WEBVTT

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Hello, and welcome to Western Sieve. Episode two hundred and fifty three,

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The Great Rebellion. Last time,
Juans and Gonzalo Pizaro seemingly went out of

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their way to push manco Inca into
leading a rebellion. They took his gold,

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they took his wife, They took
any shred of dignity that he might

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have had, but took away any
pretense of his power. Francisco Pizzaro worked

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hard to follow Cortez's playbook. Now
his brothers seemed intent upon following whatever playbook

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was written about how to mess it
all up, making matters worse. It

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seems that the Inca had begun to
learn how to deal with the Spanish,

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their weapons, and their horses.
Remember, there were perhaps less than five

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hundred total Spaniards in all of South
America at this point. In one month

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leading up to the Great Rebellion,
the Spanish lost around thirty men to ambushes.

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At that rate, the Spanish presence
in South America would be wiped out

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in little over sixteen months, and
those were isolated in small scale attacks.

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What would happen if manco Inca unleashed
the full weight of the Incan military might

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upon the Spaniards. How long could
they last? Then a month, a

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week? Well, today we find
out. Today begins the last great gasp

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of the Inca Empire. When Manko
Inca and the high priest villac Umu reached

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the Inca town of Las, they
found nobles from across the Inca Empire assembled

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and waiting for them in this small
town thirty miles from Cusco were now assembled

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the most of the Inca elite from
the entire kingdom. Manko's job was clear.

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He needed to stitch his empire back
together, and to do so,

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he needed to eliminate the Spanish.
Luckily, for him, the entire remaining

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Inca military apparatus was present. It
would be in all hands on deck sort

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of situation going forward. So luckily, Manko was starting off on the right

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foot. For the first time since
he had become emperor, Manco was free

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to issue orders without Spanish interference.
He turned and addressed the crowd, my

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beloved sons and brothers. I never
thought it would be ever necessary to do

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what I am now thinking of doing, because I always thought and felt certain

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that the bearded people who you call
Varaca's which I used to call them,

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because I thought that they had come
from the creator God Varacha would not give

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me grief in all things. But
now I see they are scheming once again

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to capture and kill me. And
you have also seen how poorly they have

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treated me, and how ungratefully they
have thanked me for what I have done

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for them, insulting me a thousand
times over and then seizing me and tie

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me up at my feet and neck
like a dog. And especially after they

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have given me their word that we
had formed a partnership together based upon love

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and friendship. I can't help but
remind you how many times you have asked

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me to do that which I am
now intending to do, saying that I

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should rise up against them, and
asking me why I had allowed them in

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my land. I didn't think that
what is happening now could ever have occurred,

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but that's what's happening. And because
all they want is to persist in

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angering and tormenting me, I am
forced to do the same with them.

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Since you have always shown me so
much love and I have endeavored to make

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me happy. Let's all join together
and unite as one and send our messengers

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throughout the land, so that in
twenty days time, everyone will arrive in

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this town without the bearded ones knowing
anything about it. He ended by saying,

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quote, I am determined to leave
no Christian alive in this land.

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Thus, I want to first surround
Cousco. Those of you who want to

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serve me will have to stake their
lives on this effort. End quote.

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He turned and presented them with ceremonial
vases before continuing, drink from these vases

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only if you will join me under
these conditions. Everyone drank simultaneously. Messengers

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sprinted forth from Laris to the four
corners of the Empire, bearing one message,

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Assemble your warriors. The time is
now. Meanwhile, in Cusco,

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Hernando Pisato had also called for a
meeting. Hernando now finally admitted that manko

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Inca had deceived him and was likely
organizing a rebellion. Reports had been coming

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in. Hernando now told the assembled
Spaniards of large movements of native troops in

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the UK Valley, only fifteen miles
to the north. The renegade Emperor was

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now headquartered in the town of Kalka, overseeing the gathering of native forces.

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Obviously, Hernando said he had made
an error in judgment in allowing Manko and

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vilak Umu to leave, but there
was no time to waste. Their lives

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were in danger. The most important
thing they needed to do was try to

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disperse the gathering forces and, if
possible, recapture the emperor. If Manko

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could be recaptured, Hernando was very
confident that they could force him to end

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the rebellion. If he were not
recaptured, then they could expect attack from

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a large native army. Hernando decided
to send his brother Juan with a cavalry

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detachment out to a nearby valley in
the hopes of both reconnoitering for evidence of

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the rebellion and to recapture Manko Inca. Juan and his meat road to the

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valley, but when they reached the
edge of the plateau, they could scarcely

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believe their eyes. Beneath them would
have been a green valley had been transformed

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into a carpet of beije Inca tunics. The rumors of the Inca army had

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seemingly had been transformed into reality overnight. Despite the initial shock, Juan Pisano

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soon led his cavalry down into the
valley. It was there that native informants

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had told him Manco Inca was directing
the rebellion. Manco had taken careful precautions,

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however, even before the Spaniards had
arrived, Native troops destroyed all the

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bridges over the river that basically bisected
the valley into two. He then positioned

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his warriors on the opposite bank,
who stood from an elevated position, yelling

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and taunting the Spaniards from below.
With little choice other than to proceed,

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though, Juan Pisados splashed his horse
into the river and galloped through. Native

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warriors immediately began throwing all kinds of
objects, swinging their slings and throwing spears.

