Speaker 1: Part one of California History two pieces. This is a
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Speaker 1: Recording by David Wales. California History two pieces by various
Speaker 1: Part one Types of Indian Culture in California nineteen o
Speaker 1: four by Alfred Lewis Croeber, Part one. Only one attempt
Speaker 1: to give a systematic account of the Indians of California
Speaker 1: has been made. More than twenty five years ago. Stephen
Speaker 1: Powers wrote his famous Tribes of California, which, with all
Speaker 1: its defects, still stands unrivaled in comprehensiveness and usefulness, the
Speaker 1: one work on California which every anthropologist must cite. The
Speaker 1: last few years have seen more extended research of the
Speaker 1: Indians of the state. The Ethnological and Archaeological Survey of California,
Speaker 1: conducted by the Department of Anthropology of the University of California,
Speaker 1: through the liberality of Missus Phoebe A. Hurst, is intended
Speaker 1: to secure and preserve for record as much information about
Speaker 1: the Indians, and to say for the people of the state,
Speaker 1: as many of the remains and objects illustrative of the
Speaker 1: native life as possible. From the time of the first
Speaker 1: settlement of California, its Indians have been described as both
Speaker 1: more primitive and more peaceful than the majority of the
Speaker 1: natives of North America. On the whole, this opinion is
Speaker 1: undoubtedly true. The practical arts of life, the social institutions,
Speaker 1: and the ceremonies of the California Indians are unusually simple
Speaker 1: and undeveloped. There were no war for its own sake,
Speaker 1: no confederacies of powerful tribes, no communal stone pueblos, no
Speaker 1: totems or potlatches. The picturesqueness and dignity of other Indians
Speaker 1: are lacking. In general rudeness of culture, the California Indians
Speaker 1: are scarcely above the Eskimo, and whereas the lack of
Speaker 1: development of the Eskimo on many sides of their nature
Speaker 1: is reasonably attributable in part to their difficult and limiting environment,
Speaker 1: the Indians of California inhabit a country naturally as favorable
Speaker 1: it would seem as might be if the degree of
Speaker 1: civilization attained by people depends in any large measure on
Speaker 1: their habitat, as does not seem likely, it might be
Speaker 1: concluded from the case of the California Indians that natural
Speaker 1: advantages were an impediment rather than an incentive to progress.
Speaker 1: Throughout the greater part of the state, the civilization of
Speaker 1: the Indians is very much alike. While the number of
Speaker 1: groups and of divisions corresponding to tribes, and the number
Speaker 1: of languages is large, and no two groups show exactly
Speaker 1: identical customs and beliefs, the general type of culture is uniform.
Speaker 1: The exceptions are southern California and the northwesternmost part of
Speaker 1: the state, but the territory covered by these divergent cultures
Speaker 1: is comparatively small, and more than two thirds of the state,
Speaker 1: including all the central part, show a fundamental ethnical similarity
Speaker 1: whose distinguishing characteristics, furthermore, are not found outside of the state.
Speaker 1: It is therefore possible to speak of typical California Indians
Speaker 1: and to recognize a typical Californian culture area. A feature
Speaker 1: that should not be lost sight of in connection with
Speaker 1: the Indians of California is the great stability of population.
Speaker 1: This condition must always be given consideration in any attempt
Speaker 1: to explain the linguistic diversity existing in the state. The
Speaker 1: extraneous races that have made their way far enough into
Speaker 1: the state have been completely assimilated to the condition of
Speaker 1: life of their neighbours. The Adabascan Hoopa are almost identical
Speaker 1: in culture with the non Adabascan Uruk, the Adabascan Cato,
Speaker 1: with the northernmost of the Californian Pomo. As in other
Speaker 1: regions of America, a culturation has proceeded at a more
Speaker 1: rapid rate than migration. Throughout the typical culture area of California,
Speaker 1: the Indians lived primarily on vegetable products. They were of
Speaker 1: course also hunters, especially of small game, and wherever there
Speaker 1: was opportunity, fishermen, but it is probable that plant food
Speaker 1: formed as large a proportion of their subsistence as of
Speaker 1: any of the non agricultural and even some of the
Speaker 1: agricultural tribes of the continent. North of Mexico, the staple
Speaker 1: was everywhere acorns, but an abundance of other plant products,
Speaker 1: consisting more largely of seeds than of berries or roots,
Speaker 1: were known and eaten. The dwellings of these California Indians
Speaker 1: were sometimes of a tolerable size, but may be described
Speaker 1: as having been huts rather than houses. Structures of brush
Speaker 1: or of tulle were common. Wood was also used, but
Speaker 1: consisted of sticks, pieces of bark, and similar materials, rarely
Speaker 1: or never of split or dressed planks. Whatever part of
Speaker 1: the structure had any weight and was raised above the
Speaker 1: ground was either leaned against supports or rested on forking
Speaker 1: upright logs. The shape of the houses was conical or domed,
Speaker 1: and either thatching or a layer of earth was usually
Speaker 1: depended upon to keep out the rain. Almost all the
Speaker 1: tribes had assembly houses, generally known as sweat houses, that
Speaker 1: were larger than the dwelling houses. Only in the regions
Speaker 1: where the use of the sweat house was confined to
Speaker 1: sweating and sleeping and to lesser ceremonies was it smaller
Speaker 1: than the house. The arts were unusually primitive. Basketry alone
Speaker 1: had reached a considerable development. Pottery was unknown, except perhaps
Speaker 1: for rude attempts by some of the tribes in contact
Speaker 1: with the Shoshonians. Rope and string were everywhere, but woven
Speaker 1: textiles nowhere made within the state. Felling or large cutting
Speaker 1: implements other than wedges of antlers, and these had a
Speaker 1: very limited use, were not employed. The art of carving
Speaker 1: was exceedingly rude. Such objects as tubular wooden pipes and
Speaker 1: small paddles for stirring semi liquid vegetable food were made
Speaker 1: by perhaps the majority of tribes, but even these objects
Speaker 1: were not found everywhere. Pipes of reeds and soup stirrers
Speaker 1: of looped sticks were the only ones used by certain
Speaker 1: tribes of the Sierra Nevada. What carved native work there
Speaker 1: exists from California is notably deficient in ornament. The scanty
Speaker 1: decorations are simple and crude. Of realistic representation, either in
Speaker 1: two or in three dimensions, there appears to be virtually
Speaker 1: none beyond the patterns on baskets, and in these the
Speaker 1: conventional side in most cases far outweighs the realistic, the
Speaker 1: interpretations of designs being pattern names and not symbolism. Picture
Speaker 1: writing is foreign to the mind of the California Indian.
Speaker 1: The social organization was both simple and loose. There was
Speaker 1: no trace of a gentile organization. Tribes can scarcely be
Speaker 1: spoken of with correctness. Beyond the family, the only bases
Speaker 1: of organization were the village and the language. The villages
Speaker 1: were often not continuously inhabited, the population being inclined to
Speaker 1: shift within confined limits. They were connected into groups of
Speaker 1: little definiteness, whose common bond was similarity of language and
Speaker 1: sometimes frequency or cordiality of intercourse, but which were without
Speaker 1: political coherence. In most cases, these larger groups were without names.
Speaker 1: The village communities almost always were named from localities. Generally,
Speaker 1: the systematic classification of the divisions of any larger body
Speaker 1: of Indians is difficult on account of the lack of
Speaker 1: organization in population and social life. The village was the
Speaker 1: approximate equivalent of a localized clan, but being the largest
Speaker 1: political unit, it corresponded in a measure to a tribe.
Speaker 1: In so simple a condition of society, difference of rank
Speaker 1: naturally found, but little scope. The influence of chiefs was
Speaker 1: comparatively small, and distinct classes as of a nobility or
Speaker 1: of slaves were unknown. There was, however, little communistic tendency
Speaker 1: accompanying the simplicity of social organization, for individual property rights
Speaker 1: were developed, and what organization of society there was was
Speaker 1: largely on the basis of property. The ceremonies of California
Speaker 1: are characterized, as compared with those of the Indians of
Speaker 1: the rest of America, by a very slight development of
Speaker 1: the extreme ritualism that is so characteristic of the American Indians,
Speaker 1: and by an almost entire absence of symbolism of any kind.
Speaker 1: Fetishism is also unusual among the Pomo and Yakuts, and
Speaker 1: perhaps other groups. Fetishes are used to some extent, as
Speaker 1: has been observed by Stephen Powers, but usually in connection
Speaker 1: with individual shamanistic efforts rather than with communal or tribal ceremonies.
Speaker 1: The most important ceremonies of the Maidu of the northern
Speaker 1: Sierra Nevada have been said by Dixon to be an
Speaker 1: annual mourning ceremony and the observances of a secret society.
Speaker 1: The tribal mourning ceremonial, variously known as burning cry or
Speaker 1: dance of the dead, seems to be found in some
Speaker 1: form among all the divisions of the main part of
Speaker 1: the state, excepting the Pomo and Yuki, as well as
Speaker 1: among all the tribes of southern California, but in the
Speaker 1: northwesternmost region of the state only faint reminiscences of it occur.
Speaker 1: Something corresponding to a secret society is also found in
Speaker 1: the greater part of the state, although in many very
Speaker 1: different forms to some of which the strict organization of
Speaker 1: a society can scarcely be said to belong. It seems, however,
Speaker 1: that there is everywhere either some ceremony conducted by a
Speaker 1: special group of men, or an initiation of children or
Speaker 1: young men. The dance costumes consist primarily of feathers. They
Speaker 1: are not complex and often without delicacy, but sometimes striking
Speaker 1: mythological characters are at times represented. The disguise of such
Speaker 1: characters consists of feathers and paint masks not being used.
Speaker 1: Restrictive beliefs in regard to all phases of life, especially birth, death, names,
Speaker 1: and sexual matters, are very strongly developed in California and
Speaker 1: have led to a long series of prescribed usages and
Speaker 1: prohibitions which play as large a part in the life
Speaker 1: of the people as analogous restrictions do among the tribes
Speaker 1: of the North Pacific Coast and northern Adabascans and the Eskimo,
Speaker 1: and decidedly more than among the tribes of the Mississippi
Speaker 1: Valley or those of the agricultural Southwest. Generally speaking, the
Speaker 1: characteristics of culture that have been enumerated pertain to all
Speaker 1: the Indians between Point Conception and Cape Mendocino and between
Speaker 1: this stretch of coast and the Sierra Nevada, extending from
Speaker 1: north to south from Mount Shasta to the Tahatchife Range.
Speaker 1: In the northwestern part of the state is found another
Speaker 1: type of culture, the territory of which is very much
Speaker 1: more limited. This culture centers about the Lower Klamath River
Speaker 1: and extends to the south as far as Lower Eel River.
Speaker 1: The Indians showing this culture most conspicuously are the Carrock,
Speaker 1: the Yuruk, and the Adabaskan Hoopa. Only these three tribes
Speaker 1: practice the so called white deerskin dance. The Weshaks of
Speaker 1: Humboldt Bay, the Atabascan tribes of Redwood Creek and more
Speaker 1: southern streams, the Adabaskan Tullowa of Smith River on the
Speaker 1: coast to the north, and the Shimerico of Trinity River
Speaker 1: to the southeast, all show more or less the same culture.
