbon neutral with innovative 143 00:08:57.320 --> 00:09:01.399 ideas like serving vegan only meals to players and fans 144 00:09:01.440 --> 00:09:04.840 and traveling to away games by electric bus. The club 145 00:09:05.080 --> 00:09:08.600 has had ups and downs football wise, Bellerine says, but 146 00:09:08.759 --> 00:09:10.559 it also has made a lot of people in the 147 00:09:10.559 --> 00:09:13.799 football world conscious that there's a team that is actually 148 00:09:13.799 --> 00:09:17.240 willing to be very radical. The best defenders know how 149 00:09:17.279 --> 00:09:20.200 to be vocal leaders on the pitch, and Bellerine has 150 00:09:20.279 --> 00:09:23.320 never been afraid to say how the game should actually 151 00:09:23.480 --> 00:09:30.600 be played. Next Sterlin Harjo, the storyteller spotlighting Indigenous voices. 152 00:09:31.159 --> 00:09:34.000 After more than a decade of making films, Sterlin Harjo, 153 00:09:34.360 --> 00:09:38.360 whose work often focuses on indigenous issues, was considering whether 154 00:09:38.440 --> 00:09:41.080 to leave the business. My films were getting out at 155 00:09:41.159 --> 00:09:44.120 festivals and getting distribution, but not a lot of people 156 00:09:44.159 --> 00:09:46.759 saw them, he says. I was getting frustrated with the 157 00:09:46.799 --> 00:09:49.559 fact that I'd been working so hard and there just 158 00:09:49.759 --> 00:09:52.559 was not an easy way to make a living. Instead 159 00:09:52.559 --> 00:09:57.519 of hanging it up, Harjo Muskogi Seminole changed joint forces 160 00:09:57.559 --> 00:10:02.279 with Taika Waititi Mayo to launch a television series that 161 00:10:02.360 --> 00:10:05.200 not only thrust him into the spotlight, but also brought 162 00:10:05.240 --> 00:10:09.360 others along with him. The series, Reservation Dogs, produced for FX, 163 00:10:09.679 --> 00:10:13.279 which shares a parent company with National Geographic, debuted in 164 00:10:13.320 --> 00:10:17.720 twenty twenty one and revolved around teenagers on an Oklahoma reservation. 165 00:10:18.440 --> 00:10:22.559 Harjo and Waichi used it to champion Native talent both 166 00:10:22.600 --> 00:10:25.120 in front of and behind the camera. I took a 167 00:10:25.120 --> 00:10:27.919 gamble thinking the industry would change, he says, and it did. 168 00:10:28.600 --> 00:10:31.600 Many of the actors and creatives from the series have 169 00:10:31.840 --> 00:10:36.960 since led other successful projects. These include Sidney Friedland's res Ball, 170 00:10:37.440 --> 00:10:40.360 a film that Hajjo co wrote about a Navajo high 171 00:10:40.360 --> 00:10:45.080 school basketball team attempting to make the new Mexico State championship, 172 00:10:45.440 --> 00:10:49.240 and Erica Trembley's Fancy Dance, a movie centered on the 173 00:10:49.480 --> 00:10:53.440 missing and murdered Indigenous women crisis as depicted on the 174 00:10:53.480 --> 00:10:58.840 Seneca Cayuga Nation in Oklahoma. Wes Study, the famed Cherokee 175 00:10:58.879 --> 00:11:01.919 actor and the only name of American actor ever to 176 00:11:01.960 --> 00:11:05.480 receive an oscar, had a recurring role on Reservation Dogs 177 00:11:05.720 --> 00:11:08.519 and continues to see a ripple effect. All of us 178 00:11:08.519 --> 00:11:10.600 who have been in the trenches for the past forty 179 00:11:10.679 --> 00:11:14.759 years have been working towards this study says. There's this 180 00:11:14.919 --> 00:11:18.279 upsurge of interest in Native American stories, and there are 181 00:11:18.279 --> 00:11:22.200 more opportunities because of Sterlin and this work. Archio meanwhile, 182 00:11:22.320 --> 00:11:25.639 is in production on a new crime noir show. Whether 183 00:11:25.720 --> 00:11:28.320 it's a horror, a heist, a comedy, a love story. 