WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.800 --> 00:00:05.440 This is Spacetime Series twenty six, episode fifty nine, for broadcast in the 2 00:00:05.480 --> 00:00:11.599 seventeenth of May twenty twenty three. Coming up on Spacetime, The mysterious Moons 3 00:00:11.640 --> 00:00:17.800 of Uranus, the magic key to getting satellite navigation to work, and early 4 00:00:17.960 --> 00:00:22.640 problems for EU abstuse mission on its swear to the Jovian System. All that 5 00:00:22.719 --> 00:00:48.439 and more coming up on Spacetime Welcome to Spacetime with Stewart Garry. Astronomers reanalyzing 6 00:00:48.520 --> 00:00:53.280 dead from Ness's voyage of spacecraft and then comparing to new computer modeling say that 7 00:00:53.439 --> 00:00:59.799 four of Uranus's largest moons may contain liquid water oceans under their icy crust. 8 00:01:00.719 --> 00:01:03.400 If confirmed, it adds to a growing list of objects in the art of 9 00:01:03.519 --> 00:01:08.920 Solar System now thought to be ocean worlds. The findings are reported in the 10 00:01:10.000 --> 00:01:15.400 Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets provides the first detailed study of the evolution of 11 00:01:15.439 --> 00:01:21.680 the interior makeup and structure of all five of Uranus's large moons Arial Umbreo, 12 00:01:21.920 --> 00:01:26.200 Titania, Oberna, Miranda. The work suggests that four of these moons old 13 00:01:26.239 --> 00:01:32.760 oceans that could be dozens of kilometers deep. Citists know of twenty seven moons 14 00:01:32.840 --> 00:01:37.680 currently orbiting the ice giant wall of Uranus, with the four largest ranging from 15 00:01:37.719 --> 00:01:41.439 Titania, which is one thousand, five hundred and eighty kilometers wide, to 16 00:01:41.799 --> 00:01:46.319 Ril, which is one thousand, one hundred and sixty kilometers across. Sitists 17 00:01:46.319 --> 00:01:49.359 have long thought that Titania, given its size, will be the most likely 18 00:01:49.480 --> 00:01:55.920 to retain internal heat caused by radioactive decay. The other moons that all previously 19 00:01:55.920 --> 00:02:00.280 be considered too small to retain enough heat to keep an internal ocean from freezing. 20 00:02:00.879 --> 00:02:06.799 That's especially important because heating provided by the gravitational pull of Uranus would only 21 00:02:06.840 --> 00:02:12.319 be a minor source of heat. Astronomers who have listed Uranus for priority exploration 22 00:02:12.520 --> 00:02:16.520 have now begun focusing their attention to the planet in preparation for a potential mission. 23 00:02:17.159 --> 00:02:22.879 The studies lead author, Julie Castello Rogues from nash's Jet Propulsional Laboratory in 24 00:02:22.919 --> 00:02:27.639 Pasadena, California, says the new work could inform how a future mission might 25 00:02:27.719 --> 00:02:31.199 investigate the moons, but it also has implications that go far beyond Uranus. 26 00:02:31.840 --> 00:02:36.680 She says that when it comes to small bodies in our Solar system, that 27 00:02:36.879 --> 00:02:40.639 is dwarf planets and moons, planetary scientists had previously found evidence of osions in 28 00:02:40.680 --> 00:02:46.919 several unlikely places, including the Dwarf Planet series and Pluto, as well as 29 00:02:46.960 --> 00:02:52.479 Satins small moon Mimus. This paper investigates what those could be and how they're 30 00:02:52.520 --> 00:02:55.120 relevant to the many bodies in the Solar System that could be rich in water 31 00:02:55.280 --> 00:03:00.680 but have limited internal heat. So the author's revisited findings from NASA's voyture Too 32 00:03:00.759 --> 00:03:07.240 flybys of Uranus back in the nineteen eighties and from ground based observations. They 33 00:03:07.280 --> 00:03:13.159 then developed computer models and infuse them with additional findings from NASA's Galileo, Cassini, 34 00:03:13.400 --> 00:03:16.919 Dawn, and New Horizons missions, each of which discovered ocean worlds, 35 00:03:17.080 --> 00:03:23.039 including special insights in the chemistry and geology of Saturn's ice moon and Solidus, 36 00:03:23.080 --> 00:03:27.000 