WEBVTT 1 00:00:01.080 --> 00:00:04.960 Chapter eight of History of Egypt. This is a LibriVox recording. 2 00:00:05.400 --> 00:00:08.679 All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more 3 00:00:08.720 --> 00:00:14.039 information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. History 4 00:00:14.039 --> 00:00:18.480 of Egypt by F. C. H. Wendel. Chapter eight, The 5 00:00:18.519 --> 00:00:23.280 Ethiopians and Assyrians in Egypt Dynasties twenty three, twenty four 6 00:00:23.359 --> 00:00:26.920 and twenty five eight hundred to six forty five b c. 7 00:00:28.280 --> 00:00:33.000 Section one Dynasty twenty three, the disintegration of Egypt and 8 00:00:33.039 --> 00:00:37.880 the first Ethiopian invasion already under Sheshenk the Third. Thebes 9 00:00:37.920 --> 00:00:40.920 seems to have been lost to the Libyan dynasty. The 10 00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:43.759 last monument that mentions any king of the twenty second 11 00:00:43.840 --> 00:00:46.920 dynasty in Karnak is dated from the twenty ninth year 12 00:00:47.039 --> 00:00:50.399 of Sheshenk's reign, and after the loss of Thebes, these 13 00:00:50.520 --> 00:00:54.359 kings were confined to the Delta. Four kings are mentioned 14 00:00:54.359 --> 00:00:57.439 in the inscription of King Piangki, but we know little 15 00:00:57.520 --> 00:01:00.560 of any one of them. They are usu ar Ken 16 00:01:00.640 --> 00:01:04.560 of Bubastis, probably the same man as usar Ken the third, 17 00:01:04.760 --> 00:01:09.560 the last of the Bibastides, a alpet of Klisma, Nemart 18 00:01:09.599 --> 00:01:15.120 of Ramunu, Hermopolis and Pef dead Bast of Renensuten Heracleopolis. 19 00:01:16.159 --> 00:01:19.840 Manitho states that Pef deed Bast, whom he calls Petubastis, 20 00:01:20.359 --> 00:01:24.200 reigned forty years. A notice preserved by Amian to the 21 00:01:24.200 --> 00:01:27.200 effect that in his time the Phoenicians had suddenly attacked 22 00:01:27.239 --> 00:01:30.519 and taken Thebes is probably a faint recollection of the 23 00:01:30.519 --> 00:01:35.200 Ethiopian invasion. At all events, The inscription of Piangxi, which 24 00:01:35.319 --> 00:01:40.239 mentions besides these four kings, sixteen rulers of smaller districts 25 00:01:40.359 --> 00:01:44.319 amply proves that Egypt was at this time completely disintegrated. 26 00:01:45.640 --> 00:01:49.120 The rise of Ethiopia we have seen that for many 27 00:01:49.120 --> 00:01:52.920 centuries Ethiopia was an Egyptian province, but it would seem 28 00:01:52.959 --> 00:01:55.000 that at the close of the twenty first dynasty it 29 00:01:55.120 --> 00:01:58.959 gradually emancipated itself from Egypt. In the times of the 30 00:01:58.959 --> 00:02:03.280 twenty second dynast, Ethiopia was no longer under Egyptian rule. 31 00:02:04.159 --> 00:02:07.439 Several historians have attempted to bring into connection the fall 32 00:02:07.480 --> 00:02:10.039 of the twenty first dynasty and the establishment of the 33 00:02:10.080 --> 00:02:14.080 Ethiopian Kingdom by assuming that the heirs of Pasebranu had 34 00:02:14.080 --> 00:02:17.599 fled before Sheshenk the first to that country early in 35 00:02:17.639 --> 00:02:20.800 the tenth century, before the Common Era, and had founded 36 00:02:20.840 --> 00:02:25.520 a theocratic government there. This hypothesis is in some measure 37 00:02:25.639 --> 00:02:30.039 confirmed by the name of the first Ethiopian invader of Egypt, Pianchi, 38 00:02:30.479 --> 00:02:32.639 a name that occurs also in the times of the 39 00:02:32.639 --> 00:02:36.759 priest kings. There is, not, however, sufficient proof to assert 40 00:02:36.800 --> 00:02:40.479 this as an established fact. Be that as it may. 41 00:02:40.560 --> 00:02:43.240 We find that about the time of the twenty second dynasty, 42 00:02:43.680 --> 00:02:48.280 Ethiopia had become an independent kingdom. The capital was Napata, 43 00:02:48.639 --> 00:02:51.680 at the foot of the Gebel Barkal, where Amenhotep the 44 00:02:51.719 --> 00:02:55.639 third had erected a temple to amun Rah. The centuries 45 00:02:55.639 --> 00:03:00.639 of dependents had firmly established Egyptian civilization. In Ethiopia. The 46 00:03:00.719 --> 00:03:03.719 religion was that of Amunrah, though it was carried out 47 00:03:03.759 --> 00:03:07.400 to consequences unknown. In Egypt, the priests had an almost 48 00:03:07.439 --> 00:03:10.639 absolute power in the name of Amon. The kings went 49 00:03:10.680 --> 00:03:13.639 out on their wars. They were entirely dependent on his 50 00:03:13.759 --> 00:03:18.120 prophecies and oracles as interpreted by the priests. They strictly 51 00:03:18.159 --> 00:03:21.639 