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Speaker 1: The forces of nature. The substance filling the universe is

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in constant and unceasing motion. Motion is evidenced in every

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physical and chemical process and change, and manifested in the

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constant interchange of position of the particles of substance. There

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is absolutely no rest in nature. Everything is constantly changing, moving,

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and vibrating. Building up processes are ever at work, forming

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larger masses of bodies of the particles, and tearing down

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processes disintegration and decomposition of molecules and atoms and corpuscles

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are constantly at work. Also, Nature maintains a constant balance

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among her forces. If the building up energies and forces

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were allowed full sway, then all the particles in the

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universe ultimately would gravitate to a common center, thus forming

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a compact and solid mass, which would thus dwell for eternity,

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unless the creative power should move upon it and again

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scatter its particles in all directions. And if the tearing

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down and dispersive forces and energies were allowed full sway,

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the particles would fly apart and would remain asunder for

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eternity unless called together by some new creative fiat. But

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nature pits one force against another, maintaining an equilibrium. The

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result is constant play and interplay of forces, causing distribution

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and redistribution of particles. Following the gathering together and building

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up processes, there is no lost motion or waste force.

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One form of force, and motion is converted into another,

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and so on and on. Nothing is lost, all forces conserved,

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as we shall see as we proceed. In the public mind,

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or rather in the mind of that part of the

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public which think of the matter at all, there seems

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to be an idea that force is something of the

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nature of an entity, separate from substance or mind, something

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that pounces down upon substance and drives it along by

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presence from without. The ancient philosophers regarded substance as acted

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upon from without by an entity called force, substance being

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regarded as absolutely inert and dead. This idea, which is

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still held by the average person, owing doubtless to the

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survival of old forms of expression, was generally held by

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philosophers until the time of Descart and Newton. This old

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idea was due to the teachings of Aristotle, he of

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the ether theory and science and philosophy were timid about

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shaking off the Aristotelian dogmas. Others held that light, heat,

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and electricity were fluids conveyed from body to body. In fact,

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the general public still entertains this idea regarding electricity, owing

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to the use of the term the electric fluid. The

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present teaching of science is that force is the result

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of the motion of the particles of substance, and of

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course originates from within rather than from without. It is

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true that motion may be communicated to a body by

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means of another body in motion imparting the same to it,

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but that does not alter the case for the original

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motion came from the movement and vibration of the particles

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of substance, although it may have passed through many stages

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of transformation, change, and transmission in its progress. The only

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exception to the rule is gravitation, which is a form

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of force, the nature of which is unknown to science,

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although its laws of operation, et cetera are understood. We

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shall learn some new facts about gravitation in the forthcoming

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chapters of this book. It will be well for us

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to remember this fact in our consideration of force and motion,

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that force and motion originate from the inherent property of motion,

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passed by the particles of substance, and come from within,

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not from without. This is the best teaching of modern

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science and also forms an important part of the theory

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of dynamic thought, which is advanced in this book. Buckner,

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the author of Force and Matter, vigorously insists upon this conception, saying,

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among many other similar expressions, force may be defined as

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a condition of activity, or a motion of matter, or

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of the minutest particles of matter, or a capacity thereof.

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The term force is generally defined in works on physics

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as that which causes, changes, or terminates motion. The word

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force is generally used in the sense of in action,

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while energy is usually used in the sense of potential

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force capacity for performing work, the idea being that it

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is stored up force or force awaiting use. The term

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power is used in two senses, the first meaning a

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measure of mechanical energy, such as a forty horse power engine,

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et cetera. The second sense being capacity or ability to

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act or exercise force, this use being almost identical to

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the idea of energy as above described, although possibly a

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little stronger expression. The materialistic school holds that force is

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a property of matter, the latter being regarded as the

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real thing of the universe. Others hold that force is

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the real thing, and that what is called matter or

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substance is but a center of force, et cetera. Others

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hold that the two are but aspects of the same thing,

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calling the thing by the name matter, force or force. Matter.