Speaker 1: Considerable traces of the same type of civilization are also
Speaker 1: found among the Shasta on the east and among the
Speaker 1: Adabascans along the Lower Eel River in southern Humboldt County,
Speaker 1: but so many typical elements of the Northwestern culture are
Speaker 1: lacking among these last two groups, and they present so
Speaker 1: many resemblances on the one hand to the Indians of
Speaker 1: Oregon Pitt River and the Sacramento Valley, and on the
Speaker 1: other to the Yuki and Pomo tribes of Mendocino County,
Speaker 1: that they may more properly be included in the larger
Speaker 1: central group. To the north, the limits of the northwestern
Speaker 1: Ethnical province seem to have been formed by the Sisku Range,
Speaker 1: except along the coast, where the type of culture perhaps
Speaker 1: undergoes a more gradual transition through the various Anabascan tribes
Speaker 1: of southern Oregon. In some of their characteristics, the Indians
Speaker 1: of this northwestern region of California resemble the tribes on
Speaker 1: the Pacific coast between the Columbia River and Alaska. In
Speaker 1: some respects, however, they are typically Californian, and in still
Speaker 1: others they have reached considerable specialization. The subsistence of the
Speaker 1: Indians of northwestern California is less predominantly vegetable than in
Speaker 1: the remainder of the state. Salmon constitutes perhaps as great
Speaker 1: as staple as acorns, and along the coast much dependence
Speaker 1: is placed upon seafood dugout canoes of a distinct and
Speaker 1: unvarying type are used in the region wherever the coast
Speaker 1: or the rivers permit navigation, while boats hewn out from
Speaker 1: logs appear to be somewhat used in other parts of
Speaker 1: northern California, yet they lack finish, and through the larger
Speaker 1: part of the state the nearest approach to a canoe
Speaker 1: has always been the boat shaped raft of Tully's. The
Speaker 1: houses of the northwestern Indians also are distinctly superior to
Speaker 1: those in other parts of the state, though they are
Speaker 1: not large, never exceeding twenty five feet in greatest dimension.
Speaker 1: Both walls and roof are made of split and hewn planks.
Speaker 1: The door is a circularly cut whole in the front,
Speaker 1: and the roof is gabled, neither thatching nor earth being
Speaker 1: used to keep out the rain. The houses are built
Speaker 1: approximately square about a smaller central pit. The sweat house
Speaker 1: in this region is smaller than the house. It is
Speaker 1: rectangular and almost entirely below ground. It is the habitual
Speaker 1: sleeping place of the men, and while used for certain
Speaker 1: ceremonial purposes, is of greater importance as a true sweat house.
Speaker 1: It thus differs considerably from the much larger, round or
Speaker 1: dome shaped assembly houses of groups such as the Pomo
Speaker 1: or the Maidu in the central region throughout California. Heat
Speaker 1: in the sweat house is produced directly by a smoking fire,
Speaker 1: and not by steam, as is the custom over the
Speaker 1: larger part of North America. The arts of the Indians
Speaker 1: of this northwestern region are also so more developed than
Speaker 1: those anywhere else in the state. Certain objects, such as
Speaker 1: tubular pipes are made with nicety of finish, acorn soup
Speaker 1: paddles are ornamented with geometrical carving that sometimes reaches a
Speaker 1: fair degree of elaborateness. Other objects that are made only
Speaker 1: in this region in the state are holocylindrical purses of elkhorn,
Speaker 1: larger wooden boxes of the same shape, and elcorn spoons
Speaker 1: with carved handles. In spite of the tolerable proficiency in
Speaker 1: carving of the Indians of this region, their ornamentation is
Speaker 1: confined almost exclusively to triangles and acute angles, and any
Speaker 1: attempt at realistic representation, whether of animals or of the
Speaker 1: human figure, such as is so characteristic of the North
Speaker 1: Pacific coast, seems to be foreign to their minds. The
Speaker 1: basketry of the northwestern tribes is exclusively twined in this respect.
Speaker 1: The tribes of the extreme northeastern part of the state
Speaker 1: agree with them. Everywhere South, coiled basketry not only occurs
Speaker 1: but predominates. The dead are regularly buried in this region.
Speaker 1: Throughout the central area, burning seems to be more usual,
Speaker 1: although the practice varies. Society in northwestern California is organized
Speaker 1: only upon the basis of the family in the village.
Speaker 1: The villages are more prominent and stable than among the
Speaker 1: Central Californians. The village communities might be said to represent clans,
Speaker 1: but as there is nothing resembling a totemc or gentile
Speaker 1: name and no requirement of exomine, and as the numerous
Speaker 1: local legends refer not to the ancestors of the people
Speaker 1: of that place, but to the place itself, and moreover
Speaker 1: are known to the entire group or stock, and not
Speaker 1: only to the inhabitants of one village, it must be
Speaker 1: recognized that these village community are quite different from plants
Speaker 1: such as are found among the Haida, or Iroquois, or Pueblos,
Speaker 1: or even the Quaquitil or the Blackfeet. It is very
Speaker 1: probable that the same type of social organization prevailed along
Speaker 1: the coast northward for some distance, and that the hintes
Speaker 1: of the Adabascans of Oregon described by J. O. Dorsey
Speaker 1: are nothing more or less than village communities. There is
Speaker 1: in this region a reminiscence of the North Pacific Coast
Speaker 1: in the importance of wealth as a factor in society.
Speaker 1: Separate classes of nobles and common people do not exist
Speaker 1: in northwestern California, but in almost all affairs of life,
Speaker 1: it is the man of wealth who is the one
Speaker 1: of importance, with a consistency that would seem strange to
Speaker 1: the southwestern or eastern Indians of the United States, but
Speaker 1: intelligible to the Indians of the North Pacific Coast. This
Speaker 1: prominence of wealth finds perhaps its greatest expression in ceremonials.
Speaker 1: The acquisition and retention of wealth are the chief aim
Speaker 1: in life of the Indians of this region, and connected
Speaker 1: with this are a mercenary temper and lack of truthfulness,
Speaker 1: shown also by the tribes of the Pacific coast northward.
Speaker 1: A limited number of slaves were formerly held, but they
Speaker 1: invariably entered this condition of life through debt, not through
Speaker 1: capture in war, marriage is a definitely regulated system of
Speaker 1: outright purchase. Injuries or crimes are compounded by payments. In
Speaker 1: case of war, which seems to have been carried on
Speaker 1: only by individual villages or small groups of connected villages,
Speaker 1: the conclusion of peace consisted of payment by each party
Speaker 1: for all persons killed and property destroyed on the other side. Consequently,
Speaker 1: it was the victors whose payments to the inferior party
Speaker 1: were the greater, and anything like the tribut that has
Speaker 1: been mentioned as paid by certain tribes to the Hoopa
Speaker 1: was an impossibility with a social organization of these groups.
Speaker 1: In place of the disc like perforated shell beads of
Speaker 1: central California, Dentalia form the chief medium of exchange in
Speaker 1: the northwestern region, but there are other classes of articles
Speaker 1: that constitute wealth. Prominent among these are woodpecker scalps, obsidian implements,
Speaker 1: and unusually colored deer skins. An important feature of difference
Speaker 1: from the tribes of the North Pacific coast is the
Speaker 1: complete absence of the potlatch or any form of gratuitous
Speaker 1: or ceremonial distribution of wealth. Both the tribal mourning ceremony
Speaker 1: and the secret society or initiation rite are wanting. Among
Speaker 1: the Northwestern tribe. Their most characteristic ceremonies are held only
Speaker 1: at certain localities. The religious element in them is surprisedly slight,
Speaker 1: consisting almost altogether of the ministrations of one man who
Speaker 1: has certain actions, none of them very striking, prescribed or
Speaker 1: forbidden to him. His most important function is the recitation
Speaker 1: of a formula, which is little else than the myth
Speaker 1: of the origin of the dance of that place. In
Speaker 1: the dance itself, almost anyone may participate, and all parts
Speaker 1: of the ceremony in which the priest is not directly
Speaker 1: concerned are not regarded with distinct reverence. For the important
Speaker 1: men of the tribe, the dance is, above all else
Speaker 1: an opportunity for a display of their wealth, which is
Speaker 1: worn and carried by the dancers. Formulas similar to those
Speaker 1: spoken for the dances exist for all ceremonies and for
Speaker 1: numerous purposes, such as war, love, hunt, and fishing. They
Speaker 1: all bear the same general character, being virtually a myth
Speaker 1: relating the origin of the self, ceremony or action in question.
Speaker 1: These formulas are what is most sacred in the religious
Speaker 1: life of the Indians of this region. They may be
Speaker 1: compared in many respects to the Karakias of the Maori.
Speaker 1: They show the great virtue attached by these tribes to
Speaker 1: words as compared with actions. In matters of religion. The
Speaker 1: same tendency is revealed in the almost utter lack of
Speaker 1: visible ritualism, which is perhaps even more complete than among
Speaker 1: the Central Californians. Like the Central tribes, the Northwestern Indians
Speaker 1: show very little inclination towards mysticism or any form of symbolism,
Speaker 1: even in the most sacred matters. The ceremonial and the
Speaker 1: mythical number is five or ten. In Central California it
Speaker 1: is usually four. Shamanism rests upon the same general basis
Speaker 1: of thought as elsewhere in America, but shows considered both
Speaker 1: specialization in some directions. Among at least one tribe, the
Speaker 1: Uruk of the Lower Klamath River, there appears to be
Speaker 1: no definite conception of a guardian spirit or supernatural helper,
Speaker 1: an idea universal throughout the continent. Nevertheless, the actions gone through,
Speaker 1: both in the acquisition of shamanistic power and in its
Speaker 1: practice appear to be the same as elsewhere. The mythologies
Speaker 1: of the Northwestern and especially of the central region of
Speaker 1: California are quite different from those found in other parts
Speaker 1: of North America, and their special characteristics may be best
Speaker 1: brought out by a comparison. The mythologies of all peoples
Speaker 1: contain an attempt to explain the world. This is true
Speaker 1: of more than the almost ever present creation myth Among
Speaker 1: primitive people who have not come under the influence of
Speaker 1: one of the world religions, most myths end with an
Speaker 1: account of the ordagen of something in nature or among men,
Speaker 1: an animal or plant, a particular rock, a custom, an implement,
Speaker 1: the shape of an animal, or the coloring of a bird.
Speaker 1: So prevalent is this tendency that it has been thought
Speaker 1: by certain scholars that mythology was primarily an attempt at science.
Speaker 1: The American Indians, like other men, are constantly moved by
Speaker 1: this tendency, but on the whole, their accounts of the
Speaker 1: origin of the world are remarkably incomplete and incoherent. Their
Speaker 1: creation myths are undeveloped. Those of one of the highest groups,
Speaker 1: the Mexicans, are noted for their fragmentarianness and inconsistency. It
Speaker 1: seems as if the impulse to give an explanation of
Speaker 1: phenomena by means of myth were never present in the
Speaker 1: minds of the Indians, but that it is overpowered by
Speaker 1: other impulses, especially a ceremonial and a narrative one. These
Speaker 1: tendencies give form to the stories. The explanations due to
Speaker 1: philosophical tendency are incidents incorporated in the stories. In some degree.