observed the laws regarding cleanliness and all the minute details 52 00:03:21.639 --> 00:03:25.120 of the ritual. Thus they put into practice what had 53 00:03:25.159 --> 00:03:29.000 been mere theory. In Egypt, a long inscription relates how 54 00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:32.120 the king was chosen directly through an oracle of Amunrah, 55 00:03:32.560 --> 00:03:36.560 thus confirming the account given by Diodorus. The priests had 56 00:03:36.639 --> 00:03:39.240 moreover the right to command the king in the name 57 00:03:39.280 --> 00:03:43.240 of Ahmon to commit suicide, a pernicious practice that her 58 00:03:43.280 --> 00:03:46.120 Gamines in the third century v c. Put a stop to. 59 00:03:47.159 --> 00:03:49.159 It is then not to be wondered at that the 60 00:03:49.159 --> 00:03:52.840 Egyptian priests described Ethiopia to the Greek tourists as a 61 00:03:52.840 --> 00:03:56.759 promised land. The titulature of the kings was modeled after 62 00:03:56.800 --> 00:03:59.919 that of the Pharaohs. The official language of the realm 63 00:04:00.199 --> 00:04:04.719 the Egyptian, with some dialectic peculiarities, the script and the 64 00:04:04.759 --> 00:04:09.879 older inscriptions as hieroglyphic. Gradually the language changed more and more, 65 00:04:10.199 --> 00:04:13.960 becoming surcharged with Ethiopian elements, and at last it has 66 00:04:14.080 --> 00:04:17.279 changed to such an extent as to be completely unintelligible. 67 00:04:18.839 --> 00:04:22.319 The script also changed. With time. A cursive form known 68 00:04:22.360 --> 00:04:26.120 as the Meroitic demodic script arose, which no one has 69 00:04:26.199 --> 00:04:30.079 yet succeeded in deciphering. In this script, most of the 70 00:04:30.120 --> 00:04:33.399 Ethiopic inscriptions are written, and it is only after this 71 00:04:33.480 --> 00:04:36.120 has been deciphered that we can gain a clear picture 72 00:04:36.160 --> 00:04:40.040 of the history of the New Ethiopian Kingdom. Early in 73 00:04:40.079 --> 00:04:43.360 the eighth century BC, the new Kingdom was strong enough 74 00:04:43.439 --> 00:04:47.879 to attack Egypt. The disintegration of Egypt offered the then 75 00:04:47.920 --> 00:04:52.480 Ethiopian ruler Piangti a fine opportunity of subduing the country 76 00:04:52.519 --> 00:04:55.199 that had so long held his native land in subjugation. 77 00:04:56.079 --> 00:04:59.399 He invaded Egypt and seems to have found but little resistance. 78 00:05:00.040 --> 00:05:03.959 The inscription which treats of his Egyptian campaign enumerates the 79 00:05:04.000 --> 00:05:08.800 twenty sovereigns who at that time ruled Egypt. One Hussar 80 00:05:08.920 --> 00:05:14.920 Ken King of perbastt Bubastis in the Delta, two Alpet 81 00:05:15.319 --> 00:05:20.319 King of ten Remu Klisma in the Delta. Three Nemart 82 00:05:20.800 --> 00:05:26.680 King of Munu Hermopolis, Magna Ashmunain and Upper Egypt. Four 83 00:05:27.079 --> 00:05:32.680 Pef ded Bast, King of Renensuten Heracleopolis, Magna Ahnes in 84 00:05:32.759 --> 00:05:39.199 Upper Egypt. Five Tefnacht, Prince of sah Sees and men 85 00:05:39.199 --> 00:05:46.839 Nepher Memphis. Six Sheschenk, Chief of mercenaries in Perusiri Busiris 86 00:05:47.040 --> 00:05:51.759 in the Delta. Seven ched Amon alf Ankh, Chief of 87 00:05:51.800 --> 00:05:58.000 Mercenaries in perbanebded Mendes in the Delta. Eight angh Hor, 88 00:05:58.480 --> 00:06:05.959 chief of mercenaries in per upro heh Hermopolis. Nine Bekennef 89 00:06:06.120 --> 00:06:11.759 Hereditary Prince ten Nessnaketi, chief of mercenaries in the city 90 00:06:11.800 --> 00:06:17.399 of casset Coois in the Delta. Eleven Pedubast, Chief of 91 00:06:17.439 --> 00:06:23.560 mercenaries in hert heriab Athribis in the Delta, twelve Patentfh, 92 00:06:23.879 --> 00:06:27.800 chief of mercenaries in Persult, capital of the twentieth Lower 93 00:06:27.839 --> 00:06:35.279 Egyptian Nomes. Thirteen Pama, chief of mercenaries in pasasrek Busiris, 94 00:06:35.720 --> 00:06:43.920 fourteen necht Hoor Nachenu, chief of mercenaries in per herrere Fegroriopolis. 95 00:06:44.399 --> 00:06:51.480 Fifteen Padu Horsan Tawi, Priest of Horace in sechem Cetapolis, 96 00:06:51.920 --> 00:06:59.879 sixteen Herobusa, Prince of Saiut, Siut and Hesawi seventeen Chetria, 97 00:07:00.560 --> 00:07:05.959 Prince of the city of Frentz Nefher eighteen Babas, Prince 98 00:07:06.120 --> 00:07:13.439 of Errao, Babylon and Perhapi Nilopolis, nineteen a chief of mercenaries, 99 00:07:13.480 --> 00:07:19.160 and Tannis twenty a chief of mercenaries in Ostrassin. These 100 00:07:19.319 --> 00:07:21.800 kings and princes seemed to have offered but little or 101 00:07:21.839 --> 00:07:25.160 no resistance to the Ethiopian invader, and who have remained 102 00:07:25.160 --> 00:07:28.959 tranquil under his control for some time. But the spirit 103 00:07:29.040 --> 00:07:31.639 of liberty was not dead in the land of Pemet. 