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Hagel calls the combined thing by the name of substance,

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claiming that what are called matter and force are but

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a tributes of it, the third attribute being sensation, which

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he holds is akin to mind. Haeckel's substance is held

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to be eternal and self existent, its own cause. In fact,

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in this book, the term substance is not used in

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this sense, but merely as synonymous with what science usually

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calls matter. The views advanced in this book differ materially

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from any of those above mentioned. It being held by

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the writer that all forces vital mental force, and consequently

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force as a separate thing is considered an unreasonable proposition,

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what is called force being considered merely an action of

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mind upon substance causing motion. The writer does not intend

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to advance this idea at this point, beyond the mere

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mentioning of the fact. The theory being brought out and

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developed as we proceed, and he will proceed to a

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consideration of the phenomena of force along the line of

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modern science, believing that in this way the subject may

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be better understood. The term motion, as used in physics,

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is defined as the act, process, or state of changing

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place or position movement Webster. So you see, motion is

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the movement of substance, changing place or position. Force is

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that which causes changes or terminates motion, and energy is

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the capacity for manifesting force and power, the ability to act.

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In works on physics, you will notice the expression potential

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energy meaning energy awaiting action, also kinetic energy meaning energy

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in action that is in motion. We shall not need

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these terms in this book, but it is well to

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understand them. Another term frequently met with is conservation of energy,

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which is used to indicate the law of physics, the

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operation ration of which renders energy indestructible. That is, science

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holds that energy cannot be destroyed, that it is not

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lost or created, but is merely transformed into other forms

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of energy, potential or kinetic. Therefore, after energy is used,

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it either passes into a state of potential energy or

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rest awaiting a future call to activity. Or else is

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immediately transformed into another form of kinetic energy or energy

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in action. The theory holds that the quantity or amount

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of energy in the universe is fixed in its totality.

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None may be created or destroyed. There can be no

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addition to or subtraction from the totality of energy, that

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all energy used has been previously stored up, or else

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has been immediately transmitted or transformed. It is also held

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that when energy manifests as the result of work performed,

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it is always found that it is at the expense

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of some previously manifested form of energy. That the agency

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by which the work is performed always parts with its

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stock of energy, and that the thing worked upon always

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acquires or gains the amount of energy lost by the

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aforesaid agent or worker. And yet there is no actual

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loss or gain, but merely transformation. The above theory is

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mentioned as of interest in the general subject, although it

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does not play a prominent part in the subject of

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this book, for the writer holds that all energy resides

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in mind and emerges therefrom and in the end returns

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there too. This being believed, it is seen that energy

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is not to be thought of as a separate thing

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having a totality, but merely as a quality of mind,

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the question of its totality or fixed quantity not being

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inquired into, although both probably run along the lines of

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the nature of mind and depend upon the limitations or

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lack of limitations of the latter. However, the question does

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not assume a vital importance in our consideration of the subject.

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So far as the question of transmission or transformation of

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energy is concerned. However, the principles of the law of

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conservation of energy may be accepted as correct, although it

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more properly belongs to the principle of what has been

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called the correlation of force, the idea of which is

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that one form of energy may be and is always

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transformed into another form, and so on and on. Unto infinity.

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This idea is followed in this book, except that the

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idea of from mind originally to mind finally is incorporated

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within it. This law of the correlation of force may

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be illustrated by the following quotation from Tyndall, the great

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scientist of the last century, who says a river in

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descending from an elevation of seven thousand, seven hundred twenty feet,

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generates an amount of heat competent to augment its own

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temperature ten degrees fahrenheit, and this amount of heat was

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abstracted from the Sun in order to lift the matter

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of the river to the elevation from which it falls.

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As long as the river continues on the heights, whether

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in the solid form or as a glacier, or in

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the liquid form as a lake, the heat expended by

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the Sun in lifting it has disappeared from the universe.

