Speaker 1: Chapter ten, Part one of History of Egypt. This is
Speaker 1: a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
Speaker 1: For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
Speaker 1: Recording by Rick VENA History of Egypt by F. C. H. Wendel,
Speaker 1: Chapter ten, From the Persian conquest to the invasion of
Speaker 1: Alexander the Great five twenty five through three thirty one BC,
Speaker 1: Section one the twenty seventh Dynasty Persians five twenty five
Speaker 1: through four fourteen b C. Cambises five twenty five through
Speaker 1: five twenty two b C. The fall of Memphis seems
Speaker 1: to have sealed the fate of Egypt. The rest of
Speaker 1: the country, in all probability submitted peaceably. The very fact
Speaker 1: that the Libyans Barsey and Syrinae offered their submission and
Speaker 1: sent tribute right after the capture of Memphis proves that
Speaker 1: from that time on, the Persian monarch was the undisputed
Speaker 1: ruler of Egypt. Cambises appointed Ariyandi's setrap of Egypt, but
Speaker 1: seems not to have changed any of the laws and
Speaker 1: institutions of the land. Shortly after Memphis surrendered, the king
Speaker 1: paid a visit to Sayis, the then capital of Egypt.
Speaker 1: The stories that Herodotus relates of outrages committed here by
Speaker 1: Cambises are unhistorical, being utterly disproved by an inscription on
Speaker 1: the statue of the hereditary prince hoor Ucha Sutenet, who
Speaker 1: had been keeper of the seal, chief scribe of the palace,
Speaker 1: admiral of the fleet, chief physician, et cetera. Under Achmes's
Speaker 1: second and Semtec the third. This man relates that Kambut
Speaker 1: Cambises came to Egypt and ruled all the land, remaining
Speaker 1: as King of Egypt and taking the coronation name of Mesut.
Speaker 1: Hoor Ujasutenet was appointed by him chief physician and superintendent
Speaker 1: of the palace. He initiated the king into the mysteries
Speaker 1: of the goddess Nat and described to him her temple.
Speaker 1: He now complained of the Persian soldiery that had taken
Speaker 1: quarters in the temple, and begged that they be removed
Speaker 1: so that the temple might be clean again. The king
Speaker 1: ordered that the temple be cleansed, that all of her
Speaker 1: servants be restored to the goddess, and at her festivals
Speaker 1: be celebrated as of yore. When the king came to Sayis,
Speaker 1: he went to the temple of Naut, worshiped her, and
Speaker 1: sacrificed to her in all the other gods of Sayis.
Speaker 1: In short, conducted all the sacred ceremonies, the same as
Speaker 1: every former king had done. He also ordered hor Ujasutanet
Speaker 1: to prepare an inventory of all the temple utensils, and
Speaker 1: to erect buildings for the goddess. We see that the
Speaker 1: Persian monarch strove to appear as the successor of the Pharaohs,
Speaker 1: a policy he pursued until his understanding was clouded by insanity.
Speaker 1: Cambises now determined to conquer the rest of Africa. Three
Speaker 1: expeditions were planned, one against Carthage, another against the Oasis
Speaker 1: of Ammon, and a third against Ethiopia. The first of
Speaker 1: these expeditions was never undertaken, as the Phoenicians, who made
Speaker 1: up the greater part of the Persian fleet, refused to
Speaker 1: serve again Carthage, and Cambises, owing to the fact that
Speaker 1: they had joined him voluntarily, did not dare to force them.
Speaker 1: The expedition against the Oasis of Ammun proved a failure.
Speaker 1: An army of fifty thousand men started from Thebes and
Speaker 1: marched through the Sahara to the Greek town of Oasis.
Speaker 1: After they left the smaller Oasis, no news of them
Speaker 1: ever reached Egypt. In all probability, they perished in a
Speaker 1: sand storm. The expedition against Ethiopia was in the main successful,
Speaker 1: although the Greek historians strove to give the impression that
Speaker 1: it was a failure. Besides the half legendary account of Herodotus,
Speaker 1: according to which provisions gave out on the march and
Speaker 1: the men, after eating their beasts of burden, were compelled
Speaker 1: to resort to cannibalism. We have no full account of
Speaker 1: this campaign, but the fact that Ethiopian troops fought against
Speaker 1: the Greeks under Xerxes, and the mention by Ptolemy and
Speaker 1: Pliny of a town Cambisson, Tamieya and Ethiopia prove that
Speaker 1: the campaign was successful. Moreover, Strabo and others relate that
Speaker 1: Cambises captured the capital of Ethiopia and named it Meroa
Speaker 1: after his sister. As the army was returning, a sandstorm
Speaker 1: overtook it near the First Cataract, and the greater part
Speaker 1: of the one hundred and fifty thousand men perished. Only
Speaker 1: a fragment of the great army returned learned to Egypt.
