WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.640 --> 00:00:04.559 Section ten of the Grochy Marius and Sola by A. H. Beasley. 2 00:00:05.200 --> 00:00:10.599 This librovox recording is in the public domain. Read by Pamelinagami, 3 00:00:11.080 --> 00:00:16.640 Chapter eight the Social War in a previous chapter, the 4 00:00:16.719 --> 00:00:20.160 relations now existing between Rome and her dependents have been 5 00:00:20.199 --> 00:00:24.760 described for two centuries. The Italians had remained faithful to 6 00:00:24.839 --> 00:00:29.359 Rome through repeated temptations and even through the fiery trial 7 00:00:29.679 --> 00:00:35.840 of Hannibal's victorious occupation. But the loyalty, which no external 8 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:40.159 or sudden shock could snap, had been slowly eaten away 9 00:00:40.240 --> 00:00:45.119 by corrosives which the arrogance or negligence of the government supplied. 10 00:00:46.280 --> 00:00:49.280 It is clear from the episode of Drusus that there 11 00:00:49.479 --> 00:00:53.600 was as wide a breach between Italian capitalists and cultivators 12 00:00:54.079 --> 00:00:58.119 as there had been between Roman occupiers and the first 13 00:00:58.159 --> 00:01:02.719 clamorers for agrarian laws. So at the outbreak of the war, 14 00:01:03.240 --> 00:01:08.920 Umbria and Etruria, whence Philippus had summoned his supporters, because 15 00:01:08.959 --> 00:01:13.359 the farmer class had been annihilated and large landowners held 16 00:01:13.400 --> 00:01:18.200 the soil, remained faithful to Rome. But where the farmer 17 00:01:18.280 --> 00:01:22.760 class still flourished, as among the Marsi, the Marusini, and 18 00:01:22.840 --> 00:01:27.879 the adjacent districts discontent had been gathering volume for many years. 19 00:01:29.120 --> 00:01:33.200 No doubt the demoralization of the metropolis contributed to this result, 20 00:01:33.719 --> 00:01:36.719 And as intercourse with Rome became more and more common, 21 00:01:37.159 --> 00:01:41.200 familiarity with the vices of their masters would breed indignation 22 00:01:41.480 --> 00:01:45.040 in the minds of the hardier dependents, who they would 23 00:01:45.079 --> 00:01:50.480 ask themselves, were these scouri these Philippi men fit only 24 00:01:50.519 --> 00:01:54.560 to murder patriots and sell their country and themselves for gold, 25 00:01:54.760 --> 00:01:58.959 that they should lord it over Italians? Why should a 26 00:01:59.040 --> 00:02:01.599 Roman soldier have the right of appeal to a civil 27 00:02:01.680 --> 00:02:05.319 tribunal and an Italian soldier be at the mercy of 28 00:02:05.359 --> 00:02:10.159 martial law? Why should two Italians for every one Roman 29 00:02:10.240 --> 00:02:14.879 be forced to fight Rome's battles? Why should insolent young 30 00:02:14.960 --> 00:02:18.479 Romans and the fine ladies of the metropolis in sold 31 00:02:18.520 --> 00:02:24.039 Italian magistrates and murder Italians of humbler rank. This was 32 00:02:24.080 --> 00:02:28.319 the reward of their long fidelity. If here and their 33 00:02:28.479 --> 00:02:32.439 estatesman was willing to yield them the franchise, the flower 34 00:02:32.520 --> 00:02:37.759 of the aristocracy, the Skyvalaye the Crossi expelled them by 35 00:02:37.800 --> 00:02:42.360 an alien act from Rome. They had tried all parties, 36 00:02:42.360 --> 00:02:46.560 and by all been disappointed. For Roman factions were united 37 00:02:46.639 --> 00:02:50.960 on one point, and one only, in obstinate refusal to 38 00:02:51.000 --> 00:02:56.120 give Italians justice. The two glorious brothers had been slain 39 00:02:56.199 --> 00:03:00.680 because they pitied their wrongs, So had Scipio, so had 40 00:03:00.680 --> 00:03:07.719 the fearless Saturninus. And now their last friend, this second Scipio, Drusus, 41 00:03:07.719 --> 00:03:12.400 had been struck down by the same cowardly hands. Surely 42 00:03:12.479 --> 00:03:15.800 it was time to act for themselves and avenge their benefactors. 