104 00:07:32.560 --> 00:07:35.800 In the twenty first year of Piangchi's reign, an attempt 105 00:07:35.839 --> 00:07:39.319 was made by Tefnacht, Prince of Sais and Memphis, who 106 00:07:39.360 --> 00:07:42.759 was by far the mightiest of these petty sovereigns, to 107 00:07:42.839 --> 00:07:47.319 deliver Egypt from the Ethiopian domination. He succeeded in uniting 108 00:07:47.319 --> 00:07:50.319 the many petty rulers of Lower and Middle Egypt under 109 00:07:50.360 --> 00:07:54.199 his leadership. Then he sailed up the Nile and everywhere 110 00:07:54.199 --> 00:07:57.639 the cities opened their gates to him. At Renensuten, he 111 00:07:57.680 --> 00:08:02.000 met with the first resistance. King Pefdedbast, seemed determined to 112 00:08:02.040 --> 00:08:07.120 maintain his separate sovereignty under Piankhi's protection. The city was 113 00:08:07.160 --> 00:08:11.839 besieged and taken, but Pefdedbast joined the alliance in only 114 00:08:11.879 --> 00:08:16.240 a half hearted manner. The allies now proceeded south and 115 00:08:16.279 --> 00:08:19.360 at Hmunu were joined by King Nemmart, who became one 116 00:08:19.360 --> 00:08:22.600 of the most useful members of the coalition. They then 117 00:08:22.680 --> 00:08:27.519 went against thebes matters were now becoming serious, and Pianghi, 118 00:08:27.680 --> 00:08:31.120 on hearing of what was going on, ordered poa Armah 119 00:08:31.160 --> 00:08:35.639 and Ramersegni, his lord lieutenants in Upper Egypt, to oppose 120 00:08:35.679 --> 00:08:39.440 the progress of the rebellion. They immediately took active measures 121 00:08:39.679 --> 00:08:43.399 and began the siege of Rmulu. To aid in their operations, 122 00:08:43.440 --> 00:08:46.759 the Ethiopian king had sent an army north. As they 123 00:08:46.799 --> 00:08:51.240 approached Thebes. On their fleet, they encountered Tefnacht's fleet. A 124 00:08:51.279 --> 00:08:56.039 battle ensued in which the Egyptians were defeated, leaving Ramersegni 125 00:08:56.320 --> 00:08:59.879 and po Armah to take Mulu. The Ethiopians pursued the 126 00:09:00.080 --> 00:09:04.440 leeing Egyptians northward. The Egyptians made a stand at Renensuten, 127 00:09:04.919 --> 00:09:08.559 which city was the key of the Fayoum. Here, two 128 00:09:08.600 --> 00:09:12.320 battles occurred on succeeding days. The first was fought on 129 00:09:12.360 --> 00:09:15.639 the Nile, possibly the Egyptians sought to prevent the enemy 130 00:09:15.679 --> 00:09:18.639 from landing. The second was fought on the river bank 131 00:09:18.840 --> 00:09:24.200 at Perpek, a town near Renensuten. In both these battles, 132 00:09:24.240 --> 00:09:28.559 the patriots were defeated with heavy loss. Meanwhile, Khmunu had 133 00:09:28.600 --> 00:09:33.279 fallen and Nemart, hearing of this determined to retake his capital. 134 00:09:34.000 --> 00:09:37.039 Marching rapidly south, he laid siege to the town, and, 135 00:09:37.080 --> 00:09:41.679 after defeating several sallies made by the Ethiopian garrison, recaptured it. 136 00:09:42.480 --> 00:09:45.799 Thus matters stood when Pianchi determined to come north and 137 00:09:45.840 --> 00:09:49.919 conduct the campaign in person. Before he started, however, his 138 00:09:50.039 --> 00:09:54.080 troops had gained some further advantages, taking several smaller fortresses, 139 00:09:54.360 --> 00:09:58.440 of which the most important was Tatahen. This strong fort 140 00:09:58.559 --> 00:10:02.480 was taken by storm after a most determined resistance. Among 141 00:10:02.559 --> 00:10:07.039 the slain was one of Tefnacht's sons. Finally, the king came. 142 00:10:07.559 --> 00:10:12.000 After celebrating a religious festival at Thebes, he marched against Ramunu. 143 00:10:12.799 --> 00:10:16.279 A regular siege was commenced, a high wall was built 144 00:10:16.279 --> 00:10:19.360 around the town, and a shower of arrows and stones 145 00:10:19.480 --> 00:10:23.000 was thrown into the city. Three days the town held out, 146 00:10:23.320 --> 00:10:27.120 but finally Nemart was compelled to surrender and pay tribute. 