WEBVTT 1 00:00:01.320 --> 00:00:09.400 Chapter ten, Part one of History of Egypt. This is 2 00:00:09.439 --> 00:00:15.039 a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. 3 00:00:15.880 --> 00:00:22.000 For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. 4 00:00:23.239 --> 00:00:31.559 Recording by Rick VENA History of Egypt by F. C. H. Wendel, 5 00:00:33.479 --> 00:00:39.159 Chapter ten, From the Persian conquest to the invasion of 6 00:00:39.359 --> 00:00:46.280 Alexander the Great five twenty five through three thirty one BC, 7 00:00:48.759 --> 00:00:58.039 Section one the twenty seventh Dynasty Persians five twenty five 8 00:00:58.320 --> 00:01:07.359 through four fourteen b C. Cambises five twenty five through 9 00:01:07.480 --> 00:01:14.079 five twenty two b C. The fall of Memphis seems 10 00:01:14.239 --> 00:01:18.239 to have sealed the fate of Egypt. The rest of 11 00:01:18.280 --> 00:01:24.680 the country, in all probability submitted peaceably. The very fact 12 00:01:25.079 --> 00:01:31.879 that the Libyans Barsey and Syrinae offered their submission and 13 00:01:32.040 --> 00:01:37.560 sent tribute right after the capture of Memphis proves that 14 00:01:37.599 --> 00:01:42.480 from that time on, the Persian monarch was the undisputed 15 00:01:43.000 --> 00:01:52.079 ruler of Egypt. Cambises appointed Ariyandi's setrap of Egypt, but 16 00:01:52.200 --> 00:01:55.599 seems not to have changed any of the laws and 17 00:01:55.719 --> 00:02:03.000 institutions of the land. Shortly after Memphis surrendered, the king 18 00:02:03.280 --> 00:02:08.400 paid a visit to Sayis, the then capital of Egypt. 19 00:02:09.479 --> 00:02:15.159 The stories that Herodotus relates of outrages committed here by 20 00:02:15.240 --> 00:02:22.360 Cambises are unhistorical, being utterly disproved by an inscription on 21 00:02:22.479 --> 00:02:28.879 the statue of the hereditary prince hoor Ucha Sutenet, who 22 00:02:28.919 --> 00:02:33.240 had been keeper of the seal, chief scribe of the palace, 23 00:02:34.240 --> 00:02:40.879 admiral of the fleet, chief physician, et cetera. Under Achmes's 24 00:02:41.000 --> 00:02:47.719 second and Semtec the third. This man relates that Kambut 25 00:02:48.360 --> 00:02:54.159 Cambises came to Egypt and ruled all the land, remaining 26 00:02:54.240 --> 00:02:59.800 as King of Egypt and taking the coronation name of Mesut. 27 00:03:01.840 --> 00:03:08.960 Hoor Ujasutenet was appointed by him chief physician and superintendent 28 00:03:09.080 --> 00:03:13.879 of the palace. He initiated the king into the mysteries 29 00:03:14.280 --> 00:03:18.479 of the goddess Nat and described to him her temple. 30 00:03:19.520 --> 00:03:23.719 He now complained of the Persian soldiery that had taken 31 00:03:23.879 --> 00:03:28.199 quarters in the temple, and begged that they be removed 32 00:03:28.240 --> 00:03:32.280 so that the temple might be clean again. The king 33 00:03:32.520 --> 00:03:36.039 ordered that the temple be cleansed, that all of her 34 00:03:36.120 --> 00:03:40.439 servants be restored to the goddess, and at her festivals 35 00:03:40.840 --> 00:03:45.960 be celebrated as of yore. When the king came to Sayis, 36 00:03:46.759 --> 00:03:50.960 he went to the temple of Naut, worshiped her, and 37 00:03:51.159 --> 00:03:54.800 sacrificed to her in all the other gods of Sayis. 38 00:03:55.800 --> 00:04:01.080 In short, conducted all the sacred ceremonies, the same as 39 00:04:01.199 --> 00:04:07.759 every former king had done. He also ordered hor Ujasutanet 40 00:04:08.400 --> 00:04:13.479 to prepare an inventory of all the temple utensils, and 41 00:04:13.520 --> 00:04:17.800 to erect buildings for the goddess. We see that the 42 00:04:17.839 --> 00:04:23.720 Persian monarch strove to appear as the successor of the Pharaohs, 43 00:04:23.759 --> 00:04:29.879 a policy he pursued until his understanding was clouded by insanity. 44 00:04:31.360 --> 00:04:37.319 Cambises now determined to conquer the rest of Africa. Three 45 00:04:37.360 --> 00:04:43.800 expeditions were planned, one against Carthage, another against the Oasis 46 00:04:43.839 --> 00:04:49.560 of Ammon, and a third against Ethiopia. The first of 47 00:04:49.600 --> 00:04:55.399 these expeditions was never undertaken, as the Phoenicians, who made 48 00:04:55.480 --> 00:04:59.160 up the greater part of the Persian fleet, refused to 49 00:04:59.279 --> 00:05:04.920 serve again Carthage, and Cambises, owing to the fact that 50 00:05:05.000 --> 00:05:09.279 they had joined him voluntarily, did not dare to force them. 51 00:05:10.560 --> 00:05:15.360 The expedition against the Oasis of Ammun proved a failure. 