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As the horses struggled across a hail
of stone missiles either shot plumes of

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water into the air or else made
metallic clanging sounds as they slammed into the

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spaniards armor. When they emerged on
the opposite sides, the Spaniards immediately spurred

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their mounts towards the sling flowers,
who then began to run. The Spaniards

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easily speared them with their lances or
sliced at them with the swords. The

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masses of native soldiers, meanwhile,
who were really just newly conscripted peasants who

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had just arrived moments before, retreated
up the hillside, having no doubt been

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instructed by their commanders at the steep
terrain would prevent attacks by the Spaniards.

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After a series of charges and feints, which were largely unsuccessful, again because

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they're now going up an extreme incline, Juan suddenly broke off the attack and

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galloped with his men toward the town
of Kolka, where they immediately began a

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door to door search from Manco Inca. Manco Inca, however, had previously

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escaped. For the next three days, the Spaniards remained in Kalka, debating

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what to do, while the Inca
army maintained its position on the hillside.

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Given the warriors extreme numbers, was
a little bit surprising to the Spaniards that

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they didn't attack. The Inca commanders
seemed really quite content to just allow the

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Spaniards remain virtually unopposed in Kalka.
Four days after the arrival, however,

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the Spaniards learned why no attack had
curred. A loan rider from Cusco arrived

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in a great hurry bearing a message
from Hernando Juan's forces were to return to

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Cusco at once in all speed.
Massive numbers of native troops had suddenly appeared

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on the hillside surrounding the capitol.
If Juan and his cavalry didn't return at

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once, Hernando and his remaining Spaniards
would be unable to hold the city.

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In other words, Juan had been
duped. He lost no time, though,

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gathering up his men and galloped out
of town. As the Spaniards rode

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past the fortress of Seeste Human,
they could not believe their eyes. Overnight

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hills that had been completely devoid of
natives when they wrote past the first time,

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had suddenly filled with Inca troops.
It was as though they were emerging

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from the land itself. So numerous
were the natives that it was difficult for

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Juan to find a way back into
town that was not already cut off the

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returning conquis. The Doors now made
a dash down into the city, rejoining

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the relieved Spanish citizens that they had
left behind with a mere ten horses.

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Given that the Spaniards on foot were
just so much less effective and inflicting damage

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on the Natives than were cavalrymen,
Hernando and the one hundred and twenty six

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men who had remained in the capitol
almost certainly would have been overwhelmed if Manco's

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troops had attacked while Juan was away. But even now, with a total

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cavalry force of eighty six horsemen,
the odds against them were enormous. Pedro

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Pisaro, who had returned with Juan, recalled quote, when we returned,

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we found many squadrons of warriors continuously
arriving and camping on the steepest places around

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Cusco to await the arrival of all
their men. After they arrived, they

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camped on the plains as well as
on the hills. So numerous were the

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rebel troops that came here that they
covered the fields, and day by day

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it looked as if they had spread
a black cloth cut over the ground for

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half a league around the city of
Cusco. At night, there were so

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many rebel campfires that it looked like
nothing other than a cloudless sky full of

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stars and quote. In the days
that followed, the Spaniards watched with growing

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anxiety as more and more Native troops
poured in, filling the gaps on the

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hills around them. Clearly, one
at Anando and the rest of the Spaniards

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had been caught totally off guard by
the size and scope of this rebellion.

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Neither the Spaniards nor their native spies
had even been aware that a massive rebellion

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had been brewing. Presently, there
were one hundred and ninety six Spaniards trapped

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in Cusco, and those Spaniards had
no clue how many men they were facing.

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Just those that they could see were
too many to count, and who

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knew how many more men were on
their way to Cusco. For those Spaniards

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within the capital of the Inca Empire, the reality must have been sobering and

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difficult to digest, but the reality
was inescapable. They were alone, totally

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alone. Hernando sentence sorties of cavalry
against the Inca arrayed before him to test

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their strength, but to no avail. On one occasion, a Spanish cavalry

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officer was surrounded and cut off from
his compatriots. Try as he might,

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he could not free himself, and, in the view of other Spaniards watching

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helplessly from nearby, the Inca dragged
him from his horse and decapitated him.

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If here, Nando Pisato and his
friends were not already terrified, they sure

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were now If they had any chance
of surviving, Hernando realized they had to

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rely on their cavalry, which still
gave them a huge advantage, and their

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roughly five hundred native allies. Hernando
divided this cavalry into three parts, with

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himself in overall command one. His
brother was named second in command. The

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military structure of the Inca forces arraid
against the Spaniards was more complex than that

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of most of the Spanish themselves,
mainly due to the greater number of troops.

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At the top of the military pyramid
now stood Manko Inca, the head

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of the state. He was so
considered to be the son of the God,

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and the overall military commander alongside him
was the High Priest of villac Umu.

