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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to the I Can't Sleep Podcast, where I help

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<v Speaker 1>you drift off one fact at a time. I'm your host,

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<v Speaker 1>Benjamin Boster, and today's episode is about salt. This sponsored

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<v Speaker 1>episode is an early birthday present to Terra from Russell.

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<v Speaker 1>Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride. When

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<v Speaker 1>used in food, especially in granulated form, it is more

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<v Speaker 1>formally called table salt. In the form of a natural

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<v Speaker 1>crystalline mineral, salt is also known as rock salt or haylite.

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<v Speaker 1>Salt is essential for life in general, being the source

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<v Speaker 1>of the essential dietary minerals sodium and and Saltiness is

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<v Speaker 1>one of the basic human tastes. Salt is one of

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<v Speaker 1>the oldest and most ubiquitous food seasonings and is known

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<v Speaker 1>to uniformly improve the taste perception of food. Salting, brining,

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<v Speaker 1>and pickling are ancient and important methods of food preservation.

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<v Speaker 1>Some of the earliest evidence of salt processing dates to

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<v Speaker 1>around six thousand BC, when people living in the area

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<v Speaker 1>of present day Romania boiled spring water to extract salts.

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<v Speaker 1>A salt works in China dates to approximately the same period.

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<v Speaker 1>Salt was prized by the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, Byzantinesides,

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<v Speaker 1>Egyptians and Indians. Salt became an important article of trade

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<v Speaker 1>and was transported by boat across the Mediterranean Sea, along

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<v Speaker 1>especially built salt roads, and across the Sahara on camel caravans.

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<v Speaker 1>The scarcity and universal need for salt have led nations

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<v Speaker 1>to go to war over it and use it to

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<v Speaker 1>raise tax revenues, for instance, triggering the Al Paso Salt War,

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<v Speaker 1>which took place in El Paso in the late eighteen sixties.

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<v Speaker 1>Salt is used in religious ceremonies and has other cultural

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<v Speaker 1>and traditional significance. Salt is processed from salt mines and

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<v Speaker 1>by the evaporation of sea water, sea salt and mineral

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<v Speaker 1>rich spring water in shallow pools. The greatest single use

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<v Speaker 1>for salt is a feedstock for the production of chemicals.

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<v Speaker 1>It is used to produce caustic soda and chlorine, and

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<v Speaker 1>in the manufacture of products such as polyvinyl chloride, plastics

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<v Speaker 1>and paper pulp. Of the annual global production of around

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<v Speaker 1>three hundred million tons, only a small percentage is used

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<v Speaker 1>for human consumption. Other uses include water conditioning processes, de

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<v Speaker 1>icing highways, and agricultural use. Edible salt is sold in

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<v Speaker 1>forms such as sea salt and table salt. Table salt

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<v Speaker 1>usually contains an anti cakine agent and may be iodized

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<v Speaker 1>to prevent iodine deficiency, as well as its use in

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<v Speaker 1>cooking and at the table salt is present in many

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<v Speaker 1>processed foods. All through history, the availability of salt has

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<v Speaker 1>been pivotal to civilization. What is now sought to have

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<v Speaker 1>been the first city in Europe is Snisata in Bulgaria,

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<v Speaker 1>which was a salt mine, providing the area now known

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<v Speaker 1>as the Balkans with salt since five thousand, four hundred BC.

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<v Speaker 1>Salt was the best known food preservative, especially for meat,

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<v Speaker 1>for many thousands of years. A very ancient salt works

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<v Speaker 1>operation has been discovered at the Poyana Slatini archeological site

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<v Speaker 1>next to a salt spring in Blunka, Nyaps County, Romania.

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<v Speaker 1>Evidence syndicates that Neolithic people of the pre Kukuteni culture

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<v Speaker 1>or boiling the salt laden spring water through the process

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<v Speaker 1>of brigatants to extract salt as far back as six

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<v Speaker 1>thousand fifty BC. The salt extracted from this operation may

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<v Speaker 1>have directly correlated with the rapid growth of the society's

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<v Speaker 1>population soon after production began. The harvest of salt from

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<v Speaker 1>the surface of Chiechi Lake near Yunchung in Shanxi, China

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<v Speaker 1>dates back to at least six thousand BC, making it

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<v Speaker 1>one of the oldest verifiable salt works. With a spread

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<v Speaker 1>of civilization, salt became one of the world's main trading commodities.

