Speaker 1: Welcome back everybody. Today, we're gonna be looking at prejudice, discrimination,
Speaker 1: and intergroup relations. Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. You'll need to
Speaker 1: know the differences between these three. So the first one
Speaker 1: is stereotypes. It's cognitive. Remember that it's cognitive mental shortcuts
Speaker 1: or generalizations about groups. So for instance, men are better
Speaker 1: at math as one of the famous stereotypes, that's not
Speaker 1: really true. Second is prejudice, and this is affect that right,
Speaker 1: more emotional. So these are negative or positive reactions to
Speaker 1: individuals based on a group membership, feeling discomfort or fear
Speaker 1: around someone of a particular religion or ethnicity. The next
Speaker 1: one is discrimination, so it's behavioral. These are actions that
Speaker 1: treat people equally because of their group identity, not hiring
Speaker 1: a qualified person because of their accent or appearance. Discrimination
Speaker 1: can be overt, like hate crimes are subtle, excluding someone
Speaker 1: from a conversation. This triad explains how attitudes bec behavior.
Speaker 1: While we look at the unconscious thoughts and these are
Speaker 1: implicit bias, which refers to unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that
Speaker 1: influence perception and behavior, often activated automatically without the person
Speaker 1: being aware of it. May conflict with explicitly stated values.
Speaker 1: For instance, a clinician may unconsciously speak more slowly to
Speaker 1: a client with a disability, or interrupt a female client.
Speaker 1: More often, microaggressions are brief, commonplace indignities that communicate hostile,
Speaker 1: derogatory negative slights micro assaults, for instance, or conscious deliberates
Speaker 1: slights such as saying something under your breath. Micro insults,
Speaker 1: subtle snubs, or insitivity assuming a person of color is
Speaker 1: articulate as a surprise. These are another example. Microinvalidations are
Speaker 1: denying or minimizing someone's identity or experience. I don't see color.
Speaker 1: These moments accumulate over time, producing chronic stress, anxiety, anger,
Speaker 1: and feelings of invisibility. So this is you can think
Speaker 1: of it as a death by a thousand cuts. So
Speaker 1: again you have implicit bias microaggressions of the subdivided into microassaults,
Speaker 1: micro insults, and Michael invalidations. Theoretical frameworks social identity theory.
Speaker 1: People derive part of their self concept from group membership, race, gender, religion,
Speaker 1: in group favoritism, and outgroup bias. You can see this
Speaker 1: as a group version of splitting realistic conflict theories by Sharif,
Speaker 1: prejudice arises from competition over limited resources more of an
Speaker 1: evolutionary component. Sharif's robbers Cave experiments show that intergroup hostility
Speaker 1: emerged in boys camps when resources were made scarce. Once
Speaker 1: the shared goals were introduced, however, the hostility decreased. A
Speaker 1: Verse of racism by Gettner and a video shows bias
Speaker 1: among individuals who consciously reject prejudice but unconsciously hold negative
Speaker 1: beliefs more likely to emerge in ambiguous situations. In a
Speaker 1: stereotype threat by Steele and Aronson, individuals are at risk
Speaker 1: of confirming a negative stereotype about their group. Performance suffers.
Speaker 1: For instance, women told that math tests measures gender differences
Speaker 1: score lower than those it's told its genderal neutral. Even
Speaker 1: subtle reminders writing one's race or gender before tests can
Speaker 1: trigger the effect. Measuring biases, there are several measurements, such
Speaker 1: as surveys, checklist likeered scale assessments. Examples are modern racism
Speaker 1: scale attitudes towards women. Limitations are susceptible to social desirability bias.
Speaker 1: People may higher minimize prejudices. Implicit association test measures reaction
Speaker 1: times when pairing social categories black or white with positive
Speaker 1: or negative words. Faster pairing suggest stronger unconscious associations. However,
Speaker 1: it does have low test retest reliability even though it
Speaker 1: continues to be used widely, and validity is also suspect.
Speaker 1: Intervention strategies individual level perspective taking encourages empathy by imagining
Speaker 1: the world from another's point of view. Mindfulness and self
Speaker 1: reflection increases awareness of automatic judgments, and then bias interruption
Speaker 1: techniques practicing slower decision making and moments of uncertainty. Interpersonal level,
Speaker 1: you can think about it as encouraging open conversations about
Speaker 1: bias without blame. That's called inclusive dialogue. Reduces peer based
Speaker 1: stereotyping and teams or classrooms if you use modeling by
Speaker 1: authority figures, and then mentorship across group lines promoting personal
Speaker 1: relationships that reduce assumptions at the institution of the level
Speaker 1: is bias training, policy review and representation representations, who's at
Speaker 1: the table of decision making spaces policy review of course
Speaker 1: is hiring and admissions, and then intergroup contacts another one
Speaker 1: all ports contact hypothesis. Positive interaction between groups reduces prejudice,
Speaker 1: but only under certain conditions. Equal status between groups, common goals,
Speaker 1: and stitutional support, kind of going back to Sharif's theory
Speaker 1: earlier realistic conflict theory. It has been shown a f
Speaker 1: in reducing racism and homophobia. Clinical applications diagnostic bias. Black
Speaker 1: clients are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia the
Speaker 1: mood disorders, even when presenting similar symptoms. Transclients may be
Speaker 1: misdiagnosed or pathologized due to lack of cultural competence. The
Speaker 1: cultural formulation interview in the DSM five helped mitigate this
Speaker 1: by exploring clients worldview, explanatory models, and identity context the
Speaker 1: therapeutic alliance. Microaggressions or unconscious invalidation can rupture trust. Clients
Speaker 1: may avoid confrontation, but rapports suffer silently. Repair requires openness,
Speaker 1: acknowledgment of power differences in the stance of cultural humility,
Speaker 1: cultural values, impact coping styles, helping seeking behealthy behavior and
Speaker 1: symptom expression. A client from a collectivistic culture may prioritize
Speaker 1: family harmony over self expression. Marginalized communities face barriers to access,
Speaker 1: provider bias and system neglect. Clinicians must be aware of
Speaker 1: how structural inequality shape symptoms not just through stress, but
Speaker 1: through chronic invalidation. Next time, we'll be looking at social
Speaker 1: influence and persuasion techniques, and much more of a social
Speaker 1: psychology outlook.