43 00:03:16.639 --> 00:03:20.199 They were more numerous, they were heartier than their tyrants, 44 00:03:20.719 --> 00:03:24.199 and if not so well organized, still by their union 45 00:03:24.240 --> 00:03:28.159 with Drusus, they were in some sort welded together. And 46 00:03:28.280 --> 00:03:31.560 now or never was the time to strike. For the 47 00:03:31.599 --> 00:03:35.919 friends of Drusus were marked men. Let them remain passive, 48 00:03:36.240 --> 00:03:39.759 and either individual Italians would perish by the dagger which 49 00:03:39.800 --> 00:03:44.599 had slain Drusus, or individual communities by the sentence of 50 00:03:44.639 --> 00:03:49.439 the Senate which had exterminated for Gelli. The revolt broke 51 00:03:49.520 --> 00:03:54.759 out at Ascalum. Various towns were exchanging hostages to secure 52 00:03:54.879 --> 00:04:00.439 mutual fidelity. Gaius Servilius, the Roman priter here, daring this 53 00:04:00.639 --> 00:04:04.960 was going on at Ascalum, went there and sharply censured 54 00:04:05.000 --> 00:04:09.039 the people in the theater. He and his escort were 55 00:04:09.080 --> 00:04:13.319 torn to pieces, the gates were shut. Every Roman in 56 00:04:13.360 --> 00:04:19.079 the town was slain, and the Marci Polygni, Marosini Frentani 57 00:04:19.399 --> 00:04:24.920 was tini picuenttini Hirpini. The people of Pompeii and Venusia, 58 00:04:25.519 --> 00:04:29.279 the Iapies, the Lucani and the Samnites, and all the 59 00:04:29.319 --> 00:04:32.279 people from the Lyris to the Adriatic flew to arms. 60 00:04:32.879 --> 00:04:35.160 And though here and there a town like Pinna of 61 00:04:35.240 --> 00:04:39.680 the Westini, or a partisan like Minutius Maggius of Iclonum 62 00:04:40.079 --> 00:04:43.480 remained loyal to Rome, all the center and south of 63 00:04:43.519 --> 00:04:48.560 Italy were soon in insurrection. Perhaps at Pinna, the large 64 00:04:48.680 --> 00:04:53.319 landowners or capitalists were supreme, as in Umbria and Itituria, 65 00:04:54.000 --> 00:04:57.040 which sided with Rome, as also did most of the 66 00:04:57.160 --> 00:05:01.560 Latin towns, the Greek towns of Neapolis, Regium, and most 67 00:05:01.560 --> 00:05:05.639 of Campania, where Coppua became an important Roman post during 68 00:05:05.680 --> 00:05:10.000 the war. The insurgents, emboldened by the swift spread of 69 00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:14.000 the rebellion, sent to demand the franchise as the price 70 00:05:14.040 --> 00:05:18.399 of submission. But the old dogged spirit which extremity of 71 00:05:18.480 --> 00:05:21.680 danger had ever aroused at Rome, was not dead. The 72 00:05:21.720 --> 00:05:26.519 offer was sternly rejected, and the Equitaise turned furiously on 73 00:05:26.600 --> 00:05:30.959 the Optimus, or the Italianizing section of the Optimis, to 74 00:05:31.160 --> 00:05:35.360 whose folly they felt that the war was due. With war, 75 00:05:35.759 --> 00:05:39.079 the hope of their gains was gone. And enraged at this, 76 00:05:39.560 --> 00:05:42.680 they took advantage of the outbreak to repay the Senate 77 00:05:42.920 --> 00:05:46.519 for its complicity in the attempt of Drusus to deprive 78 00:05:46.639 --> 00:05:50.480 them of the judicia under a law of Varius, who 79 00:05:50.560 --> 00:05:53.000 is said by Cicero to have been the assassin of 80 00:05:53.079 --> 00:05:58.120 Drusus and Metellus. Italian sympathizers were brought to trial and 81 00:05:58.240 --> 00:06:04.040 either convicted and banished or overawed into silence. Among the 82 00:06:04.120 --> 00:06:08.120 accused was Scourus. But now, as ever, that shifty man 83 00:06:08.160 --> 00:06:13.680 emerged triumphant from his intrigues. He aped the defense of Scipio, 84 00:06:14.040 --> 00:06:17.480 and retired not only safe, but with the dignity so 85 00:06:17.560 --> 00:06:21.439 well studied that but for his antecedents, it might have 86 00:06:21.519 --> 00:06:27.079 seemed sincere a Spaniard accused him, he said, and Scourus, 87 00:06:27.279 --> 00:06:30.800 chief of the Senate, denied the accusation. Whether of the 88 00:06:30.879 --> 00:06:35.959 twain should the Romans believe for such prosecutions, there was 89 00:06:36.000 --> 00:06:41.759 indeed some excuse, for the prospect was threatening Mithridates might 90 00:06:41.800 --> 00:06:45.959 at any moment stop the supplies from Asia. The soldiers 91 00:06:46.000 --> 00:06:48.319 of the enemy were men who had fought in Roman 92 00:06:48.480 --> 00:06:52.639 armies and been trained in Roman discipline. They were led 93 00:06:52.680 --> 00:06:56.399 by able captains and were more numerous than the forces 94 00:06:56.439 --> 00:06:58.959 opposed to them. And yet the war must be a 95 00:06:59.000 --> 00:07:02.920 war of detachment, where numbers were all important. It was 96 00:07:03.000 --> 00:07:07.040 no time for hesitation about purging out all traders or waverers. 97 00:07:07.879 --> 00:07:10.639 But the courts that tried other cases were closed for 98 00:07:10.720 --> 00:07:15.680 the time. The distributions of grain were curtailed, the walls 99 00:07:15.680 --> 00:07:19.720 were put in order, arms were prepared as fast as possible. 