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I don't give a lot of names
of Inca military commanders throughout these episodes

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because some of them tend to come
and go. But vilak Umo has some

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staying power. That's why I focus
on him. In charge of the actual

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siege of the armies around Cusco is
a new general, General Inquill, who

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was aided by a lieutenant whose name
I'm not going to bother. Giving you

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various other commanders led their individual legions, each of which was ordered to occupy

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a specific location around Cusco. Again, remember that this isn't a Roman legion

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that's trained together for months, even
years. This is a patchwork army of

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conscripts that's been pulled up. I
mean, a lot of these military commanders

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have a lot of experience, but
some of these troops have absolutely no experience

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whatsoever, and we have to keep
that in mind as these events unfold.

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Now, the overall strategy was even
broader than that, because remember, Francisco

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Pisaro is in what is going to
be Lima with another Spanish force. So

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Manco INCA remained in Kalka. But
at the same time, another INCA general

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whose name is Kisu Yupanqi, was
leading another INCA army toward Lima. So

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we have one group of armies in
Cusco and another group of armies marching towards

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Lima. Kisco Uponki His objective was
to keep Francisco Pizaro pinned down so that

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he would not be able to support
his brother back in Cusco. It was

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a very simple divide and conquer strategy. Julius Caesar would have approved any Spaniards

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caught outside alone were to be exterminated
on site and their weapons confiscated. Vilac

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Umu argued that Manko should attack the
Spanish forces in Cusco immediately, after all,

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they outnumbered them at least fifty to
one. Manko disagreed. He had

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seen what the Spanish could do and
he was not going to take any chances.

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Following established Inca military practice, he
would wait until absolutely every last soldier

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from across his kingdom had arrived.
Then he would attack with overwhelming force.

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He wanted to make sure that neither
the Spaniards horses nor their superior military technology

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would be enough to save them.
He wanted to be sure he could eliminate

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them completely. By the time that
he was ready to attack, Manka would

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command somewhere between one hundred to two
hundred thousand warriors, a truly monumental feat

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of organization. As native troops from
around the Empire continued to arrive and reinforce

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the Inca siege around the city,
the individual formations on the hillside grew to

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such an extent that soon the troops
were camping right up against the house of

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the city's outskirts day and night.
The warriors kept up a deafening roar,

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shouting taunts and insults in their various
languages. This was kind of like a

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psychological campaign that the Inca were waging. At the same time. The purpose

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was to keep the Spaniards off balance
and afraid. Pedro Pizarro would write,

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quote, there was so much shouting
in the din of voices that all of

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us were astonished end quote. Far
from believing the Spaniards to be gods from

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across the sea, the native warriors
now clearly showed the Spaniards uttered disdain and

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contempt. Meanwhile, Manko Inca,
receiving constant updates of the situation and his

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headquarters in Kalka, was determined not
to overlook any aspect of depending military assault.

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The young emperor was well aware that
the various religious aspects of the impending

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struggle were so important a victory as
were simply the mechanical preparations of troops,

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weapons, food and supplies. The
favor of the gods really mattered, at

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least from the Inca perspective. Mango
was constantly presiding over a variety of feasts,

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fasts, sacrifices, all in an
effort to try to secure divine intervention

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on their behalf in the battle to
come. Finally, on what Spaniards called

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Saturday May six, fifteen thirty six, during the Catholic feast day of Saint

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John, with hundreds upon thousands of
Native warriors shouting loudly, manco Inca launched

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his all out attack as natives blue
on single conch shales and clay trumpets,

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Legions of javelin hurluers, sling throwers
jungle archers all began to unleash a violent

201
00:18:33.160 --> 00:18:38.599
barrage of stones, javelins and arrows
upon the city below. A whoosh sound

202
00:18:40.000 --> 00:18:44.119
came through the air and turned into
a crackling noise as the first missiles began

203
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to slam into the stone flagging and
walls. Those Spaniards who were unlucky enough

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to be outside ran for cover.
Hundreds of thousands of Native warriors shock troops

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began to move slowly in unison down
the hillside, penetrating into the city and

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head towards the capital's main central square. Mano's native infantry marched in close formation.

207
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They carried an assortment of three foot
long clubs, battle axes, and

208
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shields, all the while keeping up
a deafening roar. Native military officers traveled

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with them, carried a law off
and respendent litters. Similar native legions had

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carved out and conquered the Inca's two
five hundred mile long empire. Now their

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descendants marched with the obvious determination of
crushing these invaders who had so disturbed the

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equilibrium of their land. Manco and
his general's strategy was a simple one.