52 00:05:16.319 --> 00:05:21.240 An army of fifty thousand men started from Thebes and 53 00:05:21.399 --> 00:05:25.560 marched through the Sahara to the Greek town of Oasis. 54 00:05:26.639 --> 00:05:31.120 After they left the smaller Oasis, no news of them 55 00:05:31.399 --> 00:05:36.480 ever reached Egypt. In all probability, they perished in a 56 00:05:36.480 --> 00:05:44.120 sand storm. The expedition against Ethiopia was in the main successful, 57 00:05:44.199 --> 00:05:48.600 although the Greek historians strove to give the impression that 58 00:05:48.639 --> 00:05:55.519 it was a failure. Besides the half legendary account of Herodotus, 59 00:05:55.560 --> 00:05:59.720 according to which provisions gave out on the march and 60 00:05:59.800 --> 00:06:04.240 the men, after eating their beasts of burden, were compelled 61 00:06:04.600 --> 00:06:09.199 to resort to cannibalism. We have no full account of 62 00:06:09.240 --> 00:06:15.399 this campaign, but the fact that Ethiopian troops fought against 63 00:06:15.439 --> 00:06:20.319 the Greeks under Xerxes, and the mention by Ptolemy and 64 00:06:20.480 --> 00:06:28.199 Pliny of a town Cambisson, Tamieya and Ethiopia prove that 65 00:06:28.240 --> 00:06:35.560 the campaign was successful. Moreover, Strabo and others relate that 66 00:06:35.639 --> 00:06:41.279 Cambises captured the capital of Ethiopia and named it Meroa 67 00:06:41.759 --> 00:06:47.240 after his sister. As the army was returning, a sandstorm 68 00:06:47.360 --> 00:06:51.800 overtook it near the First Cataract, and the greater part 69 00:06:52.319 --> 00:06:57.199 of the one hundred and fifty thousand men perished. Only 70 00:06:57.279 --> 00:07:01.040 a fragment of the great army returned learned to Egypt. 71 00:07:02.360 --> 00:07:08.120 Cambises had, however, fully accomplished his object. He had thoroughly 72 00:07:08.319 --> 00:07:14.680 subdued Egypt and secured it against foreign invasion. On his 73 00:07:14.800 --> 00:07:19.639 return from Ethiopia, a great change came over the spirit 74 00:07:19.800 --> 00:07:24.519 of his reign. From early youth he had been subject 75 00:07:24.839 --> 00:07:31.319 to epileptic fits, and now he became insane. His insanity 76 00:07:31.879 --> 00:07:35.600 seems to have first broken out in Memphis at the 77 00:07:35.639 --> 00:07:41.120 festival of the enthroning of an APIs Steer. While the 78 00:07:41.199 --> 00:07:47.279 king was warring in Ethiopia. The old APIs Steer had died, 79 00:07:48.120 --> 00:07:52.160 and shortly before his return a new one had been found. 80 00:07:53.600 --> 00:07:58.920 As he entered Memphis, he found, according to Herodotus, the 81 00:07:58.920 --> 00:08:05.800 citizens celebrating a great festival. This naturally angered him, as 82 00:08:05.839 --> 00:08:09.959 he supposed they were rejoicing over the loss of his army. 83 00:08:11.040 --> 00:08:14.040 So he summoned the elders of the city before him 84 00:08:14.720 --> 00:08:18.879 and asked them why the Egyptians were celebrating a festival 85 00:08:19.720 --> 00:08:23.600 now that he was returning after meeting with so severe 86 00:08:23.759 --> 00:08:29.079 a loss, and had celebrated no festival when he first came. 87 00:08:30.759 --> 00:08:34.720 They replied that a god had been born to the Egyptians, 88 00:08:35.360 --> 00:08:39.840 whose birth was always celebrated in this manner, and the 89 00:08:39.960 --> 00:08:44.879 king had them executed as liars. He then sent for 90 00:08:44.960 --> 00:08:49.960 the priests, and, on questioning them, received the same answer. 91 00:08:51.159 --> 00:08:55.720 Now he made further inquiries regarding the god, and finally 92 00:08:56.399 --> 00:09:00.919 ordered the sacred steer to be brought before him. When 93 00:09:00.919 --> 00:09:05.480 the animal was brought, the king drew his sword, intending 94 00:09:05.519 --> 00:09:09.200 to kill it, but succeeded only in wounding it on 95 00:09:09.360 --> 00:09:14.559 the thigh. Then he scoffed at the priests, telling them 96 00:09:14.840 --> 00:09:20.000 there God was only flesh and blood. After all. He 97 00:09:20.120 --> 00:09:24.159 now had the priests scourged and had all persons who 98 00:09:24.200 --> 00:09:28.720 took part in the festival killed. The APIs died of 99 00:09:28.799 --> 00:09:34.039 his wound soon afterward, and was secretly interred by the priests. 