Speaker 1: This holds true even of American creation myths. Often they
Speaker 1: contain far more myth than creation. Almost all the North
Speaker 1: American Indians have an idea of the appearance of the
Speaker 1: Earth after a great flood or from the primeval water.
Speaker 1: Usually this belief is connected with the idea of the
Speaker 1: successive diving of various animals to bring up Earth from
Speaker 1: the bottom of the water for the formation of the world.
Speaker 1: In most cases, this episode is really the most important
Speaker 1: part of the myth and the side that most interests
Speaker 1: and impresses the Indians. This is shown by the frequency
Speaker 1: with which this to us insignificant incident is told in
Speaker 1: connection with the origin of the Earth. Even more by
Speaker 1: the fact that the making of the Earth in this
Speaker 1: way is often recounted as being a renewal, its real
Speaker 1: origin being unaccounted for, and in some cases by the
Speaker 1: degradation of the entire account of the flood, the diving,
Speaker 1: and the renewal of the world to an incident in
Speaker 1: the life of a Trichy hero. The same lack of
Speaker 1: feeling for a systematic philosophy is evident in the absence
Speaker 1: of any comprehensive idea of the act or process of
Speaker 1: creation in American Indian myths. Primitive races like the Africans, Australians,
Speaker 1: and Andamanis have developed these conceptions further, while the Polynesians
Speaker 1: and others have replaced it by the equivalent one of
Speaker 1: birth or growth. These two ideas also run through the
Speaker 1: mythologies of the more civilized races of the Old World,
Speaker 1: but in America they are lacking. Without creation, there are
Speaker 1: no creators in America. While the readily reached abstract idea
Speaker 1: of a prime and supreme deity occasionally breaks through, it
Speaker 1: is quickly forgotten and never really enters into a mythology
Speaker 1: so as to influence it deeply. There are a number
Speaker 1: of cases of such rationalizing origin and creation myths. For instance,
Speaker 1: among the Blackfeet, they are a bald recital of disconnected
Speaker 1: creations without beginning or end, without character or plot, and
Speaker 1: in no real relation with the live body of the mythology.
Speaker 1: They differ from it in spirit and are clearly superimposed
Speaker 1: upon it. Not only creators, but gods are a conception
Speaker 1: that does not flourish among the American Indians. Distinct deities
Speaker 1: have been evolved by the more developed nations of the
Speaker 1: Old World, conspicuous for their mythology, such as India, Babylonia, Egypt,
Speaker 1: Greece and Norway. Some of these deities create and some
Speaker 1: do not, but they always have character. Character is an
Speaker 1: element in mythology wherever there is true polytheism. Even mythologies
Speaker 1: of less developed races such as the Polynesians, produce deities
Speaker 1: through the conception of characters. The Indian seems to have
Speaker 1: been unable to form characters as such, and consequently is
Speaker 1: without real gods. His substitutes for them, in ritual as
Speaker 1: well as in myth are either animals or personages, distinguished
Speaker 1: by identification with colours, with directions, with substances, or with
Speaker 1: ceremonial ideas white shell woman, animal species present character. Ready
Speaker 1: made and ritualistic figures offer some approach to an equivalent,
Speaker 1: but it is evident that the characters obtained in this
Speaker 1: way must be of a special sort, limited in their applicability,
Speaker 1: and very difficult to bring into intimate connection with creation.
Speaker 1: The Indian substitute for the deity is the culture hero.
Speaker 1: The God creates. By the introduction of character, he can
Speaker 1: be differentiated, and the interaction of distinct deities makes God myths.
Speaker 1: The culture hero is a man. He is always alone.
Speaker 1: When he occurs in several personages in one mythology, these
Speaker 1: are only repetitions of one another. In North and South America,
Speaker 1: he is the same. Now he is more heroic, dignified,
Speaker 1: even pathetic, a benefactor and teacher, now more inquisitive, enterprising, obscene,
Speaker 1: and ridiculous. It is a commonplace that his character varies
Speaker 1: between these qualities from episode to episode in the same mythology.
Speaker 1: But he is always a man in spirit, and he
Speaker 1: always stands alone in his world. He makes the world,
Speaker 1: or remakes it from existing earth brought him by an
Speaker 1: assistant animal. He does not create it. He changes individual
Speaker 1: men coexistent with him to animals. He does not create
Speaker 1: the world's animals and plants. He does not create man,
Speaker 1: but finds and helps him. He is the one and
Speaker 1: the only possible character of American mythology, he is the
Speaker 1: Indian himself in his nakedness, and of Part one Part
Speaker 1: two of California History, two pieces by various This LibriVox
Speaker 1: recording is in the public domain Part two Types of
Speaker 1: Indian Culture in California, nineteen o four by Alfred Lewis Kroeber,
Speaker 1: Part two. All the above is stated of the Indians
Speaker 1: in general, and is therefore not without exceptions, but even
Speaker 1: those specific cases that are exceptions usually rest on a
Speaker 1: wider basis that conforms with the conditions here described. The
Speaker 1: elaborate pantheon of the Bellicula, for instance, appears to be
Speaker 1: a special and probably temporary development. While it has connection
Speaker 1: with ceremonies, the body of the myths are unaffected by
Speaker 1: the series of deities. They are ordinary American Indian myths
Speaker 1: typical of the region. This systematically worked out polytheism is
Speaker 1: in such contrast in every way with the eminently unsystematic
Speaker 1: but spontaneous body of religious belief and traditions of the Bellaicula,
Speaker 1: that its superficial and uncharacteristic part in the mythology of
Speaker 1: the people can scarcely be doubted. The array of gods
Speaker 1: of the ancient Mexicans is also of little significance. Many
Speaker 1: gods with distinguishing characters are represented in mechcas art, and
Speaker 1: they enter into the astrological ritual or calendar for both
Speaker 1: these purposes and no doubt, for many sides of a
Speaker 1: highly developed worship, the numerous differentiated gods were amens, but
Speaker 1: there is little and nothing consistent and connected about these
Speaker 1: same gods in the myths. The deities of Mexican polythism
Speaker 1: have their real existence outside of Mexican mythology. There are
Speaker 1: different kinds of North American mythologies as there are different cultures,
Speaker 1: but their variations all illustrate their common basis of a
Speaker 1: lack of philosophical tendency, of conceptions of creation and of
Speaker 1: a creator god or of gods. The mythology of the
Speaker 1: North Pacific Coast is characterized by a class of tales
Speaker 1: of adventures with monsters and supernatural beings, many of which,
Speaker 1: as has been pointed out, are virtually identical with accounts
Speaker 1: of the acquisition of a guardian spirit. It is further
Speaker 1: characterised by plan origin legends consisting of a narration concerning
Speaker 1: a fictitious individual not connected definitely with the present by
Speaker 1: any continuous genealogy. There is also a large class of
Speaker 1: stories dealing with the adventures of the character known as
Speaker 1: the trickster and culture hero. True creation myths are scarcely developed. Myths,
Speaker 1: like the well known one of the origin of light,
Speaker 1: according to which the raven causes himself to be born
Speaker 1: as the grandson of the man who keeps the sun
Speaker 1: shut up, and obtaining it, breaks the envelope and flees
Speaker 1: with the sun, do supply in some measure and explanation
Speaker 1: of the phenomena of the world. But it is evident
Speaker 1: from the character of myths such as this one, that
Speaker 1: the interest of the Indians is centered more upon the
Speaker 1: pure story part of the myth, the trickery and adventures
Speaker 1: of the raven hero, than upon any attempt at a
Speaker 1: scientific explanation of daylight the sun. If the desire of
Speaker 1: such an explanation had been the main unconscious force shaping
Speaker 1: this myth, this explanation of the origin of one of
Speaker 1: the most prominent facts of the world would not have
Speaker 1: been subordinated to an undignified story of a person without
Speaker 1: creative power. The myths of the Eskimo deal even less
Speaker 1: with the origin of the world. There are some cosmological ideas,
Speaker 1: but almost none that are cosmogonical. Animals occur to a
Speaker 1: very limited extent. The majority of the myths are not,
Speaker 1: as among the Indians, stories of heroes with remarkable supernatural
Speaker 1: powers of a kind transcending those of men of the
Speaker 1: present day, but comparatively matter of fact, experience of persons
Speaker 1: that are evidently conceived of as in no great degree
Speaker 1: different from ordinary men. And while the supernatural, of course
Speaker 1: enters largely into these tales, it is of a kind
Speaker 1: that the Eskimo believed to be practiced daily about themselves.
Speaker 1: The character of the Eskimo myths, where they are not
Speaker 1: affected by contact with the Indians, is very uniform and monotonous,
Speaker 1: and they must be regarded as in a high degree specialized.
Speaker 1: It is remarkable how foreign the idea of explaining origin
Speaker 1: is to Eskimo thought. Among the tribes east of the
Speaker 1: watershed of the continent, of whom those that are now
Speaker 1: best known are west of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi,
Speaker 1: the culture hero and trickster is usually important, though at times,
Speaker 1: as among the Blackfeet and the Arapaho, he is more
Speaker 1: or less hesitatingly identified with the creator yet myths giving
Speaker 1: even a tolerably broad philosophy of the world scarcely occur.
Speaker 1: Those things in nature that are explained in the myths
Speaker 1: are detached and trivial. Ancestor myths like those of the
Speaker 1: Pacific Coast are not found in this region, and the
Speaker 1: monster and dangerous spirit myths are possessed of a somewhat
Speaker 1: different nature. Among the Indians of the North Pacific Coast,
Speaker 1: these myths usually take the form of accounts of dangers
Speaker 1: which threaten the hero and from which he escapes or
Speaker 1: which he overcomes. Among the Plains and other Eastern tribes,
Speaker 1: the idea of a monster destroying hero is more usual.
Speaker 1: Twin heroes are common in this character. Another favorite idea
Speaker 1: is the miraculous origin of the hero. Many typical tales,
Speaker 1: such as the well known one of blood clot Boy,
Speaker 1: consist of what is really a separate myth or myth incident,
Speaker 1: serving to tell the hero's origin, to which are added
Speaker 1: an indefinite series of his achievements. The myths of the
Speaker 1: Pueblos and other tribes of the Southwest are again quite different.
Speaker 1: The trickster and animal myths, including most of a romantic, personal, humorous,
Speaker 1: and obscene nature form a separate class that has but
Speaker 1: little connection with religion. On the other hand, the more
Speaker 1: sacred myths are combined with one long, continued story. This
Speaker 1: begins with the origin of the world, but from first
Speaker 1: to last is chiefly a mythical and ritualistic history of
Speaker 1: the tribe, no doubt, with the occasional inclusion of actual
Speaker 1: historical events. The scientific side of this myth, in spite
Speaker 1: of its systematization and dignity, has all the incongruity and
Speaker 1: inadequacy of the philosophical attempts of other groups of Indians.
Speaker 1: The tribal and ceremonial elements eminently outweigh the cosmogonical tribal migration.
Speaker 1: Traditions that somewhat remind one of these Southwestern myths are
Speaker 1: found among a number of the eastern tribes, as among
Speaker 1: the Delawares, Greek, Cherokee, Wichita, and Hidatsa, appearing to develop
Speaker 1: most frequently where the population is sessile. They are noteworthy
Speaker 1: because nothing of a similar nature seems ever to have
Speaker 1: developed on the Pacific coast of North America as far
Speaker 1: south as southern California. The Indians of northwestern California have
Speaker 1: a culture hero who resembles the corresponding character of the
Speaker 1: Northern and Eastern Indians of America. He is both trickster
Speaker 1: and monster destroyer. He appears to be a true culture
Speaker 1: hero from the fact that though he is responsible for
Speaker 1: certain things in the world, he is not the creator.