100 00:07:20.439 --> 00:07:23.160 A fleet was collected from the free cities of Greece 101 00:07:23.240 --> 00:07:27.600 and Asia. Minor levies were raised from the citizens from 102 00:07:27.639 --> 00:07:32.079 Africa and from Gaul. Lastly, in view of the inevitably 103 00:07:32.120 --> 00:07:35.560 scattered form which the fighting would take, each consul was 104 00:07:35.600 --> 00:07:39.240 to have five lieutenants. Lupus was to command in the 105 00:07:39.319 --> 00:07:43.800 northern district from Picenum to Campania. Among the generals who 106 00:07:43.879 --> 00:07:48.240 acted under him were the father of Pompeius, Magnus and 107 00:07:48.720 --> 00:07:54.199 Marius Somnium Campania, and the southern district fell to Lucius 108 00:07:54.399 --> 00:07:57.720 Julius Caesar, and among the five officers who went with 109 00:07:57.839 --> 00:08:02.319 him were also two men of mark Publius Licinius Crassus 110 00:08:02.680 --> 00:08:07.120 and Sullah. We shall see how by an exhaustive process, 111 00:08:07.600 --> 00:08:11.319 the Romans, after a series of defeats, were at last 112 00:08:11.360 --> 00:08:14.920 driven to employ as generals in chief the two rivals, 113 00:08:15.240 --> 00:08:18.800 who were now subordinates and were thus carefully kept aloof 114 00:08:19.920 --> 00:08:23.600 the confederates. On their part, were equally energetic. They had 115 00:08:23.639 --> 00:08:28.439 chosen as their capital Corfinium on the river Atyrnus Pescara, 116 00:08:28.959 --> 00:08:32.240 because of its central position with reference to the insurrection, 117 00:08:32.759 --> 00:08:35.919 and soon made it evident that the Roman franchise was 118 00:08:35.960 --> 00:08:39.600 no longer the limit to their aspirations, but that they 119 00:08:39.639 --> 00:08:43.879 aimed at the conquest of Rome herself. They called their 120 00:08:43.879 --> 00:08:47.679 capital Etalica. In it, they built a form and fortified 121 00:08:47.679 --> 00:08:52.039 its walls. They issued a new coinage. They chose two 122 00:08:52.120 --> 00:08:55.919 consuls twelve prits, and a senate of five hundred, and 123 00:08:56.000 --> 00:09:00.039 gave the franchise to every community in arms on their side. 124 00:09:00.559 --> 00:09:04.679 They mustered an army of one hundred thousand men and 125 00:09:04.799 --> 00:09:08.000 intrusted the command against Lupus in the north and west 126 00:09:08.039 --> 00:09:13.159 to Pompeidius Silo, with six lieutenants under him. The command 127 00:09:13.200 --> 00:09:16.000 against Caesar in the south and east was given to 128 00:09:16.080 --> 00:09:20.759 a noted sam knight named Gaius Papius Mutalus. It is 129 00:09:20.840 --> 00:09:23.600 easier to get a general idea of the war than 130 00:09:23.720 --> 00:09:27.279 of its details, though the latter are not without interest. 131 00:09:28.000 --> 00:09:30.559 The results of the first year were, in spite of 132 00:09:30.600 --> 00:09:36.000 some victories, most unfavorable to Rome. The insurgents were encouraged. 133 00:09:36.679 --> 00:09:40.519 The insurrection had spread to Umbria and Etruria, and the 134 00:09:40.600 --> 00:09:44.919 Romans had at one time almost despaired, But in council 135 00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:48.000 they retrieved what they had lost in the camp. A 136 00:09:48.080 --> 00:09:53.120 most politic concession of the franchise checked all further disaffection. 137 00:09:53.360 --> 00:09:56.840 In the very nick of time. The revolt in Umbria 138 00:09:56.919 --> 00:10:00.600 and Etruria was speedily suppressed, and at the close of 139 00:10:00.679 --> 00:10:04.440 the second year of the war BC eighty nine, the 140 00:10:04.480 --> 00:10:08.440 insurrection itself was virtually at an end. For though the 141 00:10:08.480 --> 00:10:13.480 Sulpacian revolution at Rome prevented its absolute extinction, and some 142 00:10:13.679 --> 00:10:16.879 embers of it still lingered for five years more, and 143 00:10:17.000 --> 00:10:20.759 though Roman forces were still required after eighty nine BC 144 00:10:21.440 --> 00:10:26.159 among the Sabines in Samnium, in Lucania and at Nola, 145 00:10:26.759 --> 00:10:31.080 the war as a war ended in that year. Consequently, 146 00:10:31.159 --> 00:10:34.639 we may divide it into two periods, each well defined 147 00:10:35.120 --> 00:10:38.840 and each consisting of a year, the first in which 148 00:10:38.879 --> 00:10:43.480 the Confederate cause triumphed and Marius lost credit, the second 149 00:10:43.799 --> 00:10:47.799 in which the cause of Rome triumphed and Sullah enhanced 150 00:10:47.840 --> 00:10:52.919 his reputation and became the foremost man at Rome. The 151 00:10:52.960 --> 00:10:56.440 war began, as was natural, with an attempt to take Ascalum, 152 00:10:57.039 --> 00:10:59.759 but the townsmen manning the walls with the old men passed. 