Speaker 1: Cambises had, however, fully accomplished his object. He had thoroughly
Speaker 1: subdued Egypt and secured it against foreign invasion. On his
Speaker 1: return from Ethiopia, a great change came over the spirit
Speaker 1: of his reign. From early youth he had been subject
Speaker 1: to epileptic fits, and now he became insane. His insanity
Speaker 1: seems to have first broken out in Memphis at the
Speaker 1: festival of the enthroning of an APIs Steer. While the
Speaker 1: king was warring in Ethiopia. The old APIs Steer had died,
Speaker 1: and shortly before his return a new one had been found.
Speaker 1: As he entered Memphis, he found, according to Herodotus, the
Speaker 1: citizens celebrating a great festival. This naturally angered him, as
Speaker 1: he supposed they were rejoicing over the loss of his army.
Speaker 1: So he summoned the elders of the city before him
Speaker 1: and asked them why the Egyptians were celebrating a festival
Speaker 1: now that he was returning after meeting with so severe
Speaker 1: a loss, and had celebrated no festival when he first came.
Speaker 1: They replied that a god had been born to the Egyptians,
Speaker 1: whose birth was always celebrated in this manner, and the
Speaker 1: king had them executed as liars. He then sent for
Speaker 1: the priests, and, on questioning them, received the same answer.
Speaker 1: Now he made further inquiries regarding the god, and finally
Speaker 1: ordered the sacred steer to be brought before him. When
Speaker 1: the animal was brought, the king drew his sword, intending
Speaker 1: to kill it, but succeeded only in wounding it on
Speaker 1: the thigh. Then he scoffed at the priests, telling them
Speaker 1: there God was only flesh and blood. After all. He
Speaker 1: now had the priests scourged and had all persons who
Speaker 1: took part in the festival killed. The APIs died of
Speaker 1: his wound soon afterward, and was secretly interred by the priests.
Speaker 1: While this account is certainly overdrawn, we have no reason
Speaker 1: to doubt that the killing of the APIs is historical,
Speaker 1: for this does not seem to have been the only
Speaker 1: sacrilege the king was guilty of. He is accused of
Speaker 1: having made fun of the statues of Ta, which represent
Speaker 1: the god as a dwarf, and having robbed temples and
Speaker 1: burned several statues of gods. These outrages were no doubt
Speaker 1: all committed after he had become insane. For the inscription
Speaker 1: of hoor Uja Sutanet proves that in the early part
Speaker 1: of his reign this king had everywhere sought to imitate
Speaker 1: the Pharaohs. The Greek historians were naturally prejudiced against him,
Speaker 1: and strove to make him appear as a wild, remorseless tyrant,
Speaker 1: in glaring contrast to his father Cyrus, whom they depicted
Speaker 1: as an ideal ruler. The whole history of Cambises was
Speaker 1: written by Herodotus from an unhistorical standpoint. His object was
Speaker 1: to make this reign a grand tragedy. The king was
Speaker 1: a wild, insane tyrant, and his violent death was a
Speaker 1: punishment for his many sins against the gods and men.
Speaker 1: This may be tragedy, but it certainly is not history.
Speaker 1: Persia itself suffered from the insanity of the king just
Speaker 1: as much as did Egypt. Cambises's greatest crime was the
Speaker 1: murder of his brother Bardja, whom he had assassinated by Prosasspes.
Speaker 1: He is also accused of having attempted to murder Croaesis,
Speaker 1: the old friend of his father, and of having killed
Speaker 1: the son of procsasspies while drunk. At last the end came.
Speaker 1: Cambises had, for unknown reasons, gone to Syria. Here news
Speaker 1: of a rever in Persia reached him. He had, before
Speaker 1: leaving Persia, appointed Padizaethes, a magian superintendent of the palace.