as well as Pluto and its moons, Sharon and the Dwarf Planet series, 37 00:03:27.280 --> 00:03:31.159 all icy bodies around the same size as the Uranian and yes, that's how 38 00:03:31.199 --> 00:03:37.000 you say it, moons. The authors use that modeling to gauge how porous 39 00:03:37.000 --> 00:03:40.719 the Uranian moon's surfaces are, finding that they're all likely to be insulated enough 40 00:03:40.840 --> 00:03:46.240 to retain enough internal heat needed to host an ocean, and they also found 41 00:03:46.280 --> 00:03:51.719 what could be a potential heat source in the Moon's rocky mantles, which release 42 00:03:51.800 --> 00:03:55.560 hot liquid and could help an ocean maintain a warm environment, a scenario that's 43 00:03:55.680 --> 00:04:01.080 especially likely for titanium Oberon with the oceans may even be warm enough to potentially 44 00:04:01.120 --> 00:04:06.759 support habitability. By investigating the composition of the oceans, sitists can learn about 45 00:04:06.800 --> 00:04:12.080 materials that might be found on the Moon's icy surfaces as well, depending on 46 00:04:12.199 --> 00:04:17.000 whether or not material underneath is pushed up from below by geological activity. There's 47 00:04:17.000 --> 00:04:23.079 evidence from telescopes that at least one Urinus moon aerial as a material that flowed 48 00:04:23.120 --> 00:04:28.800 odo its surface relatively recently, possibly from an icy cryovolcano. In fact, 49 00:04:28.920 --> 00:04:33.160 Miranda, the innermost fifth largest moon, also hosts surface features that appear to 50 00:04:33.240 --> 00:04:38.279 me of recent origin, suggesting that it too may have held enough heat to 51 00:04:38.360 --> 00:04:43.519 maintain an ocean at some point. But the thermal modeling also found that Miranda 52 00:04:43.600 --> 00:04:46.920 is unlikely to have hosted water for long. It loses heat far too quickly, 53 00:04:47.079 --> 00:04:53.040 and he's therefore probably frozen solid. But internal heat wouldn't be the only 54 00:04:53.120 --> 00:04:58.680 factor contributing to a moon's subsurface ocean. Keep finding in the study suggest that 55 00:04:58.839 --> 00:05:01.639 chlorides as all as a ammonia are likely to be abundant in the oceans of 56 00:05:01.680 --> 00:05:08.000 the icy giant's largest moons. Ammonious long being known as an anti freeze, 57 00:05:08.120 --> 00:05:11.959 and the modeling suggests that salts, also likely present in the water, would 58 00:05:11.959 --> 00:05:17.079 be another form of antifreeze, thereby maintaining the body's internal oceans. Digging into 59 00:05:17.120 --> 00:05:21.680 white lines beneath and on the surface of these moons will help scientists and engineers 60 00:05:21.839 --> 00:05:28.360 choose the best science instruments to survey them. For instance, determining that ammonia 61 00:05:28.360 --> 00:05:32.680 and chlorides may be present means spectrometers, which detect compounds by their reflective light, 62 00:05:32.800 --> 00:05:38.519 would need to use a wavelength range that covers both these compounds. Likewise, 63 00:05:38.560 --> 00:05:42.959 they can use that knowledge to design instruments that can probe the deep interior 64 00:05:43.000 --> 00:05:46.959 for liquids. Searching for electrical currents that contribute to the Moon's magnetic field is 65 00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:51.639 generally considered the best way to find a deep ocean. That's how galile emission 66 00:05:51.720 --> 00:05:59.360 scientists confirm Jupiter's ice moon Europa also harbors the global subsurface ocean. However, 67 00:05:59.480 --> 00:06:03.120 the cold water of the interior moons such as Ariel and Umbrell could make the 68 00:06:03.160 --> 00:06:08.920 oceans less able to carry these electrical currents and will therefore present a new kind 69 00:06:08.959 --> 00:06:15.079 of challenge for scientists working to try and figure out what lies beneath this space. 