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They would force the Spaniards towards the
center of the city, shrinking the area

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that they currently occupied. Then they
would simply overwhelm and crush them with natives

215
00:19:45.240 --> 00:19:49.640
from every direction. Now entering the
city, the conquistadors found themselves caught in

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the center of a rapidly tightening noose. Every one of them realized that they

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couldn't find a way to stomp Manco's
onslaught, they would be squashed together and

218
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bludgeoned to death with clubs. The
barrage of arrows and missiles had already forced

219
00:20:03.000 --> 00:20:07.440
the Spaniards into hiding on the hillsides
just above the city. Meanwhile, native

220
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troops seized and occupied the main fortress
of Susquehan, along with its supply rooms

221
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and weapons. From here, bilak
Umu and many of his commanders would oversee

222
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the battle and send messages back to
Manco Inca in Calca, about two hours

223
00:20:22.720 --> 00:20:29.400
away. Other Inca forces soon captured
other strategic enclosures, one of which abutted

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the northern corner of the main square, recalled Pedro Pisaro quote. The city

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of Cusco adjoins a hill on the
side where the fortress of Susqueham is,

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and on this side the Indians came
down to some houses near the plaza that

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belonged to Gonzaro Pisaro and to his
brother Juan Pisaro. And from here they

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did us much harm, for with
stones they hurled onto the plaza without our

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00:20:52.039 --> 00:20:56.079
being able to prevent it. The
place is steep and is between a narrow

230
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lane that the Indians had seized,
and thus it was not possible to go

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00:21:00.559 --> 00:21:03.400
up to it without all those who
entered it being killed. There was also

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incredible noise, on account of the
loud cries and howling that they made,

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and of the conch shell horns and
gourds that they sounded, so that it

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seemed as if the very earth trembled
under a withering hail of stones and projectiles.

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The Spaniards who had been caught elsewhere
in the city retreated to the main

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square, which was lined with the
Inca palaces that the Spaniards had seized and

237
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occupied two years before. If the
Inca strategy had been to encircle, squeeze,

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and then crush, the Spaniards strategy
was to just hold on if possible,

239
00:21:37.240 --> 00:21:44.119
to two massive stone buildings the main
palaces. These enclosures faced each other

240
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on the eastern side of the square
and had high gabled roofs of thatch and

241
00:21:48.240 --> 00:21:53.200
were supported by big wooden beams.
In desperation, the Spaniards converted these into

242
00:21:53.240 --> 00:21:57.119
bunkers, relying on the roofs and
walls to protect them from the relentless hail

243
00:21:57.160 --> 00:22:03.359
of stones. One of these two
buildings was under the command of Hernando Pisaro,

244
00:22:03.519 --> 00:22:07.920
the other under the command of Hernan
Ponstellion, not the guy from the

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00:22:07.920 --> 00:22:11.839
Fountain of View if he was.
This guy's actually the former partner of De

246
00:22:11.960 --> 00:22:15.839
Soto. So fierce was the native
bombardment directly to them that the frightened Spaniards

247
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were now unable even to venture out
from either building. From within the dim

248
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interiors, they just knelt and prayed. While outside rocks continue to thud fiercely

249
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against the walls. According to one
survive or quote, there were so many

250
00:22:30.119 --> 00:22:34.000
sling shot stones coming in through the
entryways of the doors that it seemed like

251
00:22:34.039 --> 00:22:40.799
a dense hail at the time when
the heavens are hailing furiously. End forced

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00:22:40.799 --> 00:22:45.000
to relinquish control of the city except
for this small portion of the main square.

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Pedro Pisaro recounted quote Hernando Pisardo.
When his captains assembled many times to

254
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discuss what should be done, some
said we all to desert the town and

255
00:22:53.880 --> 00:22:56.839
flee, while others said that we
should hole up in the Great Hall of

256
00:22:56.880 --> 00:23:02.039
the Palace, which was a great
enclosure where we might all be, but

257
00:23:02.359 --> 00:23:06.880
it had one doorway in a very
high wall of stonemasonry. But none of

258
00:23:06.880 --> 00:23:08.920
this advice was any good, for
had we left Cusco, they would have

259
00:23:08.960 --> 00:23:12.519
killed us all in many bad passes
that are there, and had we taken

260
00:23:12.559 --> 00:23:17.880
refuge in the enclosure, they would
have imprisoned us with adobe bricks and stones.

261
00:23:18.200 --> 00:23:23.640
Due to the huge number of native
troops that there were. Before Hernando

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00:23:23.720 --> 00:23:29.640
could react, though, a devastating
new problem appeared seemingly without warning. The

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00:23:29.759 --> 00:23:34.319
roofs of the houses within the city
began exploding into flames. Evidently, Manko

264
00:23:34.400 --> 00:23:38.359
had decided he would either rid himself
of the Spanish or he would burn Cusco

265
00:23:38.440 --> 00:23:44.640
to the ground. His warriors began
heating stones until they were glowing hot,

266
00:23:45.160 --> 00:23:48.359
then wrapping them in cotton before hurling
them like sling shots into the city.

267
00:23:49.240 --> 00:23:56.720
These tiny Molotov cocktails immediately ignited the
roofs of the thatched buildings within the city.

268
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Now Hernando found himself facing Manko warriors
outside the city and a conflagration within

269
00:24:03.799 --> 00:24:07.200
it. It was not long before
the roof of the former palace within which

270
00:24:07.359 --> 00:24:12.880
the Spaniards had made their base camp, caught on fire. One Spaniard recalled

271
00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:15.920
quote, there happened to be a
very strong wind that day, and as

272
00:24:15.960 --> 00:24:19.400
the roofs of the houses were made
of thatched, it seemed at one point

273
00:24:19.400 --> 00:24:25.240
as if the entire city were one
great sheet of flame. The Indians were

274
00:24:25.240 --> 00:24:29.519
shouting so loudly, and the smoke
was so thick that the men could neither

275
00:24:29.599 --> 00:24:33.559
hear nor see one another end quote. Various sources describe what happened next.