Speaker 1: For instance, he obtains food by theft, but does not
Speaker 1: create it. The Indians of this part of California differ
Speaker 1: somewhat among themselves in their treatment of this central figure
Speaker 1: of their mythology. In one case, the trickster and the
Speaker 1: monster ridding sides of his nature are separated and incorporated
Speaker 1: in two differentiated characters. Usually, an important part of his
Speaker 1: career is his relation with his son, the incidents of
Speaker 1: which resemble those told of Kumukmach by the Klamath Lake Indians,
Speaker 1: among the tribes which do not possess the culture of
Speaker 1: northwestern California in its most special development. These episodes are
Speaker 1: sometimes condensed into a myth which is told of another
Speaker 1: personage than the central figure of the mythology. Sometimes the
Speaker 1: culture hero resembles somewhat the chief mythological figure, a creator
Speaker 1: of the Indians of the rest of the state. In
Speaker 1: spite of these considerable variations. However, the culture hero as
Speaker 1: he is known on the North Pacific Coast and in
Speaker 1: the East, usually appears in some form among the Indians
Speaker 1: of this region. The Indians of northwestern California have also
Speaker 1: a strongly developed conception that a previous race is responsible
Speaker 1: for everything that exists in the world, from physical features
Speaker 1: of nature to human institutions. No connected or complete account
Speaker 1: of the origination of these things is, however, given. It
Speaker 1: would seem that the idea of this previous creative race
Speaker 1: is ever present in the minds of these Indians, but
Speaker 1: has not been carried out either consistently or thoroughly. In
Speaker 1: their myths. The belief in a previous world, or existence
Speaker 1: of men like beings, or of fabulous races of the
Speaker 1: past is not uncommon. The Tornet of the Eskimo, for instance,
Speaker 1: possesses some of the qualities of the Ixaria of the Kerok,
Speaker 1: the walks of the Uruk, the Kiksunae of the Hoopa.
Speaker 1: Among the tribes of northwestern California, there is, however, always
Speaker 1: the underlying idea of the connection between this race and
Speaker 1: the origin of the present condition of the world, and
Speaker 1: this fundamental belief distinguishes their conception from the more widely
Speaker 1: spread similar conceptions. It is believed that at the coming
Speaker 1: of mankind, this earlier race either withdrew from men into
Speaker 1: the mountains and across the sea, or turned into animals.
Speaker 1: In connection with this mythological idea, Curtin's theory as to
Speaker 1: the fundamental nature of American creation myths will be recalled.
Speaker 1: Obvious traces of this supposed fundamental type of mythology are
Speaker 1: found everywhere, but Curtain's exposition of it applies with greater
Speaker 1: accuracy to the Indians of California than to those elsewhere
Speaker 1: in America, and in a higher degree to the tribes
Speaker 1: of northwestern California than to those of central California, whose
Speaker 1: mythologies Curtin has chosen for the illustration and cooperation of
Speaker 1: his views. Many of the Northwestern myths that relate the
Speaker 1: origin of human institutions, and especially of ceremonies, consists of
Speaker 1: little else than a recital or description of the actions
Speaker 1: performed by living people in the course of practicing these institutions,
Speaker 1: with the one all important addition that it is stated
Speaker 1: that the agents in the myth are of the race
Speaker 1: of these pre human beings. This fact, according to the
Speaker 1: way of thinking of the Indians, sufficiently explains the origin
Speaker 1: of anything, and is a characteristic illustration of the mode
Speaker 1: of thought, which with them takes the place of our
Speaker 1: method of conceiving of creation. Among these Northwestern Indians, there
Speaker 1: is rarely any idea that this preceding race made or
Speaker 1: created an object, or invented an institution, A plant or
Speaker 1: medicine grew among them, a ceremony was performed by one
Speaker 1: of them, and therefore these things exist and are done
Speaker 1: by men. The idea of origin consists of the association
Speaker 1: in time and space without any causal relation of the
Speaker 1: phenomenon explained and of the previous race. The inconsistency that
Speaker 1: the ceremonies instituted by the preceding people could not have
Speaker 1: originated the ceremonies practiced by human people because the former
Speaker 1: fled or were transformed before the coming of men does
Speaker 1: not trouble the Indians. In the greater part of California.
Speaker 1: Outside of the northwestern region, considerably different mythological ideas prevail.
Speaker 1: The idea of preceding distinct race analogous to humanity, but
Speaker 1: by their mere existence originating phenomena is much less clearly developed.
Speaker 1: The conception of a culture hero is also wanting. Instead
Speaker 1: of a human divinity, there is almost everywhere a true creator,
Speaker 1: a god who makes. Sometimes he is a person, sometimes
Speaker 1: an animal. This creator is usually not thought of as
Speaker 1: having been entirely alone. Even at the very beginning, He
Speaker 1: and one or two companions are the first existing beings.
Speaker 1: Often he makes the world from primitive water. Generally he
Speaker 1: makes also mountains and rivers. Usually he creates food. Almost
Speaker 1: always he creates men, and frequently he divides them by
Speaker 1: languages and localities. He gives men their arts and occupations.
Speaker 1: In some mythologies, one of his companions, the coyote, acts
Speaker 1: in a spirit opposed to that of the deity, and
Speaker 1: is the cause of the evil and imperfection in the
Speaker 1: world which exists contrari to the original plan of the Creator.
Speaker 1: Among certain groups, such as the Maidu, there is this
Speaker 1: contrast between the wise, powerful, benevolent Creator and the foolish one,
Speaker 1: the coyote. Among others, such as the Yuki and the
Speaker 1: Costanoan Indians, the contrast between the two characters is somewhat changed.
Speaker 1: The coyote is responsible for certain evils, especially death, but
Speaker 1: the greater difference between him and the Creator is that
Speaker 1: the latter is the cause of the earth and of
Speaker 1: nature of man, and his physical life. To the coyote
Speaker 1: are to the perfecting of the world, the theft of
Speaker 1: the sun and of fire from their possessors, and the
Speaker 1: human activities, the industries and practices of men. The coyote
Speaker 1: thus takes on much the character of the culture hero,
Speaker 1: and in this connection the tricky, ridiculous, obscene side of
Speaker 1: his nature finds full expression. However much their power may
Speaker 1: be kindred or alike, the character and the functions of
Speaker 1: the Kai Coote and the Creator invariably differ fundamentally in
Speaker 1: the midsts of the Indians of this culture area, the
Speaker 1: Creator names are indicative of his nature. With the Yuki
Speaker 1: he is going alone, with the Winton existing in the
Speaker 1: above with the Maidu earth initiate or Earthmaker. Where he
Speaker 1: appears in animal form, it is often as the Eagle.
Speaker 1: The typical Californian myths are often puerile and of a
Speaker 1: prosaic and realistic character that causes them to lack much
Speaker 1: of the picturesqueness of other mythologies, but however rude, they
Speaker 1: furnish a more consistent and complete explanation of the origin
Speaker 1: of the world and everything in it than can be
Speaker 1: found in any other region of America. The difference existing
Speaker 1: in this respect between the Californians and other Indians is
Speaker 1: illustrated by the fact that although certain of the plain
Speaker 1: stribes have lengthy creation myths, these myths, which are eminently
Speaker 1: ceremonial and little more in many cases than a combination
Speaker 1: of unrelated myths that are independently current among the tribe,
Speaker 1: are so little known that the majority of individuals are
Speaker 1: acquainted only with the fragments, whereas they may possess a
Speaker 1: tolerable acquaintance with the more characteristic myths of the tribe.
Speaker 1: In the greater part of California, creation myths are not
Speaker 1: only known to everyone, but are generally better known than
Speaker 1: other myths. They form the center and basis of the mythology,
Speaker 1: and whereas in other regions, on the breaking up of
Speaker 1: the Native ideas on contact with the Whites, creation myths
Speaker 1: are the first to be affected and altered and disorganized
Speaker 1: and forgotten wherever in California, only fragments of the old
Speaker 1: belief survive. These fragments are first of all, creation myths.
Speaker 1: Myths other than those referring directly to the origin of
Speaker 1: the world on the whole lack specific characteristics. In calum
Speaker 1: there are many that are similar to myths elsewhere on
Speaker 1: the continent, but as a class it is difficult to
Speaker 1: say anything about them. It is the creation myths that
Speaker 1: are typical of the region. It would seem that the
Speaker 1: exceptional tendency of the California Indian to form real creation
Speaker 1: myths is not the result of a higher intellectuality which
Speaker 1: seeks and finds explanations and to which other Indians have
Speaker 1: not attained. The tendency is probably due rather to a
Speaker 1: lack on the part of the Californian of the mythological
Speaker 1: specialization which characterizes other American Indians. His creative mythology is
Speaker 1: less specifically American and of a nature pertaining more to
Speaker 1: all races in general. This quality stamps the typical native
Speaker 1: mythology of California, which is nearest to our own conception
Speaker 1: of Indian America as being generalized and rudimentary rather than
Speaker 1: highly developed. A third ethnographical province in the state may
Speaker 1: be distinguished along the coast of Santa Barbara, Ventura and
Speaker 1: perhaps Los Angeles Counties and on the Santa Barbara Islands.
Speaker 1: Most of the tribes of this area are completely extinct,
Speaker 1: and where there are a few survivors, they are civilized.
Speaker 1: To form an estimate of these people, we must therefore
Speaker 1: depend on the accounts of early voyagers and missionaries, and
Speaker 1: the necessarily in complete evidence of archaeology. The latter is, however,
Speaker 1: unusually full, this region having long been known as the
Speaker 1: richest to the archaeologists in the state. In consequence, it
Speaker 1: is possible to form a fair conception of the life
Speaker 1: of these people, although it is probable that we shall
Speaker 1: remain in comparative ignorance of their thought and religion. The
Speaker 1: houses of the Indians of the Southwestern Island and coast
Speaker 1: region are described as having been round and covered with
Speaker 1: vegetation or thatching, resembling those prevalent through Central California. Working
Speaker 1: in wood was practiced, Wooden dishes were made, and canoes
Speaker 1: were constructed from planks pieced together. Inasmuch as the tuley
Speaker 1: raft was the only form of boat used along the
Speaker 1: thousand miles of coast from Cape San Lucas to Cape Mendocino.