147 00:10:27.720 --> 00:10:31.600 Pefted bast of Renensuten came up the stream and paid 148 00:10:31.600 --> 00:10:36.279 homage to Pianghi, bringing him costly presents. His ready submission 149 00:10:36.399 --> 00:10:39.159 proved that he had joined Tefnacht much against his will, 150 00:10:39.639 --> 00:10:43.720 and inclined the king to be gracious Pianchi now sailed 151 00:10:43.759 --> 00:10:48.000 down stream to per Sergem reperat i Lahoun, a strong 152 00:10:48.120 --> 00:10:50.960 fortress in the northern part of the Fayoum, which was 153 00:10:51.000 --> 00:10:55.000 surrendered on the first summons. Just north of this lay 154 00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:59.559 the stronghold of meritumbe Maydoum, which seemed inclined to hold out. 155 00:11:00.120 --> 00:11:03.240 A peremptory summons, leaving the city the choice between immediate 156 00:11:03.279 --> 00:11:06.000 surrender and a massacre of its garrison in case of 157 00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:10.360 a storm, however, brought the commandant to terms. At the 158 00:11:10.399 --> 00:11:13.600 northern boundary of Upper Egypt, there was a strongly fortified 159 00:11:13.639 --> 00:11:17.840 city which was also surrendered on Piangchi's approach. This left 160 00:11:17.879 --> 00:11:22.000 the way open to Memphis. The city was very strongly fortified. 161 00:11:22.559 --> 00:11:25.600 Tefnacht had laid in it a garrison of eight thousand 162 00:11:25.639 --> 00:11:30.039 men and then gone north, probably to collect reinforcements. The 163 00:11:30.080 --> 00:11:34.320 Ethiopian monarch hesitated about storming the sacred city and summoned 164 00:11:34.320 --> 00:11:37.639 it to surrender, offering to enter the city peaceably, as 165 00:11:37.639 --> 00:11:40.360 his only desire in coming to Memphis was to pay 166 00:11:40.399 --> 00:11:44.120 his homage to the gods. But Memphis was the key 167 00:11:44.159 --> 00:11:46.919 of the delta, and the garrison was determined to hold 168 00:11:46.960 --> 00:11:52.480 out besides, Tefnacht's reinforcements could be expected daily. The king 169 00:11:52.559 --> 00:11:56.519 therefore ordered his soldiers to storm the town. They effected 170 00:11:56.519 --> 00:11:59.639 a landing in the harbor of Memphis, and scaling the walls, 171 00:11:59.639 --> 00:12:02.600 were soon masters of the city. Many of the garrison 172 00:12:02.720 --> 00:12:05.399 and of the citizens fell in the combat, and many 173 00:12:05.440 --> 00:12:08.919 others were carried off as prisoners of war. The city 174 00:12:09.039 --> 00:12:12.200 was plundered, but the temples were spared, a guard having 175 00:12:12.240 --> 00:12:16.919 been set over them. Pianghi remained in Memphis several days, 176 00:12:16.960 --> 00:12:20.440 partly to take part in several religious festivals, and partly 177 00:12:20.480 --> 00:12:23.559 to receive the tribute to several princes and grand dukes 178 00:12:23.639 --> 00:12:26.559 of the Ma that came here to offer their submission. 179 00:12:27.759 --> 00:12:31.240 He next advanced to ann Heliopolis, where he attended some 180 00:12:31.320 --> 00:12:34.759 other religious festivals and received the submission of a number 181 00:12:34.799 --> 00:12:40.000 of other princes, among them usar Ken, king of Eubastus. 182 00:12:40.080 --> 00:12:43.240 Then he went to hot hedy ab Arthrabis, where he 183 00:12:43.320 --> 00:12:47.759 received the submission of the last remaining rebellious princes except Tefnacht. 184 00:12:48.559 --> 00:12:51.960 This leader, deserted by all his allies, determined to make 185 00:12:52.000 --> 00:12:55.679 a last stand for freedom, raising the walls and burning 186 00:12:55.720 --> 00:12:58.759 down the treasury buildings of Sais. He retired to the 187 00:12:58.799 --> 00:13:03.000 island city of Mess in the Nile and strongly entrenched himself. 188 00:13:03.720 --> 00:13:08.480 Prince Peptubast of Arthrabis was sent against him with strong detachment. 189 00:13:09.159 --> 00:13:12.200 A battle ensued in which Tefnacht was defeated and his 190 00:13:12.399 --> 00:13:18.200 army annihilated. Tefnacht now sent messengers to Pianchi, offering to surrender. 191 00:13:18.960 --> 00:13:21.840 The king sent him two ambassadors, in whose presence he 192 00:13:21.960 --> 00:13:25.639 swore the oath of allegiance. Two cities that had hitherto 193 00:13:25.799 --> 00:13:30.360 held out now also surrendered. The rebellion was crushed. After 194 00:13:30.399 --> 00:13:34.159 holding a grand reception of the princes, Pianchi returned home, 195 00:13:34.440 --> 00:13:37.240 his ships laden down with the tribute and booty won 196 00:13:37.320 --> 00:13:41.799 in the war. Pianqui reigned in all forty years, but 197 00:13:41.879 --> 00:13:45.440 he had no further occasion to interfere in Egypt. This 198 00:13:45.720 --> 00:13:48.559 was owing to his wise policy. He left all of 199 00:13:48.600 --> 00:13:51.279 the old princes in possession of their lands, and thus 200 