Speaker 1: This man knew of the murder of Barja, and determined
Speaker 1: to make use of his knowledge. He had a brother
Speaker 1: named Gaumada, who closely resembled the murdered prince. This brother
Speaker 1: he placed on the throne and proclaimed through all the
Speaker 1: land that Barja had ascended the throne of Persia. Cambises
Speaker 1: easily convinced himself that this so called Barja was a swindler,
Speaker 1: and determined to suppress the revolt. As he was about
Speaker 1: to start out on this expedition, he accidentally wounded himself
Speaker 1: tradition asserts in the thigh, the same place where he
Speaker 1: wounded the APIs, and of this wound he died. Before
Speaker 1: his death, however, he assembled his nobles about his bed,
Speaker 1: confessed the murder of Barja, and urged them to punish
Speaker 1: the median usurper Darius, the first Egyptian ant Liush five
Speaker 1: twenty one through four eighty five b C. For a while,
Speaker 1: the Persian nobles remained inactive, fearing to divulge the murder
Speaker 1: of Barjia. But finally, in five twenty one b C. Darius,
Speaker 1: the son of his Staspies, who was the next heir
Speaker 1: to the throne Cambises, having died childless, with six companions,
Speaker 1: succeeded in slaying the Usurper. As his Staspies declined the crown,
Speaker 1: Darius now became King of Persia. The new king was
Speaker 1: compelled to combat with several Usurpers in Persia, but Egypt
Speaker 1: remained loyal. Our Yandes, the satrap appointed by Cambises, had
Speaker 1: been left in office by Darius. He felt sufficiently strong
Speaker 1: to attempt the extension of the Persian power in Africa.
Speaker 1: A fine opportunity to do this soon offered itself when
Speaker 1: Cambises invaded Egypt. Synnae had voluntarily submitted and paid tribute.
Speaker 1: King Archisilaus the third made about this time a trip
Speaker 1: to Barcia, after having appointed his mother Ferretime, regent. Here,
Speaker 1: he was murdered by some Syrenaic refuse. As soon as
Speaker 1: Ferretime heard of this, she went to Egypt and asked
Speaker 1: Ariyandes to aid her in punishing the murderers of her son.
Speaker 1: Ariandes gladly assented and sent an army under the Egyptian
Speaker 1: Akhmas and a fleet under the Persian Badras against Barsaia.
Speaker 1: Feratime herself accompanied the army. The combined forces reached the
Speaker 1: city without loss, and the extradition of Archisilaus's murderers was
Speaker 1: demanded but refused. The city was hereupon beleaguered, but held
Speaker 1: out for nine months, and was then captured only by Stratagem.
Speaker 1: Feratime's revenge was terrible. Her son's murderers were crucified and
Speaker 1: their wives were cruelly mutilated. Part of the prisoners taken
Speaker 1: were handed over to Ferritime. Part were sent to Persia
Speaker 1: and settled in Bactria by Darius. The army now advanced
Speaker 1: to Euhasperides, but soon began the retreat. A wrangle between
Speaker 1: the commanders had led to this retreat, and soon after
Speaker 1: they started, a messenger came from Ariandes, ordering them home.
Speaker 1: On the retreat, the Libyans are said to have attacked
Speaker 1: and cut to pieces the rear guard. Ariandes had a
Speaker 1: definite object in recalling the army. He had planned the
Speaker 1: foundation of an independent Egyptian empire. The details of his
Speaker 1: plan are unknown, but he seems to have become dangerous,
Speaker 1: for he was executed at the command of Darius late
Speaker 1: in the year five seventeen b c. Darius himself came
Speaker 1: to Egypt. Shortly before his arrival, the APIs Steer, which
Speaker 1: had been enthroned in the reign of Cambises, died, and
Speaker 1: Darius offered a reward of one hundred talents to whomsoever
Speaker 1: would find the new APIs. Darius thus returned to the
Speaker 1: policy inaugurated by Cambises when he first came to Egypt.