276
00:24:34.079 --> 00:24:38.279
According to some Spaniards, while the
rest of Cousco burned, the flames on

277
00:24:38.319 --> 00:24:42.599
the roof of the palace, somehow
mysteriously went out. Later, some of

278
00:24:42.640 --> 00:24:48.960
those present swore that the Virgin Mary
herself had miraculously appeared with the flowing robe

279
00:24:48.160 --> 00:24:56.480
and extinguished the flames. However,
one scholar recounts a much more prosaic version,

280
00:24:56.359 --> 00:25:00.759
and that is that the Spaniards owed
their temper reprieved to the African slaves

281
00:25:00.759 --> 00:25:06.759
they had stationed on the roof.
Despite being ceaselessly fired upon by the arrows

282
00:25:06.799 --> 00:25:10.000
of the natives, the Africans had
been able to put out the fire.

283
00:25:11.440 --> 00:25:14.480
With much of the city burning,
and realizing that if they stayed within the

284
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two buildings that they might soon be
roasted to death, Hernando Pisaro decided that

285
00:25:18.200 --> 00:25:22.640
he and his men had no choice
but to leave the relative safety of the

286
00:25:22.640 --> 00:25:26.440
building and launch a counter attack.
According to one quote, it seemed to

287
00:25:26.480 --> 00:25:30.200
them that it would better to go
out than to perish there, And as

288
00:25:30.240 --> 00:25:33.319
dense and continuous as the hail of
rocks was, they suddenly came out together

289
00:25:33.599 --> 00:25:37.839
with their Indian allies, and they
went charging into their enemies in the lower

290
00:25:37.839 --> 00:25:45.000
streets, destroying their entrenchment. Another
chronicler added, when these native warriors saw

291
00:25:45.119 --> 00:25:48.799
the Spaniards all gathered together, they
fell upon them with great ferocity, hoping

292
00:25:48.799 --> 00:25:52.680
to overrun them. The cavalry attacked
them and held them up valiantly, and

293
00:25:52.759 --> 00:25:57.960
both sides fought with great courage.
Arrows and stones shot from slings rained down

294
00:25:57.960 --> 00:26:02.200
on the Spaniards in a remark arkable
way, but the horses, lances,

295
00:26:02.240 --> 00:26:06.200
and armor were sufficient to cope with
them, and they made no attack without

296
00:26:06.240 --> 00:26:08.440
leaving at least one hundred and fifty
or two hundred Indians dead on the ground.

297
00:26:08.799 --> 00:26:12.960
As flaming roofs began to collapse and
crash throughout the city, native warriors

298
00:26:14.119 --> 00:26:17.319
were now able to run along the
tops of the newly exposed walls, thus

299
00:26:17.400 --> 00:26:21.759
gaining the advantage of height over the
Spaniards and allowing themselves to be protected from

300
00:26:21.759 --> 00:26:26.880
cavalry charges all day. As smoke
poured from the city, the battle raged

301
00:26:26.960 --> 00:26:32.039
fiercely. The Incas were primarily day
fighters, however, and refused to fight

302
00:26:32.079 --> 00:26:36.480
at night. Manka warriors on the
first night seemed content to consolidate their advance

303
00:26:36.519 --> 00:26:41.920
into the city by building barricades,
further encircling the Spaniards within that night.

304
00:26:41.319 --> 00:26:45.519
According to one chronicler quote, as
they the Spaniards knew of no solution.

305
00:26:47.000 --> 00:26:51.319
Their principal help came in resorting to
God, such that all night in the

306
00:26:51.359 --> 00:26:55.000
makeshift church built within the palace,
they prayed for God to help them on

307
00:26:55.039 --> 00:26:57.599
their knees and with their hands clasped
near their mouths, which a lot of

308
00:26:57.599 --> 00:27:02.319
Indians saw, and even those yards
who were on the plaza guarding did the

309
00:27:02.359 --> 00:27:07.440
same as well as many of the
Indian allies. Quote. Another chronicler reports

310
00:27:07.480 --> 00:27:12.200
the same writing, quote on their
knees, the Christians begged for God's mercy

311
00:27:12.519 --> 00:27:15.759
and called upon the Virgin Mary and
all their saints. With tears in their

312
00:27:15.759 --> 00:27:19.359
eyes, they prayed around quote bless
us Saint James, bless us Holy Married

313
00:27:19.440 --> 00:27:25.440
God, save us. They humbled
themselves and with their weapons actually in their

314
00:27:25.440 --> 00:27:30.200
hands, appealed to the Holy Mary. End quote. That evening, Hernando

315
00:27:30.200 --> 00:27:33.119
Pizzado called a general meeting. Luckily
for the Spanish her and then there was

316
00:27:33.119 --> 00:27:37.440
a natural leader, even though he
might be detested by some, who was