184 00:11:28.679 --> 00:11:31.159 I just wanted to be part of proving that native 185 00:11:31.200 --> 00:11:37.000 filmmakers can't do all of it, he says by Kate Nelson. Next, 186 00:11:37.279 --> 00:11:43.399 Isabel Christina Kamez and Oscar Andres Gamez, the builders finding 187 00:11:43.399 --> 00:11:46.480 a novel use for plastic waste around the world. The 188 00:11:46.519 --> 00:11:49.320 idea was simple yet profound. What if you could use 189 00:11:49.360 --> 00:11:53.039 the plastic waste littering your home country to help solve 190 00:11:53.039 --> 00:11:57.720 its housing crisis. For architect Oscar Andres Mendez and his 191 00:11:57.799 --> 00:12:03.840 business partner, electronics engineer Isabel Christina Gammez, deb inspiration led 192 00:12:03.879 --> 00:12:07.840 to an invention that embodies their core values. Their Columbia 193 00:12:07.879 --> 00:12:14.320 based company, conceptos Plasticos transforms plastic, including bags, snack food containers, 194 00:12:14.320 --> 00:12:17.600 and shampoo bottles, into a modular building system of bricks 195 00:12:17.639 --> 00:12:20.600 and columns. The lego like blocks are made of about 196 00:12:20.679 --> 00:12:23.960 ninety five percent plastic, builders only need to supply a 197 00:12:24.039 --> 00:12:27.720 roof and windows. Since launching their company in twenty ten 198 00:12:27.799 --> 00:12:31.000 in Bogita, the team has refined their concept to be 199 00:12:31.080 --> 00:12:34.799 increasingly efficient. A typical two bedroom house or a bathroom, 200 00:12:34.879 --> 00:12:38.559 living room, dining room and kitchen now captures some six 201 00:12:38.639 --> 00:12:41.279 tons of plastic and can be built in about five 202 00:12:41.360 --> 00:12:45.039 days at a cost anywhere from four thousand to seven thousand, 203 00:12:45.480 --> 00:12:50.360 far cheaper than traditional construction. The structures are also earthquake resistant, 204 00:12:50.519 --> 00:12:54.279 fire repellent, well insulated, and not so easy to discard. 205 00:12:54.720 --> 00:12:57.600 Each building, Nndez says should stand for more than two 206 00:12:57.679 --> 00:13:03.360 hundred years. Initially, Conceptos Plasticos partnered with private companies and 207 00:13:03.519 --> 00:13:07.039 an NGO to build houses in schools in Colombia, about 208 00:13:07.080 --> 00:13:13.279 fifty so far. In twenty seventeen, Abubakar Compo, a doctor 209 00:13:13.320 --> 00:13:17.759 then serving as the representative for UNICEF in Cote di Brois, 210 00:13:18.519 --> 00:13:24.399 contracted Mendes and Gamez to explain how plastic waste clogging 211 00:13:24.440 --> 00:13:28.080 sewer systems there contributed to water stagnation and the spread 212 00:13:28.120 --> 00:13:31.840 of malaria. Cote de Voir faced a shortage of schools 213 00:13:31.840 --> 00:13:35.600 and many rural communities existing ones made of mud bricks 214 00:13:35.679 --> 00:13:40.399 needed frequently frequent rebuilding during the rainy season. We have 215 00:13:40.440 --> 00:13:44.039 the solution, Mendez remembers, thinking they just needed to share it. 216 00:13:44.759 --> 00:13:47.399 As part of a three million dollar deal with UNICEF, 217 00:13:47.600 --> 00:13:53.639 Concepto's Plasticos built a new factory in Abidjan and recruited workers, 218 00:13:53.679 --> 00:13:56.799 mainly women, to source the plastic needed so far. Over 219 00:13:56.879 --> 00:14:00.200 four thousand tons of plastic have been transformed into more 220 00:14:00.240 --> 00:14:04.200 than five hundred fifty classrooms, all for approximately sixty percent 221 00:14:04.679 --> 00:14:08.480 of what traditional construction methods cost. The effort has created 222 00:14:08.480 --> 00:14:12.639 a circular economy that removes waste from the environment, improves 223 00:14:12.639 --> 00:14:16.080 the educational system by way of well designed buildings, and 224 00:14:16.279 --> 00:14:20.639 creates jobs. Mendez and Gambz are now negotiating on a 225 00:14:20.679 --> 00:14:25.080 similar school project in Ethiopia and investigating how to build 226 00:14:25.240 --> 00:14:29.000 latrines in refugee camps in South Sudan to share their 227 00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:33.000 technology in places where building new factories may present challenges, 228 00:14:33.320 --> 00:14:37.120 The partners recently designed a scaled down version of their 229 00:14:37.159 --> 00:14:40.679 system that can be transported in a forty foot container. 