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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to the quart Side. Quantum Physics Podcast, an exploration

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<v Speaker 1>of the fundamental structure of reality, where quantum laws govern matter, energy,

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<v Speaker 1>and information. Here, uncertainty is a feature, not a flaw,

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<v Speaker 1>and understanding begins at the smallest scales.

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<v Speaker 2>Imagine a machine that uh well manages to perfectly remember

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<v Speaker 2>absolutely everything that has ever happened to it.

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<v Speaker 3>Right, like, every single input, every tiny fluctuation.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly every interaction. But while it's doing that, simultaneously, at

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<v Speaker 2>the exact same moment, it completely forgets its entire past.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh wow, Yeah, it's entirely wipe clean. But you know,

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<v Speaker 2>it somehow holds onto a perfect diary of everything. It

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<v Speaker 2>sounds like a broken hard drive or I don't know,

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<v Speaker 2>philosophical riddle.

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<v Speaker 3>It sounds like a severe violation of causality. Honestly, I

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<v Speaker 3>mean it directly contradicts how we experience the flow of time,

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<v Speaker 3>and which is the basic mechanics of cause and effect.

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<v Speaker 3>Because if a system remembers, then the past dictates its present,

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<v Speaker 3>and if it forgets, only the present matters. You just

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<v Speaker 3>you can't have both.

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<v Speaker 2>But it turns out that impossible contradiction is exactly how

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<v Speaker 2>reality operates at the most fundamental level. It really is,

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<v Speaker 2>and that's what we're unpacking today. We're looking at this massive,

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<v Speaker 2>honestly mind bending breakthrough in quantum physics. From April fourteenth,

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<v Speaker 2>twenty twenty six, researchers publish these findings in prx Quantum,

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<v Speaker 2>proving that quantum systems can serely remember their history from

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<v Speaker 2>one specific mathematical perspective.

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<v Speaker 3>While appearing totally, completely, one hundred percent memoryless from another.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, which is just wild. It's this fundamental property of

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<v Speaker 2>nature that we simply hadn't realized was there.

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<v Speaker 3>And the implications here are enormous for you listening, because

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<v Speaker 3>you know this isn't just theoretical philosophy. It's a mathematically

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<v Speaker 3>proven discovery.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, It's actual hard science.

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<v Speaker 3>Exactly, and this to basically rewrite the blueprint for the

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<v Speaker 3>next generation of quantum technologies. We are talking about the

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<v Speaker 3>architecture of quantum computers, the sensitivity of microscopic sensors, and

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<v Speaker 3>even the foundation of ultra scure communications.

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<v Speaker 2>So our mission today is to tear this concept down

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<v Speaker 2>to the studs basically and figure out the actual mechanics

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<v Speaker 2>of how the universe pulls off this magic.

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<v Speaker 3>Trick without the dense jargon exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>No dense jargon. We want you to understand exactly why

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<v Speaker 2>reality at the smallest scale is far more flexible than

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<v Speaker 2>we ever thought. And to get there, we need to

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<v Speaker 2>establish what memory actually means in physics.

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<v Speaker 3>Right, because it's not like human memory.

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<v Speaker 2>No, not at all. Let's use let's use the classic

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<v Speaker 2>broken glass analogy to ground this. So in everyday classical physics,

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<v Speaker 2>the physics of big things, you interact with baseballs and

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<v Speaker 2>coffee mugs.

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<v Speaker 3>The macroscopic world.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, if you drop a glass and it shatters, the

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<v Speaker 2>future state of that glass depends entirely on the fact

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<v Speaker 2>that it broke. The glass essentially remembers the impact.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, that's a perfect macroscopic view. But when physicists model

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<v Speaker 3>classical systems mathematically, they actually often try to simplify them

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<v Speaker 3>into what we call Markovian processes. Okay, Markovian right, And

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<v Speaker 3>a Markovian system is basically the ultimate goldfish of the

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<v Speaker 3>physical world.

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<v Speaker 2>The goldfish, I love that it.

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<v Speaker 3>Has zero memory none. Its future behavior is dictated strictly

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<v Speaker 3>by its exact state at this current nanosecond.

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<v Speaker 2>So the past just doesn't factor in at all.