Speaker 1: Except in this confined locality, the occurrence here of well
Speaker 1: made canoes is sufficient to mark off these tribes. The
Speaker 1: same is to be said of the inlaid work of
Speaker 1: the stone bowls, and of the realistic carvings of Extacians
Speaker 1: that have occasionally been found, and to which nothing comparable
Speaker 1: is known from the entire central Californian area. Altogether, the
Speaker 1: Indians of this region seem to have occupied a higher
Speaker 1: plain in the development of their arts. In this respect,
Speaker 1: they resemble the tribes of the northwestern region. A similar
Speaker 1: parallelism is evident in the means of subsistence, for the
Speaker 1: island inhabitants, and even those of the mainland seem to
Speaker 1: have depended more upon fish and seafoods than upon the
Speaker 1: vegetable products of the land. It may also be mentioned that,
Speaker 1: like the Northwestern Indians, they buried the dead. As is
Speaker 1: well known, the country south of the Tahachipee Range in
Speaker 1: the interior and of Point Conceptsian on the coast is
Speaker 1: different in climate, in flora and fauna, and in modern
Speaker 1: sociological conditions from the considerably larger part of the state
Speaker 1: to the north of this range. Ethnologically, the same difference
Speaker 1: is maintained, whereas Northern and central California is inhabited by
Speaker 1: a multiplicity of small stalks of people that are confined
Speaker 1: to California and from whom only small portions of their
Speaker 1: territory seem to have been rested by supposedly intrusive Adabascans
Speaker 1: and Shoshonians. The territory south of Tahachipe is occupied by
Speaker 1: tribes belonging to only two linguistic stocks, both of them
Speaker 1: geographically extensive, the shp Uashonian and the Yumn. This fourth
Speaker 1: culture area seems less uniform and less defined territorially than
Speaker 1: the others in the state. To the east, it shades
Speaker 1: off into the culture of Arizona and New Mexico, while
Speaker 1: on the west it is difficult to separate it sharply
Speaker 1: from the culture of the Chumash of Santa Barbara. There
Speaker 1: is considerable difference in natural environment between the tribes of
Speaker 1: the Colorado River, of the interior desert, and of the
Speaker 1: more favored coast region, and there seem to be some
Speaker 1: corresponding cultural differences. The tribes on the Colorado practice agriculture
Speaker 1: and possess an approach to a potemic dentile system, two
Speaker 1: features unparalleled in the rest of California. The Colorado tribes
Speaker 1: and at least the more southern of those on the coast,
Speaker 1: also make pottery. None of them do any other than
Speaker 1: the simplest work in wood. All the tribes burn the dead,
Speaker 1: and all have extensive morning ceremonies. Among the coast tribes,
Speaker 1: puberty initiation ceremonies are next in prominence after the mourning ceremonies.
Speaker 1: The Colorado tribes lack these, but have a number of curious,
Speaker 1: simple singing ceremonies. None of the groups show much similarity
Speaker 1: with the Pueblo and other Southwestern tribes in their ceremonials.
Speaker 1: In certain features of material culture, such as the use
Speaker 1: of pottery, the wooden headed war club, and the curved
Speaker 1: throwing stick, there is similarity with the Southwest. On the whole,
Speaker 1: the groups of the coast region, such as the missionized
Speaker 1: di Aguano's, Luisaignos and Gabrielanos, stand much closer to the
Speaker 1: typical Californians than do those of the Colorado River. The
Speaker 1: mythology of the Shishonians and Yumans on the coast and
Speaker 1: of the Yuman Mojaves on the Colorado show a considerable
Speaker 1: kinship in spirit, and many identities of detail. The creation
Speaker 1: myths usually agree in ascribing the origin of all living
Speaker 1: things to heaven and earth together with men, or from
Speaker 1: among them, is born a hero who differs in dignity
Speaker 1: and character from the usual culture hero, and has some
Speaker 1: of the characteristics of a divinity and creator. In all
Speaker 1: the mythologies he dies, the most prevalent idea being that
Speaker 1: his death occurs in consequence of some action of the frog.
Speaker 1: At his cremation, the coyote plays a part. This first
Speaker 1: hero is usually succeeded by a second, who may be
Speaker 1: his younger brother or an appearance of later generations. This
Speaker 1: second character originates more particularly the human institutions, and on
Speaker 1: withdrawing from the people, leaves them and the world in
Speaker 1: their present condition. Among the Mojave, another myth is what
Speaker 1: may be called a tribal migration tradition, which is very
Speaker 1: exactly localized and has much the appearance of historical truth,
Speaker 1: though it is probably almost entirely mythical. It would seem
Speaker 1: that the tribes near the coast had traces of something similar.
Speaker 1: From what has been said, it would appear that about
Speaker 1: four types of native culture can be distinguished in the
Speaker 1: limits of the present state of California. The tribes of
Speaker 1: the northwesternmost part of the state are considerably specialized, and
Speaker 1: the same seems to have been the case with the
Speaker 1: inhabitants of the Santa Barbara Islands and the Vicinity in
Speaker 1: southern California. Also, the Indians are different in many ways
Speaker 1: from those in other parts of the state. In the great,
Speaker 1: central and northern portion of the state, both in the
Speaker 1: interior and on the coast, there seem to prevail only
Speaker 1: one type of culture, locally diversified but presenting fundamentally the
Speaker 1: same features everywhere. Little is known about the Shoshonians and
Speaker 1: the Washho living in the narrow strip of the state
Speaker 1: east of the Sierra Nevada. It seems likely that they
Speaker 1: differ from the more typical Californians of the central region.
Speaker 1: Their territory, however, physiographically forms part of the Great Basin
Speaker 1: and not of the Pacific Coast, and even politically constitutes
Speaker 1: only a fringe along an artificial boundary of the state,
Speaker 1: so that they may be disregarded in the present connection.
Speaker 1: As is the case everywhere, there are no absolute breaks
Speaker 1: and few sharp ones between the several cultures that have
Speaker 1: been mentioned, so that the areas occupied by each cannot
Speaker 1: be very definitely circumscribed as regards single characteristics. There are
Speaker 1: many complete transitions and even identities between two or more cultures,
Speaker 1: but the general type of life and native activity in
Speaker 1: each of the several areas, in spite of such resemblances,
Speaker 1: is quite distinct. The numerous linguistic families of California, though
Speaker 1: they must apparently still continue to be considered as generally unrelated,
Speaker 1: fall into three groups, each confined to a certain territory
Speaker 1: and containing languages of the same type of structure. In
Speaker 1: the Northwest, the languages are rough and complex. In the
Speaker 1: southwest they are also complex, while over the greater part
Speaker 1: of the state they are phonetically smooth and morphologically simple,
Speaker 1: case inflections taking the place of incorporation. These three linguistic
Speaker 1: areas correspond approximately to the culture areas north of Tahatchipee.
Speaker 1: The agreement is not exact. For the Solanin family of
Speaker 1: the Salinas Valley linguistically shows the Southwestern type in more
Speaker 1: pronounced form than the Chumash of Santa Barbara, while culturally
Speaker 1: the Solanin Indians seem to have formed part not of
Speaker 1: the southwestern Santa Barbara area, but of the central one. Nevertheless,
Speaker 1: it is quite clear that, in a general way, the
Speaker 1: Indians of two rather restricted areas in northwestern and southwestern
Speaker 1: California can be affirmed to have been distinct from those
Speaker 1: of the main body of the state in the character
Speaker 1: both of their languages and of their culture, presenting in
Speaker 1: both respects a greater degree of complexity and development than
Speaker 1: the majority of the Indians of the state. There is
Speaker 1: no reason to suppose any causal connection between these developments
Speaker 1: in the southwest and northwest. Ethnologically, California may be said
Speaker 1: to be characterized by the absence of agriculture and of pottery,
Speaker 1: by the total absence of totemism or gentile organization, by
Speaker 1: an unusually simple and loose social organization in which wealth
Speaker 1: plays for a somewhat primitive and an American group a
Speaker 1: rather important part, by the very rude development of all
Speaker 1: arts except basketry, by the lack in art of realism,
Speaker 1: by a slight development of fetishism, and by the conspicuous
Speaker 1: lack of the symbolism and ritualism so highly developed by
Speaker 1: most of the American Indians. By the marked prevalence of
Speaker 1: religious restrictions connected with birth, death, sexual matters, and similar
Speaker 1: phases of life, by the predominance among ceremonials of mourning
Speaker 1: and initiation rites, and by a considerable development of true
Speaker 1: conceptions of creation in mythology. These characteristics hold true in
Speaker 1: some degree almost throughout the entire state, but in nearly
Speaker 1: every case they are most marked in the large central region,
Speaker 1: the inhabitants of which may be justly regarded as the
Speaker 1: most typical of Californians. Hand in hand with these ethnological
Speaker 1: characteristics go the temperamental ones of an unwarlike nature and
Speaker 1: of a lack of the intensity and pride, which are
Speaker 1: such strongly marked qualities of the American Indians as a whole.
Speaker 1: It will therefore be seen that in almost every instance
Speaker 1: the Californian Indians are from an American point of view
Speaker 1: negative specialized in the direction of lacking typical American qualities,
Speaker 1: but that from the more general human standpoint they are
Speaker 1: for the same reason generalized. They are among the least
Speaker 1: characteristic of the Indians of North America. And of Part
Speaker 1: two Part three of California History, two pieces by various
Speaker 1: this librovox recording is in the public domain. Part three.
Speaker 1: Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition, Governor's Representatives for California Report nineteen ten, Sacramento, California,
Speaker 1: December twenty seventh, nineteen ten, To Honorable James N. Gillette,
Speaker 1: Governor of California and ex officio Commissioner Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition.
Speaker 1: Dear sir, as your representatives charged with the details of
Speaker 1: California's representation at the Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition held at Seattle, Washington,
Speaker 1: from June one to October fifteenth, nineteen oh nine, inclusive,
Speaker 1: we take pleasure in submitting to you the following report
Speaker 1: of our work. It was right that California should aid
Speaker 1: and participate in a Western exposition, and it was wise
Speaker 1: to make the appropriation for the purpose sufficient to ensure
Speaker 1: a creditable representation of the state's resources. Accordingly on your recommendation,
Speaker 1: the legislature of nineteen oh seven set apart from the
Speaker 1: general Fund, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars and
Speaker 1: authorized you, as Commissioner for California, through such representatives as
Speaker 1: it might be your pleasure to appoint to supervise the
Speaker 1: general expenditure of the appropriation in the erection of a
Speaker 1: suitable building on the Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition Grounds, and
Speaker 1: the collection and installation therein of such an exhibit as
Speaker 1: would do credit to the state and exemplify in as
Speaker 1: striking and effective manner as possible, the great variety and
Speaker 1: superior quality of California products. Representatives, in accordance with the
Speaker 1: authority thus conferred, it was your pleasure to appoint the
Speaker 1: undersigned to represent you in this work. You acted promptly
Speaker 1: and gave your representatives ample time to take advantage of
Speaker 1: the seasons to secure samples of everything necessary for a
Speaker 1: complete display of the state's resources. To this one fact
Speaker 1: is due largely the greater completeness of the Seattle exhibit
Speaker 1: than any California had previously made. You also relieve your
Speaker 1: representatives of possible embarrassment by allowing them to appoint their
Speaker 1: own assistance and fix their compensation and term of service.
Speaker 1: In the exercise of this authority, preference was given to
Speaker 1: those best qualified to perform the work required, and the
Speaker 1: term of employment depended on efficiency and good behavior. No
Speaker 1: help was hired that was not absolutely necessary, and no
Speaker 1: one was kept on the pay roll a moment longer
Speaker 1: than his or her services were required. In short, it
Speaker 1: was our determined purpose from the start to try and
Speaker 1: secure maximum results at a minimum cost in every department
Speaker 1: of the work, to the end that the final outcome
Speaker 1: might be an improvement on any previous effort made by
Speaker 1: California of a similar character. We considered this to be
Speaker 1: necessary not only in deference to our own reputation, but
Speaker 1: more particularly for the credit and benefit of the state.