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It has been consumed in the act of lifting. But

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at the moment that the river starts upon its downward

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course and encounters the resistance of its bed, the heat

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expanded in its elevation begins to be restored. The mental eye, indeed,

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can follow the emission from its source through the ether

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as vibratory motion to the ocean, where it ceases to

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be vibration and takes the potential form among the molecules

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of aquia vapor to the mountain top, where the heat

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absorbed in vaporization is given out in condensation, while that

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expended by the Sun in lifting the water to its

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present elevation is still unrestored. This we find paid back

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to the last unit by the friction along the river's

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bed at the bottom of the cascade, where the plunge

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of the torrent is suddenly arrested. In the warmth of

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the machinery turned by the river, in the spark from

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the millstone beneath the crusher of the miner, in the

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alpine sawmill, in the milk churn of the chalet, in

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the supports of the cradle in which the mountaineer, by

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water power rocks his baby to sleep. All the forms

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of mechanical motion here indicated are simply the parceling out

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of an amount of calorific motion derived originally from the Sun.

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And at each point at which the mechanical motion is

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destroyed or diminished, it is the Sun's heat which is restored.

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The following quotation also is interesting as illustrating another phase

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of this law. The work performed by men and other

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animals is due to the transformed energy of food. This

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food is of vegetable origin and owes its energy to

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the solar rays. The energy of men and animals is

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therefore the transformed energy of the Sun. Excepting the energy

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of the tides, the Sun's rays are the source of

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all the forms of energy practically available. It has been

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estimated that the heat received by the Earth from the

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Sun each year would melt a layer of ice over

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the entire globe one hundred feet in thickness. This represents

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energy equal to one horse power for each fifty square

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feet of surface anthony and bracket. From the above quotations,

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it will be seen that the principal and most familiar

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sources or great storage batteries of energy apparent to dwellers

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upon this planet are one the Earth manifesting the power

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of gravitation, and to the Sun manifesting solar heat. In

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Tindal's illustration, we see the force of the Sun's energy

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heat raising the water from the ocean by evaporation, although

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aided by the Earth's gravitation pulling down the heavier air,

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allowing the vapor to rise. Then we see the force

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of gravitation causes the condensed vapor to fall as rain

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or snow on the mountain top, then causing the rain

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to run into little streams, and so on until the

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river is reached, then causing the river to start on

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its downward journey of over seven thousand feet, then causing

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it to plunge over the cascade to turn the wheels

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that operated the machinery and turn the millstone, and the

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crusher of the miner, and the sawmill, and the milk

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churn and the cradle, and as Tindall might have added

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had he lived a little later, in the running of

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the dynamo, which running produced electricity that in turn caused

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lights to burn, other machinery to run, and manufacture things,

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stoves to cook, flat irons to iron, automobiles and engines

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to run, and many other things along the lines of

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transmitting energy, force and motion. And in this consideration let

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us not forget the important part that gravitation, that most

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wonderful of all forces, plays in the grand scheme of nature.

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Not only does this force cause the planets to circle

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around the Sun, and perhaps that Sun around another Sun,

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and so on and on until the matter becomes unthinkable.

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Not only this, but it performs a million parts in

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the affair of earthly matter. As we shall see in

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a later chapter, the force of gravitation is one of

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the greatest mysteries confronting science today. Although many believe it

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a simple question, gravitation and the universal ether contain the

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great secrets of nature that man is striving to unveil.

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And yet so common is gravitation that the race, including

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almost all the scientists, take it. As a matter of course,

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we shall devote much attention to the question of gravitation

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in the forthcoming chapters of this book, for it plays

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a very important part in the general theory of dynamic

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thought upon which this book is based. We shall have

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a special chapter devoted to it a little later on,

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and the matter will also come up for explanation further

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on in the book. But in the meantime, let us

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consider the other forms of energy viz. Heat, light, magnetism,

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and electricity, which, with gravitation and attraction of other kinds,

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form the forces of nature.