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<v Speaker 3>Exactly. It doesn't matter if, say, a baseball was thrown

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<v Speaker 3>by a pitcher or shot out of a cannon. If

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<v Speaker 3>you know it's current velocity, its position, and the wind

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<v Speaker 3>resistance right now, you know exactly where it will land.

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<v Speaker 2>The history is completely irrelevant to the trajectory exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>But when we move down to the quantum realm, things

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<v Speaker 3>get significantly.

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<v Speaker 2>More complicated because things get messy.

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<v Speaker 3>Very messy. We are rarely dealing with perfectly isolated quantum

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<v Speaker 3>systems floating in some undisturbed vacuum. We're dealing with what

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<v Speaker 3>we call open quantum systems.

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<v Speaker 2>Because in a real laboratory, or I mean inside an

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<v Speaker 2>actual quantum computer that engineers are trying to build, these

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<v Speaker 2>particles are constantly interacting with their environment right right. They're

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<v Speaker 2>bathed in electromagnetic radiation, subjected to tiny thermal fluctuations, bumping

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<v Speaker 2>into stray photons. It's a chaotic neighborhood.

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<v Speaker 3>And that environmental interaction is the key to all of this,

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<v Speaker 3>because when an open quantum system interacts with its environment,

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<v Speaker 3>it entangles with it, It gets tied up with it, exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>Information about the quantum system physically leaks out into the

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<v Speaker 3>surrounding environment. Now, if the environment is just massive and chaotic.

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<v Speaker 3>That information might just dissipate forever, just lost in the noise, right,

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<v Speaker 3>and that would be a Markovian memoryless process. But often

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<v Speaker 3>the environment acts a bit more like a sponge. It

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<v Speaker 3>absorbs the information, holds onto it, and eventually that information

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<v Speaker 3>backflows into the quantum system.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh wow, so the system gets like a delayed echo

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<v Speaker 2>of its own passed.

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<v Speaker 3>That is the exact mechanism I'm talking about. Because the

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<v Speaker 3>past state of the system altered the environment, and now

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<v Speaker 3>the environment is altering the present system.

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<v Speaker 2>So the system effectively has memory.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, and we call this a non Markovian process. The

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<v Speaker 3>past actively and persistently influences the future through this environmental backflow.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, let's unpack this because here is where the plot

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<v Speaker 2>really thickens for you listening. If we know open quantum

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<v Speaker 2>systems have this backflow, this memory, how do physicists actually

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<v Speaker 2>track or measure that? That is the big question, because

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<v Speaker 2>you can't just slap a GPS tracking device on an

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<v Speaker 2>electron's past. We have to use mathematical frameworks to model

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<v Speaker 2>the evolution. And in quantum mechanics, we essentially have two

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<v Speaker 2>foundational lenses to view reality.

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<v Speaker 3>Right, The two pictures.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, the Schrodinger picture and the Heisenberg.

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<v Speaker 3>Picture, right, And these are the two primary mathematical formulations

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<v Speaker 3>we use to predict the outcomes of any quantum experiment.

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<v Speaker 3>So in the Schrodinger picture, we focus on the quantum state.

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<v Speaker 2>Of the system, which is often represented by a density.

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<v Speaker 3>Matrix exactly, but conceptually, just think of the state as

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<v Speaker 3>a highly complex probability cloud that describes all the potential

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<v Speaker 3>outcomes of a measurement. In this picture, that probability cloud

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<v Speaker 3>is dynamic. It's moving, right, It's constantly morphing, waving and

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<v Speaker 3>evolving as time ticks forward. Meanwhile, the mathematical operators, the

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<v Speaker 3>things representing the actual physical measurements we might take like

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<v Speaker 3>position or momentum or spin, those remain entirely static.

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<v Speaker 2>They just sit there while the cloud dances around them. Basically,

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<v Speaker 2>and the Heisenberg picture is the exact inverse of that.

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<v Speaker 3>Correct. So in the Heisenberg formulation, the quantum state, that

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<v Speaker 3>probability cloud is totally locked in place. It represents the

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<v Speaker 3>initial conditions and it never changes. Okay, Instead, the measurement

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<v Speaker 3>operators themselves evolve over time.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, let's try an analogy to visualize the mechanics here,

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<v Speaker 2>because this is notorious for tripping people up. Let's think

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<v Speaker 2>about two friends watching a movie.

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<v Speaker 3>Oh I like where this is going, right.