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<v Speaker 1>It was a high value to the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks,

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<v Speaker 1>the Romans, the Byzantines, the Hittides, and other people of

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<v Speaker 1>antiquity in the Middle East. Salt was used to seal

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<v Speaker 1>an agreement ceremonially, and the ancient Hebrews made a covenant

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<v Speaker 1>of salt with God and sprinkled salt on their offerings

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<v Speaker 1>to show their trust in Him. Salt may have been

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<v Speaker 1>used for barter and connection with the Obsidian trade and Anatolia.

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<v Speaker 1>In the Neolithic era. Salt was included among funeral offerings

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<v Speaker 1>found in ancient Egyptian tombs from the third millennium B

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<v Speaker 1>s as were salted birds and saltfish. From about two thousand,

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<v Speaker 1>eight hundred B SEA, the Egyptians began exporting salt fish

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<v Speaker 1>to the Phoenicians and returned for Lebanon cedar glass and

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<v Speaker 1>the dye Tyreean purple. The Phoenicians traded Egyptian salted fish

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<v Speaker 1>and salt from North Africa throughout their Mediterranean trade empire.

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<v Speaker 1>Erototus described salt trading routes across Libya back in the

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<v Speaker 1>fifth century b c. In the early years of the

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<v Speaker 1>Roman Empire, roads were built for the transportation of salt

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<v Speaker 1>from the salt imported at Ostia to the capital in Africa,

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<v Speaker 1>salt was used as currencies south of the Sahara. Slibes

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<v Speaker 1>of rock salt were used as coins. In Abyssinia. The

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<v Speaker 1>Twareg have traditionally maintained routes across the Sahara, especially for

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<v Speaker 1>the transportation of salt by Azale salt caravans. The caravans

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<v Speaker 1>still crossed the desert from the southern Niger to Bilma,

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<v Speaker 1>although much of the trade now takes place by truck.

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<v Speaker 1>Each camel takes two blades of fodder and two of

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<v Speaker 1>trade goods northwards and returns laden with salt, pillars and dates.

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<v Speaker 1>In Gabon, before the arrival of Europeans, the coast people

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<v Speaker 1>carried on a remunerative trade with those of the interior

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<v Speaker 1>by the medium of sea salt. This was gradually displaced

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<v Speaker 1>by the salt that Europeans broad in sacks, so the

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<v Speaker 1>coast natives lost their previous profits. As of the late

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<v Speaker 1>nineteen fifties, sea salt was still the currency best appreciated

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<v Speaker 1>in the interior. Saltzburg Alstadt a line lie within seventeen

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<v Speaker 1>kilometers of each other on the River Saltzak in central Austria,

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<v Speaker 1>in an area with extensive salt deposits. Saltzak means salt river,

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<v Speaker 1>while Saltzburg means salt castle, both taking their names from

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<v Speaker 1>the German word zaltz. Salt Alstadt was the site of

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<v Speaker 1>the world's first salt mine. The town gave its name

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<v Speaker 1>to the Halstadt culture that began mining for salt in

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<v Speaker 1>the area in about eight hundred b C. Around four

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<v Speaker 1>hundred b C, the townsfolk, who had previously used pickaxes

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<v Speaker 1>and shovels, began open pan salt making. During the first

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<v Speaker 1>millennium b C, Celtic communities grew rich, trading salt and

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<v Speaker 1>salted meat to ancient Greece and ancient Rome in exchange

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<v Speaker 1>for wine and other luxuries. The word salary comes from

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<v Speaker 1>the Latin word for salt. The reason for this is unknown.