153 00:10:59.759 --> 00:11:06.120 Serves surprised Nius Pompeius by a sally and defeated him. Subsequently, 154 00:11:06.200 --> 00:11:09.799 he was again defeated at Faleria and driven into Firmum, 155 00:11:10.159 --> 00:11:14.039 a Latin colony which held out for Rome. There he 156 00:11:14.120 --> 00:11:18.159 stayed till Servius Sulpicius came to his help. On the 157 00:11:18.200 --> 00:11:22.240 approach of Sulpicius, he sallied out the enemy, taken in 158 00:11:22.279 --> 00:11:25.720 front and rear were routed, and Pompeius began the siege 159 00:11:25.759 --> 00:11:29.000 of Ascalum. It was not taken till the next year, 160 00:11:29.279 --> 00:11:35.120 eighty nine, and only after a desperate battle before its walls. Judicilius, 161 00:11:35.159 --> 00:11:36.960 who had come to relieve the town of which he 162 00:11:37.039 --> 00:11:40.480 was a native, though the day was lost, forced his 163 00:11:40.559 --> 00:11:45.759 way inside the walls and held out for several months longer. Finally, 164 00:11:45.799 --> 00:11:49.480 when it was impossible to protract the defense, he had 165 00:11:49.480 --> 00:11:52.639 a pile of wood made and a table placed on it, 166 00:11:52.919 --> 00:11:57.480 at which he feasted with friends. Then taking poison, he 167 00:11:57.600 --> 00:12:01.279 had the pile fired. When the Romans got in, they 168 00:12:01.279 --> 00:12:05.440 took fearful vengeance, slaying all the officers and men of position, 169 00:12:06.240 --> 00:12:10.559 expelling the rest of the inhabitants, and confiscating their property. 170 00:12:11.440 --> 00:12:14.200 Such was the fate of the ringleaders of the rebellion. 171 00:12:15.279 --> 00:12:18.840 As Ascalum was the first object of Roman vengeance, so 172 00:12:19.000 --> 00:12:22.360 the confederates directed their first efforts against the towns in 173 00:12:22.399 --> 00:12:26.360 their neighborhood which refused to join them. See Lo assailed 174 00:12:26.360 --> 00:12:32.320 Alba and Moodalus. Isernia. The consul Caesar, sending ahead Marcellus 175 00:12:32.320 --> 00:12:36.320 and Crasses into Somnium and Lucania, followed in person as 176 00:12:36.320 --> 00:12:39.320 soon as he could, but he was beaten by Vetti 177 00:12:39.480 --> 00:12:42.639 Scato in Samnium with the loss of two thousand men. 178 00:12:43.559 --> 00:12:47.639 Vanaphram thereupon revolted, and though one account says that Sulla 179 00:12:47.720 --> 00:12:51.639 relieved Isernia, it was at best only a partial or 180 00:12:51.679 --> 00:12:55.600 a temporary relief, for it capitulated before the close of 181 00:12:55.639 --> 00:12:59.000 the year. How the siege of Alba ended we do 182 00:12:59.120 --> 00:13:03.159 not know. Defeat after defeat was now announced at Rome, 183 00:13:03.840 --> 00:13:07.000 preparin A lost four thousand men, and most of his 184 00:13:07.120 --> 00:13:11.440 other soldiers threw away their arms on the battlefield. For this, 185 00:13:11.919 --> 00:13:15.200 Lupus deprived him of his command and attached his troops 186 00:13:15.200 --> 00:13:19.120 to those of Marius. Crassus was beaten in Leucania and 187 00:13:19.240 --> 00:13:23.200 shut up in Grumentum, which was besieged and taken. A 188 00:13:23.240 --> 00:13:26.039 pleasant story is told about some slaves of this town. 189 00:13:26.879 --> 00:13:29.879 They had deserted to the Confederates, and when the town 190 00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:32.879 was taken, made straight for the house where they had lived, 191 00:13:33.039 --> 00:13:36.279 and dragged their mistress away, telling people they were going 192 00:13:36.320 --> 00:13:39.320 to have their revenge on her at last, and so 193 00:13:39.480 --> 00:13:43.279 they saved her. While the troops of Crassus were cooped 194 00:13:43.320 --> 00:13:48.159 up in Grumentum, Moutalus descended into Campania and obtained possession 195 00:13:48.240 --> 00:13:52.399 of Nola by treason. Two thousand soldiers also went over 196 00:13:52.440 --> 00:13:57.080 to him. The officers remained loyal and were starved to death. 197 00:13:58.159 --> 00:14:03.600 Staby Eyes, Salernum, Pumpede, Herculaneum, and probably Nusaria were taken 198 00:14:03.639 --> 00:14:07.159 in quick succession, and with his armies follen by deserters 199 00:14:07.159 --> 00:14:10.919 and recruits from the neighborhood. Mudalus laid siege to Acharai. 