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<v Speaker 2>So let's say Friend A is watching the movie using

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<v Speaker 2>the Schrodinger picture. They are watching the full story unfold

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<v Speaker 2>seen by scene. They see the characters make decisions, they

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<v Speaker 2>see the consequences. They see a clear narrative with cause

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<v Speaker 2>and effect.

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<v Speaker 3>They see the memory of the plot exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>They see clear memory. But Friend B is using the

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<v Speaker 2>Heisenberg picture. They aren't watching the continuous movie. They only

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<v Speaker 2>see quick, isolated snapshots of the character's actions, completely out

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<v Speaker 2>of context, just random frames. So Friend B thinks the

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<v Speaker 2>story has absolutely no connection to the past. It's just

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<v Speaker 2>random stuff happening. Both friends are watching the exact same movie,

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<v Speaker 2>the exact same physical system, but experiencing memory completely differently.

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<v Speaker 3>That's a really great way to visualize how two perspectives

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<v Speaker 3>can fundamentally disagree on what is happening. And what's fascinating

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<v Speaker 3>is that for decades, memory was treated as a simple

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<v Speaker 3>yes or no.

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<v Speaker 2>Property either had memory or it didn't.

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<v Speaker 3>Right, physicists assumed that if ays had a clear historical trend,

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<v Speaker 3>both frameworks both the Schrodinger and Heisenberg lenses would undeniably

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<v Speaker 3>reflect that memory. Memory was considered an absolute objective property

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<v Speaker 3>of the system itself, which.

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<v Speaker 2>Brings us to the discovery from April twenty twenty six. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 2>because what happens when friend A and friend B violently

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<v Speaker 2>disagree on whether a system has memory or not. So

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<v Speaker 2>this research team, led by Federico Sedemo and Jerkiapilo from

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<v Speaker 2>the University of Turku, along with colleagues from the University

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<v Speaker 2>of Milan and Nicholas Copernicus University, they decided to rigorously

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<v Speaker 2>stress test this assumption.

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<v Speaker 3>And they didn't just ask philosophical questions about this. They

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<v Speaker 3>dug into the hard math of what we call dynamical maps.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, let's define a dynamical map, because that is basically

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<v Speaker 2>the engine of this entire discovery.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah. A dynamical map is basically the official mathematical rule book.

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<v Speaker 3>It dictates how an open quantrum system changes from state

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<v Speaker 3>A to state B over a specific period of time. Okay,

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<v Speaker 3>When researchers want to test if the system has memory,

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<v Speaker 3>if it's marek Kovian or non Markovian, they test this

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<v Speaker 3>dynamical map for a property called divisibility.

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<v Speaker 2>Divisibility, yeah, meaning you can chop the timeline up into

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<v Speaker 2>independent chumps exactly. So like, if a process takes ten seconds,

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<v Speaker 2>can I mathematically calculate the jump from second three to

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<v Speaker 2>second four without needing to know anything about seconds one

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<v Speaker 2>and two.

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<v Speaker 3>That's the core of it.

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<v Speaker 2>Yes, yeah.

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<v Speaker 3>Technically they test if the map can be decomposed into

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<v Speaker 3>a sequence of completely positive trace preserving maps, but conceptually,

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<v Speaker 3>if it can be perfectly sliced up into these independent

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<v Speaker 3>intermediate steps, the process is divisible, meaning the system is Markovian, right,

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<v Speaker 3>it has no memory, it's the goldfish. But if the

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<v Speaker 3>math breaks down and you actually can't slice it into

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<v Speaker 3>independent steps without violating the physical rules of quantum mechanics.

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<v Speaker 2>Which means the intermediate step requires information from the past

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<v Speaker 2>to even make sense.

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<v Speaker 3>Exactly, then the map is indivisible. The system is non Markovian,

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<v Speaker 3>it has memory.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, here's where it gets really interesting, but also where

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<v Speaker 2>I need to push back on the MA a bit. Sure.

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<v Speaker 2>So the Turku team looks at a system through the

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<v Speaker 2>Schrodinger picture the evolving state, and they test the dynamical map,

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<v Speaker 2>and the math says it is perfectly divisible. It's a goldfish.

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<v Speaker 2>It has no memory. Right, But then they calculate the

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<v Speaker 2>dynamical map for the Heisenberg observables, and suddenly the math

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<v Speaker 2>says it is indivisible. It has memory. But wait, if

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<v Speaker 2>a system looks memoryless in the Schrodinger picture, isn't that

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<v Speaker 2>just a math trick?