Speaker 1: Early in his reign, he ordered hoor Ucha Sutanet to
Speaker 1: fill the complement of temple scribes. This noble accordingly established
Speaker 1: schools for the scribes and fitted them out with everything
Speaker 1: that was needful. For Darius well knew that this was
Speaker 1: the best way of observing the names of the gods,
Speaker 1: their temples, and incomes forever. He repaired the Temple of
Speaker 1: Memphis and made valuable presence to the Temple of Edfu,
Speaker 1: But his chief work was the building of the temple
Speaker 1: in the Oasis El Khargei. We see thus that Darius
Speaker 1: posed everywhere as a pharaoh, and so successfully did he
Speaker 1: carry out this policy that he completely won the hearts
Speaker 1: of his Egyptian subjects in a very short while. Like Nikau,
Speaker 1: Darius determined to re establish the connection between the Nile
Speaker 1: and the Red Sea that had existed in the times
Speaker 1: of Seti the first and Rameses the second a stelle
Speaker 1: bearing on one side an inscription in hieroglyphics, and on
Speaker 1: the other SI side and translation of this and Medean,
Speaker 1: Persian and Babylonian recounts this fact. This inscription reads, quote,
Speaker 1: I am of Persian. With the aid of Persia, I
Speaker 1: conquered Egypt. I gave orders to dig this canal from
Speaker 1: the river Nile, which flows in Egypt, to the sea
Speaker 1: which is connected with Persia. Then this canal was dug
Speaker 1: as I had ordered. But I said, now go and
Speaker 1: destroy half this canal from the city of Bira to
Speaker 1: the sea, because such is my will. End quote Why
Speaker 1: this last order was given, he does not say. Diodorus
Speaker 1: and Strabo, however, relate that his engineers represented to him
Speaker 1: that if the canal now were completed, the Red Sea,
Speaker 1: which lay higher than Egypt, would flood the country. It
Speaker 1: is a curious fact that Herodotus regarded the canal as completed,
Speaker 1: for he says it was four days journey long and
Speaker 1: wide enough to allow two triremes to pass in line.
Speaker 1: It is further noteworthy that Cambises had already founded a
Speaker 1: city named Cambis Sun after him, near the route of
Speaker 1: the canal. Probably he had intended to undertake the work,
Speaker 1: but had died before it was begun. The most important
Speaker 1: act of his reign was that he erected Egypt, together
Speaker 1: with Libya, Barcia, and Syrinae, into the sixth Satrope. This
Speaker 1: satrope had to pay an annual tax of seven hundred
Speaker 1: talents or eight hundred and twenty six thousand dollars. The
Speaker 1: fisheries of Lake Moeris were declared to be the property
Speaker 1: of the crown. The Egyptians had to furnish the Persian
Speaker 1: garrison of the Citadel of Memphis one hundred and twenty
Speaker 1: thousand bushels of grain annually. Further, they had to furnish
Speaker 1: salt and nile water for the royal table. The income
Speaker 1: of the city of Antilla was given the Queen of Persia,
Speaker 1: according to some accounts, for her shoes, according to others,
Speaker 1: for her belts, or as we would say, for pin money.
Speaker 1: Late in this reign, four years after the Battle of Marathon,
Speaker 1: the Egyptians made an effort to regain their independence. They
Speaker 1: made a man named Chabash king, but before Darius could
Speaker 1: march against the rebels, he died four eighty five b C.
Speaker 1: In the thirty sixth year of his reign Xerxes Egyptian
Speaker 1: Cheshiresh four eighty five through four seventy two b C.
Speaker 1: When Xerxes came to the throne of Persia, Chabash had
Speaker 1: firmly established himself in Egypt. He assumed the coronation name
Speaker 1: of senentanin setep Ena and was exercising all the functions
Speaker 1: of a legitimate pharaoh. In the second year of his reign,
Speaker 1: he interred an APIs, probably the one that was enthroned
Speaker 1: in the thirty first year of Darius. His reign, several temples,
Speaker 1: among them that of Butto, were given large tracts of land.
Speaker 1: The Egyptian king did not neglect to prepare to meet
Speaker 1: an attack from Persia, which could be expected every day.
Speaker 1: The mouths of the Nile were strongly fortified, and everything
Speaker 1: was put in readiness to repel the expected attack. The
Speaker 1: rebel king could not, however, hold out against Xerxes. The
Speaker 1: country was again subdued, and Achimenes, the king's brother, was
Speaker 1: appointed satrap with orders to institute a very strict regime.
Speaker 1: Achimenes kept his position all his life, and it was
Speaker 1: probably his harsh rule that led to the revolt of Inaros.