200 00:14:12.039 --> 00:14:15.559 Caesar hastened to relieve it, but Canusium and Venusia had 201 00:14:15.679 --> 00:14:20.679 joined the insurgents, and in Venusia Occinus, son of Jagurtha, 202 00:14:21.120 --> 00:14:25.360 had been kept prisoner by the Romans. Mudalus now put 203 00:14:25.440 --> 00:14:28.879 royal robes on him, and the Numidians in Caesar's army 204 00:14:28.919 --> 00:14:33.279 when they saw him deserted in troops, so that Caesar 205 00:14:33.440 --> 00:14:37.480 was forced to send the whole corps home. But out 206 00:14:37.519 --> 00:14:40.879 of this misfortune came the first gleam of success which 207 00:14:41.000 --> 00:14:44.879 had as yet shown on the Roman arms. Mudalus ventured 208 00:14:44.919 --> 00:14:48.879 to attack Caesar's camp, but was driven back, and in 209 00:14:48.919 --> 00:14:52.759 the retreat the Roman cavalry cut down six thousand of 210 00:14:52.840 --> 00:14:58.960 his men. Though Marius Ignatius soon afterwards defeated Caesar, this victory, 211 00:14:59.000 --> 00:15:01.600 in some sort disas painted the gloom of the capitol, 212 00:15:02.039 --> 00:15:04.519 and while the two armies settled again into their old 213 00:15:04.559 --> 00:15:08.679 position at Acharai, the garb of mourning was laid aside 214 00:15:08.679 --> 00:15:11.519 at Rome for the first time since the war began. 215 00:15:12.559 --> 00:15:17.399 Lupus and Marius meanwhile had marched against the Marcie. Marius 216 00:15:17.440 --> 00:15:21.279 in accordance with his old tactics against the Kimbri, advised 217 00:15:21.360 --> 00:15:25.440 Lupus not to hazard a battle. But Lupus thought that 218 00:15:25.480 --> 00:15:29.120 Marius wanted to get the consulship next year and reserved 219 00:15:29.120 --> 00:15:32.279 for himself the honors of the war, so he hastened 220 00:15:32.320 --> 00:15:36.399 to fight, and, throwing two bridges over the Tolanis, crossed 221 00:15:36.440 --> 00:15:40.039 by one himself, leaving Marius to cross by the other. 222 00:15:41.039 --> 00:15:43.600 As soon as the consul had reached the opposite bank, 223 00:15:43.799 --> 00:15:47.600 an ambuscade set by Vettius Scato attacked him and slew 224 00:15:47.679 --> 00:15:52.440 him and eight thousand of his men, their bodies floating 225 00:15:52.440 --> 00:15:56.120 down the river. Told Marius what had happened. Like the 226 00:15:56.159 --> 00:15:59.480 good soldier that he was, he promptly crossed and seized 227 00:15:59.559 --> 00:16:04.600 the enemy camp. This disaster happened on June eleventh BC 228 00:16:04.840 --> 00:16:09.480 ninety and caused great consternation in Rome, but at Rome 229 00:16:09.799 --> 00:16:13.759 small merit was now discerned in any success gained by 230 00:16:13.759 --> 00:16:18.399 the veteran general and Kpeo, who had opposed Drusus and 231 00:16:18.600 --> 00:16:22.360 was therefore a favorite with the Equitaise, was made joint 232 00:16:22.399 --> 00:16:27.080 commander in the north. It was a foolish choice, the 233 00:16:27.080 --> 00:16:30.759 prudence of Marius, and a victory over the polygny gained 234 00:16:30.759 --> 00:16:37.360 by Sulpicius were neutralized by the new general's rashness. Pompitius Silo, 235 00:16:37.559 --> 00:16:40.679 who must have been a thoroughly gallant man, came in 236 00:16:40.720 --> 00:16:44.720 person to the Roman camp, bringing two young slaves whom 237 00:16:44.720 --> 00:16:48.440 he passed off as his own children and offered as hostages. 238 00:16:48.519 --> 00:16:51.799 For the sincerity of the offer he made, which was 239 00:16:51.879 --> 00:16:56.480 to place his camp in Kitpio's hands. Kypio went with him, 240 00:16:56.720 --> 00:16:59.360 and Pompitius, running up a hill to look out, as 241 00:16:59.360 --> 00:17:02.120 he said, for the enemy, gave a signal to men 242 00:17:02.360 --> 00:17:06.079 whom he had placed in ambush. Kaypio and many of 243 00:17:06.119 --> 00:17:10.000 his men were slain, and at last Marius was sole commander. 