100 00:09:35.639 --> 00:09:40.200 While this account is certainly overdrawn, we have no reason 101 00:09:40.279 --> 00:09:44.360 to doubt that the killing of the APIs is historical, 102 00:09:45.159 --> 00:09:48.080 for this does not seem to have been the only 103 00:09:48.240 --> 00:09:53.039 sacrilege the king was guilty of. He is accused of 104 00:09:53.080 --> 00:09:57.519 having made fun of the statues of Ta, which represent 105 00:09:57.600 --> 00:10:02.200 the god as a dwarf, and having robbed temples and 106 00:10:02.360 --> 00:10:09.240 burned several statues of gods. These outrages were no doubt 107 00:10:09.279 --> 00:10:14.159 all committed after he had become insane. For the inscription 108 00:10:14.399 --> 00:10:19.759 of hoor Uja Sutanet proves that in the early part 109 00:10:19.799 --> 00:10:24.519 of his reign this king had everywhere sought to imitate 110 00:10:24.759 --> 00:10:31.080 the Pharaohs. The Greek historians were naturally prejudiced against him, 111 00:10:31.320 --> 00:10:36.360 and strove to make him appear as a wild, remorseless tyrant, 112 00:10:36.960 --> 00:10:42.279 in glaring contrast to his father Cyrus, whom they depicted 113 00:10:42.639 --> 00:10:48.480 as an ideal ruler. The whole history of Cambises was 114 00:10:48.519 --> 00:10:55.200 written by Herodotus from an unhistorical standpoint. His object was 115 00:10:55.240 --> 00:11:00.159 to make this reign a grand tragedy. The king was 116 00:11:00.200 --> 00:11:05.320 a wild, insane tyrant, and his violent death was a 117 00:11:05.360 --> 00:11:10.000 punishment for his many sins against the gods and men. 118 00:11:11.440 --> 00:11:16.480 This may be tragedy, but it certainly is not history. 119 00:11:18.240 --> 00:11:23.159 Persia itself suffered from the insanity of the king just 120 00:11:23.279 --> 00:11:29.320 as much as did Egypt. Cambises's greatest crime was the 121 00:11:29.440 --> 00:11:35.919 murder of his brother Bardja, whom he had assassinated by Prosasspes. 122 00:11:37.000 --> 00:11:41.080 He is also accused of having attempted to murder Croaesis, 123 00:11:41.639 --> 00:11:45.039 the old friend of his father, and of having killed 124 00:11:45.480 --> 00:11:51.000 the son of procsasspies while drunk. At last the end came. 125 00:11:52.039 --> 00:11:59.279 Cambises had, for unknown reasons, gone to Syria. Here news 126 00:11:59.399 --> 00:12:04.279 of a rever in Persia reached him. He had, before 127 00:12:04.399 --> 00:12:11.480 leaving Persia, appointed Padizaethes, a magian superintendent of the palace. 128 00:12:12.600 --> 00:12:16.879 This man knew of the murder of Barja, and determined 129 00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:20.320 to make use of his knowledge. He had a brother 130 00:12:20.480 --> 00:12:26.559 named Gaumada, who closely resembled the murdered prince. This brother 131 00:12:26.720 --> 00:12:30.480 he placed on the throne and proclaimed through all the 132 00:12:30.600 --> 00:12:36.960 land that Barja had ascended the throne of Persia. Cambises 133 00:12:37.159 --> 00:12:42.519 easily convinced himself that this so called Barja was a swindler, 134 00:12:43.120 --> 00:12:48.000 and determined to suppress the revolt. As he was about 135 00:12:48.039 --> 00:12:53.159 to start out on this expedition, he accidentally wounded himself 136 00:12:54.039 --> 00:12:58.080 tradition asserts in the thigh, the same place where he 137 00:12:58.159 --> 00:13:03.639 wounded the APIs, and of this wound he died. Before 138 00:13:03.679 --> 00:13:07.600 his death, however, he assembled his nobles about his bed, 139 00:13:08.440 --> 00:13:13.440 confessed the murder of Barja, and urged them to punish 140 00:13:13.600 --> 00:13:22.960 the median usurper Darius, the first Egyptian ant Liush five 141 00:13:23.080 --> 00:13:28.519 twenty one through four eighty five b C. For a while, 142 00:13:28.919 --> 00:13:34.440 the Persian nobles remained inactive, fearing to divulge the murder 143 00:13:34.480 --> 00:13:41.120 of Barjia. But finally, in five twenty one b C. Darius, 144 00:13:41.519 --> 00:13:44.960 the son of his Staspies, who was the next heir 145 00:13:45.080 --> 00:13:52.159 to the throne Cambises, having died childless, with six companions, 146 00:13:52.200 --> 00:13:59.159 succeeded in slaying the Usurper. As his Staspies declined the crown, 147 00:14:00.159 --> 00:14:05.120 Darius now became King of Persia. The new king was 148 00:14:05.200 --> 00:14:10.960 compelled to combat with several Usurpers in Persia, but Egypt 149 00:14:11.200 --> 00:14:18.639 remained loyal. Our Yandes, the satrap appointed by Cambises, had 150 00:14:18.639 --> 00:14:23.679 been left in office by Darius. He felt sufficiently strong 151 00:14:24.240 --> 00:14:28.440 to attempt the extension of the Persian power in Africa. 