Speaker 1: In the war with Greece, the Egyptians had to fit
Speaker 1: out and man two hundred vessels, the crews of which
Speaker 1: were afterward transferred to the land army and took part
Speaker 1: in the Battle of Plateaea, Arta Xerxes Egyptian artak Sheeshas
Speaker 1: and the Revolt of Enaros four sixty four through four
Speaker 1: forty eight b C. After the assassination of Xerxes, the
Speaker 1: country was for a while plunged into anarchy and divided
Speaker 1: by wars for the succession, which were finally brought to
Speaker 1: a close in four sixty four b C by the
Speaker 1: accession of Artaxerxes. During these wars, the Persians lost control
Speaker 1: over several provinces, among which was Egypt. As they had
Speaker 1: taken advantage of the temporary weakness of the Persians after
Speaker 1: their defeat at Marathon. The Egyptians now took advantage of
Speaker 1: the anarchy existing in Persia to make another fight for liberty.
Speaker 1: Syrinae had during the past reign gradually regained its independence,
Speaker 1: and the Libyans seemed to have been left pretty much
Speaker 1: to themselves since the revolt of Chabash. In fact, it
Speaker 1: would seem that this rebel was a Libyan or of
Speaker 1: Libyan descent. His name certainly is not Egyptian. At the
Speaker 1: time Artaxerxes came to the throne, a sovereign named Inaros,
Speaker 1: the son of Semtek, ruled over the Libyan tribes that
Speaker 1: dwelt on the Egyptian border. This chief, to dermined to
Speaker 1: free Egypt from the Persian yoke, and easily succeeded in
Speaker 1: inciting the greater part of the country to revolt. The
Speaker 1: people chose him king, drove out the Persian tax collectors,
Speaker 1: and raised an army. The first object of the new
Speaker 1: pharaoh was to secure allies against Persia. He easily succeeding
Speaker 1: in getting aid from Syne. He next turned to Athens,
Speaker 1: and the Athenians concluded a treaty with him and ordered
Speaker 1: their fleet of two hundred sail which lay at Cyprus,
Speaker 1: to proceed to Egypt. This fleet forced its way up
Speaker 1: the Nile as far as Memphis, two thirds of which
Speaker 1: city had already fallen into the hands of the Egyptians.
Speaker 1: The citadel, however, was still held by the Persians, and
Speaker 1: such a Egyptians as had remained loyal to Persia. The citadel,
Speaker 1: the combined forces of the Egyptians and Greeks beleaguered, but
Speaker 1: all attempts to reduce it failed. Meanwhile, art Xerxes, hearing
Speaker 1: of the revolt, had confirmed his uncle Achamenes as satrap
Speaker 1: of Egypt and sent him an army of three hundred
Speaker 1: thousand men to put down the rebellion. This army entered
Speaker 1: the Delta without encountering any opposition. At Paprimus, they were
Speaker 1: met by the combined forces of the Egyptians and Athenians
Speaker 1: and utterly routed. They fled from the field, and the Egyptians,
Speaker 1: pursuing a terrible massacre, ensued. Only a mere fragment of
Speaker 1: the vast army succeeded in getting safely behind them the
Speaker 1: walls of Memphis four sixty two BC. Achimenes himself was
Speaker 1: mortally wounded and died soon After the battle, his body
Speaker 1: was sent to Artaxerxes. The Persian king now began intriguing
Speaker 1: for the withdrawal of the Athenian troops, offering the Spartans
Speaker 1: large subsidies if they would attack Athens. Failing in this,
Speaker 1: he at last fitted out a new army and placed
Speaker 1: it under command of Artabanos and Megabizos, two brave generals.
Speaker 1: In four sixty one BC, this new army of three
Speaker 1: hundred thousand men marched into Silesia. Here a halt was
Speaker 1: made and the Silesians and Phoenicians were ordered to equip
Speaker 1: a fleet three hundred triremes. Having been fitted out, they
Speaker 1: were manned with the best troops in the army. The
Speaker 1: land forces were put through a careful course of training. Meanwhile,
Speaker 1: the war had come to a standstill in Egypt. The
Speaker 1: combined forces of the Egyptians and Athenians still lay before
Speaker 1: the citadel of Memphis, but could not compel its surrender.