244 00:17:11.200 --> 00:17:16.799 He advanced steadily but warily into Marcian territory. Cilo tauntingly 245 00:17:16.839 --> 00:17:19.519 told him to come down and fight if he was 246 00:17:19.559 --> 00:17:23.400 a great general. Nay replied, Marius, if you are a 247 00:17:23.440 --> 00:17:27.839 great general, do you make me at length? He did fight, 248 00:17:28.200 --> 00:17:31.880 and as he always did, won the day. In another battle, 249 00:17:31.880 --> 00:17:35.680 the Marsinian leader and six thousand of the marci were slain, 250 00:17:36.720 --> 00:17:40.079 but Solah was at that time co operating with Marius, 251 00:17:40.119 --> 00:17:44.559 having apparently when the Romans evacuated, most of Campania marched 252 00:17:44.599 --> 00:17:48.279 north to form a junction with him, and beside his star, 253 00:17:48.839 --> 00:17:53.519 that of Marius always paled. Marius had shrunk back from 254 00:17:53.559 --> 00:17:56.799 following the enemy into a vineyard, Solah on the other 255 00:17:56.880 --> 00:18:00.400 side of it cut them off. Not that Mario was 256 00:18:00.480 --> 00:18:04.240 always overcautious. Once in this war he said to his men, 257 00:18:04.759 --> 00:18:07.640 I don't know which are the greatest cowards. You were 258 00:18:07.680 --> 00:18:11.000 the enemy, for they dare not face your backs, nor 259 00:18:11.119 --> 00:18:15.519 you theirs. But everything he now did was distrusted at Rome. 260 00:18:16.039 --> 00:18:19.880 And while some men disparaged his successes and said that 261 00:18:19.920 --> 00:18:24.119 he was grown old and clumsy, others were more afraid 262 00:18:24.160 --> 00:18:26.960 of him than of the enemy, with whom indeed there 263 00:18:27.039 --> 00:18:29.759 was some reason to think that he had too good 264 00:18:29.920 --> 00:18:33.960 an understanding. For once, when his army and se Loos 265 00:18:34.000 --> 00:18:38.119 were near each other, both generals and men conversed, cursing 266 00:18:38.160 --> 00:18:42.400 the war, and with mutual embraces, adjuring each other to 267 00:18:42.519 --> 00:18:45.920 desist from it. If the story be true, it is 268 00:18:45.960 --> 00:18:50.319 a sufficient reason for the Senate's conduct, inexplicable except by 269 00:18:50.359 --> 00:18:54.720 political reasons, in not employing Marius at all in the 270 00:18:54.799 --> 00:18:58.559 following year. It was probably at the close of this 271 00:18:58.680 --> 00:19:01.960 year that the revolt of the Umbrians and Etruscans took place, 272 00:19:02.400 --> 00:19:07.279 and that Plotius defeated the Umbrians and Porscha's Cato the Etruscans. 273 00:19:07.960 --> 00:19:11.839 On a general review of this piecemeal campaign, it is 274 00:19:11.920 --> 00:19:16.039 plain that the Romans had been worsted. On the main 275 00:19:16.119 --> 00:19:19.880 scene of the war Campania, they had been decisively defeated, 276 00:19:20.359 --> 00:19:24.200 and the country was in the enemy's power. In Pequanum 277 00:19:24.319 --> 00:19:28.119 and the Marcian territory the balance was more even. But 278 00:19:28.319 --> 00:19:32.640 Lupus and Chypio had been slain, Properna and Pompeius had 279 00:19:32.680 --> 00:19:36.000 been defeated, and on the whole the Confederates had carried 280 00:19:36.039 --> 00:19:39.960 off the honors of the war. Now Umbria was an insurrection, 281 00:19:40.559 --> 00:19:44.079 Mithridatees was astir in Asia, and there were symptoms of 282 00:19:44.119 --> 00:19:49.240 revolt in Transalpine Gaul. A selfish intriguer like Marius might 283 00:19:49.400 --> 00:19:51.839 very well have thought of throwing in his lot with 284 00:19:51.880 --> 00:19:55.279 the Italians, for theirs seemed to be the winning side. 285 00:19:55.640 --> 00:20:00.319 But on honester Men, such considerations produced quite another effect. 286 00:20:00.720 --> 00:20:03.920 The party of Drusus took heart again and appealed to 287 00:20:03.960 --> 00:20:05.920 the results of the war as a proof of his 288 00:20:06.079 --> 00:20:10.480 patriotic foresight and of the moderation of his councils. They 289 00:20:10.480 --> 00:20:13.559 got the administration of the Varian law into their own 290 00:20:13.599 --> 00:20:18.640 hands and turned it against its authors, Varius himself being exiled. 291 00:20:19.559 --> 00:20:23.079 The consul Caesar had personal reasons for being disquieted with 292 00:20:23.160 --> 00:20:26.640 the war. If the story of Erosius be true that 293 00:20:26.720 --> 00:20:30.440 when he asked for a triumph for his victory at Acharai, 294 00:20:31.000 --> 00:20:33.640 the senate sent him a mourning robe as a sign 295 00:20:33.720 --> 00:20:37.279 of what they thought of his request. In any case, 296 00:20:37.759 --> 00:20:41.240 he was the author of that Lex Julia, which really 297 00:20:41.359 --> 00:20:45.559 terminated the social war. There are different accounts given of 298 00:20:45.640 --> 00:20:50.720 this law. According to Gellias, it enfranchised Alatium, by which 299 00:20:50.759 --> 00:20:54.359 he must mean to include all the Latin colonies. According 300 00:20:54.400 --> 00:20:58.839 to Cicero, it enfranchised all Italy except ciss Alpine Gaul. 301 00:20:59.839 --> 00:21:04.359 According to Appian, it enfranchised all the Italians still faithful. 