Speaker 1: You can understand if the display made at Seattle had
Speaker 1: been less complete or in any way less attractive than
Speaker 1: the one made at Portland, for instance, the impression created
Speaker 1: would be that those in charge were becoming careless or
Speaker 1: that California was retrograding, a condition that would probably have
Speaker 1: resulted in as much harm as good and largely or
Speaker 1: entirely neutralized the object of the legislature. In making the
Speaker 1: appropriation improvement imperative, we felt that we must improve on
Speaker 1: previous showings made by the state at other expositions, or
Speaker 1: resign and ask that the responsibility be placed in other hands,
Speaker 1: or that the money be allowed to remain in the
Speaker 1: state treasury. With a larger appropriation corresponding with the larger
Speaker 1: expenditures in freight and numerous other items at Seattle. As
Speaker 1: compared to Portland, the effort for an improved display would
Speaker 1: not have been difficult, but with the appropriation practically the same.
Speaker 1: Considering the salvage benefit realized for Portland from California's exhibit
Speaker 1: the previous year at Saint Louis, the planning, the economizing,
Speaker 1: the denials, and the extra personal labor imposed in order
Speaker 1: to accomplish the desired result can never be fully appreciated
Speaker 1: except by those who had immediate charge of the work.
Speaker 1: Those efforts were made the more difficult by reason of
Speaker 1: California's rupayation for open handed hospitality and the ever present
Speaker 1: consciousness that nothing must be done or left undone that
Speaker 1: might tend to impair that reputation. You can understand it
Speaker 1: is no easy task to maintain a show of generous
Speaker 1: hospitality all day and then set up at night to
Speaker 1: figure out how you can do the same thing tomorrow
Speaker 1: without unduly impairing a limited revenue building and exhibits superior.
Speaker 1: But we did it. We built the best and second
Speaker 1: largest state building ever erected at a World's fair. We
Speaker 1: collected and installed the most complete and most attractive exhibit
Speaker 1: of California's resources that the state ever made. We maintained
Speaker 1: stereopticon lectures, gave out verbal information to all enquirers, and
Speaker 1: distributed attractive literature. We gave frequent receptions and dispensed true
Speaker 1: California hospitality. We filled the measure of our aim. We
Speaker 1: did what we believed the state expected us to do,
Speaker 1: and it is a proud moment. Now the work is ended,
Speaker 1: and we are able to record the fact that we
Speaker 1: did it without exceeding the appropriation the California Building. The
Speaker 1: California Building was of the Spanish Renaissance style of architecture.
Speaker 1: The broad steps that led up to the five large arches,
Speaker 1: which opened onto the wide portico or colonnade, were eighty
Speaker 1: feet long, and through any of the five broad doors
Speaker 1: that fronted the arches, visitors entered the main exhibition hall.
Speaker 1: This hall was one hundred and forty feet square, with
Speaker 1: gallery on all four sides, twenty one feet high and
Speaker 1: thirty feet wide. Four flights of easy stairs, one at
Speaker 1: either corner, led to the spacious gallery. Light was diffused
Speaker 1: from side windows under the gallery and in the gallery
Speaker 1: high enough from the floor so as not to interfere
Speaker 1: with the wall for exhibit purposes, and from an iron
Speaker 1: framed skylight sixty four feet square. On either side of
Speaker 1: the main building and in line with the front, there
Speaker 1: were wings thirty two feet wide and thirty five feet long.
Speaker 1: This gave a total frontage to the building of two
Speaker 1: hundred ten feet, or a little more than two thirds
Speaker 1: of an average city block. The wings were so arranged
Speaker 1: as to provide a lecture hall, offices, parlor, reception room, buffet,
Speaker 1: and living rooms for the representatives and some of the employees.
Speaker 1: The structure as a whole presented an imposing appearance and
Speaker 1: was ideal for the purpose intended. It was designed and
Speaker 1: built by the State Engineering Department, with an occasional inspection
Speaker 1: by one of the representatives. Builders figured on the plans
Speaker 1: and variously estimated the cost at from fifty thousand to
Speaker 1: fifty six thousand dollars. We had asked for a building
Speaker 1: to cost not exceeding one third of the appropriation. For
Speaker 1: a time we feared the dimensions would have to be reduced,
Speaker 1: but State engineer ellery after figuring carefully on the job,
Speaker 1: expressed the opinion that he could erect the structure as
Speaker 1: planned for an amount pretty close to our figures. He
Speaker 1: was finally requested to go ahead with the work. He
Speaker 1: put one of his trusted superintendents in charge, hired his
Speaker 1: help by the day, and when completed as nearly as
Speaker 1: desired for exhibition purposes, it was found to have cost,
Speaker 1: including preparation of grounds and finishing of lecture room, just
Speaker 1: forty thousand, three hundred and thirty three dollars and eighty
Speaker 1: four cents, and it was better finished outside and more
Speaker 1: substantially constructed than exposition buildings usually are. Now a museum,
Speaker 1: as you are aware, it has been deeded to the
Speaker 1: Washington University, on whose grounds the exposition was held, and,
Speaker 1: barring accidents, will remain for many years as the university
Speaker 1: museum building. The general display the installation would be tedious
Speaker 1: to describe, and we will not attempt it further than
Speaker 1: to say that harmony in color and arrangement was maintained
Speaker 1: throughout the building, all balancing from an imposing centerpiece or
Speaker 1: product palace, which was covered entirely with natural products of
Speaker 1: the state, including dried fruits, seeds, cereals, raisins, nuts, etc.
Speaker 1: So artistically arranged as to give the whole a very
Speaker 1: attractive appearance. This centerpiece or palace was admitted to be
Speaker 1: not only the most beautiful feature of the California Building,
Speaker 1: but the most original, elaborate, and artistic feature of the
Speaker 1: entire exposition. The editor of Illustrated Northwest Farm and Home
Speaker 1: visited the California Building during the early part of the fair,
Speaker 1: and returning home, gave expression to his impressions through the
Speaker 1: columns of his paper in these words, in the California Building,
Speaker 1: there is everything to delight the eye, and entertainers can
Speaker 1: talk English. The statuary and ornaments in Fruits and Nuts
Speaker 1: surpasses anything that the eye of man never be held.
Speaker 1: For instance, the representation of carvings over the finished woods
Speaker 1: are created of various kinds of fruits. At the entrance
Speaker 1: to the centerpiece within the main building are two life
Speaker 1: sized mountain lions made of peaches. A black knight mounted
Speaker 1: on a black horse are made of California prunes. An
Speaker 1: elephant full size is made of California walnuts. A life
Speaker 1: sized cow is created of California almonds. A large black
Speaker 1: bear has California raisins for a robe. A lemon as
Speaker 1: large as a hogshead is composed of California lemons. These
Speaker 1: were some of the fruit features designed to set off
Speaker 1: the general display and emphasize the products that composed them,
Speaker 1: but these were only incidental to the strong and imposing
Speaker 1: exhibit of all of California's material products. There was a
Speaker 1: generous display of processed fruits, including all varieties known to
Speaker 1: the state. The dried fruit department was strong and attractive,
Speaker 1: embracing three separates features, one of miscellaneous dried fruits, one
Speaker 1: of raisins, and one of prunes. There were separate stands
Speaker 1: or features of wines, olive oil, pickled olives, mineral water,
Speaker 1: canned fruit, preserved fruit, vegetables, flowers, oranges, nuts, honey, beans,
Speaker 1: cereal seeds, sugar, silk, wool, ostrich feathers, fibers, canned milk,
Speaker 1: canned fish, et cetera, et cetera. Besides many suitable showcases
Speaker 1: containing samples of other products more delicate and less in quantity,
Speaker 1: there was a strong show of incubators and an attractive
Speaker 1: feature of borax. Models were shown and in operation where
Speaker 1: practicable of such articles or machinery as could not be
Speaker 1: accommodated otherwise, as for instance, the working model of a
Speaker 1: complete gold dredge manufactured especially for this exhibit by the
Speaker 1: Risden Ironworks of San Francisco Mining Exhibit the Mining Department
Speaker 1: of The display on the main floor of the California
Speaker 1: Building was attractively installed and as complete as the state
Speaker 1: has ever made, being strong in the minerals in which
Speaker 1: we are strong, but embracing in all forty four separate
Speaker 1: commercial varieties, including a strong showing of mineral oils and
Speaker 1: structural materials, A beautiful illuminated case of gold specimens and
Speaker 1: free gold ores from Siski County, and an equally beautiful
Speaker 1: illuminated case of rough and cut gems from San Diego County,
Speaker 1: including gem jewelry, constituted very attractive features of the Mineral Department.
Speaker 1: The Onyx and onyxwear from San Diego made a fine showing,
Speaker 1: as did also the large display of slate in all
Speaker 1: forms of utility from El Dorado Forestry. The Forestry Department
Speaker 1: included all the commercial woods of the state and many
Speaker 1: that have a prospective value for cabinet purposes. The variety
Speaker 1: displays in this feature was so great, the installation so attractive,
Speaker 1: and the quality of the raw and manufactured samples so
Speaker 1: superior that the jury readily awarded to it a grand prize,
Speaker 1: the highest recognition possible, and this in a state where
Speaker 1: forestry is a leading industry, and by a jury composed
Speaker 1: largely of Washingtonians. This was a victory to be proud of.
Speaker 1: All the available space on the walls of the main
Speaker 1: exhibition hall was covered with enlarged views of California scenes
Speaker 1: and industries. The gallery on the upper floor one gallery
Speaker 1: the front was reserved for display pictures, a hotel information bureau,
Speaker 1: and receptions, one for an exhibit of manufacturer samples, one
Speaker 1: for art, and one for education. The manufacturers samples, while
Speaker 1: largely a new departure, constituted a very interesting and instructive feature.
Speaker 1: Even many Californians were surprised to learn that all of
Speaker 1: the articles found there were made in this state. Leather
Speaker 1: and leather goods, silk and silk fabrics, and nautical instruments
Speaker 1: in this department each were awarded the highest prize it
Speaker 1: was possible to obtain fine arts. The art display, collected
Speaker 1: largely by Miss Evelyn Almond Witherrow of San Francisco, is
Speaker 1: a labor of love, her services being gratuitous, as was
Speaker 1: her time in superintending the installation of the exhibit later
Speaker 1: was freely admitted by those informed on such things to
Speaker 1: be the best and most complete representation of California art
Speaker 1: and handicraft ever brought together on any previous occasion, either
Speaker 1: at home or abroad. It comprised nearly three hundred pictures
Speaker 1: all the best work of the best artists in the state,
Speaker 1: besides busts of statuary, samples of modeling, and eight large
Speaker 1: and specially designed showcases filled with beautiful samples of all
Speaker 1: classes of handiwork known to art education. Our educational display
Speaker 1: was the best and most complete ever made, and was
Speaker 1: very much the best exhibit of the kind at the
Speaker 1: Seattle Exposition. It was collected and superintended by mister Robert
Speaker 1: Furlong of San Rafel, an expert in this line of work,
Speaker 1: and embraced a representative showing of every department of California's
Speaker 1: educational system, from the kindergarten to the university, not omitting
Speaker 1: the libraries and private educational institutions. There could be only
Speaker 1: one criticism to this department, and that was its crowded condition,
Speaker 1: as there was too much material for the space that
Speaker 1: could be allowed for it. In an exhibit of products,
Speaker 1: quantity can be reduced without material detriment. But if one
Speaker 1: sample of an educational exhibit is left out the work
Speaker 1: perhaps of some fond son or daughter whose parents may
Speaker 1: come looking for it, there is likely to be trouble.