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<v Speaker 1>A persistent modern claim that the Roman legions were sometimes

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<v Speaker 1>paid and salt as baseless. The word salad literally means

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<v Speaker 1>salted and comes from the ancient Roman practice of salting

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<v Speaker 1>leaf vegetables. Wars have been fought over salt Venice, when

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<v Speaker 1>the Salt War thirteen o four with Padua over supplying

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<v Speaker 1>the product in certain areas, and the War of Ferrara

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<v Speaker 1>fourteen eighty two to fourteen eighty four for the same reason.

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<v Speaker 1>It played a role in the American Revolution and the

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<v Speaker 1>San Elizario Salt War. Cities on overland trade routes grew

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<v Speaker 1>rich by levying duties, and towns like Liverpool flourished on

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<v Speaker 1>the export of salt extracted from the salt mines of Reischer.

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<v Speaker 1>Governments have at different times imposed salt taxes on their peoples.

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<v Speaker 1>The voyages of Christopher Columbus are said to have been

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<v Speaker 1>financed from salt production in southern Spain. The oppressive salt

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<v Speaker 1>tax in France was one of the causes of the

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<v Speaker 1>French Revolution. After being repealed, this tax was reimposed by

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<v Speaker 1>Napoleon when he became the emperor to pay for his

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<v Speaker 1>foreign wars, and was not abolished until nineteen forty six.

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<v Speaker 1>In nineteen thirty, Mahatma Gandhi led a crowd of one

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<v Speaker 1>hundred thousand protesters on the Dundee March or Salt Setiagraha,

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<v Speaker 1>during which they made their own salt from the sea

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<v Speaker 1>as a demonstration of their opposition to the colonial saltax.

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<v Speaker 1>This act of civil disobedience inspired numerous individuals and transformed

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<v Speaker 1>the Indian independence movement into a national struggle. Salt is

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<v Speaker 1>essential to the health of humans and other animals, and

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<v Speaker 1>it is one of the five basic taste sensations. It

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<v Speaker 1>is known to uniformly improve the taste perception of food,

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<v Speaker 1>including otherwise unpalatable food. Salt is used in many cuisines,

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<v Speaker 1>and it is often found in salt shakers on diners

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<v Speaker 1>eating tables for their personal use on food. Salt is

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<v Speaker 1>also an ingredient in many manufactured foodstuffs. Table salt is

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<v Speaker 1>a refined salt containing about ninety seven to ninety nine

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<v Speaker 1>percent sodium chloride. Usually anti cakine agents such as sodium

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<v Speaker 1>aluminous oloicate or magnesium carbonate are added to make it

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<v Speaker 1>free flowing. Iodize. Salt containing potassium iodide is widely available.

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<v Speaker 1>Some people put a dessicant, such as a few grains

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<v Speaker 1>of uncooked rice or a salting cracker in their salt

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<v Speaker 1>shakers to absorb extra moisture and help break up salt

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<v Speaker 1>clums that may otherwise. A lack of fluoride in the

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<v Speaker 1>diet is the cause of a greatly increased incidence of

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<v Speaker 1>dental carries. Fluoride salts can be added to table salt

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<v Speaker 1>with the goal of reducing tooth decay, especially in countries

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<v Speaker 1>that have not benefited from fluoridated toothpastes and fluoridated water.

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<v Speaker 1>The practice is more common in some European countries where

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<v Speaker 1>water fluoridation is not carried out. In France, thirty five

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<v Speaker 1>percent of the table salt salt contains added sodium fluoride.

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<v Speaker 1>Unrefined sea salt contains small amounts of magnesium in calcium

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<v Speaker 1>halides and sulfates, traces of algal products, salt resistant bacteria,

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<v Speaker 1>and sediment particles. The calcium and magnesium salts confer a

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<v Speaker 1>faintly bitter overtone, and they make unrefined sea salt hygroscopic

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<v Speaker 1>i e. It gradually absorbs moisture from air if stored

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<v Speaker 1>and covered. Algyal products contribute a mild fishy or sea

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<v Speaker 1>air odor, the latter from organobromine compounds sediments, the proportion