00:13:51.279 --> 00:13:54.320 bound them to his person, as they owed their sovereignty 201 00:13:54.360 --> 00:13:58.360 to his grace. Moreover, a disunited Egypt was no menace 202 00:13:58.440 --> 00:14:01.480 to him, and the bickerings among the various petty kings 203 00:14:01.480 --> 00:14:04.480 could at any time furnish him a pretext for invading 204 00:14:04.519 --> 00:14:07.960 the country. That he was determined to prevent the union 205 00:14:08.000 --> 00:14:10.919 of these princes was proved by the Great campaign against 206 00:14:11.000 --> 00:14:14.639 Tefnacht and his allies. He had no idea of holding 207 00:14:14.639 --> 00:14:19.240 the country, but retired after having effectively choked Tefnacht's attempt 208 00:14:19.399 --> 00:14:22.679 to unite the various petty states into a great kingdom. 209 00:14:24.559 --> 00:14:29.519 Section two. The twenty fourth dynasty Seyetic b c. Seven 210 00:14:29.600 --> 00:14:34.480 thirty four to seven twenty eight. Beckn Renf, the only 211 00:14:34.600 --> 00:14:37.559 king of this dynasty, seems to have succeeded in doing 212 00:14:37.600 --> 00:14:42.519 what Tefnacht had attempted over nineteen years before. According to Diodorus, 213 00:14:42.559 --> 00:14:46.360 who calls him Bochhoris, he was the son of t Nephathos, 214 00:14:46.679 --> 00:14:50.440 who is no doubt identical with Tefnacht. For about six 215 00:14:50.559 --> 00:14:54.480 years he ruled undisturbed by the Ethiopians. All we know 216 00:14:54.559 --> 00:14:56.799 of him from the monuments is that he buried an 217 00:14:56.840 --> 00:14:59.600 APIs at Memphis in the sixth year of his reign. 218 00:15:01.039 --> 00:15:05.960 In Ethiopia, Kashta had succeeded Pianghi. This monarch was married 219 00:15:06.000 --> 00:15:09.799 to Shepinopet, a daughter of King usar Khin of Eubastus. 220 00:15:10.559 --> 00:15:14.919 Their son Shabaka succeeded him and immediately determined to conquer Egypt. 221 00:15:15.679 --> 00:15:18.200 He could lay a certain claim to the Egyptian throne, 222 00:15:18.279 --> 00:15:21.159 as his mother was a daughter of the last Bubastide king. 223 00:15:22.120 --> 00:15:26.360 In invading the country, he defeated Becken Renf Manitho states 224 00:15:26.360 --> 00:15:29.639 that he burned him alive and compelled the various petty 225 00:15:29.720 --> 00:15:35.919 kings to acknowledge his sovereignty. Section three The twenty fifth 226 00:15:35.960 --> 00:15:40.960 Dynasty Ethiopians the Assyrian Invasions seven twenty eight to six 227 00:15:41.120 --> 00:15:47.000 forty five b C. Shabaka the Sabakon of the Greeks, 228 00:15:47.399 --> 00:15:51.159 Saw of the Bible, and shabe of the Assyrians seven 229 00:15:51.200 --> 00:15:55.320 twenty eight to seven twenty six b C. Herododus relates 230 00:15:55.360 --> 00:15:59.279 that Sabakon the Ethiopian had conquered Egypt and had left 231 00:15:59.320 --> 00:16:01.960 it after a race of fifty years in consequence of 232 00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:06.080 a dream. Diodorus comes nearer the truth when he states 233 00:16:06.120 --> 00:16:09.879 that four Ethiopian kings ruled Egypt for thirty six years. 234 00:16:11.519 --> 00:16:15.000 Shabaka took the title of king of Upper and Lower Egypt, 235 00:16:15.159 --> 00:16:19.120 but appointed his sister Amanerdas, who was married to a 236 00:16:19.120 --> 00:16:23.879 man named Piangi, regent of the country. The Greek authors 237 00:16:23.960 --> 00:16:27.600 praise this ruler highly. He is reputed to have abolished 238 00:16:27.600 --> 00:16:32.360 capital punishment, substituting hard labor for it. This pharaoh became 239 00:16:32.440 --> 00:16:36.519 mixed up in Asiatic affairs. King Hosea of Israel had 240 00:16:36.600 --> 00:16:40.120 joined other Syrian monarchs in a rebellion against Salmanasser, the 241 00:16:40.159 --> 00:16:43.519 fourth King of Assyria, and the allies had sent to 242 00:16:43.559 --> 00:16:48.799 Shabaka asking his assistance. The plot was discovered, Hosea was 243 00:16:48.840 --> 00:16:54.000 called to Assyria and thrown into prison. Salmanasser invested Samaria 244 00:16:54.039 --> 00:16:57.440 about seven twenty five b C, but died before the 245 00:16:57.440 --> 00:17:03.879 city fell. His successor, Shahrukinu Sargon the second, continued the 246 00:17:03.919 --> 00:17:06.640 siege and took the city in seven twenty two b C. 247 00:17:07.960 --> 00:17:10.519 Shortly after a new coalition was formed, at the head 248 00:17:10.519 --> 00:17:15.359 of which stood King Ilubid of Hamath. This coalition embraced 249 00:17:15.400 --> 00:17:23.279 besides Hamath, Arpad, Semaira, Damascus, Gaza, and Egypt. Sargon, however, 250 