152 00:14:29.639 --> 00:14:35.320 A fine opportunity to do this soon offered itself when 153 00:14:35.399 --> 00:14:43.120 Cambises invaded Egypt. Synnae had voluntarily submitted and paid tribute. 154 00:14:44.440 --> 00:14:49.840 King Archisilaus the third made about this time a trip 155 00:14:49.919 --> 00:14:57.279 to Barcia, after having appointed his mother Ferretime, regent. Here, 156 00:14:57.320 --> 00:15:02.639 he was murdered by some Syrenaic refuse. As soon as 157 00:15:02.720 --> 00:15:07.799 Ferretime heard of this, she went to Egypt and asked 158 00:15:08.000 --> 00:15:12.879 Ariyandes to aid her in punishing the murderers of her son. 159 00:15:14.159 --> 00:15:19.519 Ariandes gladly assented and sent an army under the Egyptian 160 00:15:19.639 --> 00:15:25.279 Akhmas and a fleet under the Persian Badras against Barsaia. 161 00:15:26.519 --> 00:15:33.039 Feratime herself accompanied the army. The combined forces reached the 162 00:15:33.080 --> 00:15:38.960 city without loss, and the extradition of Archisilaus's murderers was 163 00:15:39.039 --> 00:15:45.200 demanded but refused. The city was hereupon beleaguered, but held 164 00:15:45.200 --> 00:15:50.559 out for nine months, and was then captured only by Stratagem. 165 00:15:51.320 --> 00:15:57.919 Feratime's revenge was terrible. Her son's murderers were crucified and 166 00:15:58.039 --> 00:16:03.320 their wives were cruelly mutilated. Part of the prisoners taken 167 00:16:03.759 --> 00:16:08.200 were handed over to Ferritime. Part were sent to Persia 168 00:16:08.759 --> 00:16:14.080 and settled in Bactria by Darius. The army now advanced 169 00:16:14.559 --> 00:16:20.720 to Euhasperides, but soon began the retreat. A wrangle between 170 00:16:20.759 --> 00:16:25.120 the commanders had led to this retreat, and soon after 171 00:16:25.279 --> 00:16:30.639 they started, a messenger came from Ariandes, ordering them home. 172 00:16:31.960 --> 00:16:36.000 On the retreat, the Libyans are said to have attacked 173 00:16:36.440 --> 00:16:41.240 and cut to pieces the rear guard. Ariandes had a 174 00:16:41.279 --> 00:16:46.159 definite object in recalling the army. He had planned the 175 00:16:46.200 --> 00:16:51.799 foundation of an independent Egyptian empire. The details of his 176 00:16:51.960 --> 00:16:56.000 plan are unknown, but he seems to have become dangerous, 177 00:16:56.759 --> 00:17:02.320 for he was executed at the command of Darius late 178 00:17:02.399 --> 00:17:07.839 in the year five seventeen b c. Darius himself came 179 00:17:07.960 --> 00:17:14.200 to Egypt. Shortly before his arrival, the APIs Steer, which 180 00:17:14.200 --> 00:17:19.119 had been enthroned in the reign of Cambises, died, and 181 00:17:19.319 --> 00:17:24.680 Darius offered a reward of one hundred talents to whomsoever 182 00:17:25.079 --> 00:17:30.440 would find the new APIs. Darius thus returned to the 183 00:17:30.480 --> 00:17:36.920 policy inaugurated by Cambises when he first came to Egypt. 184 00:17:37.119 --> 00:17:42.240 Early in his reign, he ordered hoor Ucha Sutanet to 185 00:17:42.319 --> 00:17:49.079 fill the complement of temple scribes. This noble accordingly established 186 00:17:49.240 --> 00:17:53.880 schools for the scribes and fitted them out with everything 187 00:17:53.960 --> 00:17:58.839 that was needful. For Darius well knew that this was 188 00:17:58.920 --> 00:18:01.880 the best way of observing the names of the gods, 189 00:18:02.559 --> 00:18:08.400 their temples, and incomes forever. He repaired the Temple of 190 00:18:08.480 --> 00:18:13.880 Memphis and made valuable presence to the Temple of Edfu, 191 00:18:13.960 --> 00:18:17.079 But his chief work was the building of the temple 192 00:18:17.519 --> 00:18:23.839 in the Oasis El Khargei. We see thus that Darius 193 00:18:24.000 --> 00:18:28.559 posed everywhere as a pharaoh, and so successfully did he 194 00:18:28.680 --> 00:18:33.319 carry out this policy that he completely won the hearts 195 00:18:33.359 --> 00:18:39.759 of his Egyptian subjects in a very short while. Like Nikau, 196 00:18:40.440 --> 00:18:44.960 Darius determined to re establish the connection between the Nile 197 00:18:45.079 --> 00:18:49.000 and the Red Sea that had existed in the times 198 00:18:49.000 --> 00:18:54.319 of Seti the first and Rameses the second a stelle 199 00:18:54.559 --> 00:18:59.480 bearing on one side an inscription in hieroglyphics, and on 200 00:18:59.519 --> 00:19:03.119 the other SI side and translation