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<v Speaker 3>It really isn't.

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<v Speaker 2>But how does it actually secretly keep a diary? Both

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<v Speaker 2>pictures have to yield the exact same physical predictions in

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<v Speaker 2>the lab. Right, how can the same physical system simultaneously

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<v Speaker 2>fail and pass the test for memory?

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<v Speaker 3>It feels like a contradiction because we are so used

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<v Speaker 3>to thinking of memory as an object you hold, rather

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<v Speaker 3>than a dynamic relationship. To understand how this happens, we

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<v Speaker 3>have to look at what the Schrodinger picture actually does

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<v Speaker 3>to the environment. Mathematically, when you calculate the evolving state

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<v Speaker 3>in the Schrodinger picture, you have to perform operation called

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<v Speaker 3>tracing out the environmental degrees of freedom.

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<v Speaker 2>Tracing out you basically take the infinitely complex environment and

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<v Speaker 2>average it down into a workable probability.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, you mathematically average over all the chaotic monks, the

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<v Speaker 3>stray photons, the thermal noise. By tracing out the environment.

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<v Speaker 3>You are intentionally discarding the specific granular correlations between the

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<v Speaker 3>quantum system and the bath that sits in oh I see.

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<v Speaker 3>So in doing so, the specific backflow of information the

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<v Speaker 3>memory can mathematically cancel itself out. In the state evolution,

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<v Speaker 3>the state marches forward looking completely Markovian and divisible.

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<v Speaker 2>It looks clean because we purposely blurred the background to

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<v Speaker 2>focus on the subject exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>But the Heisenberg picture partitions the math entirely differently. The

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<v Speaker 3>state is fixed, so you don't trace out the environment

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<v Speaker 3>in the same way. Instead, the measurement operators have to

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<v Speaker 3>internally encode the environmental backflow to ensure that when you

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<v Speaker 3>finally do the calculation, the end result perfectly matches the

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<v Speaker 3>Schrodinger picture.

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<v Speaker 2>Wow.

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<v Speaker 3>The operators themselves structurally absorb the correlations with the environment, so.

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<v Speaker 2>They basically swallow the history.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, so when you test the Heisenberg operators for a divisibility,

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<v Speaker 3>that encoded environmental backflow makes it mathematically impossible to slice

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<v Speaker 3>the timeline into independent chunks.

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<v Speaker 2>Because the history is structurally bound to the operator.

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<v Speaker 3>Right, the memory isn't an absolute property of the particle,

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<v Speaker 3>It is a property of the lens. You are using

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<v Speaker 3>to track the particle's relationship with its environment.

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<v Speaker 2>That is wild. It literally keeps a detailed record of

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<v Speaker 2>the past, a hidden diary that is completely invisible if

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<v Speaker 2>you are looking through the wrong lens.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, it behaves as though the past never happened in

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<v Speaker 3>its state that holds all the secrets and its observables.

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<v Speaker 2>Which fundamentally shatters the idea of a single objective reality

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<v Speaker 2>at the quantum level.

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<v Speaker 3>It really does.

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<v Speaker 2>But let's bring this out of the theoretical math realm

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<v Speaker 2>and into the laboratory, because, as we said at the beginning,

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<v Speaker 2>realizing that a quantum system can harbor hidden memory isn't

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<v Speaker 2>just a fun math puzzle, No, not at all. It

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<v Speaker 2>is an active, potentially catastrophic hazard for anyone trying to

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<v Speaker 2>build machines out of these systems.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, it all comes down to the arch nemesis of

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<v Speaker 3>quantum engineering, decoherence.

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<v Speaker 2>Ah, decoherence, the ultimate quantum buzzkill very much so.

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<v Speaker 3>We mentioned earlier that open systems leak information into the environment.

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<v Speaker 3>When equippit, which is the basic building block of a

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<v Speaker 3>quantum computer, leaks that information, it loses its delicate quantum state.

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<v Speaker 2>It decoheres into a boring classical.

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<v Speaker 3>Bit exactly, and quibots are incredibly fragile. To build a

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<v Speaker 3>functioning quantum computer engineers spend literally billions of dollars fighting

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<v Speaker 3>decoherent Right.