70 00:06:15.199 --> 00:06:19.720 Time still to come, the magic key to getting satellite navigation to work, 71 00:06:19.800 --> 00:06:24.959 and early problems for Europe's deduced mission which is on its sweater the Jovian 72 00:06:25.040 --> 00:06:45.720 system. All that and more still to come on spacetime when you think about 73 00:06:45.759 --> 00:06:51.360 its. Satellite navigation systems such as GPS have totally revolutionized how humans get around, 74 00:06:51.480 --> 00:06:57.639 providing us with precise three dimensional positioning data under a meter. It'll lets 75 00:06:57.639 --> 00:07:00.240 you know exactly where you are, which way you going, and how fast 76 00:07:00.279 --> 00:07:04.079 you're moving. And it all comes down to a series of very accurate, 77 00:07:04.120 --> 00:07:11.040 high performance atomic clocks fitt abeth on the ground and in every single navigation satellite, 78 00:07:11.720 --> 00:07:15.879 and right now the most accurate for civilian use are those fitted aboard the 79 00:07:15.879 --> 00:07:21.959 European Space Agencies Galileos satellite navigation system. The atomic clocks on the Galileo satellites 80 00:07:23.040 --> 00:07:28.079 deliver pinpoint timekeeping maintained to a few billionth of a second thanks to the ultra 81 00:07:28.199 --> 00:07:33.040 rapid and ultra stable oscillation of atoms between different energy states. But sustaining this 82 00:07:33.079 --> 00:07:38.360 sort of performance level demands even more accurate clocks down on the ground. In 83 00:07:38.480 --> 00:07:43.600 order to keep the satellite synchronized and to ensure stability of time and positioning. 84 00:07:44.160 --> 00:07:48.560 The European Space Agencies technicals centered the Netherlands is charged with the job of monitoring 85 00:07:48.560 --> 00:07:55.879 the Galileo system time independently of the satellite operator. It's a task accomplished thanks 86 00:07:55.879 --> 00:08:00.800 one ensemble of high performance atomic clocks, which are kept in thermally stabilize clean 87 00:08:00.879 --> 00:08:05.839 room conditions at ess UTC lab. The collection of refrigerator size the timing clocks 88 00:08:05.879 --> 00:08:11.399 provides stable timing, typically accurate to a billionth of a second. That's almost 89 00:08:11.439 --> 00:08:16.759 ten times better than the Galileo system time. In fact, the UTC Lab, 90 00:08:16.839 --> 00:08:20.040 together with similar clocks in the Navigation Support Office in Germany I used to 91 00:08:20.079 --> 00:08:24.319 set a common time scale, which in turn is one of the inputs for 92 00:08:24.399 --> 00:08:31.240 setting coordinated Universal time or UTC what we call Gretich meantime. Now, exact 93 00:08:31.240 --> 00:08:37.879 positioning requires precise timekeeping. That's because Galileo works by determining the distance from a 94 00:08:37.960 --> 00:08:41.879 satellite to a receiver on the ground or in an aircraft or in a boat 95 00:08:41.080 --> 00:08:46.799 using signals traveling at the speed of light. By measuring the exact time taking 96 00:08:46.919 --> 00:08:50.720 for the signal to cover the distance from the satellite to the aircraft, ground 97 00:08:50.840 --> 00:08:56.879 or boat, and then adjusting for orbital speed. The Earth's rotation atmospheric anomally 98 00:08:56.000 --> 00:09:03.639 is gravity and other known variables, and exact location can be determined. Galileo 99 00:09:03.840 --> 00:09:09.919 satellites operating three planes at an altitude of twenty three two twenty two kilometers above 100 00:09:09.000 --> 00:09:15.360 the Earth, transmitting signals downwards that incorporate a time stamp. A sat NAV 101 00:09:15.480 --> 00:09:18.440 receiver on the ground picks up four or more of those Galileo signals in order 102 00:09:18.519 --> 00:09:24.159 to pinpoint its position. By the time the signals reach the receiver from the 103 00:09:24.240 --> 00:09:28.279 satellite, it's taken about a twelfth of a second. The receiver then multiplies 104 00:09:28.360 --> 00:09:33.840 this difference by the speed of light about thirty centimeters panano second, or a 105 00:09:33.879 --> 00:09:37.519 billionth of a second, in order to derive the exact distance from each of 106 00:09:37.519 --> 00:09:41.200 the satellites in orbit. It then combined to these measurements in a triangulation to 107 00:09:41.279 --> 00:09:46.279 compute its overall position. Now, if one of the clocks is in error 108 00:09:46.279 --> 00:09:50.759 by more than say, three nanoseconds, this positioning value will be off by 109 00:09:50.799 --> 00:09:54.039 more than a meter. To prevent this happening, eight satellites equipped with twin 110 00:09:54.159 --> 00:10:01.159 hydrogen maseratomic clocks. These measure time to an accuracy of one second in three 111 00:10:01.279 --> 00:10:05.240 billion years. There are also two smaller rabidium atomic clocks on its satellite as 112 00:10:05.279 --> 00:10:11.600 well. They act like independent and alternative time sources and are accurate to within 113 00:10:11.720 --> 00:10:15.960 three seconds in a billion years. Still, despite all this accuracy, the 114 00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:20.320 atomic clocks aboard the satellites are prone to drift slightly over time, so a 115 00:10:20.360 --> 00:10:26.159 worldwide network of Galileo ground stations gives a continuous tab on the satellite signals to 116 00:10:26.240 --> 00:10:33.200 identify any clock drift compared to Galileo system time in the areas are then corrected 117 00:10:33.240 --> 00:10:39.200 with an updated navigation message every one hundred minutes or less. This report from 118 00:10:39.240 --> 00:10:48.679 eastv Europe's Galileo constellation is the most precise satellite navigation system in the world, 119 00:10:50.679 --> 00:11:00.159 delivering meter scale accuracy. Its signals let us find our way on foot, 120 00:11:00.399 --> 00:11:09.080 by car, even in boats and aircraft. So how do Galileo satellites thousands 121 00:11:09.120 --> 00:11:16.960 of kilometers away tell you exactly where you are? Simply being so far away 122 00:11:16.159 --> 00:11:28.799 is part of the answer. The satellites fly in three orbital planes twenty three 123 00:11:28.840 --> 00:11:35.559 thousand, two hundred and twenty two kilometers above Earth's surface. Anywhere on our 124 00:11:35.639 --> 00:11:41.919 planet, at least four satellites are visible at any time, the minimum needed 125 00:11:41.960 --> 00:11:50.320 for positioning. Each satellite emits a radio wave containing its transmission time and the 126 00:11:50.399 --> 00:11:56.919 satellite's own position. Because radio travels at light speed, the signal's distance of 127 00:11:56.000 --> 00:12:01.519 travel is measured from the difference between the signal all time code and to the 128 00:12:01.559 --> 00:12:05.759 time the receiver picked it up. It's like working out how far you are 129 00:12:05.840 --> 00:12:11.679 from a thunderstorm by counting the seconds between a lightning flash and its slower thundercrack. 130 00:12:13.480 --> 00:12:20.200 Time is converted into distance. For useful positioning, this timing must be 131 00:12:20.279 --> 00:12:24.600 accurates to a few billionths of a second, the time it takes for light 132 00:12:24.720 --> 00:12:35.360 to travel thirty centimeters. Combine distance measurements from multiple satellites simultaneously, and your 133 00:12:35.399 --> 00:12:41.759 position is pinpointed. A minimum of four satellites is needed, three to fix 134 00:12:41.840 --> 00:12:46.960 the user's latitude, longitude, and altitude, and a fourth to double check 135 00:12:48.039 --> 00:12:56.320 time. Your receiver is smart. It knows the expected locations of the satellites 136 00:12:56.679 --> 00:13:03.320 to cut signal acquisition time from minutes to a few seconds, and as Galileo 137 00:13:03.440 --> 00:13:09.840 signals are very faint, equivalent to a sixty watt lightbulb shone down from space, 138 00:13:09.440 --> 00:13:16.480 they are based on complex codes identifying each separate satellite. The receiver has 139 00:13:16.559 --> 00:13:22.919 copies of all these codes so can make its own full scale replicas of faint 140 00:13:22.960 --> 00:13:30.279 original signals for calculation purposes. These are used to calculate your final navigational fix, 141 00:13:30.960 --> 00:13:37.320 boosting our economy and quality of life by letting everyone everywhere find our way 142 00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:56.080 