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<v Speaker 1>of which varies with the source, give the salt a

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<v Speaker 1>dull gray appearance. Since taste and aroma compounds are often

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<v Speaker 1>detectable by humans and minute concentrations, sea salt may have

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<v Speaker 1>a more complex flavor than pure sodium chloride when sprinkled

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<v Speaker 1>on top of food. When salt is added during cooking, however,

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<v Speaker 1>these flavors would likely be overwhelmed by those of the

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<v Speaker 1>food ingredients. The refined salt industries cite scientific studies saying

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<v Speaker 1>that raw sea and rock salts do not contain enough

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<v Speaker 1>iodine salts to prevent iodine efficiency diseases. Salts have diverse

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<v Speaker 1>mineralities depending on their source, giving each a unique flavor.

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<v Speaker 1>Flair to cell a natural sea salt from the surface

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<v Speaker 1>of evaporating brine and salt pans as a distinctive flavor

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<v Speaker 1>varying with said source. In traditional Korean cuisine, so called

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<v Speaker 1>bamboo salt is prepared by roasting salt in a bamboo

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<v Speaker 1>container plugged with mud at both ends product absorbs minerals

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<v Speaker 1>from the bamboo and the mud, and has been claimed

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<v Speaker 1>to increase the anticlastogenic and antimutogenic properties of dunjung a

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<v Speaker 1>fermented bean paste. Kosher for kitchen salt has a larger

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<v Speaker 1>grain size than table salt and is used in cooking.

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<v Speaker 1>It can be used for brining and bread or pretzel making,

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<v Speaker 1>and as a scrubbing agent when combined with oil. Salt

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<v Speaker 1>is present in most foods, but in naturally occurring food

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<v Speaker 1>stuffs such as meats, vegetables, and fruit. It is present

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<v Speaker 1>in very small quantities. It is often added to processed

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<v Speaker 1>food such as canned foods and especially salted foods, pickled

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<v Speaker 1>foods and snack foods, or other convenience foods where functions

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<v Speaker 1>as both a preservative and a flavoring. Dairy salt is

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<v Speaker 1>used in the preparation of butter and cheese products. As

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<v Speaker 1>a flavoring, salt enhances the taste of other foods by

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<v Speaker 1>suppressing the bitterness of those foods, making them more palatable

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<v Speaker 1>and relatively sweeter. Before the advent of electrically powered refrigeration,

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<v Speaker 1>salting was one of the main methods of food preservation,

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<v Speaker 1>thus herring contains sixty seven milligram sodium per one hundred gram,

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<v Speaker 1>while kipper its preserved form contains nine hundred and ninety milligrams. Similarly,

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<v Speaker 1>pork typically contains sixty three milligrams, while bacon contains one thousand,

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<v Speaker 1>four hundred and eighty milligrams, and potatoes contain seven milligrams,

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<v Speaker 1>but potato crisps eight hundred milligrams per one hundred gram.

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<v Speaker 1>Salt is used extensively in cooking, as a flavoring and

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<v Speaker 1>in cooking techniques such as with salt crusts and brining.

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<v Speaker 1>The main source of salt in the Western diet, apart

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<v Speaker 1>from direct use, are bread and cereals, meat and dairy products.

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<v Speaker 1>In many East Asian cultures, salt is not traditionally used

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<v Speaker 1>as a condiment. In its place, Condiments such as soy sauce,

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<v Speaker 1>fish sauce, and oyster sauce tend to have a high

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<v Speaker 1>sodium content and fill a similar roll to table salt.

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<v Speaker 1>In Western cultures, they are most often used for cooking

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<v Speaker 1>rather than as table condiments. Only a small percentage of

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<v Speaker 1>the salt manufacture in the world is used in food.

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<v Speaker 1>The remainder is used in agriculture, water treatment, chemical production,

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<v Speaker 1>de icing, and other industrial use cases. In the practice

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<v Speaker 1>of watering plants with salt as a fertilizer, applying a

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<v Speaker 1>moderate concentration helps avoid potential toxicity. Typically one to three

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<v Speaker 1>grams per liter is considered safe and effective from most plants.