317
00:27:37.519 --> 00:27:44.039
extremely cool under pressure, everyone realized
their lives dependent on this man. He

318
00:27:44.160 --> 00:27:48.759
stood and addressed the crowd as follows, gentlemen, I've asked you here to

319
00:27:48.799 --> 00:27:52.480
meet me in order to speak to
all of you, because it appears to

320
00:27:52.519 --> 00:27:57.119
me that the Indians are shaming us
more and more. I believe that the

321
00:27:57.160 --> 00:28:00.599
reason for this is the lack of
forcefulness and timidity that some of you have

322
00:28:00.640 --> 00:28:06.000
shown. That's why we have abandoned
most of the city. I don't want

323
00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:10.920
it said of me at the land
that Don Francisco Pizaro, my brother conquered

324
00:28:10.920 --> 00:28:14.480
and populated, was lost in any
way, shape or form because of fear,

325
00:28:15.119 --> 00:28:18.839
Because anyone who really knows the Indians
knows that weakness on our part only

326
00:28:18.880 --> 00:28:23.359
makes them stronger. In the name
of God and our King and defending our

327
00:28:23.400 --> 00:28:27.119
houses in our estates, we will
die if we must. Let's strengthen our

328
00:28:27.160 --> 00:28:32.039
resolve with the understanding of why we
have to fight, and then we will

329
00:28:32.079 --> 00:28:36.400
not feel danger, because you already
know that with courage one can achieve what

330
00:28:36.519 --> 00:28:41.359
appears impossible, and without it,
even that which is easy is made difficult.

331
00:28:41.240 --> 00:28:45.000
That is why I urge upon you, and I am asking that all

332
00:28:45.079 --> 00:28:51.440
of you agree to this, because
divided will be lost even without an enemy.

333
00:28:52.039 --> 00:28:56.279
Unanimously, the men agreed to fight
on with no thought to their personal

334
00:28:56.319 --> 00:29:03.480
safety. While outside the number of
Incan fires set by Native troops seemed to

335
00:29:03.480 --> 00:29:08.480
outnumber the very stars. Both sides
oddly felt optimistic about the battle that day.

336
00:29:10.160 --> 00:29:15.000
The Spaniards believed they had weathered the
storm. The Inca believed that they

337
00:29:15.000 --> 00:29:19.720
had the Spaniards pinned down in two
buildings. Manco Inca sent messengers out to

338
00:29:19.799 --> 00:29:25.519
his commanders that tomorrow they would finish
the Spanish in Cusco and move on to

339
00:29:25.640 --> 00:29:30.799
Lima. In his mind, it
was all over. The next day,

340
00:29:30.880 --> 00:29:33.680
soon after dawn, a gray roar
went up from the hundreds of thousands of

341
00:29:33.759 --> 00:29:38.960
native warriors on the hillsides. Once
again, hordes of Native troops descended upon

342
00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:42.559
the city, filling the streets and
marching toward the main square, where they

343
00:29:42.559 --> 00:29:48.039
expected the Spaniards to make their final
stand. In and around the same square,

344
00:29:48.599 --> 00:29:53.160
Spanish cavalry and foot soldiers waited,
along with African slaves and Native auxiliaries.

345
00:29:55.200 --> 00:29:59.960
Manco's troops soon began setting a fire
rooftops that had somehow escaped the conference

346
00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:03.599
gration the previous day. Thus,
as the city continued to smoke and burn,

347
00:30:04.279 --> 00:30:10.160
warriors ran along the tops of house
walls, hurling javelins and slinging stones

348
00:30:10.200 --> 00:30:15.200
down upon their enemies. Afraid that
Manco's troops might try to set their last

349
00:30:15.200 --> 00:30:18.920
two buildings on fire, the Spanish
had purposefully posted men on both rooftops.

350
00:30:19.599 --> 00:30:25.160
These men were busy putting out fires
as the sling throwers or jungle warriors fired

351
00:30:25.200 --> 00:30:30.359
hot stones or flaming arrows at them. Meanwhile, in the narrow streets below,

352
00:30:30.400 --> 00:30:33.599
the two opposing forces met and grappled
with each other in combat that was

353
00:30:33.680 --> 00:30:41.119
designed to settle the fate of Peru. With their military options reduced, the

354
00:30:41.200 --> 00:30:45.160
Spaniards relied upon one simple strategy in
order to prevent the small area that they

355
00:30:45.160 --> 00:30:52.279
presently held from being overrun. Their
three cavalry units continually charged the native warriors

356
00:30:52.440 --> 00:30:56.079
in an effect to disrupt their attacks. Everyone agreed it was better to meet

357
00:30:56.119 --> 00:31:00.000
one's end fighting on the open square
or upon the narrow streets than to be

358
00:31:00.039 --> 00:31:04.759
caught cowering in one of the bunkers. No Spaniard wanted to be trapped inside

359
00:31:04.759 --> 00:31:10.880
either building, burned or clubbed to
death. Thus, like the native warriors

360
00:31:10.920 --> 00:31:15.559
attacking them, the Spaniards fought savagely, stabbing and slicing at the enemy with

361
00:31:15.559 --> 00:31:21.119
their lances and swords, butchering native
after native leaving on the ground pools and

362
00:31:21.240 --> 00:31:26.960
puddles of gore and blood. Maneuverability
for the cavalry had become difficult. The

363
00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:30.680
force of the cavalry was further blunted
by the number of native innovations. For

364
00:31:30.720 --> 00:31:34.880
example, when one twenty three year
old cavalry officer led a charge down one

365
00:31:34.920 --> 00:31:41.480
of Cousco's narrow streets, a group
of Manko's warriors suddenly pushed a high wall

366
00:31:41.519 --> 00:31:45.400
over which collapsed on top of him
and his men. They were knocked from

367
00:31:45.440 --> 00:31:49.000
their horses would certainly been killed if
they were not rescued by their native auxiliaries.