this space time still the cam early problems for the European Space Agency's Juice mission 143 00:13:56.120 --> 00:14:01.440 in Jupiter and later in the science report a major ants in slowing down the 144 00:14:01.519 --> 00:14:22.200 progression of Alzheimer's All that are more still to come on spacetime. A key 145 00:14:22.360 --> 00:14:28.799 radar antenna aboard the European Space agencies Juice spacecraft has failed to open. US 146 00:14:28.840 --> 00:14:35.039 planned mission managers say the critical sixteen meter radar for icy Moon's expiration antenna has 147 00:14:35.120 --> 00:14:39.840 only unfolded about a third of the way and appears to be jammed. The 148 00:14:39.960 --> 00:14:45.720 antenna is needed to peer beneath the icy crust of the three Jervian moons being 149 00:14:45.759 --> 00:14:50.200 targeted by the mission Anny Meade Callisto in Europa, which are all suspected of 150 00:14:50.320 --> 00:14:56.919 harboring vast subsurface liquid water oceans under their icy crusts. Engineers suspect a tiny 151 00:14:56.000 --> 00:15:01.840 pin maybe protruding, and flight controllers and an he planned to fire the spacecraft's 152 00:15:01.879 --> 00:15:05.879 engines in hopes of shaking the pin loose. That doesn't work, lots of 153 00:15:05.919 --> 00:15:11.159 time to try and figure something else out. That's because Juice, the Jupiter 154 00:15:11.360 --> 00:15:16.240 Icy Mutes Explorer spacecraft won't reach the Jovian system until twenty thirty one. The 155 00:15:16.360 --> 00:15:22.159 one point eight billion dollar mission launched aboard an Iron five rocket from the European 156 00:15:22.200 --> 00:15:26.720 Space Agency's Career Space bought in French Guiana back on April twelfth. The six 157 00:15:26.759 --> 00:15:33.639 thousand and seventy kilogram bus size spacecraft will undertake a series of gravity assists flybys 158 00:15:33.639 --> 00:15:35.799 of the Earth and Moon, as well as Venus, in order to sling 159 00:15:35.840 --> 00:15:41.679 shot itself to its distant deep space targets. Mission managers say all other systems 160 00:15:41.679 --> 00:15:46.639 aboard the spacecraft are operating nominally, with the radio dish, solar panels and 161 00:15:46.759 --> 00:15:52.759 ten point six men in magnetic field probe all deploying successfully this space. Time 162 00:16:10.039 --> 00:16:12.159 and time out to take another brief look at some of the other stories making 163 00:16:12.360 --> 00:16:18.480 using science this week. With the Science Report. In what's being described as 164 00:16:18.519 --> 00:16:22.080 a major step in slowing down the progression of Alzheimer's, drug company Eli Lily 165 00:16:22.159 --> 00:16:26.720 have announced the results of their phase three trials which have shown a thirty five 166 00:16:26.840 --> 00:16:33.759 percent reduction in Alzheimer's progression. The company claims it's drugged on animap significantly slowed 167 00:16:33.799 --> 00:16:41.840 cognitive and functional decline in people with early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. The trial looked 168 00:16:41.840 --> 00:16:45.879 at how the drug altered a measure of cognition and ability by taking activities of 169 00:16:47.039 --> 00:16:51.759 daily living. It found that for people with early stages of Alzheimer's, there 170 00:16:51.840 --> 00:16:56.320 was a thirty five percent slowing of decline on the scale. Meanwhile, a 171 00:16:56.480 --> 00:17:02.679 report in the journal Neuron has unveiled another potential new drug to help treat Alzheimer's. 172 00:17:03.320 --> 00:17:07.440 Phase three trials showed that the drug lacanamad slowly cognitive decline in patients with 173 00:17:07.519 --> 00:17:15.599 earlier Alzheimer's by binding with a neutralizing ameloid beta planque protein bundles associated with Alzheimer's 174 00:17:15.640 --> 00:17:22.759 disease progression. Scientists have discovered a potential antidote for the poisonous deathcap mushroom. 