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<v Speaker 2>They build those massive dilution refrigerators that look like giant

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<v Speaker 2>gold chandeliers. Right.

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<v Speaker 3>They cool the processors down to a fraction of a

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<v Speaker 3>degree above absolute zero, just trying to quiet the thermal

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<v Speaker 3>noise of the environment.

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<v Speaker 2>But you can never perfectly isolated system. Some noise always

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<v Speaker 2>gets through, no matter how cold it is.

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<v Speaker 3>True, So the second line defense is quantum error correction.

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<v Speaker 3>Engineers write highly complex software algorithms, things like surface codes

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<v Speaker 3>to detect when a quibit has been bumped by the

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<v Speaker 3>environment and fix the error on the fly before the

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<v Speaker 3>whole calculation collapses.

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<v Speaker 2>So what does this all mean for the engineers building

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<v Speaker 2>these things. Let's say I'm a quantum software engineer. I

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<v Speaker 2>run a standard Schrodeners style test on my quibbits state evolution.

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<v Speaker 2>The math says, great news. Your system is more Covian,

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<v Speaker 2>the dynamical map is divisible. Your quibbit has no memory. Okay, naturally,

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<v Speaker 2>I'm going to write my error correction code based on

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<v Speaker 2>the assumption that every single error is just a random,

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<v Speaker 2>isolated event.

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<v Speaker 3>And your error correction code is going to fail catastrophically.

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<v Speaker 2>Wait, really, just completely fail?

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, because the threshold for surface codes to actually work

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<v Speaker 3>relies heavily on the assumption that errors are independent. If

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<v Speaker 3>an error happens to quibit a, it has nothing to

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<v Speaker 3>do with an error happening to quibb a millisecond later.

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<v Speaker 2>But if the system actually has hidden non Marcovia memory

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<v Speaker 2>embedded in its observables.

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<v Speaker 3>Then the environment is orchestrating a correlated wave of errors

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<v Speaker 3>based on past interactions. The errors aren't just random coin

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<v Speaker 3>flips anymore. They are a sequence of events driven by

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<v Speaker 3>that hidden diary.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh man, So if your error correction strategy assumes the

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<v Speaker 2>system is memoryless, you are basically applying random band aids

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<v Speaker 2>to a highly coordinated systemic breakdown.

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<v Speaker 3>Exactly. You fundamentally misdiagnose the mechanics of the failure.

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<v Speaker 2>Wow, you're trying to treat a genetic disease like it's

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<v Speaker 2>a random scrape on the knee. The treatment won't work

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<v Speaker 2>because it doesn't address the underlying historical code.

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<v Speaker 3>That's a great analogy, and what's fascinating here is that

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<v Speaker 3>the Turkey team's research is so vital because it isn't

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<v Speaker 3>just pointing out a new way for quantum computers.

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<v Speaker 2>To fail, right, It's not just bad news.

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<v Speaker 3>It provides the exact mathematical framework to locate and quantify

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<v Speaker 3>where this hidden memory actually lives. And once you can

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<v Speaker 3>map that and diary, you don't just have to blindly

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<v Speaker 3>fight environmental noise anymore. You can exploit it.

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<v Speaker 2>Wait, how do you exploit noise that is actively trying

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<v Speaker 2>to destroy your data.

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<v Speaker 3>By using techniques like dynamic decoupling but supercharged?

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, explain that.

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<v Speaker 3>So if you know exactly how the environment is absorbing

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<v Speaker 3>and returning information over time, because you can finally read

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<v Speaker 3>the hidden memory in the Heisenberg observables, you can actually

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<v Speaker 3>time your control pulses to perfectly intercept that backflow. Always

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<v Speaker 3>you can literally use the environment's memory as a stabilizing

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<v Speaker 3>resource to reinforce the quibot rather than letting it tear

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<v Speaker 3>the system apart. You turn the environment from a chaotic

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<v Speaker 3>enemy into a complex but predictable battery.

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<v Speaker 2>That is a massive paradigm shift. It's the difference between

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<v Speaker 2>like trying to sail a boat by fighting against a

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<v Speaker 2>completely random storm versus realizing you are actually in a

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<v Speaker 2>very complex deep water current. Once you have the mathematical

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<v Speaker 2>tools to map the current, you can angle your sales

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<v Speaker 2>to use the water's momentum to push forward. Researchers must

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<v Speaker 2>be rushing to apply this.