00:17:23.440 --> 00:17:27.240 was too quick for the Allies. Before Shabaka could join them, 251 00:17:27.400 --> 00:17:31.680 Sargon met and routed their forces at Kharkar. He now 252 00:17:31.720 --> 00:17:35.519 moved southward and met Shabaka, who had meanwhile been joined 253 00:17:35.559 --> 00:17:39.759 by King Hanno of Gaza at Rafia. The Allies were 254 00:17:39.759 --> 00:17:43.680 badly defeated and Hanno was taken prisoner seven twenty b C. 255 00:17:45.240 --> 00:17:48.160 Sargon could not follow up his victory and invade Egypt, 256 00:17:48.480 --> 00:17:51.200 as events had meanwhile occurred in the North, which called 257 00:17:51.279 --> 00:17:53.599 him to the new seat of war, but he had 258 00:17:53.599 --> 00:17:58.400 gained his purpose. Shabaka was badly crippled and even sent tribute. 259 00:17:59.079 --> 00:18:03.960 This pharaoh died died about seven sixteen b C. Shabataka 260 00:18:04.359 --> 00:18:07.119 seven point fifteen to seven O three b C, the 261 00:18:07.160 --> 00:18:09.599 successor of Shabaka, is a king of whom we do 262 00:18:09.680 --> 00:18:13.680 not know much. Despite the fact that he reigned twelve years, 263 00:18:14.000 --> 00:18:16.680 he seems to have done little in Asia. He did 264 00:18:16.680 --> 00:18:20.559 not interfere. Probably the defeat of Shabaka at Rafia had 265 00:18:20.599 --> 00:18:23.839 been so complete as either to cripple Egypt for years, 266 00:18:24.319 --> 00:18:27.960 or at least to discourage her rulers from attacking Assyria again. 267 00:18:29.519 --> 00:18:32.759 Taharka seven O two to six sixty two b C. 268 00:18:34.119 --> 00:18:37.359 This king was, in all probability not of royal parentage, 269 00:18:37.720 --> 00:18:41.240 but came to the throne by marrying Shabataka's widow. He 270 00:18:41.319 --> 00:18:43.880 was twenty years of age when he ascended the throne. 271 00:18:44.400 --> 00:18:47.200 Young and active, he was willing to restore to Egypt 272 00:18:47.319 --> 00:18:52.160 its former prestige. Meanwhile, Sargon had been assassinated and his 273 00:18:52.319 --> 00:18:57.119 son seen Ahi Edib Sanharib had ascended the Assyrian throne 274 00:18:57.279 --> 00:19:01.200 seven O five b C. Immediately, a new coalition was 275 00:19:01.240 --> 00:19:06.720 formed against Assyria. Elulius of Tire, Hezekiah of Judah, and 276 00:19:06.880 --> 00:19:10.720 Zidka of Ascalon formed a league and called upon Taharka 277 00:19:10.839 --> 00:19:16.119 for assistance. Marduk Baladin, the Chaldean ruler of Babylon, was 278 00:19:16.160 --> 00:19:20.440 also drawn into the league and conducted negotiations with Hezekiah. 279 00:19:21.240 --> 00:19:24.920 King Padi of Akaron, who had refused to join the rebels, 280 00:19:25.359 --> 00:19:29.720 was deposed and turned over to Hezekiah. This mighty coalition, 281 00:19:30.079 --> 00:19:33.240 if properly handled, would have been a match for the Assyrians, 282 00:19:33.680 --> 00:19:36.759 but Sanheib was too quick for them. In seven O 283 00:19:36.839 --> 00:19:40.599 one b C. He entered Syria and subdued Alilius. Then, 284 00:19:40.680 --> 00:19:45.160 going south, he took Ascalon and Akoron. At Altacou, he 285 00:19:45.240 --> 00:19:48.880 met and defeated Taharka, who had attempted to check him. 286 00:19:49.279 --> 00:19:53.960 After taking Altaku and some other towns, Sanharib marched on Jerusalem. 287 00:19:54.319 --> 00:19:58.880 Hezekiah submitted, and Badhi was restored to his kingdom. The 288 00:19:58.920 --> 00:20:03.279 rebellion was not however, crushed. As yet, Hezekiah continued his 289 00:20:03.359 --> 00:20:07.279 negotiations with Taharka, who had returned to Egypt to collect 290 00:20:07.319 --> 00:20:11.839 a new army. Sanhib, hearing of this, accused the Jewish 291 00:20:11.920 --> 00:20:16.000 king of treason and threatened him with destruction. Relying on 292 00:20:16.079 --> 00:20:19.720 Jehovah and the King of Egypt, Hezekiah boldly held out 293 00:20:20.799 --> 00:20:24.880 Jerusalem was besieged. Meanwhile, Taharka was coming to the aid 294 00:20:24.920 --> 00:20:28.720 of his ally with a new army. Sanhib advanced to 295 00:20:28.759 --> 00:20:31.720 meet him, but his army was so reduced by pestilence 296 00:20:31.920 --> 00:20:35.519 that he had to retire without giving battle. The story 297 00:20:35.519 --> 00:20:38.039 of the Bible is well known. The Angel of the 298 00:20:38.079 --> 00:20:41.279 Lord smote the Assyrian army in the night, and one 299 00:20:41.400 --> 00:20:45.279 hundred and eighty five thousand men died, whereupon Sanharib had 300 00:20:45.279 --> 00:20:49.519 to retire. Herodotus has a somewhat different version of the affair. 