230 00:14:41.159 --> 00:14:43.960 It may run on trash, but as Compo puts at, 231 00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:50.159 the concept is not just beautiful but brilliant. By Eric Wills. Next, 232 00:14:50.360 --> 00:14:54.240 Victor Glover, the astronaut launching a new era of space exploration. 233 00:14:54.799 --> 00:14:59.519 We still call great human accomplishments moonshots, says astronaut Victor Glover, 234 00:15:00.080 --> 00:15:02.039 But what might happen to that phrase when we go 235 00:15:02.080 --> 00:15:04.960 beyond the moon? Glover is laying the groundwork to find 236 00:15:04.960 --> 00:15:08.159 out by preparing to travel farther into space. Than any 237 00:15:08.240 --> 00:15:11.840 human has ever gone. For the Artemists, two missions scheduled 238 00:15:11.840 --> 00:15:15.320 for April twenty twenty six will venture five thousand miles 239 00:15:15.360 --> 00:15:18.679 past the Moon, setting the stage for future lunar landings 240 00:15:18.960 --> 00:15:22.320 and longer trips to Mars. Glover, one of only seventeen 241 00:15:22.360 --> 00:15:26.039 black astronauts out of over three hundred fifty people Nasau 242 00:15:26.080 --> 00:15:29.480 has sent to space, believes this kind of exploration is 243 00:15:29.519 --> 00:15:33.039 about more than merely going someplace far away. Our eyes 244 00:15:33.039 --> 00:15:37.279 are lifted, he says, Our hearts are lifted. That collective inspiration, 245 00:15:37.519 --> 00:15:44.080 that collective support that unifies people by Mosy Secret. Next, 246 00:15:44.159 --> 00:15:47.919 Michel Yeo, the Oscar winner, shining a spotlight on the 247 00:15:47.919 --> 00:15:51.480 burdens of women in disaster zones. Ten years ago, Michel 248 00:15:51.559 --> 00:15:56.000 Yet was visiting Catman Dieu, Nepal with her new husband, 249 00:15:56.120 --> 00:15:59.080 Jean Tote, when the city was struck by a magnitude 250 00:15:59.120 --> 00:16:02.279 seven point eight earthquake. The couple had been attending an 251 00:16:02.320 --> 00:16:05.399 event at a low rise hotel, and they narrowly escaped 252 00:16:05.480 --> 00:16:08.320 the devastation when the earth shook. I was immediately on 253 00:16:08.360 --> 00:16:12.080 the floor. Yos recalls, we literally had to crawl out 254 00:16:12.120 --> 00:16:14.720 because there was no way to stand in the aftermath 255 00:16:14.759 --> 00:16:17.799 of the earthquake, Yo was stunned by the destruction. Close 256 00:16:17.840 --> 00:16:20.759 to nine thousand people were dead and millions more displaced. 257 00:16:21.240 --> 00:16:24.399 What impacted her most was how helpless she felt. If 258 00:16:24.440 --> 00:16:26.759 you are not a first responder, don't try to help, 259 00:16:26.960 --> 00:16:29.679 you just get in the way, she recalls. Yet weeks later, 260 00:16:29.759 --> 00:16:33.519 Yo returned to Nepal in the midst of aftershocks and landslides, 261 00:16:33.840 --> 00:16:37.919 working with Lived to Love International, a New York based 262 00:16:38.000 --> 00:16:41.879 ANGIO that partners with a local nunnery to aid villages. 263 00:16:42.399 --> 00:16:44.360 She came back again the following year to join the 264 00:16:44.440 --> 00:16:49.600 United Nations Development Programs continuing relief efforts. She visited UNESCO 265 00:16:49.720 --> 00:16:53.600 World Heritage sites in the Katmandu Valley and remote villages 266 00:16:53.919 --> 00:16:57.000 on the outskirts of the capital. For Yo, it felt 267 00:16:57.080 --> 00:17:00.120 vital to reach people in both the cities and remo 268 00:17:00.279 --> 00:17:03.159 villages with messages of hope. We know you are there, 269 00:17:03.200 --> 00:17:07.200 She reiterates, we have not forgotten about you. Raised in Malaysia, 270 00:17:07.359 --> 00:17:10.720 Yeo sixty two, began her career in nineteen eighties Hong Kong. 271 00:17:11.400 --> 00:17:14.160 On screen, she subverted the role of the bond girl 272 00:17:14.279 --> 00:17:17.720 in Tomorrow Never Dies, helped put Asian films in the 273 00:17:17.759 --> 00:17:22.000 mainstream with Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and earned an Oscar 274 00:17:22.119 --> 00:17:25.799 for everything, everywhere, all at once. A moment she used 275 00:17:25.799 --> 00:17:30.119 to call out sexist agism during her acceptance speech. She 276 00:17:30.240 --> 00:17:34.240 now brings that inclusive lens to disaster zones and recently 277 00:17:34.279 --> 00:17:37.720 focused attention on Turkey and Syria, which were devastated by 278 00:17:37.720 --> 00:17:40.680 a series of earthquakes in twenty twenty three, with the 279 00:17:40.680 --> 00:17:44.319 strongest registering at seven point eight, the same severity as 280 00:17:44.359 --> 00:17:48.319 the Nepal tragedy. She believes that it's especially important to 281 00:17:48.319 --> 00:17:52.079 empower women within these heart hit areas because they are 282 00:17:52.079 --> 00:17:55.279 often the first to come forward to help others in crisis, 283 00:17:55.480 --> 00:17:59.559 but they tend to suffer disproportionate violence and abuse. Yo's 284 00:17:59.559 --> 00:18:03.279 experience Nepal cemented her belief that women are the driving 285 00:18:03.319 --> 00:18:07.240 forest behind the renewal of their communities. While visiting the region, 286 00:18:07.319 --> 00:18:09.480 she saw how women often bore the brunt of the 287 00:18:09.519 --> 00:18:13.759 hard work. However, they also focused on sustainable solutions. These 288 00:18:13.759 --> 00:18:17.240 women rally together to resolve the situation. She says, I 289 00:18:17.279 --> 00:18:20.279 could see the resilience and they are very forward thinking. 290 00:18:20.880 --> 00:18:25.000 In a rural village in the Saint Hapu Choke district, 291 00:18:25.039 --> 00:18:29.279 for example, she helped inaugurate a milk collection center. This 292 00:18:29.440 --> 00:18:33.079 kind of humanitarian work as convinced her of the possibilities 293 00:18:33.079 --> 00:18:36.279 of incremental change for me. As long as you have hope, 294 00:18:36.319 --> 00:18:39.039 you will keep going forward, she says, that's the most 295 00:18:39.039 --> 00:18:45.440 powerful thing. By Karina Chocano. Next Lewis Pugh, the endurance 296 00:18:45.519 --> 00:18:49.319 swimmer on a diplomatic mission to protect the world's fragile places. 297 00:18:50.079 --> 00:18:52.960 The water flowing through the East Antarctic by sheep was 298 00:18:53.079 --> 00:18:55.960 nearly as cold as water can be without freezing, just 299 00:18:56.039 --> 00:19:00.279 above thirty two degrees fahrenheit. Yet Lewis Pugh war only 300 00:19:00.400 --> 00:19:03.720 espiedo goggles and a swim cap. He felt extremely fit, 301 00:19:03.839 --> 00:19:06.599 but he'd also bulked up slightly to keep himself warm 302 00:19:06.640 --> 00:19:10.640 on this unprecedented quest. Swimming down a half mile river 303 00:19:10.960 --> 00:19:14.680 that tunneled through the shifting glacial ice, he moved methodically 304 00:19:14.680 --> 00:19:18.240 in the water, careful not to stir the ice stalactites overhead. 305 00:19:18.680 --> 00:19:20.920 It was so cold that at first he could barely breathe, 306 00:19:21.240 --> 00:19:23.799 and after ten minutes his hands were swollen, their veins 307 00:19:23.880 --> 00:19:26.839 bright blue. On a rocky shoreline, he was greeted by 308 00:19:26.839 --> 00:19:32.319 his support team, among them the Vatslav Slava Vetisov, the 309 00:19:32.440 --> 00:19:36.240 retired Russian hockey star. I pulled him out from the water, 310 00:19:36.440 --> 00:19:39.880 Vetisov recalls of that day several years ago. I see 311 00:19:39.920 --> 00:19:42.039 his skin was so fragile. I said, Oh my god, 312 00:19:42.319 --> 00:19:46.519 he's unbelievable, this man. Some adventurers undertake a challenge as 313 00:19:46.519 --> 00:19:50.799 the climber. George Mallory once said of Mount Everest, because 314 