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<v Speaker 3>Oh, absolutely, they are already exploring this in superconducting circuits,

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<v Speaker 3>trapped ions, and photonic systems. And this hidden memory mapping

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<v Speaker 3>extends far beyond just computing.

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<v Speaker 2>Really where else think.

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<v Speaker 3>About quantum metrology. This is the science of using quantum

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<v Speaker 3>entanglement to make ultra precise measurements. We're talking about things

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<v Speaker 3>like detecting the infinitesimal gravitational pull of a passing dark

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<v Speaker 3>matter candidate wow, or mapping microscopic magnetic fields in the

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<v Speaker 3>human brain.

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<v Speaker 2>But those sensors are so sensitive that, like a truck

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<v Speaker 2>driving by a mile away could ruin the data right precisely.

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<v Speaker 3>In metrology, distinguishing between the actual signal you want to

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<v Speaker 3>measure and the noise of the environment is everything. Okay,

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<v Speaker 3>If your sensors observables are harboring hidden memory of past

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<v Speaker 3>environmental interactions and you don't know it, you will interpret

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<v Speaker 3>that memory as a false positive signal, it'll look.

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<v Speaker 2>Like dark matter, but it's just a memory echo exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>So by applying this new dual perspective framework fils yes,

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<v Speaker 3>this can mathematically filter out the hidden diary. This allows

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<v Speaker 3>for a level of sensor precision we previously thought was

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<v Speaker 3>physically impossible.

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<v Speaker 2>That's incredible. It essentially forces every field that relies on

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<v Speaker 2>quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, cryptography, metrology to run their models through

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<v Speaker 2>this new duelens perspective.

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<v Speaker 3>It changes the baseline of how we interact with the

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<v Speaker 3>quantum world.

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<v Speaker 2>So, just to wrap this all up for you listening,

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<v Speaker 2>we started this conversation with a paradox, a machine that

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<v Speaker 2>perfectly remembers and completely forgets at the exact same time.

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<v Speaker 2>And what we've discovered is that memory isn't a fixed

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<v Speaker 2>label you can just slap on a physical object.

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<v Speaker 3>No, it's not. Memory is a property of the relationship

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<v Speaker 3>between the quantum system, the vast chaos of its environment,

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<v Speaker 3>and the specific mathematical lens the observer chooses to apply.

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<v Speaker 2>The shorter year state averages the history away to give

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<v Speaker 2>you a clean probability of the future.

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<v Speaker 3>And the Heisenberg observables internalize the history to ensure the

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<v Speaker 3>physical mechanics of the universe remain balanced.

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<v Speaker 2>The April twenty twenty six discovery by the Turku team

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<v Speaker 2>basically prove that our descriptions of nature are not nature itself.

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<v Speaker 2>The mathematical lens dictates the physical properties we are allowed

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<v Speaker 2>to perceive. The universe allows a particle to keep its

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<v Speaker 2>secrets right out in the open, provided you are looking

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<v Speaker 2>at the state instead of the operator.

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<v Speaker 3>It is an incredibly elegant solution to a profound physical problem,

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<v Speaker 3>But you know, it leaves us with something much deeper

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<v Speaker 3>to consider about how we interact with the world around us.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it really does.

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<v Speaker 3>We spend so much of our time, energy, and resources

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<v Speaker 3>in physics trying to build larger collidors and more sensitive

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<v Speaker 3>detectors just to capture new elusive information. We are totally

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<v Speaker 3>obsessed with uncovering the unknown.

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<v Speaker 2>Right we always want to find the missing puzzle pieces.

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<v Speaker 3>But if nature itself can perfectly hide an entire history

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<v Speaker 3>of complex information right in front of us, a detailed

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<v Speaker 3>diary mathematically woven into the fabric of a system we

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<v Speaker 3>thought was completely wiped clean, just waiting for us to

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<v Speaker 3>shift our perspective from the state to the observable. Other

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<v Speaker 3>fundamental properties of our daily reality are syctically hiding in

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<v Speaker 3>plain sight. Could our understanding of the flow of time itself,

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<v Speaker 3>or even the nature of gravity simply be an artifact

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<v Speaker 3>of the specific mathematical lens we've been stubbornly looking through

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<v Speaker 3>for the last century.