175 00:17:22.839 --> 00:17:29.000 The fatal fungus is responsible for more than ninety percent of all mushroom related deaths 176 00:17:29.000 --> 00:17:33.880 worldwide. The main toxin produced by deathcap mushrooms is called alpha amanatin, and 177 00:17:33.920 --> 00:17:40.400 the researchers identified a key protein STT three B, which is required for alpha 178 00:17:40.440 --> 00:17:45.720 amanatin to have its toxic effect. Once they identified the protein, the authors 179 00:17:45.759 --> 00:17:48.319 then look for drugs that might block it, and they found one called ADO 180 00:17:48.440 --> 00:17:52.839 Signing Green, which is already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. 181 00:17:53.559 --> 00:17:57.960 However, a report in the journal Natric Communication says more work still needs to 182 00:17:59.000 --> 00:18:02.559 be done to assess it safety, but when they tested the drug and human 183 00:18:02.640 --> 00:18:07.119 cells exposed to the toxin, it acted as an antidote, blocking the toxic 184 00:18:07.160 --> 00:18:12.400 effects. A report in the British Medical Journal says medical doctors and public health 185 00:18:12.480 --> 00:18:19.480 experts are joining calls to suspend development of artificial intelligence until sufficient regulations are in 186 00:18:19.599 --> 00:18:26.200 place. The researchers site three major reasons why artificial intelligence currently poses a real 187 00:18:26.319 --> 00:18:30.759 risk to public health and safety, the first being its ability to ramp up 188 00:18:30.799 --> 00:18:36.559 surveillance capacity on the public, which can be used to manipulate consumer choices, 189 00:18:36.759 --> 00:18:42.160 spread misinformation and social division, and even enable government oppression. The second reason 190 00:18:42.519 --> 00:18:48.119 is current and potential future development of military weapons that can kill entirely without human 191 00:18:48.200 --> 00:18:55.079 supervision. In other words, it's the Skynet terminator scenario. And the third 192 00:18:55.400 --> 00:18:59.799 is the loss of jobs that will come as artificial intelligence allows the automation of 193 00:19:00.039 --> 00:19:03.640 more and more different types of work. Last week, Jeffrey Hinton, the 194 00:19:03.640 --> 00:19:08.359 man widely seen as the father of artificial intelligence who had his job with Google, 195 00:19:08.519 --> 00:19:15.839 warning about the growing dangers of developments in artificial intelligence. Hinton's views echo 196 00:19:15.920 --> 00:19:19.680 those expressed earlier this year in a public letter by Elon Musks, Steve Wasn't 197 00:19:19.720 --> 00:19:23.480 Act, and more than a thousand other tech leaders calling for a six month 198 00:19:23.599 --> 00:19:30.480 moratorium on all development work on artificial intelligence because of concerns over its use. 199 00:19:32.799 --> 00:19:40.039 Google have just relaunched their new Smarter Bed artificial intelligence chat CHPT. They're hoping 200 00:19:40.119 --> 00:19:44.960 the updates and chances they've made will help people forget about the disastrous first take 201 00:19:45.079 --> 00:19:48.559 when the AI chat butt provided the wrong answer in the process, tanking the 202 00:19:48.640 --> 00:19:53.480 company's stocks by eight percent. However, it didn't take long but bed to 203 00:19:53.559 --> 00:20:00.400 show its faults, displaying some strong and politically biased views as well the new 204 00:20:00.480 --> 00:20:04.279 software. Google has also launched new phones and tablets. With the details, 205 00:20:04.359 --> 00:20:10.400 we're joined by technology editor Alex Sahara Road from Tech Advice Start Life. They've 206 00:20:10.400 --> 00:20:14.279 got AI everywhere in all of its announcements. There were a new Generative AI 207 00:20:14.519 --> 00:20:18.599 experimental section for regular Google Search, So you have to go to g dot 208 00:20:18.640 --> 00:20:22.559 co forward slash Labs and then you can get a generative AI response to your 209 00:20:22.640 --> 00:20:26.319 queries. You can actually see a whole bunch of things for sale that relate 210 00:20:26.359 --> 00:20:30.440 to that if that's something you want to purchase, where Google can actually update 211 00:20:30.799 --> 00:20:33.759 those for sale links one point eight billion times per hour. It's very fresh 212 00:20:33.799 --> 00:20:38.160 starter and it can also show you not only where the information from its generative 213 00:20:38.240 --> 00:20:44.519 AI response came from, but also it will prompt you on other questions you 214 00:20:44.559 --> 00:20:47.960 can ask and will remember what it told you before and we'll remember the context. 