00:19:50.799 --> 00:19:54.599 it's there. Hugh of, British born South African endurance swimmer, 315 00:19:54.759 --> 00:19:58.599 whose completed expeditions in each of the world's oceans, undertakes 316 00:19:58.599 --> 00:20:02.200 his polar plunges for the en reason these places might 317 00:20:02.279 --> 00:20:04.599 not be around one day, at least not as we 318 00:20:04.680 --> 00:20:07.240 know them now. Each of his swims is designed to 319 00:20:07.279 --> 00:20:12.160 further missions of a diplomatic variety, persuading governments to designate 320 00:20:12.160 --> 00:20:16.319 the waters he diverses as marine protected areas free from 321 00:20:16.400 --> 00:20:21.240 offshore drilling, commercial fishing and other are harmful activities. Pugh 322 00:20:21.319 --> 00:20:23.759 fifty five, has been a long distance swimmer for nearly 323 00:20:23.799 --> 00:20:26.799 four decades. During that time, he says, our oceans have 324 00:20:26.880 --> 00:20:30.160 changed enormously. We're now facing what he calls a perfect 325 00:20:30.240 --> 00:20:34.759 storm of marine crises, with climate change, loss of diversity 326 00:20:35.200 --> 00:20:38.440 and pollution. I started doing swims to carry a message 327 00:20:38.440 --> 00:20:40.759 about the health of our planet. He says, this has 328 00:20:40.799 --> 00:20:44.599 always been about justice. A maritime lawyer, Peugh has spent 329 00:20:44.720 --> 00:20:47.839 more than a decade as the UN Patron of the Oceans. 330 00:20:48.240 --> 00:20:50.680 His aim is for thirty percent of our oceans to 331 00:20:50.759 --> 00:20:55.119 become marine protected areas by twenty thirty. It's a lofty target. 332 00:20:55.480 --> 00:20:58.759 Currently it's estimated that less than three percent are protected, 333 00:20:59.160 --> 00:21:02.119 but Pugh has helped the cause. In twenty eighteen, when 334 00:21:02.119 --> 00:21:05.079 he became the first person to swim the three hundred 335 00:21:05.160 --> 00:21:08.000 twenty eight mile length of the English Channel, the United 336 00:21:08.079 --> 00:21:11.799 Kingdom's Environment Secretary met him at the journey's end on 337 00:21:11.839 --> 00:21:15.400 a beach in Dover. Soon after, the UK began expanding 338 00:21:15.440 --> 00:21:18.480 its marine protection and became one of the first countries 339 00:21:18.519 --> 00:21:21.960 to support the twenty thirty goal, encouraging other nations to 340 00:21:22.000 --> 00:21:27.079 follow suit. Hugh completed his first endurance swim from Robin Island, 341 00:21:27.160 --> 00:21:30.119 South Africa to Cape Town in nineteen eighty seven when 342 00:21:30.160 --> 00:21:33.480 he was seventeen, but it was until his mid thirties 343 00:21:33.799 --> 00:21:36.759 when he was swimming the Bay of Deception Island, a 344 00:21:36.839 --> 00:21:40.799 caldera off the trip of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. 345 00:21:41.240 --> 00:21:44.240 That he found his mission that day in two thousand five. 346 00:21:44.279 --> 00:21:47.240 As he swam, he saw bones piled next to the 347 00:21:47.279 --> 00:21:50.960 water's surface. They belonged to Wales, hunted decades before. It 348 00:21:51.079 --> 00:21:53.279 left a big mark on me, he recalls, I like 349 00:21:53.359 --> 00:21:55.759 to think that those boons are a reminder of man's 350 00:21:55.759 --> 00:21:59.160 potential for folly. Since then, he's swum in a glacial 351 00:21:59.240 --> 00:22:02.279 lake on Evra across the North Pole, and from Saudi 352 00:22:02.319 --> 00:22:05.799 Arabia across the Red Sea to Egypt, a journey that 353 00:22:05.880 --> 00:22:09.759 brought him alongside stunning coral reefs. Though most nations have 354 00:22:09.839 --> 00:22:12.920 pledged to limit warming to one point five degrees celsius 355 00:22:13.240 --> 00:22:17.240 above pre industrial levels, he's worried that change isn't happening 356 00:22:17.279 --> 00:22:21.200 fast enough. Beyond that threshold, Pew points out, we would 357 00:22:21.200 --> 00:22:24.359 lose between seventy and ninety percent of the