368
00:31:49.839 --> 00:31:55.319
Meanwhile, on the hillsides around the
city, Manko's troops had been busy

369
00:31:55.359 --> 00:32:02.200
implementing additional strategies in an effort to
neutralize the Spanish horses on flat agricultural terraces

370
00:32:02.240 --> 00:32:07.599
at the incas called annanes, in
which they had used to transform the sloping

371
00:32:07.680 --> 00:32:13.559
hillsides in certain areas into a series
of giant, staggered platforms. Native warriors

372
00:32:13.559 --> 00:32:17.680
now dug pits in order to prevent
cavalry charges. Elsewhere in the surrounding hills.

373
00:32:19.160 --> 00:32:23.680
Other natives disrupted aqueducts leading into the
city, flooding the flatlands along the

374
00:32:23.759 --> 00:32:28.519
rim of the valley and making it
impossible for horses to gallop on the marshy

375
00:32:28.559 --> 00:32:35.799
ground within Cusco. Manco's troops continued
building more and more wicker barricades, using

376
00:32:35.799 --> 00:32:40.920
these to block off entire streets and
thus restrict the horse's mobility. As the

377
00:32:40.960 --> 00:32:45.440
cavalry wind wheeled on their horses and
attempted to cope with so many new obstacles,

378
00:32:46.160 --> 00:32:52.200
Mancoes warriors now unleashed a new weapon, when they had previously only used

379
00:32:52.200 --> 00:32:55.559
when hunting deer, another large game. One of the siege's survivors, rode

380
00:32:55.559 --> 00:33:00.559
As, follows. They have many
offensive weapons, such as lances, arrows,

381
00:33:00.599 --> 00:33:05.720
clubs, axes, halberds, darts
and slings, and another type of

382
00:33:05.720 --> 00:33:09.920
weapon that they call the eyelas,
which were made from three round stones place

383
00:33:10.119 --> 00:33:15.359
and sewn up in leather bags and
attached to accord a yard long. They

384
00:33:15.400 --> 00:33:20.079
throw these at the horses and thus
bind their legs together, and sometimes they

385
00:33:20.079 --> 00:33:23.519
will hit the rider and bind a
man's arms to his body. These Indians

386
00:33:23.559 --> 00:33:28.599
are so good at this that they
can bring down a deer in the countryside.

387
00:33:29.680 --> 00:33:35.680
Spaniards soon began calling these Inca's new
strange weapon bolus or balls. In

388
00:33:35.759 --> 00:33:38.680
response to the Inca's latest tactics,
the Spaniards were forced to quickly come up

389
00:33:38.680 --> 00:33:45.000
with counter strategies of their own.
Because of the bolus, the cavalrymen now

390
00:33:45.039 --> 00:33:47.480
needed foot soldiers to accompany them in
order to cut them free when they became

391
00:33:47.599 --> 00:33:55.039
entangled. Parties of Spanish horsemen and
infantry meanwhile worked feverishly to destroy the barricades

392
00:33:55.039 --> 00:34:00.680
in the streets. Although no Spaniard
had yet been killed, many had nevertheless

393
00:34:00.720 --> 00:34:06.839
received serious wounds on their arms,
hands, legs, and faces, and

394
00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:10.199
all of them realized that the desperate
situation would have been even worse without the

395
00:34:10.199 --> 00:34:15.800
help of their native auxiliaries. One
man recounted quote, the friendly Indians were

396
00:34:15.800 --> 00:34:21.159
of great help in curing the wounds
and administering to all other needs, bringing

397
00:34:21.199 --> 00:34:24.920
healing herbs and food to eat.
On seeing this, many of the Spaniards

398
00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:29.199
themselves so that they were in such
straits that they did not know what would

399
00:34:29.239 --> 00:34:31.880
have happened if had it not been
for the help of those Indians end quote.