of this and Medean, 201 00:19:03.680 --> 00:19:11.960 Persian and Babylonian recounts this fact. This inscription reads, quote, 202 00:19:12.279 --> 00:19:16.039 I am of Persian. With the aid of Persia, I 203 00:19:16.200 --> 00:19:21.599 conquered Egypt. I gave orders to dig this canal from 204 00:19:21.599 --> 00:19:26.079 the river Nile, which flows in Egypt, to the sea 205 00:19:26.359 --> 00:19:31.240 which is connected with Persia. Then this canal was dug 206 00:19:31.480 --> 00:19:36.039 as I had ordered. But I said, now go and 207 00:19:36.119 --> 00:19:40.599 destroy half this canal from the city of Bira to 208 00:19:40.759 --> 00:19:47.519 the sea, because such is my will. End quote Why 209 00:19:47.559 --> 00:19:52.880 this last order was given, he does not say. Diodorus 210 00:19:53.039 --> 00:19:58.640 and Strabo, however, relate that his engineers represented to him 211 00:19:59.079 --> 00:20:02.799 that if the canal now were completed, the Red Sea, 212 00:20:03.079 --> 00:20:08.279 which lay higher than Egypt, would flood the country. It 213 00:20:08.359 --> 00:20:13.039 is a curious fact that Herodotus regarded the canal as completed, 214 00:20:13.799 --> 00:20:17.960 for he says it was four days journey long and 215 00:20:18.119 --> 00:20:22.799 wide enough to allow two triremes to pass in line. 216 00:20:24.279 --> 00:20:28.960 It is further noteworthy that Cambises had already founded a 217 00:20:29.039 --> 00:20:34.440 city named Cambis Sun after him, near the route of 218 00:20:34.480 --> 00:20:39.640 the canal. Probably he had intended to undertake the work, 219 00:20:40.200 --> 00:20:45.599 but had died before it was begun. The most important 220 00:20:45.640 --> 00:20:50.279 act of his reign was that he erected Egypt, together 221 00:20:50.440 --> 00:20:57.359 with Libya, Barcia, and Syrinae, into the sixth Satrope. This 222 00:20:57.599 --> 00:21:02.440 satrope had to pay an annual tax of seven hundred 223 00:21:02.599 --> 00:21:08.680 talents or eight hundred and twenty six thousand dollars. The 224 00:21:08.759 --> 00:21:13.359 fisheries of Lake Moeris were declared to be the property 225 00:21:13.400 --> 00:21:17.480 of the crown. The Egyptians had to furnish the Persian 226 00:21:17.559 --> 00:21:22.559 garrison of the Citadel of Memphis one hundred and twenty 227 00:21:22.680 --> 00:21:28.920 thousand bushels of grain annually. Further, they had to furnish 228 00:21:29.079 --> 00:21:34.920 salt and nile water for the royal table. The income 229 00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.279 of the city of Antilla was given the Queen of Persia, 230 00:21:39.880 --> 00:21:44.240 according to some accounts, for her shoes, according to others, 231 00:21:44.599 --> 00:21:49.440 for her belts, or as we would say, for pin money. 232 00:21:50.880 --> 00:21:55.880 Late in this reign, four years after the Battle of Marathon, 233 00:21:56.839 --> 00:22:01.880 the Egyptians made an effort to regain their independence. They 234 00:22:01.920 --> 00:22:07.119 made a man named Chabash king, but before Darius could 235 00:22:07.160 --> 00:22:12.559 march against the rebels, he died four eighty five b C. 236 00:22:13.599 --> 00:22:20.440 In the thirty sixth year of his reign Xerxes Egyptian 237 00:22:21.079 --> 00:22:26.119 Cheshiresh four eighty five through four seventy two b C. 238 00:22:28.240 --> 00:22:33.079 When Xerxes came to the throne of Persia, Chabash had 239 00:22:33.160 --> 00:22:39.240 firmly established himself in Egypt. He assumed the coronation name 240 00:22:39.440 --> 00:22:47.480 of senentanin setep Ena and was exercising all the functions 241 00:22:47.519 --> 00:22:51.880 of a legitimate pharaoh. In the second year of his reign, 242 00:22:52.559 --> 00:22:57.279 he interred an APIs, probably the one that was enthroned 243 00:22:57.720 --> 00:23:03.119 in the thirty first year of Darius. His reign, several temples, 244 00:23:03.720 --> 00:23:08.920 among them that of Butto, were given large tracts of land. 245 00:23:10.119 --> 00:23:13.880 The Egyptian king did not neglect to prepare to meet 246 00:23:14.000 --> 00:23:18.000 an attack from Persia, which could be expected every day. 247 00:23:19.680 --> 00:23:24.160 The mouths of the Nile were strongly fortified, and everything 248 00:23:24.279 --> 00:23:29.799 was put in readiness to repel the expected attack. The 249 00:23:29.880 --> 00:23:35.400 rebel king could not, however, hold out against Xerxes. The 250 00:23:35.440 --> 00:23:40.519 country was again subdued, and Achimenes, the king's brother, was 251 00:23:40.559 --> 00:23:46.279 appointed satrap with orders to institute a very strict regime. 