302 00:21:05.160 --> 00:21:08.640 In any case, those enfranchised were not to be enrolled 303 00:21:08.680 --> 00:21:11.799 in the old tribes, lest they should swamp them by 304 00:21:11.799 --> 00:21:15.119 their votes, but in eight new ones, which were to 305 00:21:15.240 --> 00:21:19.839 vote only after the others. The Lex Julia was immediately 306 00:21:19.880 --> 00:21:23.640 followed by the Lex Plautia Papiria, framed by the tribunes 307 00:21:23.720 --> 00:21:29.160 Marcus Ploudius, Sylvanus and Caius Papirius Carbo. This law seems 308 00:21:29.160 --> 00:21:32.359 to have been meant to supplement the other. The Lex 309 00:21:32.440 --> 00:21:36.759 Julia rewarded the Italians who had remained faithful. The Lex 310 00:21:36.839 --> 00:21:41.200 Plaudia Papiria held out the olive branch to the Italians 311 00:21:41.319 --> 00:21:45.799 who had rebelled. It enfranchised any citizen of an allied 312 00:21:45.839 --> 00:21:48.519 town who at the date of the law was dwelling 313 00:21:48.559 --> 00:21:51.519 in Italy and made a declaration to the pritor within 314 00:21:51.599 --> 00:21:55.200 sixty days. In the same year, and in connection no 315 00:21:55.319 --> 00:21:58.880 doubt with these measures, the Us Latii was conferred on 316 00:21:58.960 --> 00:22:02.000 a number of towns of the po by which every 317 00:22:02.079 --> 00:22:06.039 magistrate in his town might, if he chose, claim the franchise. 318 00:22:07.039 --> 00:22:09.279 Some of the free Allies of Rome did not look 319 00:22:09.359 --> 00:22:14.200 upon the Lex Julia, as Boone, Heraclia and Neopolis hesitated 320 00:22:14.240 --> 00:22:17.920 to accept it, the latter having special privileges such as 321 00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:22.079 exemption from service by land, which it valued above the franchise. 322 00:22:22.839 --> 00:22:26.319 Probably these towns in Reegia made a special bargain, and 323 00:22:26.359 --> 00:22:31.480 while accepting the franchise, retained their own language and institutions. 324 00:22:32.359 --> 00:22:36.279 The general result of the legislation was this all Italy 325 00:22:36.359 --> 00:22:40.200 and all Latin colonies in Cicalpine Gaul, together with all 326 00:22:40.359 --> 00:22:44.039 allied communities in sicial Pine Gaul south of the Po 327 00:22:44.640 --> 00:22:49.319 received the franchise. All the other Sicalpine towns north of 328 00:22:49.359 --> 00:22:53.720 the Poe received the us latte. A general amnesty was 329 00:22:53.720 --> 00:22:56.759 in fact offered, and though the provisions as to the 330 00:22:56.799 --> 00:23:01.680 new tribes were unsatisfactory, its effect was soon aparent. The 331 00:23:01.720 --> 00:23:05.200 consuls for eighty nine were Lucius Porcius Cato, who took 332 00:23:05.240 --> 00:23:09.039 command of the army in the Marian district, and Nius Pompeius, 333 00:23:09.079 --> 00:23:13.200 who retained the command of Picinum. Caesar was succeeded in 334 00:23:13.240 --> 00:23:18.039 Campania by Sullah. Flushed with hope, the Confederates opened the 335 00:23:18.119 --> 00:23:22.039 campaign by dispatching fifteen thousand men across the Apennines to 336 00:23:22.119 --> 00:23:27.200 join the Etruscan insurgents, but Pompeius intercepted and slew five 337 00:23:27.240 --> 00:23:30.839 thousand of them and dispersed the rest, who, even if 338 00:23:30.880 --> 00:23:33.599 they had reached Etruria, would have found that they had 339 00:23:33.640 --> 00:23:37.640 come on a bootless Errand he followed up this success 340 00:23:37.720 --> 00:23:42.160 by blow after blow. One of his lieutenants, Sulpicius, crushed 341 00:23:42.200 --> 00:23:48.400 the Marusini at Teat another, Quintus Metellus Piso subdued the Marci. 342 00:23:49.400 --> 00:23:53.200 Pompeius in person fought a great battle before ascalim As 343 00:23:53.240 --> 00:23:56.960 before related and captured the town, and in the following 344 00:23:57.039 --> 00:24:01.480 year the Polygnia and Vestini submitted to him. In the 345 00:24:01.519 --> 00:24:06.000 southeast of Italy, Cosconius, the priter burnt Selapia in Apulia, 346 00:24:06.319 --> 00:24:12.160 received the submission of Canai and besieged Canusium. Marius Ignatius 347 00:24:12.200 --> 00:24:15.359 came to its aid, but though he at first drove 348 00:24:15.440 --> 00:24:19.440 back Cosconius to Canai, he or his successor was defeated 349 00:24:19.480 --> 00:24:23.200 and slain in another fight, and Cosconius became master of 350 00:24:23.240 --> 00:24:27.400 all Apulia and the Iapigian Peninsula, which he laid waste 351 00:24:27.440 --> 00:24:31.400 with fire and sword. While the Roman