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<v Speaker 1>Sodium chloride is one of the most widely used inorganic

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<v Speaker 1>raw materials. It is a feed stock in the production

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<v Speaker 1>of caustic soda and chlorine. These are used in the

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<v Speaker 1>manufacture of p VC paper, pulp, and many other inorganic

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<v Speaker 1>inorganic compounds. Salt is used as a flox in the

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<v Speaker 1>production of aluminium. For this purpose, a layer of melted

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<v Speaker 1>salt floats on top of the molten metal and removes

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<v Speaker 1>iron and other metal contaminants. It is used in the

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<v Speaker 1>manufacture of soaps and glycerine, where it is used to

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<v Speaker 1>sappentify fats as in a mulsifier. Salt is used in

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<v Speaker 1>the manufacture of synthetic rubber, and another use is in

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<v Speaker 1>the firing of pottery. When salt added to the furnace

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<v Speaker 1>vaporizes before condensing onto the surface of the ceramic material,

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<v Speaker 1>forming a strong glaze. When drilling through loose materials such

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<v Speaker 1>as sand or gravel. Salt may be added to the

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<v Speaker 1>drilling fluid to provide a stable wall to prevent the

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<v Speaker 1>whole collapsing. There are many their processes in which salt

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<v Speaker 1>is involved. These included its use as of mordant in

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<v Speaker 1>textile dyeing to regenerate resins in water softening, for the

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<v Speaker 1>tanning of hides, the preservation of meat and fish, and

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<v Speaker 1>the canning of meat and vegetables. Food grade salt accounts

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<v Speaker 1>for only a small part of salt production in industrialized

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<v Speaker 1>countries seven percent in Europe, although the worldwide food uses

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<v Speaker 1>account for seventeen point five percent of total production. In

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<v Speaker 1>twenty eighteen, total world production of salt was three hundred

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<v Speaker 1>million tons, the top six producers being China sixty eight million,

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<v Speaker 1>the United States forty two million, India twenty nine million,

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<v Speaker 1>Germany thirteen million, Canada thirty one million, and Australia twelve million.

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<v Speaker 1>The manufacture of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries.

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<v Speaker 1>A major source of salt is sea water, which has

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<v Speaker 1>a salinity of approximately three point five percent. This means

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<v Speaker 1>that there are about thirty five grams of dissolved salts,

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<v Speaker 1>predominantly sodium and chloride ions per kilogram of water. The

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<v Speaker 1>world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and

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<v Speaker 1>this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated.

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<v Speaker 1>The evaporation of sea water is the production method of choice,

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<v Speaker 1>and marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates

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<v Speaker 1>salt evaporation ponds are filled from the ocean and salt

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<v Speaker 1>crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes

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<v Speaker 1>these ponds have vivid colors, as some species of algae

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<v Speaker 1>and other microorganisms thrive in conditions of high salinity. Away

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<v Speaker 1>from the sea, salt is extracted from the vast sedimentary

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<v Speaker 1>deposits which have been laid down over the millennia from

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<v Speaker 1>the evaporation of seas and lakes. These sources are other

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<v Speaker 1>mine directly producing rock salt, or are extracted by pumping

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<v Speaker 1>water into the deposit. In either case, the salt may

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<v Speaker 1>be purified by mechanical evaporation of prine. Traditionally, purification was

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<v Speaker 1>achieved in shallow open pans that were heated to accelerate evaporation.

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<v Speaker 1>Vacuum based methods are also employed. The rass salt is

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<v Speaker 1>refined by treatment with chemicals that precipitate most impurities, largely

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<v Speaker 1>magnesium and calcium salts. Multiple stages of evaporation are then applied.