252 00:23:47.640 --> 00:23:51.960 Achimenes kept his position all his life, and it was 253 00:23:52.039 --> 00:23:57.720 probably his harsh rule that led to the revolt of Inaros. 254 00:23:58.440 --> 00:24:01.599 In the war with Greece, the Egyptians had to fit 255 00:24:01.759 --> 00:24:07.160 out and man two hundred vessels, the crews of which 256 00:24:07.200 --> 00:24:12.440 were afterward transferred to the land army and took part 257 00:24:12.559 --> 00:24:20.759 in the Battle of Plateaea, Arta Xerxes Egyptian artak Sheeshas 258 00:24:21.680 --> 00:24:26.599 and the Revolt of Enaros four sixty four through four 259 00:24:26.720 --> 00:24:33.119 forty eight b C. After the assassination of Xerxes, the 260 00:24:33.200 --> 00:24:38.799 country was for a while plunged into anarchy and divided 261 00:24:38.920 --> 00:24:43.200 by wars for the succession, which were finally brought to 262 00:24:43.240 --> 00:24:47.720 a close in four sixty four b C by the 263 00:24:47.799 --> 00:24:55.319 accession of Artaxerxes. During these wars, the Persians lost control 264 00:24:55.920 --> 00:25:01.519 over several provinces, among which was Egypt. As they had 265 00:25:01.559 --> 00:25:06.359 taken advantage of the temporary weakness of the Persians after 266 00:25:06.599 --> 00:25:11.640 their defeat at Marathon. The Egyptians now took advantage of 267 00:25:11.720 --> 00:25:17.240 the anarchy existing in Persia to make another fight for liberty. 268 00:25:18.680 --> 00:25:24.559 Syrinae had during the past reign gradually regained its independence, 269 00:25:25.400 --> 00:25:28.880 and the Libyans seemed to have been left pretty much 270 00:25:29.039 --> 00:25:34.839 to themselves since the revolt of Chabash. In fact, it 271 00:25:34.839 --> 00:25:38.599 would seem that this rebel was a Libyan or of 272 00:25:38.720 --> 00:25:44.599 Libyan descent. His name certainly is not Egyptian. At the 273 00:25:44.680 --> 00:25:50.279 time Artaxerxes came to the throne, a sovereign named Inaros, 274 00:25:50.920 --> 00:25:55.640 the son of Semtek, ruled over the Libyan tribes that 275 00:25:55.799 --> 00:26:00.759 dwelt on the Egyptian border. This chief, to dermined to 276 00:26:00.839 --> 00:26:05.960 free Egypt from the Persian yoke, and easily succeeded in 277 00:26:05.960 --> 00:26:10.119 inciting the greater part of the country to revolt. The 278 00:26:10.200 --> 00:26:15.519 people chose him king, drove out the Persian tax collectors, 279 00:26:15.559 --> 00:26:19.480 and raised an army. The first object of the new 280 00:26:19.599 --> 00:26:26.079 pharaoh was to secure allies against Persia. He easily succeeding 281 00:26:26.240 --> 00:26:30.839 in getting aid from Syne. He next turned to Athens, 282 00:26:31.519 --> 00:26:35.640 and the Athenians concluded a treaty with him and ordered 283 00:26:35.799 --> 00:26:40.119 their fleet of two hundred sail which lay at Cyprus, 284 00:26:40.680 --> 00:26:45.559 to proceed to Egypt. This fleet forced its way up 285 00:26:45.599 --> 00:26:49.680 the Nile as far as Memphis, two thirds of which 286 00:26:49.759 --> 00:26:55.000 city had already fallen into the hands of the Egyptians. 287 00:26:55.079 --> 00:26:59.440 The citadel, however, was still held by the Persians, and 288 00:26:59.599 --> 00:27:05.480 such a Egyptians as had remained loyal to Persia. The citadel, 289 00:27:05.799 --> 00:27:10.759 the combined forces of the Egyptians and Greeks beleaguered, but 290 00:27:10.920 --> 00:27:17.559 all attempts to reduce it failed. Meanwhile, art Xerxes, hearing 291 00:27:17.599 --> 00:27:22.640 of the revolt, had confirmed his uncle Achamenes as satrap 292 00:27:22.759 --> 00:27:26.880 of Egypt and sent him an army of three hundred 293 00:27:27.039 --> 00:27:32.480 thousand men to put down the rebellion. This army entered 294 00:27:32.599 --> 00:27:39.000 the Delta without encountering any opposition. At Paprimus, they were 295 00:27:39.000 --> 00:27:43.480 met by the combined forces of the Egyptians and Athenians 296 00:27:43.519 --> 00:27:48.839 and utterly routed. They fled from the field, and the Egyptians, 297 00:27:49.039 --> 00:27:55.880 pursuing a terrible massacre, ensued. Only a mere fragment of 298 00:27:55.920 --> 00:28:00.160 the vast army succeeded in getting safely behind them the 299 00:28:00.200 --> 00:28:07.960 walls of Memphis four sixty two BC. Achimenes himself was 300 00:28:08.079 --> 00:28:13.519 mortally wounded and died soon After the battle, his body 301 00:28:13.880 --> 00:28:20.440 was sent to Artaxerxes. The Persian king now began intriguing 302 00:28:20.759 --> 00:28:25.599 for the withdrawal of the Athenian troops, offering the Spartans 303 00:28:26.240 --> 00:28:31.839 large subsidies if they would attack Athens. Failing in this, 304 00:28:32.480 --> 00:28:36.079 he at last fitted out a new army and placed 305 00:28:36.079 --> 00:28:43.480 it under command of Artabanos and Megabizos, two brave generals. 