Speaker 1: At length, in four sixty BC, the Persian army began
Speaker 1: to move, marching along the coast so as to keep
Speaker 1: in constant communication with the fleet. The army at length
Speaker 1: entered Egypt without having encountered any opposition. The allies seemed
Speaker 1: to have been utterly blind to the threatening danger, deeming
Speaker 1: it probable that the Persians should again attack them after
Speaker 1: their terrible defeat at Papramus two years before. They were, however,
Speaker 1: pretty rudely awakened when they suddenly found themselves face to
Speaker 1: face with the Persian army. They accepted the proffered battle
Speaker 1: and were utterly routed. Memphis was relieved, and the Athenians
Speaker 1: withdrew with their ships to the island of Procipitis in
Speaker 1: the Nile. A year and a half they held out
Speaker 1: here until the Persians damned the Nile and thus beached
Speaker 1: the Athenian ships. The Athenians, burning their vessels, entrenched themselves
Speaker 1: and prepared to sell their lives dearly. But the object
Speaker 1: of the Persians was not to destroy them, but to
Speaker 1: render them useless as allies of Inaros, and to drive
Speaker 1: them from Egypt. They therefore concluded a treaty with the Athenians,
Speaker 1: guaranteeing them a safe retreat. In this manner, part of
Speaker 1: the Athenian army succeeded in reaching Athens by way of
Speaker 1: Libya and Syrenae. Inaros was not so fortunate, wounded and
Speaker 1: captured in an engagement. He was sent to Persia, his
Speaker 1: life being spared here. At the instigation of Queen Amestris,
Speaker 1: who desired to avenge Achimenes, he was crucified and his
Speaker 1: companions were beheaded. The war was not, however, ended, yet
Speaker 1: the Athenians had sent a fleet of fifty sail to
Speaker 1: reinforce their fleet. Before Memphis, it entered the Mendigian brandch
Speaker 1: of the Nile, where it was surprised by the Phoenicians
Speaker 1: and almost completely destroyed, only a few vessels escaping. For
Speaker 1: several years, Amertaeus Egyptian Ahmenrut succeeded in holding his own
Speaker 1: in the Delta. Like his friend and ally in Naros,
Speaker 1: he sent to Athens for aid, and sixty ships were
Speaker 1: ordered by Simon to proceed to Egypt from Cyprus. But
Speaker 1: these vessels were of no avail, for they returned to
Speaker 1: Athens on hearing of Simon's death four forty nine b C.
Speaker 1: In four forty five b C, a certain Semtec Greek Semeticos,
Speaker 1: seems to have held an independent position in Egypt, for
Speaker 1: he sent thirty thousand bushels of grain to Athens after
Speaker 1: the rebellion had been suppressed. Ardebanos and Megabisos returned home,
Speaker 1: and Larcemes was appointed satrap. Thanairas, the son of Enaros,
Speaker 1: and Pawsyris, the son of Amartaeus, were given their hereditary principalities,
Speaker 1: the former probably Libya, and the latter the western part
Speaker 1: of the Delta. How long these princes reigned and in
Speaker 1: what relation they stood to Persia, we cannot say. Herodotus,
Speaker 1: who visited Egypt shortly after the suppression of the revolt
Speaker 1: of Enaros, found Egypt tranquil under Persian rule. There was
Speaker 1: then no trace of an independent Egyptian kingdom, and the
Speaker 1: only traces of the late troubles were the bleaching bones
Speaker 1: on the old battlefields. Egypt was again prosperous and happy,
Speaker 1: celebrating its old festivals in the old manner, a striking
Speaker 1: proof of the elasticity of the people. The reigns of
Speaker 1: Xerxes the Second, Sogdianus, and Darius the Second had but
Speaker 1: little import for Egypt four forty eight through four fourteen
Speaker 1: b C. Except that in the latter part of Darius's reign,
Speaker 1: the Egyptians again revolted, and this time succeeded in gaining
Speaker 1: their independence under the leadership of amen Rut Section two.
Speaker 1: The twenty eighth dynasty four fourteen through four o eight
Speaker 1: b C. Amenrut Greek Amarteus. Late in the year four
Speaker 1: fifteen b C. Amenrut of Saus succeeded with the aid
Speaker 1: of Greek mercenaries, in delivering Egypt from the Persian rule.
Speaker 1: No details of this successful revolt are known, but it
Speaker 1: would seem that it stood in some connection with the
Speaker 1: revolt of Pyesuthnes in Lydia, which occurred at about the
Speaker 1: same time, while that of Amorges in Karia four thirteen
Speaker 1: to four twelve b C. Kept the Persian kings busy
Speaker 1: at home, so that amen Rut was enabled to establish
Speaker 1: himself firmly on the Egyptian throne. The whole of Egypt
Speaker 1: soon came under his control, and it would even seem
Speaker 1: that he was able to take the offensive against Persia.