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<v Speaker 1>Some salt is produced using the Albager process, which involves

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<v Speaker 1>vacuum pan evaporation combined with the seeding of the solution

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<v Speaker 1>with cubic crystals and produces a grainy type flake. The Ayorio,

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<v Speaker 1>An indigenous group from the Paraguayan Chaco, obtain their salt

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<v Speaker 1>from the ash produced by burning the timber of the

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<v Speaker 1>Indian salt tree and other trees. The largest mine operated

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<v Speaker 1>by underground workings in the world is the Siftomine, located

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<v Speaker 1>mostly five hundred and fifty meters below Lake Huron in Godrich, Ontario, Canada.

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<v Speaker 1>About seven million tons of salt are extracted from it annually.

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<v Speaker 1>The Kura Salt Mine and Pakistan as nineteen stories, eleven

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<v Speaker 1>of which are underground, and four hundred kilometers of passages.

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<v Speaker 1>The salt is dug out by the room and pillar method,

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<v Speaker 1>where about half the materials left in place to support

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<v Speaker 1>the upper levels. Extraction of the Himalayan salt is expected

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<v Speaker 1>to last three hundred and fifty years at the present

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<v Speaker 1>rate of extraction of around three hundred and eighty five

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<v Speaker 1>thousand tons per annum. The mine is also a major

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<v Speaker 1>tourist attraction, receiving around a quarter of a million visitors

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<v Speaker 1>a year. Salt is long held called an important place

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<v Speaker 1>in religion and culture. At the time of Brahmanek sacrifices.

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<v Speaker 1>In Hittite rituals and during festivals held by Semites and Greeks.

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<v Speaker 1>At the time of a new moon, salt was thrown

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<v Speaker 1>into a fire, where produced crackling noises. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks,

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<v Speaker 1>and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and water,

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<v Speaker 1>and some people think this to be the origin of

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<v Speaker 1>holy water in the Christian faith. In Judaism, it is

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<v Speaker 1>recommended to have either a salty bread or to add

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<v Speaker 1>salt to the bread if this bread is insalted. When

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<v Speaker 1>doing kdush for Shabbat, it is customary to spread some

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<v Speaker 1>salt over the bread or dip it into a little

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<v Speaker 1>salt when passing it around the table after the kadush

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<v Speaker 1>to preserve the covenant between their people and God. Jews

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00:28:04.839 --> 00:28:10.680
<v Speaker 1>dip the Sabbath bread and salt. Salt plays a role

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<v Speaker 1>within different Christian traditions. It is mandatory in the right

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<v Speaker 1>of the Tridentine mass. Salt is used in the third

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<v Speaker 1>item of the Celtic Consecration that is employed in the

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<v Speaker 1>consecration of a church, and it is permitted to be

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<v Speaker 1>added to the water where it is customary in the

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<v Speaker 1>Roman Catholic Rite of Holy Water. The Bible makes multiple

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<v Speaker 1>mentions of salt, both of the mineral itself and as

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<v Speaker 1>a metaphor. Uses include the tale of how Lot's wife

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<v Speaker 1>is turned into a pillar of salt when looking back

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<v Speaker 1>at the cities of Sodom and Gomorah as are destroyed.

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<v Speaker 1>In the New Testament, Jesus refers to his followers as

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<v Speaker 1>the salt of the earth. In Aztec mythology, Wisto Sewattl

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<v Speaker 1>was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water.

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<v Speaker 1>Salt is an auspicious substance in Hinduism and is used

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<v Speaker 1>in ceremonies like housewarmings and weddings, and Jainism, devotees lay

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<v Speaker 1>an offering of raw rice with a pinch of salt

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<v Speaker 1>before a deity to signify their devotion, and salt is

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<v Speaker 1>sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried.

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<v Speaker 1>Salt is believed to ward off evil spirits. In Mayahana

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<v Speaker 1>Buddhist tradition, when returning home from a funeral, a pinch

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<v Speaker 1>of salt is thrown over the left shoulder, as this

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<v Speaker 1>prevents evil spirits from mendering the house. In Shinto Shilloh,

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<v Speaker 1>literally salt is used for ritual purification of locations and people,

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00:30:04.839 --> 00:30:08.039
<v Speaker 1>and small piles of salt are placed in dishes by

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<v Speaker 1>entrances to ward off evil and to attract patrons.