215 00:20:48.000 --> 00:20:49.599 So search is going to change, but there's a scatle of the things 216 00:20:49.640 --> 00:20:53.039 that Google bar is now no longer on a waitlist. It's opened up to 217 00:20:53.039 --> 00:20:56.160 a one hundred and eighty countries. Just go to bar dot Google dot com. 218 00:20:56.240 --> 00:20:59.920 If you have a Gmail account you can start using its right away. 219 00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:02.720 If you have a Workspace account you need to get the admin to switch that 220 00:21:02.799 --> 00:21:06.720 facility on, but it's there as well. They also have these large language 221 00:21:06.759 --> 00:21:10.079 model engines behind the whole thing. There's a new thing called Palm two and 222 00:21:10.079 --> 00:21:12.319 they've got four different versions of that, the smallest of which can fit onto 223 00:21:12.319 --> 00:21:15.799 a phone. And so it's a bit like kit Chucker's Guide the Galaxy, 224 00:21:15.839 --> 00:21:18.160 a book that has everything in all the answerity costs that we want without having 225 00:21:18.200 --> 00:21:21.839 to be online. I can see that sort of thing is becoming very popular 226 00:21:21.920 --> 00:21:25.119 very quickly, and they have much larger language models that are to be used 227 00:21:25.119 --> 00:21:27.359 by companies who want their own private things, or just by people who want 228 00:21:27.359 --> 00:21:32.279 to attach GT clone for their own uses without having to go online. So 229 00:21:32.359 --> 00:21:36.519 for all these highlights and more, come to my site tech Advice dot Life 230 00:21:36.720 --> 00:21:40.359 l Ife. I've got a link to the full two hour keynote. There's 231 00:21:40.359 --> 00:21:45.799 also another organization's eighteen minute cutdown version and another version from Google. Lots of 232 00:21:45.880 --> 00:21:48.519 information and details and links to all of their official Google information. They're very 233 00:21:48.519 --> 00:21:52.079 exciting stuff and as well as the software there's some new hardware out as well. 234 00:21:52.160 --> 00:21:56.519 Yeah, Google has become very strong in the hardware with their Picture line 235 00:21:56.559 --> 00:21:59.519 of phones. Very successful, I mean, clearly lots of competition out there, 236 00:21:59.519 --> 00:22:02.519 but they've got the new Pixel seven A, which is the lower cost 237 00:22:02.599 --> 00:22:06.160 device four ninety nine in the US, seven forty nine in Australia. There 238 00:22:06.160 --> 00:22:08.880 are cheaper phones out there, but this has Google's most advanced tens Or G 239 00:22:10.119 --> 00:22:14.519 two chip. It's got a ninety hurt screen so quite smooth scrolling, eight 240 00:22:14.519 --> 00:22:18.759 gear of RAM. It gets the Google updates immediately upon being launched. You 241 00:22:18.759 --> 00:22:21.559 don't have to wait months and months like you do with other brands. Three 242 00:22:21.599 --> 00:22:23.839 years of Android updates, five years of security updates, and of course all 243 00:22:23.880 --> 00:22:29.359 of Google's photo smart don't even have an app called the Voice Recorder that not 244 00:22:29.480 --> 00:22:33.680 only records live audio but gives you a live transcript as well, which is 245 00:22:33.759 --> 00:22:37.319 very handy. Only Google officers a natively. Then there's the Google Tablet four 246 00:22:37.440 --> 00:22:41.400 ninety nine again in the US, eight ninety nine in Australia. Eleven inch 247 00:22:41.440 --> 00:22:45.359 tablet comes with a speaker magnetic stand so that it's like a smart display smart 248 00:22:45.400 --> 00:22:48.000 home speaker when you're not using it as a tablet, but you can just 249 00:22:48.079 --> 00:22:52.240 clip it off. It's magnetically attached and bang it's a tablet in your hand. 250 00:22:52.359 --> 00:22:55.519 And so it's got really dual uses there. It's always going to be 251 00:22:55.599 --> 00:22:56.880 charged when you need it, always ready to go. And finally, the 252 00:22:56.920 --> 00:23:02.279 Google Pixel fold it's like the Sam's Galaxy Z fold eipt it's from Google. 