306 00:28:43.519 --> 00:28:47.960 In four sixty one BC, this new army of three 307 00:28:48.079 --> 00:28:54.400 hundred thousand men marched into Silesia. Here a halt was 308 00:28:54.440 --> 00:28:59.720 made and the Silesians and Phoenicians were ordered to equip 309 00:28:59.799 --> 00:29:05.720 a fleet three hundred triremes. Having been fitted out, they 310 00:29:05.759 --> 00:29:09.440 were manned with the best troops in the army. The 311 00:29:09.559 --> 00:29:15.400 land forces were put through a careful course of training. Meanwhile, 312 00:29:15.960 --> 00:29:19.759 the war had come to a standstill in Egypt. The 313 00:29:19.799 --> 00:29:25.519 combined forces of the Egyptians and Athenians still lay before 314 00:29:25.559 --> 00:29:30.039 the citadel of Memphis, but could not compel its surrender. 315 00:29:31.440 --> 00:29:37.000 At length, in four sixty BC, the Persian army began 316 00:29:37.079 --> 00:29:41.480 to move, marching along the coast so as to keep 317 00:29:41.640 --> 00:29:46.960 in constant communication with the fleet. The army at length 318 00:29:47.680 --> 00:29:54.440 entered Egypt without having encountered any opposition. The allies seemed 319 00:29:54.480 --> 00:29:59.400 to have been utterly blind to the threatening danger, deeming 320 00:29:59.440 --> 00:30:04.359 it probable that the Persians should again attack them after 321 00:30:04.440 --> 00:30:10.279 their terrible defeat at Papramus two years before. They were, however, 322 00:30:10.880 --> 00:30:15.839 pretty rudely awakened when they suddenly found themselves face to 323 00:30:15.920 --> 00:30:21.319 face with the Persian army. They accepted the proffered battle 324 00:30:21.799 --> 00:30:27.440 and were utterly routed. Memphis was relieved, and the Athenians 325 00:30:27.480 --> 00:30:32.319 withdrew with their ships to the island of Procipitis in 326 00:30:32.400 --> 00:30:36.240 the Nile. A year and a half they held out 327 00:30:36.319 --> 00:30:42.319 here until the Persians damned the Nile and thus beached 328 00:30:42.519 --> 00:30:49.359 the Athenian ships. The Athenians, burning their vessels, entrenched themselves 329 00:30:49.839 --> 00:30:54.680 and prepared to sell their lives dearly. But the object 330 00:30:54.720 --> 00:30:58.279 of the Persians was not to destroy them, but to 331 00:30:58.359 --> 00:31:03.200 render them useless as allies of Inaros, and to drive 332 00:31:03.319 --> 00:31:09.920 them from Egypt. They therefore concluded a treaty with the Athenians, 333 00:31:09.960 --> 00:31:15.319 guaranteeing them a safe retreat. In this manner, part of 334 00:31:15.359 --> 00:31:19.720 the Athenian army succeeded in reaching Athens by way of 335 00:31:19.799 --> 00:31:26.240 Libya and Syrenae. Inaros was not so fortunate, wounded and 336 00:31:26.400 --> 00:31:30.720 captured in an engagement. He was sent to Persia, his 337 00:31:30.920 --> 00:31:36.960 life being spared here. At the instigation of Queen Amestris, 338 00:31:37.519 --> 00:31:42.519 who desired to avenge Achimenes, he was crucified and his 339 00:31:42.680 --> 00:31:48.680 companions were beheaded. The war was not, however, ended, yet 340 00:31:49.599 --> 00:31:53.960 the Athenians had sent a fleet of fifty sail to 341 00:31:54.039 --> 00:32:00.240 reinforce their fleet. Before Memphis, it entered the Mendigian brandch 342 00:32:00.279 --> 00:32:04.680 of the Nile, where it was surprised by the Phoenicians 343 00:32:04.720 --> 00:32:11.480 and almost completely destroyed, only a few vessels escaping. For 344 00:32:11.599 --> 00:32:19.480 several years, Amertaeus Egyptian Ahmenrut succeeded in holding his own 345 00:32:19.640 --> 00:32:24.440 in the Delta. Like his friend and ally in Naros, 346 00:32:24.480 --> 00:32:28.359 he sent to Athens for aid, and sixty ships were 347 00:32:28.480 --> 00:32:33.640 ordered by Simon to proceed to Egypt from Cyprus. But 348 00:32:33.759 --> 00:32:37.319 these vessels were of no avail, for they returned to 349 00:32:37.400 --> 00:32:42.240 Athens on hearing of Simon's death four forty nine b C. 350 00:32:43.799 --> 00:32:50.839 In four forty five b C, a certain