supremacy was thus 352 00:24:31.440 --> 00:24:35.920 re established all along the east coast, Sulla in Campania 353 00:24:36.079 --> 00:24:40.440 was equally triumphant. He recovered Stabiae in April, and his 354 00:24:40.599 --> 00:24:46.240 lieutenant Titus Didius, took Herculaneum in June. Didius, however, lost 355 00:24:46.279 --> 00:24:52.519 his life in the assault. Sola next besieged Pompeii, defeated Cluentius, 356 00:24:52.559 --> 00:24:56.400 who came to its aid again defeated him before Pompeii 357 00:24:56.440 --> 00:24:59.000 and Nola, and the third time at the gates of 358 00:24:59.079 --> 00:25:05.200 Nola where Cluuentius was slain. About this time, Aula's Postumius Albinus, 359 00:25:05.599 --> 00:25:08.480 while in charge of the fleet, was murdered by his 360 00:25:08.640 --> 00:25:13.000 own men, recruits, probably whom he was bringing from Rome 361 00:25:13.079 --> 00:25:17.880 to Sullah's army. Sullah pardoned the mutineers, saying that he 362 00:25:18.039 --> 00:25:20.799 knew they would wipe out their crime by their bravery, 363 00:25:21.240 --> 00:25:25.000 and they did so in the fights with Cluentius. By 364 00:25:25.039 --> 00:25:29.480 such politic clemency and never varying good fortune, Sullah bound 365 00:25:29.480 --> 00:25:34.279 the army to his own interests, leaving Nola behind him. 366 00:25:34.480 --> 00:25:39.119 He crossed the Herpinian frontier and marched on Iclonum. The townsmen, 367 00:25:39.160 --> 00:25:42.960 who were expecting a Leucanian reinforcement that day, asked for 368 00:25:43.119 --> 00:25:47.480 time to deliberate. Sulla gave them an hour and occupied 369 00:25:47.519 --> 00:25:51.640 the hour in heaping vinosiers round the wooden walls, not 370 00:25:51.799 --> 00:25:55.599 choosing to be burnt. The townsmen surrendered and Sullah sacked 371 00:25:55.640 --> 00:26:01.079 the place. He then marched northwards into Samnium. The mountain 372 00:26:01.160 --> 00:26:05.400 passes were held by Mudalus, who hemmed in Sullah near Isernia. 373 00:26:06.079 --> 00:26:09.319 Sulla pretended to treat for peace, and when the enemy 374 00:26:09.319 --> 00:26:12.480 were off their guard, marched away in the night, leaving 375 00:26:12.559 --> 00:26:15.480 a trumpeter to sound all the watches as if the 376 00:26:15.680 --> 00:26:19.039 army were still in position. He seems to have defeated 377 00:26:19.119 --> 00:26:22.880 Mudalus after this, and leaving Isernia behind as he had 378 00:26:22.960 --> 00:26:26.359 left Nola. Finally, before going home to sue for the 379 00:26:26.400 --> 00:26:31.559 consulship of eighty eight, b C stormed Bovianum. He had 380 00:26:31.559 --> 00:26:34.480 managed the campaign in a bold and able way, where 381 00:26:34.559 --> 00:26:39.000 lest daring generalship might have failed. As the insurrection was 382 00:26:39.039 --> 00:26:42.519 thus being stamped out on either coast, Bovianum had become 383 00:26:42.559 --> 00:26:47.200 the capital of the insurgents instead of Corfinium. Now Bovianum 384 00:26:47.279 --> 00:26:51.480 was taken and Isernia became its center. The occupation of 385 00:26:51.559 --> 00:26:54.599 the Hirpinian territory cut off the sam Nights from the 386 00:26:54.640 --> 00:26:58.559 south of Italy, where the Leucanians and Brudians remained in arms. 387 00:26:59.440 --> 00:27:03.119 Except for some trifling operations which Pompeius had to carry 388 00:27:03.119 --> 00:27:06.279 out in order to complete the pacification of his district, 389 00:27:06.759 --> 00:27:09.480 all that was now left for the commanders of eighty 390 00:27:09.519 --> 00:27:13.720 eight was to crush the rebels in these two isolated divisions, 391 00:27:14.079 --> 00:27:17.599 and the war would be at an end. The rebels 392 00:27:17.640 --> 00:27:22.720 indeed prepared for a desperate resistance five generals were appointed, 393 00:27:23.160 --> 00:27:27.440 Pompeidius Scillo the Marcian at their head, and by enrolling 394 00:27:27.519 --> 00:27:31.279 slaves and calling out fresh levies, the Samnites mustered an 395 00:27:31.400 --> 00:27:36.200 army of fifty thousand men. Once more almost single handed, 396 00:27:36.359 --> 00:27:38.920 they prepared to strive with their old enemy for the 397 00:27:39.039 --> 00:27:43.559 sovereignty of Italy. The gallant Selos signalized his appointment by 398 00:27:43.640 --> 00:27:48.319 recovering Bovianum, but he was soon afterwards slain. He is 399 00:27:48.359 --> 00:27:50.799 said to have been defeated in a great battle by 400 00:27:50.920 --> 00:27:54.880 Mamercus Emilius, and to have fallen in it. Appian says 401 00:27:54.920 --> 00:27:59.599