253 00:23:02.359 --> 00:23:04.920 It's got a larger, wider front screen. The Samsung's one is quite narrow 254 00:23:06.000 --> 00:23:08.880 and internally it's got a nice square kind of unfolding internal screen. You can 255 00:23:08.880 --> 00:23:14.240 still see the crease unfortunately, but that's modern technology and its limitations. No 256 00:23:14.519 --> 00:23:17.480 style of support however, if you want that, you're still need Samsung. 257 00:23:17.599 --> 00:23:21.480 And it's seventeen ninety nine US, which is at least two thousand and seven 258 00:23:21.519 --> 00:23:25.599 hundred Australians. So they haven't launched in Australia, probably because it's quite expensive. 259 00:23:25.759 --> 00:23:30.359 It seems to be a huge discrepancy there between wider US citizen and Australian 260 00:23:30.440 --> 00:23:33.119 citizen, and pain for the same product certainly doesn't seem to reflect the exchange 261 00:23:33.200 --> 00:23:37.680 rate. When you look at the tablet, you're four hundred and X dollars 262 00:23:37.720 --> 00:23:41.160 for the US and eight hundred x dollars for Australia. Yeah, I mean 263 00:23:41.160 --> 00:23:42.920 that they're they're putting one hundred and fifty bucks on Yeah for sure, so 264 00:23:42.960 --> 00:23:48.000 Australians do pay more. So Yeah, that's Alexahara Royd from Tech Advice, 265 00:23:48.079 --> 00:24:07.799 Start Life, and that's the show for now. Spacetime is available every Monday, 266 00:24:07.880 --> 00:24:12.759 Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts, iTunes, Stitcher, Google podcast, 267 00:24:12.920 --> 00:24:18.839 pocket Casts, Spotify, Acast, Amazon Music, bytes dot com, SoundCloud, 268 00:24:19.079 --> 00:24:25.079 YouTube, your favorite podcast download provider, and from Spacetime with Stewart Gary 269 00:24:25.160 --> 00:24:30.400 dot com. Spacetimes also broadcast through the National Science Foundation, on Science Zone 270 00:24:30.559 --> 00:24:34.240 Radio and on both iHeartRadio and tune In Radio. And you can help to 271 00:24:34.279 --> 00:24:40.559 support our show by visiting the Spacetime store for a range of promotional merchandising goodies, 272 00:24:41.000 --> 00:24:45.079 or by becoming a Spacetime Patron, which gives you access to triple episode 273 00:24:45.079 --> 00:24:48.000 commercial free versions of the show, as well as lots of burnus audio content 274 00:24:48.039 --> 00:24:52.000 which doesn't go to war, access to our exclusive Facebook group, and other 275 00:24:52.079 --> 00:24:56.920 rewards. Just go to Spacetime with Stewart Gary dot com for full details, 276 00:24:57.400 --> 00:25:00.480 and if you want more Spacetime, please check out our blog, where you'll 277 00:25:00.519 --> 00:25:03.519 find all the stuff we couldn't fit in the show, as well as heaps 278 00:25:03.519 --> 00:25:07.839 of images, news stories, loads of videos and things on the whereby find 279 00:25:07.880 --> 00:25:14.240 interesting or amusing, Just go to Spacetime with Stewart Gary dot Tumbler dot com. 280 00:25:14.359 --> 00:25:18.160 That's all one word, and that's Tumbler without the E. You can 281 00:25:18.200 --> 00:25:22.680 also follow us through at Stewart Gary on Twitter, at Spacetime with Stuart Garry, 282 00:25:22.720 --> 00:25:26.279 on Instagram, through our Spacetime YouTube channel, and on Facebook. Just 283 00:25:26.359 --> 00:25:32.720 go to Facebook dot com, forward slash Spacetime with Stewart Gary and Spacetime is 284 00:25:32.759 --> 00:25:37.160 brought to you in collaboration with Australian Sky and Telescope magazine. Your window on 285 00:25:37.240 --> 00:25:41.319 the universe. You've been listening to Spacetime with Stewart Gary. This has been 286 00:25:41.359 --> 00:25:49.000 another quality podcast production from bytes dot com.