Speaker 1: Nearly all portions of California contributed to this department, making
Speaker 1: the display representative in every sense our location and grounds.
Speaker 1: The California Building, though some distance back from the main entrance,
Speaker 1: was on high ground and eligibly located as to attractive
Speaker 1: surroundings and accessibility. The grounds for so large a structure
Speaker 1: were necessarily extensive, and the work of clearing, leveling, sodding,
Speaker 1: and planting these grounds involved in expenditure much greater than
Speaker 1: at previous expositions where the grounds were smaller and required
Speaker 1: less preparatory work. Mister George C. Redding of Fresno are
Speaker 1: Superintendent of Horticulture, giving his talents and time, as did
Speaker 1: miss Withrow, for the love of the work and the
Speaker 1: good he could do the state. Collected from different nurseries
Speaker 1: in California, two car loads of fruiting trees, flowering plants,
Speaker 1: palms and shrubs and traveled to Seattle to personally superintend
Speaker 1: the work of converting these grounds into a typical California
Speaker 1: park with clusters of palms, geranium beds, and orange groves.
Speaker 1: It gave to the exposition a semi tropic feature which
Speaker 1: visitors greatly enjoyed, and which was highly appreciated by the
Speaker 1: exposition management as a rare and valuable acquisition to their
Speaker 1: already beautiful landscape effects. It might be said, however, that
Speaker 1: the citrus trees and other tender plants did not thrive
Speaker 1: well even in the Seattle summer, and though the grounds
Speaker 1: thus planted as a side attraction and subject of favorable comet,
Speaker 1: were perhaps worth all they cost, yet they were not
Speaker 1: so beautiful as they would have been under more favorable
Speaker 1: climatic conditions. Mister Redding's work in the department was prompted
Speaker 1: by love of his art and pride in his state.
Speaker 1: He contributed liberally from his own nurseries and gave time
Speaker 1: and technical assistance that money could hardly have bought. And
Speaker 1: for his unstented services, not only your representatives, but all
Speaker 1: Californians owe him a debt of lasting gratitude. County aid
Speaker 1: striving to obtain the best exhibit possible with the means available.
Speaker 1: Your representatives early solicited the co operation of all the
Speaker 1: counties of California, offering in return for their efforts such
Speaker 1: distinctive representation as the merits of their respective products would warrant,
Speaker 1: consistent with a general harmonious plan of installation. Some responded
Speaker 1: very generously, others modestly, and some not at all. On
Speaker 1: the whole, however, the help from counties was very material,
Speaker 1: particularly the services of their respective representatives in entertaining visitors
Speaker 1: to the California Building and answering the constant flow of
Speaker 1: questions provoked by an inspection of the exhibits. Those counties
Speaker 1: that supported one or more representatives at the exposition and
Speaker 1: which contributed more or less to the general display were
Speaker 1: San Diego, Los Angeles, Riverside, Ventura, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, Alameda,
Speaker 1: San Francisco, to Lai, Sacramento, and Siscie. Material was contributed
Speaker 1: by Kerne, Fresno, San Joaquin, Monterey, Santa Clara, and here
Speaker 1: and there a little from others, but none of these
Speaker 1: latter maintained a representative, while some of those first named
Speaker 1: had at least two people with us all the time.
Speaker 1: It can be readily understood that with the regular state employees,
Speaker 1: reinforced by all the county representatives indicated, selected generally by
Speaker 1: reason of their especial qualifications for the position, the California
Speaker 1: force was very strong. And if anyone visited the building
Speaker 1: and left without learning all he or she wanted to
Speaker 1: know about our state, or any part or industry thereof,
Speaker 1: it was because they did not make the desire for
Speaker 1: such information known. The work of the able floor representatives
Speaker 1: and lecturers was strongly reinforced by a well equipped literature bureau.
Speaker 1: A neat booth with spacious counter was provided at a
Speaker 1: prominent and convenient place in the building, and well supplied
Speaker 1: with attractive literature, all the time, free to all comers.
Speaker 1: In addition to the State Book, a large edition of
Speaker 1: which was compiled and published at the expense of the appropriation,
Speaker 1: and which we desire to say here was as comprehensive
Speaker 1: a publication on California as was ever gotten out. Nearly
Speaker 1: every progressive county contributed to the supply, thus making it
Speaker 1: possible to meet the eager demand that always exists for
Speaker 1: information regarding this state. Altogether, from first to last, we
Speaker 1: estimate that more than a car load of literature was
Speaker 1: handed out from our literature booth or given to visitors
Speaker 1: by those on the floor, And yet no one was
Speaker 1: ever asked to take a line who had not previously
Speaker 1: expressed a desire for it. If you force literature on people,
Speaker 1: much of it is thrown away as soon as they
Speaker 1: are out of your sight. If put within convenient reach,
Speaker 1: people take what they want and no more. And what
Speaker 1: they want they keep. No California literature was thrown away.
Speaker 1: The free illustrated lectures were a strong reinforcement to the literature.
Speaker 1: These lectures were given by the different county representatives in
Speaker 1: a hall built and equipped by the state especially for
Speaker 1: the purpose, and which opened off the main exhibition room.
Speaker 1: The number of lectures varied from nine to twelve a day,
Speaker 1: each occupying half an hour twenty five minutes for the
Speaker 1: talk and five minutes to empty and refill the hall.
Speaker 1: They were a popular feature and always well patronized, and
Speaker 1: their far reaching and convincing lessons will be realized in
Speaker 1: benefits to California and especially to the sections represented for
Speaker 1: many years to come. A new departure in exposition work
Speaker 1: was the maintenance in the California building of a California Hotel,
Speaker 1: Information Bureau, room and accommodations were gladly given for this feature, which, however,
Speaker 1: was maintained at the expense of certain contributing hotels that
Speaker 1: represented practically all important centers of the state. It relieved
Speaker 1: your representatives of the duty of supplying information in this
Speaker 1: particular line of inquiry and ensured the work being done
Speaker 1: better than it could have been done otherwise. Demonstrating booths
Speaker 1: were maintained in the California Building by a number of exhibitors,
Speaker 1: to whom we were pleased to give space for the purpose.
Speaker 1: As experience teaches that one of the most effective ways
Speaker 1: of impressing the merits of any particular article is to
Speaker 1: prove its value by sample. Our preserved fruits, our canned mackerel,
Speaker 1: and our borax products were shown and sampled from artistic booths,
Speaker 1: while beans, wine, olive, oil and all their products were
Speaker 1: demonstrated as occasion required, but in a more modest way.
Speaker 1: Hostesses Missus Wiggins and Missus Filcher, who had served so
Speaker 1: successfully as hostesses at the Saint Louis Exhibition and at
Speaker 1: the Portland Exposition, were installed as hostesses of the California
Speaker 1: Building at Seattle, the compensation to be determined after the
Speaker 1: close of the exposition, when our financial condition would be
Speaker 1: better understood, they agreeing in advance to abide by the outcome.
Speaker 1: This arrangement was an incentive to extra economy on their part,
Speaker 1: and it may be said they seconded every effort of
Speaker 1: your representatives in that direction. And yet they maintained California's
Speaker 1: reputation for hospitality admirably and became favorites at the Large
Speaker 1: Hostesses Association of the Exposition, of which Missus Wiggins was
Speaker 1: one of the leading officials. Secretary mister George A. Denison,
Speaker 1: who had a long prior record with the State Board
Speaker 1: of Trade, and who served us so efficiently as secretary
Speaker 1: at Saint Louis and at Portland, was appointed secretary at Seattle,
Speaker 1: and remained with us to the close of our work.
Speaker 1: In this connection, it may be said that other state
Speaker 1: representatives had as their office force a secretary, a bookkeeper,
Speaker 1: and a stenographer. Mister Denison, possessing the qualifications, filled all
Speaker 1: three of those positions for California, and being an expert
Speaker 1: in each branch, filled them with marked efficiency. Attendants. The
Speaker 1: splendid exhibit made by California proved one of the principal
Speaker 1: attractions of the exposition. It became to be the general
Speaker 1: remark that if you did not see the Government exhibit
Speaker 1: and the California exhibit, you did not see the show.
Speaker 1: As a consequence, all who attended the exposition visited the
Speaker 1: California Building, and as may be supposed, we had a
Speaker 1: crowd passing through the exhibits off all the time the
Speaker 1: building was open. The average attendance at the exposition was
Speaker 1: close to twenty five thousand a day. Allowing that each
Speaker 1: visitor spent two days on the grounds, and that in
Speaker 1: one of the two days practically all visited our building,
Speaker 1: it may be estimated that the number who inspected the
Speaker 1: California exhibits daily was about twelve thousand. This we believe
Speaker 1: is a fair estimate California visitors. We had a separate
Speaker 1: card register for visitors from this state, and it will
Speaker 1: surprise you, perhaps to learn that the number of Californians
Speaker 1: who registered with US averaged nearly two hundred a day,
Speaker 1: or twelve hundred a week. In one day, during the
Speaker 1: height of the season, we registered three hundred and seventy
Speaker 1: two people from our home state. It is not only possible,
Speaker 1: but very probable that many come and went without registering.
Speaker 1: Making allowance for these and figuring those we did register
Speaker 1: at twelve hundred a week, and counting twenty weeks for
Speaker 1: the fair nineteen weeks and five days to be exact,
Speaker 1: we estimate the number of Californians who attended the Seattle
Speaker 1: Exposition at twenty five thousand awards. If other evidence were
Speaker 1: wanting to establish the claim that the Seattle Exhibit was
Speaker 1: the best and most complete ever made by California, it
Speaker 1: would be found in the record of prizes won by
Speaker 1: the state in proportion to the number of entries. We
Speaker 1: not only beat all the other states in the number
Speaker 1: of high awards, but we beat all past records made
Speaker 1: by California. And this in face of the fact that
Speaker 1: the juries as a rule set a high standard and
Speaker 1: were very critical in their examinations. California's greatest total premiums
Speaker 1: at any previous exposition was five hundred and eighteen, while
Speaker 1: at Seattle the total was eight hundred. To win gold
Speaker 1: medals or higher on half the entries is considered a
Speaker 1: remarkable record, and yet out of the total of eight
Speaker 1: high hundred at Seattle ninety were Grand prizes, an award
Speaker 1: only made in case of extraordinary excellence, four hundred and
Speaker 1: fourteen were gold medals, one hundred and fifty five silver medals,
Speaker 1: one hundred and eight bronze medals, and thirty three honorable mentions.