301 00:20:50.279 --> 00:20:53.920 He relates that after the Ethiopian Sabakon, a pious priest 302 00:20:53.960 --> 00:20:58.480 of tah named Cephos ruled in Egypt. He denied his 303 00:20:58.559 --> 00:21:02.839 soldiers certain privileges and thus gained their enmity. When Sanacharib, 304 00:21:03.319 --> 00:21:07.079 king of the Arabians and Assyrians, marched against Egypt, they 305 00:21:07.119 --> 00:21:10.839 refused to fight, and Sethos was placed in a sad predicament. 306 00:21:11.400 --> 00:21:13.920 He prayed to the gods for aid, and they sent 307 00:21:13.960 --> 00:21:16.559 out mice that ate up the bows and belts of 308 00:21:16.599 --> 00:21:20.200 the Assyrian army encamped about Pelusium during the night, so 309 00:21:20.279 --> 00:21:23.720 that the Egyptian merchants and mechanics could easily defeat them 310 00:21:23.799 --> 00:21:30.960 next day. The first Assyrian invasion. Sanharib never returned to Palestine. 311 00:21:31.240 --> 00:21:34.279 He was assassinated in sixt eighty one b S and 312 00:21:34.359 --> 00:21:40.680 his son Assar Haddon Ashur Ahiden ascended the throne. Trouble 313 00:21:40.720 --> 00:21:43.559 between him and Taharka began in six seventy two b 314 00:21:43.720 --> 00:21:47.519 C when King Baal of Tire, relying on promises of 315 00:21:47.519 --> 00:21:52.920 assistance from Taharka, rebelled against Assyria. Assar Haddan, now determined 316 00:21:52.960 --> 00:21:56.839 to put an end to Egyptian interference, a detachment of 317 00:21:56.880 --> 00:22:00.880 his army besieged Tire, while the main body marched against Egypt. 318 00:22:01.480 --> 00:22:04.319 The prince of the Bedouins, dwelling on the Egyptian border, 319 00:22:04.400 --> 00:22:08.440 gladly furnished camels and water, and thus the difficult march 320 00:22:08.480 --> 00:22:13.359 from Raffia to Pelusium was accomplished without serious loss. Taharka 321 00:22:13.519 --> 00:22:16.279 seems to have offered but little resistance, for the Assyrian 322 00:22:16.400 --> 00:22:20.279 army entered Memphis, and soon after Thebes also was taken 323 00:22:20.359 --> 00:22:26.839 and sacked. Taharka fled to Ethiopia. After these victories, Asserhaddan 324 00:22:27.000 --> 00:22:32.400 styled himself King of Mussur Lower Egypt, Patrus Upper Egypt, 325 00:22:32.680 --> 00:22:37.559 and Kush Ethiopia. The land itself was left under the 326 00:22:37.599 --> 00:22:43.680 control of twenty independent petty sovereigns as follows. One Niku 327 00:22:44.119 --> 00:22:52.200 Nekao of Mimbi, Memphis and Sai Sayus. Two Sharru Ladari 328 00:22:52.680 --> 00:23:02.720 of Tirnu, three Pisanhu of Nathu Natho, four Pacruru of 329 00:23:02.839 --> 00:23:07.519 Bishoptu persopt the capital of the Normos Arabia, the twentieth 330 00:23:07.559 --> 00:23:17.920 Lower Egyptian Nome. Five puc Nannipi Bekenneph of Hathhiribe hatheriab Athrabis, 331 00:23:18.440 --> 00:23:30.160 six Nahki Aghenenchi Renensuten, seven Pitubisti Pedubast of Zaunu Thanas 332 00:23:30.880 --> 00:23:42.440 eight Unamunu of Natu, nine Horsiaishu of Tamuti, chebnuter Sebenethos, 333 00:23:43.000 --> 00:23:53.359 ten Puama Pimai of Bindidi Perbanebdad equals Mendes eleven, Sudzinku 334 00:23:53.839 --> 00:24:03.119 Sheshenk of Pusiri Perusiri Busyris, twelve, tap Nochti Tefnacht of 335 00:24:03.200 --> 00:24:13.319 Punubu pernub thirteen, Pukunanni Epi of Ahni fourteen, Iptihardishu of 336 00:24:13.400 --> 00:24:22.599 Pisati Hurunpi fifteen, Nohti Huruantini necht hor Nachenu of pishab 337 00:24:22.640 --> 00:24:32.400 Di Nuti sixteen, Bukur Ninip of Pahnuti seventeen Ziha of 338 00:24:32.759 --> 00:24:43.720 Ziaotu Siout eighteen, Lamentu of Himuni Munu, nineteen Ishbimatu of 339 00:24:43.839 --> 00:24:53.680 Tahani Tenni Fi twenty mante Piangi Mentuemhat of Niri Thebes. 340 00:24:54.640 --> 00:24:57.000 It is impossible for us to identify those of the 341 00:24:57.000 --> 00:25:01.000 Assyrian names of Egyptian princes and cities, the Egyptian names 342 00:25:01.039 --> 00:25:03.960 of which we have not given. The mightiest of these 343 00:25:04.000 --> 00:25:10.079 princes was Necao Assyrian Nikou Greek Neko, prince of Memphis, 344 00:25:10.119 --> 00:25:13.079 and says, according to Manitho six seventy one the six 345 00:25:13.200 --> 00:25:18.039 sixty three BC, he was the favorite of Asser Hadden. 