world's coral reefs, 358 00:22:24.640 --> 00:22:27.720 and then at two degrees, probably all the world's coral 359 00:22:28.480 --> 00:22:30.480 This will be the first time in human history that 360 00:22:30.519 --> 00:22:34.400 we lose an entire ecosystem, he says. Along the way, 361 00:22:34.440 --> 00:22:37.920 he's made a valuable ally in Fetisov, captain of the 362 00:22:37.960 --> 00:22:41.759 Soviet Union's gold medal winning hockey teams of the nineteen 363 00:22:41.759 --> 00:22:45.400 eighties and now a member of the Russian Parliament. After 364 00:22:45.400 --> 00:22:48.400 a swim across the Ross Sea, deep within the Antarctic 365 00:22:48.759 --> 00:22:51.920 in twenty fifteen, Few took the first of several trips 366 00:22:51.960 --> 00:22:56.039 to Moscow. There he met Fetisov, who arranged conversations with 367 00:22:56.119 --> 00:23:02.039 top officials. The following year, president Russian President Vladimir Putin 368 00:23:02.480 --> 00:23:06.039 agreed to amultae country effort to establish a six hundred 369 00:23:06.039 --> 00:23:09.640 thousand square mile marine protected area in the Ross Sea, 370 00:23:10.079 --> 00:23:12.680 one of the largest in the world. You remember Ping 371 00:23:12.759 --> 00:23:17.680 Pong diplomacy in the nineteen seventies, pus this was Speedo diplomacy. 372 00:23:19.039 --> 00:23:22.119 After his twenty twenty swim through the East Antarctic ice sheet, 373 00:23:22.400 --> 00:23:25.519 Pew returned to Moscow, where he and Fetisov hoped to 374 00:23:25.559 --> 00:23:30.200 gain Russian support for three more Antarctic marine protected areas. 375 00:23:30.319 --> 00:23:33.880 Those negotiations have stalled, though, and it's unclear whether Russia 376 00:23:33.920 --> 00:23:38.000 is abiding by its earlier commitment. Recently, Pew found himself 377 00:23:38.079 --> 00:23:40.880 one hundred fifty miles north of the Arctic Circle, on 378 00:23:40.920 --> 00:23:45.720 the western coast of Greenland. He'd come to Ibusiat to 379 00:23:45.759 --> 00:23:47.920 swim in a tidal fiord fed by one of the 380 00:23:47.920 --> 00:23:52.480 world's fastest moving glaciers calving at a rate of eleven 381 00:23:53.039 --> 00:23:56.960 cubic miles a year. The glacier contributes to sea level 382 00:23:57.039 --> 00:24:00.000 rise around the world. Its ground zero of the climate crisis. 383 00:24:00.319 --> 00:24:02.759 Pew says, the water was so cold that he went 384 00:24:02.839 --> 00:24:05.920 only for the briefest of dips. I put my head 385 00:24:05.920 --> 00:24:08.680 in the water, he recalls, and you can hear little bubbles, 386 00:24:08.920 --> 00:24:11.359 and these bubbles are the ice that was trapped thousands 387 00:24:11.359 --> 00:24:13.799 of years ago. When he surfaced, he heard the roar 388 00:24:13.839 --> 00:24:17.519 of calving icebergs, a reminder that he'd have to return 389 00:24:17.599 --> 00:24:23.319 for another's swim. Next Shouyong the scientists finding solutions in 390 00:24:23.400 --> 00:24:26.720 the structures of nature. The way Shuyong sees it, the 391 00:24:26.799 --> 00:24:29.599 natural world has allowed to teach us. A chemical and 392 00:24:29.680 --> 00:24:35.480 biomolecular engineer, she employs biomimicry, the study of organically occurring structures, 393 00:24:35.799 --> 00:24:39.319 to inspire new and often more sustainable solutions that meet 394 00:24:39.440 --> 00:24:42.799 human needs. Two recent projects are a three D printed 395 00:24:42.880 --> 00:24:47.119 concrete that emulates properties seen in butterfly wings and an 396 00:24:47.160 --> 00:24:51.400 adhesive inspired by snail secretions. What's next, I have tons 397 00:24:51.400 --> 00:24:57.039 of ideas, Yan said by an appeal. Next. Lucy Bosch, 398 00:24:57.599 --> 00:25:01.039 the app co founder who built an online market place 399 00:25:01.079 --> 00:25:04.160 for food waste. When Lucy Bosch was twenty four. She 400 00:25:04.200 --> 00:25:08.680 had zero coding experience. What the French entrepreneur did have, however, 401 00:25:09.079 --> 00:25:12.319