Speaker 1: A careful analysis by one who understands what is required
Speaker 1: to win a high award at an international exposition and
Speaker 1: what it stands for, will show at once that this
Speaker 1: is a most extraordinary record, one which we confidently believe
Speaker 1: has never been equalled by any state or country at
Speaker 1: any exposition in the world, and one which is not
Speaker 1: likely to be equalled, except possibly by California herself, for
Speaker 1: many years to come. It will be noticed from the
Speaker 1: detailed list of the awards which follows in this report
Speaker 1: that they are well distributed throughout the state, nearly every
Speaker 1: locality in every industry sharing in the honors of further
Speaker 1: evidence of the representative character of the exhibit Salvage. At
Speaker 1: the close of the exposition, we took sufficient time to
Speaker 1: safely pack all materials that had to be returned and
Speaker 1: to label it carefully so as to facilitate its distribution
Speaker 1: in California. In the meantime, we sold some of the
Speaker 1: edible goods, and some on order we turned over to
Speaker 1: local agents of the owners. All money received therefore has
Speaker 1: been remitted to the parties who furnished the articles and
Speaker 1: receipts received for the same. The furniture, fixtures and other
Speaker 1: material which belonged to the State and which we deemed
Speaker 1: it advisable to sell, was disposed of to the best
Speaker 1: advantage possible, considering the great quantity of this class of
Speaker 1: goods that were being thrown on the market. From this
Speaker 1: source we realized the sum of five thousand, one hundred
Speaker 1: and thirty five dollars and sixteen cents. From rent of
Speaker 1: soft drink stand in the building, we realized the sum
Speaker 1: of three hundred dollars and from the sale of building
Speaker 1: seven hundred fifty dollars, making the total salvage exclusive of
Speaker 1: building five thousand, four hundred thirty five dollars and sixteen cents,
Speaker 1: which is fully accounted for in the financial statement which
Speaker 1: follows in this report. The seven hundred fifty dollars received
Speaker 1: for the building was turned over to the State printer
Speaker 1: on account and never passed through our hands. Material on
Speaker 1: hand there was certain office furniture which it was deemed
Speaker 1: unwise to sacrifice and some permanent exhibition material that is
Speaker 1: worth more to the state for future expositions than any
Speaker 1: amount that could be realized from it at a forced sale. Consequently,
Speaker 1: this material was returned and the furniture has been turned
Speaker 1: over to the State Agricultural Society, and the exhibition material
Speaker 1: has been stored in a shed which we built for
Speaker 1: the purpose on the grounds of the State Agricultural Society.
Speaker 1: The latter consists of eight mineral showcases, a collection of
Speaker 1: California ores and mineral specimens, a large assortment of California woods,
Speaker 1: including burrels and rare specimens, a lot of framed and
Speaker 1: unframed pictures of California scenes and industries, and about five
Speaker 1: hundred glass jars, most of which are filled with seeds, cereals, sugar,
Speaker 1: or processed fruits. The furniture returned at fifty cents on
Speaker 1: the dollar. The usual selling price at an exposition of
Speaker 1: good material is worth seventy five dollars. The showcases four
Speaker 1: hundred and twenty five dollars, exhibit material, estimated at half
Speaker 1: what it would cost to collect it two thousand dollars,
Speaker 1: and the glass jars one thousand dollars. This totals a
Speaker 1: heritage to the state from the Seattle Exposition of three thousand,
Speaker 1: five hundred dollars. This will be available and worth even
Speaker 1: more than the sum stated whenever the state desires to
Speaker 1: make another exhibition to California. Summing up the benefits of
Speaker 1: an exhibit is a good deal. Like a merchant trying
Speaker 1: to estimate the good derived from a sign over his door.
Speaker 1: Occasionally a patron may say I saw your sign and
Speaker 1: came in, And occasionally a party may say, I saw
Speaker 1: your exhibit and that prompted me to come to California.
Speaker 1: The money dropped from travelers alone who passed through this
Speaker 1: state going to or returning from the exposition has probably
Speaker 1: recompensed California for its outlay. But this is only the
Speaker 1: beginning of the harvest. Many people from the eastern and
Speaker 1: Central States who visited the exposition with a view of
Speaker 1: ascertaining in which part of the Northwest it would be
Speaker 1: best to settle, changed their minds after seeing the exhibits
Speaker 1: made by the different states and came on to California. Besides,
Speaker 1: thousands of others already settled after inspecting the exhibits made
Speaker 1: by this state openly declared that if they ever moved again,
Speaker 1: they would land in Cali. The tons of literature on
Speaker 1: this state carried away by visitors to supplement and strengthen
Speaker 1: their impressions, both impressions and literature to be disseminated among
Speaker 1: their neighbors, will have an effect that cannot be estimated,
Speaker 1: but which must inevitably bear fruit for California for many
Speaker 1: years to come. Then again, the seeing of our splendid
Speaker 1: products naturally excites a desire to try them, and the
Speaker 1: increased demand for our fruits, oil, wines, et cetera growing
Speaker 1: out of such a display is far reaching. But more
Speaker 1: than all this, the greater intercourse, the better acquaintance, the
Speaker 1: more friendly feeling between the people of the different sections
Speaker 1: of the country, and particularly of the West, and more
Speaker 1: particularly between the people of this state in Washington or
Speaker 1: Oregon in Washington, if you please, is bound to lead
Speaker 1: to a better understanding in regard to trade relations and
Speaker 1: result in commercial benefits that cannot be estimated. That the
Speaker 1: participation of California was wise, there is no doubt, and
Speaker 1: that the benefits received and to be received will be
Speaker 1: many fold greater than the cost is as certain as
Speaker 1: the future. The follow up letters that have already come
Speaker 1: to your representatives from people of the Northwest and other
Speaker 1: sections who saw and inspected our exhibit is further proof
Speaker 1: that an interest in this state has been awakened among
Speaker 1: them that will not soon die out. Acknowledgments, we are
Speaker 1: under obligations to so many that it would be tedious
Speaker 1: to enumerate them. The higher officials of the Exposition, President J. E. Chilberg,
Speaker 1: Director General I. A. Nadou, and Director of Exhibits H. E.
Speaker 1: Dosh showed us every courtesy and manifested a desire to
Speaker 1: do all they could to facilitate our work. While from
Speaker 1: the other departments and even from the subordinates in all departments,
Speaker 1: a request from California was promptly considered and always conceded
Speaker 1: when not inconsistent with the exposition rules. There were differences
Speaker 1: at first, as is always the case, but on a
Speaker 1: better understanding these were adjusted to the satisfaction of all concerned.
Speaker 1: The Southern Pacific Company and the Northern Pacific Company carried
Speaker 1: our freight at a one way rate, and their respective
Speaker 1: agents were prompt and accommodating, setting a new mark for
Speaker 1: railroad efficiency at expositions. The Southern Pacific Passenger Department also
Speaker 1: loaned us some very fine pictures of California scenes, which
Speaker 1: were valuable not only as wall decorations, but as object
Speaker 1: lessons on certain features of our state. To the Golden
Speaker 1: Gate Park officials of San Francisco, and also the officials
Speaker 1: of the Stockton State Hospital. We are under obligation for
Speaker 1: liberal contributions of ornamental plants and shrubs for the decoration
Speaker 1: of the California Building and grounds. Mister R. M. Tigue
Speaker 1: of San Demas and the Fancher Creek Nursery of Fresno
Speaker 1: also contributed liberally of their choicest stock, for which we
Speaker 1: owe them a debt of gratitude. The same is true
Speaker 1: of J. Dietrich, Howard and Smith Elegion Park, and Edward H.
Speaker 1: Rust All of Los Angeles, and of the Orange County
Speaker 1: Nursery and Land Company of Fullerton. To the counties and
Speaker 1: other subdivisions of the state, that, through organized effort and
Speaker 1: at their own expense, collected valuable exhibition material, prepared descriptive literature,
Speaker 1: and sent representatives to Seattle, thereby strengthening the exhibit and
Speaker 1: adding to the force of California workers we are under
Speaker 1: obligations to their efforts and to the efficiency of the
Speaker 1: people they sent. Much of California's success at the Seattle
Speaker 1: Exposition is due, and we want them to know and
Speaker 1: feel that their efforts and cooperation were fully appreciated. To producers, manufacturers,
Speaker 1: and packers, to lumbermen and miners who responded to our
Speaker 1: request for samples of their output, we owe a debt
Speaker 1: which we tried to pay inn part by caring for
Speaker 1: their goods as they would have cared for them, and
Speaker 1: by looking out for their interests in the matter of
Speaker 1: awards as carefully as they could have done had they
Speaker 1: been there. In this connection, we wish to express our
Speaker 1: obligation to the Niles PA's Furniture Company for the generous
Speaker 1: loan of the finest art mission furniture for our reception room.
Speaker 1: To Byron Mousey of San Francisco, the Star Piano Company
Speaker 1: and Sailor Baumeister of Los Angeles for the loan of
Speaker 1: pianos for the use of our guests, and to the
Speaker 1: Eilers Piano Company for the free use of a pianola
Speaker 1: for our lecture room. To Arthur Harris, Designer, and to C. L.
Speaker 1: Wilson Superintendent of Installation, both experts in their line is
Speaker 1: due largely the attractive character of California's exhibit, admitted to
Speaker 1: be the most beautiful in arrangement and display, as well
Speaker 1: as the most comprehensive ever put up by this or
Speaker 1: any other state at Seattle or any other exposition. Conclusion,
Speaker 1: we do not hesitate to affirm that California's participation at
Speaker 1: the Seattle Exposition was a success from every point of view,
Speaker 1: and knowing our trust was conscientiously performed and that our
Speaker 1: best efforts were exerted in the interests of our state,
Speaker 1: we dare to hope that you who trusted us, are
Speaker 1: not disappointed, and that the people of California, who generously
Speaker 1: advance the money for the work, are satisfied with the
Speaker 1: showing made, and that they will reap substantial and lasting
Speaker 1: benefit as the result of their enterprise and liberality. We
Speaker 1: want to thank you sincerely for the confidence reposed in us,
Speaker 1: for your kindly co operation and advice, and particularly for
Speaker 1: the generous reign given to us in carrying out a
Speaker 1: work for which you, in the eyes of the law,
Speaker 1: were primarily responsible. Our studied efforts were continually directed toward
Speaker 1: trying to get the greatest result at the least cost.
Speaker 1: For though handling a generous appropriation, we never lost sight
Speaker 1: of the fact that it was the people's money, and
Speaker 1: consequently we consented to the expenditure of a dollar only
Speaker 1: where in our judgment, a dollar's worth or more of
Speaker 1: benefit would accrue to California. Neither did we lose sight
Speaker 1: of the high standard which has characterized your course in
Speaker 1: the handling of public affairs. We acted on the principle
Speaker 1: that public office is a public trust, and that public
Speaker 1: money should be handled with greater care than one would
Speaker 1: handle his own. The following pages contain a complete list
Speaker 1: of the awards made to California exhibitors and a statement
Speaker 1: of all monies received and expended. And accompanying this report
Speaker 1: we hand you the vouchers showing all our transactions and
Speaker 1: just how the money was expended. We have settled every
Speaker 1: honorable claim. We have concluded the work in full, even
Speaker 1: to the distribution of the awards, and if there is
Speaker 1: a dollar left to go back into the treasury, it
Speaker 1: is because that dollar was not needed for the full
Speaker 1: satisfaction of the duties imposed. Respectfully. J. A. Filcher, Frank
Speaker 1: Wiggins Governor's Representatives, end of Part three and of California History.
Speaker 1: Two pieces by various