346 00:25:18.200 --> 00:25:21.440 At this monarch's request, Necao changed the name of Seyis 347 00:25:21.559 --> 00:25:26.000 to Karbel Matati garden of the Lord of Lands, and 348 00:25:26.079 --> 00:25:30.759 gave his son Pemtek the Assyrian name Nabu shzib Anni. 349 00:25:31.400 --> 00:25:34.559 Shortly after the conquest of Egypt, Asser Hadden resigned the 350 00:25:34.559 --> 00:25:38.240 crown in favor of his son Asser Banipal about six 351 00:25:38.359 --> 00:25:43.640 sixty eight b C. The second Assyrian invasion. This change 352 00:25:43.640 --> 00:25:46.640 in the rulers of Assyria encouraged to Harkla to attempt 353 00:25:46.680 --> 00:25:50.319 the delivery of Egypt from Assyrian rule. He advanced on 354 00:25:50.400 --> 00:25:56.720 thieves Assyrian nil and meant to emhat. Assyrian Mantipianchi received 355 00:25:56.759 --> 00:26:00.920 him with open arms, hailing him as a deliverer. Memphis 356 00:26:01.039 --> 00:26:03.880 was taken soon after, and the Ethiopian proceeded to make 357 00:26:03.960 --> 00:26:07.440 himself at home in Egypt. When aser Banipal heard of this, 358 00:26:07.640 --> 00:26:11.480 he at once determined to punish the Ethiopians. He advanced 359 00:26:11.480 --> 00:26:14.599 to Karbana, a town north of Memphis, where he met 360 00:26:14.640 --> 00:26:18.599 and utterly routed to Harta's forces. The king himself, who 361 00:26:18.599 --> 00:26:21.440 had remained at Memphis, on hearing of this defeat, at 362 00:26:21.440 --> 00:26:24.400 once fled to Thebes, which city he abandoned on the 363 00:26:24.400 --> 00:26:27.920 approach of the Assyrian army without a battle about six 364 00:26:28.000 --> 00:26:32.359 sixty seven b C. Meanwhile, the Egyptian princes, under the 365 00:26:32.440 --> 00:26:37.440 leadership of Necao of Seis, Charladari of Tannis, and Pakruru 366 00:26:37.480 --> 00:26:42.039 of Persopt had opened negotiations with Taharka, inviting him to 367 00:26:42.079 --> 00:26:47.240 renew his attack and promising their support. Their letters were, however, 368 00:26:47.279 --> 00:26:51.559 intercepted and the conspirators were arrested. Proof against them was 369 00:26:51.559 --> 00:26:55.000 not wanting, but the Assyrian king evidently thought it wise 370 00:26:55.079 --> 00:26:58.279 policy not to punish them. They were left in possession 371 00:26:58.319 --> 00:27:03.640 of their holdings, but had to bare allegiance to Asserbanepal. Necao, 372 00:27:03.680 --> 00:27:06.519 the favorite of his father, was sent home loaded down 373 00:27:06.559 --> 00:27:11.319 with presents, and his son Nabu Chesibanni, was appointed governor 374 00:27:11.359 --> 00:27:15.359 general of Egypt. Aser Banipal hoped to gain a powerful 375 00:27:15.359 --> 00:27:19.240 ally in this manner, and he was not disappointed. In 376 00:27:19.279 --> 00:27:22.359 the Greek accounts, to Harklaw figures as a great hero 377 00:27:22.480 --> 00:27:26.680 and conqueror. Strabo relates that he reached the columns of Hercules, 378 00:27:27.039 --> 00:27:30.680 the westernmost point of northern Africa, on one of his campaigns, 379 00:27:30.920 --> 00:27:33.920 and according to Magosthenes, he led his army to India 380 00:27:34.240 --> 00:27:38.519 and thence to the Pontus and Thrace. In his inscriptions, 381 00:27:38.519 --> 00:27:42.599 he poses as a mighty conqueror. Fourteen Negro tribes are 382 00:27:42.640 --> 00:27:47.000 mentioned as subdued in Ethiopia. The list of conquered nations 383 00:27:47.039 --> 00:27:48.839 he had inscribed on the walls of the Temple of 384 00:27:48.920 --> 00:27:52.440 Karnak is copied word for word from that of Rameses 385 00:27:52.480 --> 00:27:56.720 the second and even mentions among other states. Asser. While 386 00:27:56.759 --> 00:27:59.440 we know he was several times whipped by the Assyrians, 387 00:28:00.400 --> 00:28:03.880 at Gabelbarkal, he built two temples, and at Karnak he 388 00:28:03.960 --> 00:28:07.119 repaired portions of the Great Temple of Amon Rah and 389 00:28:07.160 --> 00:28:10.160 of the Temple of mut. He died about six sixty 390 00:28:10.160 --> 00:28:15.440 four b s. Tanawat Amon and the third Assyrian invasion. 391 00:28:16.519 --> 00:28:20.079 The step son of Taharka ascended the Ethiopian throne about 392 00:28:20.119 --> 00:28:23.680 six sixty four b C. An inscription found at the 393 00:28:23.680 --> 00:28:27.359 Gabelbarkal relates that this king had been encouraged by a 394 00:28:27.480 --> 00:28:30.359 dream that promised him the crown of Egypt to invade 395 00:28:30.400 --> 00:28:34.680 that country. Elephantine and Thebes hailed him as a deliverer. 396 00:28:35.240 --> 00:28:39.440 Memphis resisted but was taken after a battle. It is 397 00:28:39.559 --> 00:28:43.000 very probable that Necau, prince of Memphis, and Saeus, who 398 00:28:43.000 --> 00:28:46.319 died about this time six sixty four b SI, fell 399 00:28:46.359 --> 00:28:49.640 in one of the battles with tanawat Amon. When he 400 00:28:49.680 --> 00:28:53.000 was at Memphis, a deputation of Egyptian princes headed by 401 00:28:53.039 --> 00:28:58.039