Speaker 1: A remark of Thucydides appears to point to the fact
Speaker 1: that he was allied with Athens in four twelve and
Speaker 1: four eleven b C. In four ten b C, according
Speaker 1: to Diodorus, he together with the King of Arabia, threatened
Speaker 1: the Phoenetian Sea board, and the Persian king sent a
Speaker 1: fleet of three hundred sail against them. Despite these successes,
Speaker 1: he could not hold himself on the throne, but was
Speaker 1: deposed by the mercenaries. His son was excluded from the succession,
Speaker 1: and naif akh Rut elevated to the throne four O
Speaker 1: eight b C. Section three. The twenty ninth dynasty four
Speaker 1: O eight through three eighty six b C. Naif akh
Speaker 1: Rut the first Nepharides four O eight through four O
Speaker 1: two b C. The first act of the new king
Speaker 1: was to appoint his son nect hoor Heb nectanebus Co regent,
Speaker 1: but this act did not please the people, and Prince
Speaker 1: nect hor Heb was banished to his city, from which
Speaker 1: he returned twenty one years later as king. All that
Speaker 1: we know of this king is that an APIs Steer
Speaker 1: was buried in the second year of his reign. Some
Speaker 1: blocks bearing his name found at Thebes prove that he
Speaker 1: built there passa mut Greek Samuthus four O two to
Speaker 1: four O one b C. According to the Demodic Chronicles,
Speaker 1: this pharaoh had not served the gods well and consequently
Speaker 1: had not been generally recognized. This assertion is not well founded.
Speaker 1: As the inscriptions prove. Numerous blocks of stone bearing his
Speaker 1: name ra Oesser Settep and ra Passamut, found at Thebes
Speaker 1: prove that he built at the temple of Ammun. Hacre
Speaker 1: Greek a Chorus four hundred through three eighty six b c.
Speaker 1: Ruled thirteen years. He had been, like his predecessor, placed
Speaker 1: on the throne by the mercenaries, and as he was
Speaker 1: just and looked after the decaying temples, he was retained
Speaker 1: as king. As long as he lived. He was busy
Speaker 1: repairing temples in all parts of Egypt. Diodorus relates that
Speaker 1: Hacer became involved in the wars between Greece and Persia.
Speaker 1: At this time, Sparta was at war with the common enemy,
Speaker 1: and Agasilaeus sent envoys to Egypt asking for aid. Hacer
Speaker 1: sent him timber for one hundred triremes and five hundred
Speaker 1: thousand bushels of grain. These stores were forwarded to Rhodos,
Speaker 1: which city had meanwhile deserted Sparta and joined Persia, so
Speaker 1: that the present intended for that state came to be
Speaker 1: used against it. We hear also through Theopompus of a
Speaker 1: treaty of alliance which this kinge concluded with the Pisidian.
Speaker 1: But we know not what came of this alliance. Possibly
Speaker 1: it stood in some connection with a war between Egypt
Speaker 1: and Persia that lasted from three ninety through three eighty
Speaker 1: seven b C, and in which Isocrates says the three
Speaker 1: greatest Persian generals, Abrocomas, Tethranes, and Pharnambasos, had fought against
Speaker 1: Egypt for three years without accomplishing anything, just before the
Speaker 1: beginning of the Cypriote War. This war broke out in
Speaker 1: three eighty six b C. King Euagorus of Cyprus revolting
Speaker 1: against Persia and calling on Hacre for aid. The Pharaoh
Speaker 1: sent him troops, but before the war was well begun
Speaker 1: he died three eighty six b C. Naif Akrut, the
Speaker 1: second Greek Nepherites three eighty six b C, the son
Speaker 1: of Hacer, succeeded his father on the throne with the
Speaker 1: aid of the troops, but the people did not support him,
Speaker 1: and consequently the soldiers deserted him and killed his son.
Speaker 1: They hereupon restored the right, that is, they placed on
Speaker 1: the throne nect Hoorheb, the son of naif Akrut, the first,
Speaker 1: who had been banished and deprived of his right to
Speaker 1: the succession, and Chapter one, Part one