Semtec Greek Semeticos, 351 00:32:51.720 --> 00:32:56.279 seems to have held an independent position in Egypt, for 352 00:32:56.359 --> 00:33:02.400 he sent thirty thousand bushels of grain to Athens after 353 00:33:02.559 --> 00:33:08.559 the rebellion had been suppressed. Ardebanos and Megabisos returned home, 354 00:33:09.240 --> 00:33:16.519 and Larcemes was appointed satrap. Thanairas, the son of Enaros, 355 00:33:16.559 --> 00:33:23.279 and Pawsyris, the son of Amartaeus, were given their hereditary principalities, 356 00:33:24.240 --> 00:33:29.279 the former probably Libya, and the latter the western part 357 00:33:29.480 --> 00:33:34.680 of the Delta. How long these princes reigned and in 358 00:33:34.759 --> 00:33:40.640 what relation they stood to Persia, we cannot say. Herodotus, 359 00:33:41.039 --> 00:33:45.440 who visited Egypt shortly after the suppression of the revolt 360 00:33:45.519 --> 00:33:52.079 of Enaros, found Egypt tranquil under Persian rule. There was 361 00:33:52.200 --> 00:33:57.400 then no trace of an independent Egyptian kingdom, and the 362 00:33:57.440 --> 00:34:02.279 only traces of the late troubles were the bleaching bones 363 00:34:02.440 --> 00:34:08.039 on the old battlefields. Egypt was again prosperous and happy, 364 00:34:08.920 --> 00:34:14.199 celebrating its old festivals in the old manner, a striking 365 00:34:14.320 --> 00:34:19.440 proof of the elasticity of the people. The reigns of 366 00:34:19.599 --> 00:34:25.599 Xerxes the Second, Sogdianus, and Darius the Second had but 367 00:34:25.760 --> 00:34:30.960 little import for Egypt four forty eight through four fourteen 368 00:34:31.159 --> 00:34:36.599 b C. Except that in the latter part of Darius's reign, 369 00:34:37.400 --> 00:34:42.679 the Egyptians again revolted, and this time succeeded in gaining 370 00:34:42.719 --> 00:34:51.039 their independence under the leadership of amen Rut Section two. 371 00:34:51.559 --> 00:34:57.199 The twenty eighth dynasty four fourteen through four o eight 372 00:34:57.559 --> 00:35:07.199 b C. Amenrut Greek Amarteus. Late in the year four 373 00:35:07.320 --> 00:35:13.159 fifteen b C. Amenrut of Saus succeeded with the aid 374 00:35:13.280 --> 00:35:17.960 of Greek mercenaries, in delivering Egypt from the Persian rule. 375 00:35:19.119 --> 00:35:23.239 No details of this successful revolt are known, but it 376 00:35:23.280 --> 00:35:27.119 would seem that it stood in some connection with the 377 00:35:27.159 --> 00:35:31.880 revolt of Pyesuthnes in Lydia, which occurred at about the 378 00:35:31.960 --> 00:35:37.880 same time, while that of Amorges in Karia four thirteen 379 00:35:38.199 --> 00:35:42.639 to four twelve b C. Kept the Persian kings busy 380 00:35:42.719 --> 00:35:47.599 at home, so that amen Rut was enabled to establish 381 00:35:47.679 --> 00:35:52.920 himself firmly on the Egyptian throne. The whole of Egypt 382 00:35:53.519 --> 00:35:57.480 soon came under his control, and it would even seem 383 00:35:57.840 --> 00:36:01.599 that he was able to take the offensive against Persia. 384 00:36:02.360 --> 00:36:06.679 A remark of Thucydides appears to point to the fact 385 00:36:07.119 --> 00:36:11.159 that he was allied with Athens in four twelve and 386 00:36:11.320 --> 00:36:16.760 four eleven b C. In four ten b C, according 387 00:36:16.760 --> 00:36:22.519 to Diodorus, he together with the King of Arabia, threatened 388 00:36:22.639 --> 00:36:26.760 the Phoenetian Sea board, and the Persian king sent a 389 00:36:26.840 --> 00:36:33.440 fleet of three hundred sail against them. Despite these successes, 390 00:36:33.920 --> 00:36:37.199 he could not hold himself on the throne, but was 391 00:36:37.280 --> 00:36:43.159 deposed by the mercenaries. His son was excluded from the succession, 392 00:36:44.119 --> 00:36:49.280 and naif akh Rut elevated to the throne four O 393 00:36:49.480 --> 00:36:58.800 eight b C. Section three. The twenty ninth dynasty four 394 00:36:58.880 --> 00:37:05.440 O eight through three eighty six b C. Naif akh 395 00:37:05.599 --> 00:37:11.320 Rut the first Nepharides four O eight through four O 396 00:37:11.519 --> 00:37:15.880 two b C. The first act of the new king 397 00:37:16.639 --> 00:37:22.800 was to appoint his son nect hoor Heb nectanebus Co regent, 398 00:37:23.880 --> 00:37:27.760 but this act did not please the people, and Prince 399 00:37:28.079 --> 00:37:32.079 nect hor Heb was banished to his city, from which 400 00:37:32.119 --> 00:37:37.360 he returned twenty one years later as king. All that 401 00:37:37.400 --> 00:37:41.760