400
00:34:34.000 --> 00:34:37.039
Despite the Inca's best efforts, the
Spaniards were still able to kill several

401
00:34:37.119 --> 00:34:44.039
hundred native warriors while suffering no fatalities
themselves, although it is likely that many

402
00:34:44.079 --> 00:34:49.440
of their native auxiliaries did lose their
lives. Manco's generals quickly learned that although

403
00:34:49.480 --> 00:34:53.760
their troops could apparently wound the Spaniards, it was nevertheless extremely difficult for the

404
00:34:53.800 --> 00:35:00.800
warriors to kill them. Only by
surrounding a cavalryman and pulling him from his

405
00:35:00.840 --> 00:35:05.320
horse that they have a chance at
killing an armored Spaniard in hand to hand

406
00:35:05.440 --> 00:35:12.039
combat. The Spaniards took little consolation
from their lack of casualties. After two

407
00:35:12.119 --> 00:35:17.480
days of successive native attacks, their
prospects remained grim. They were massively outnumbered

408
00:35:19.000 --> 00:35:24.480
and their supplies were growing short.
If they had anny chance of survival,

409
00:35:25.360 --> 00:35:30.679
they needed to dislodge Manko's warriors from
the fortress of Susqueham. If they could

410
00:35:30.719 --> 00:35:37.039
take the fortress, then the Spaniards
could eliminate attacks on their most exposed flank

411
00:35:37.760 --> 00:35:43.760
and hold the most strategic military area
on the Heights. After consulting with his

412
00:35:43.920 --> 00:35:49.559
captains, Hernando finally decided that seizing
Susqueham was the only means of reducing their

413
00:35:49.599 --> 00:35:54.000
vulnerability, despite the clear and obvious
danger that a frontal attack on the heavily

414
00:35:54.079 --> 00:36:00.880
guarded fortress would entail Pedro Pizardo would
later write, Nando Pisaro agreed that we

415
00:36:00.880 --> 00:36:04.920
should go and try to capture the
fortress, for it was from there we

416
00:36:04.920 --> 00:36:08.400
were receiving the most damage, because
at the very beginning an agreement was not

417
00:36:08.480 --> 00:36:13.280
reached to take it before the Indians
laid siege, nor was the importance of

418
00:36:13.280 --> 00:36:17.079
holding it realized. This being agreed
upon, we of the cavalry were given

419
00:36:17.119 --> 00:36:22.800
the job to ready our weapons and
go and take it. Juan Pisaro was

420
00:36:22.840 --> 00:36:29.039
put in charge. Now, Juan
was very popular amongst his fellow countrymen.

421
00:36:29.840 --> 00:36:35.159
Earlier that day, he had been
fighting on horseback when another cavalryman was struck

422
00:36:35.159 --> 00:36:37.880
on his helmet with a large stone. He fell to the ground unconscious.

423
00:36:38.639 --> 00:36:44.039
Spotting the danger Juan had written over, leapt from his horse and gone to

424
00:36:44.079 --> 00:36:49.000
the man's aid. As Juan was
dragging the fallen comrade to safety, a

425
00:36:49.079 --> 00:36:53.559
native slingthrower unleashed a stone that struck
him squarely in the draw. Although he

426
00:36:53.599 --> 00:36:59.559
was stunned, Juan managed to pull
his companion to safety. By evening,

427
00:36:59.559 --> 00:37:02.440
though Juan's jaw had become so swollen
that he was no longer able to wear

428
00:37:02.440 --> 00:37:07.719
a helmet. Nevertheless, he was
twenty three years old, ready and willing

429
00:37:07.920 --> 00:37:13.000
to lead an attack on Susqueham.
As Hernando had asked, helmet or no

430
00:37:13.079 --> 00:37:19.440
helmet, Juan was going forward.
The fortress Jan had to storm was formidable,

431
00:37:19.480 --> 00:37:22.440
to say the least. Susqueham was
built on a rocky edge on the

432
00:37:22.440 --> 00:37:27.960
northern part of the city, protected
on three sides by steep slopes, which

433
00:37:28.000 --> 00:37:31.920
prevented a direct attack. On its
northern side, facing away from the city,

434
00:37:32.280 --> 00:37:37.599
the fortress fronted a grassy plain that
the Incas frequently had used her festivals.

435
00:37:37.639 --> 00:37:43.159
Since the fortress was pregnable only from
that direction, the Incas built a

436
00:37:43.199 --> 00:37:46.360
series of giant walls there with which
to defend it. As one later scholar

437
00:37:46.360 --> 00:37:50.880
would write, quote, on the
side of the fortress that is less steep,

438
00:37:51.119 --> 00:37:53.920
there are three walls, one above
the other. The most beautiful thing

439
00:37:53.960 --> 00:37:58.280
that can be seen among the buildings
of that land are these walls, because

440
00:37:58.599 --> 00:38:01.000
they are of stone, so large
that no one who sees them would say

441
00:38:01.039 --> 00:38:05.599
they had been placed there by human
hands, For they are as large as

442
00:38:05.679 --> 00:38:09.199
chunks of mountains, and they have
a height of thirty palms about twenty one

443
00:38:09.239 --> 00:38:15.800
feet in a length as many more. These walls twist more or less zigzag

444
00:38:15.199 --> 00:38:20.000
in such a way that if they
are bombarded it is impossible to do so

445
00:38:20.239 --> 00:38:24.079
from directly in front, but only
obliquely. The whole fortress was a warehouse

446
00:38:24.079 --> 00:38:30.480
of weapons, clubs, lance's bows, axe's shield vests, thickly padded with

447
00:38:30.519 --> 00:38:34.639
cotton, and other weapons of various
sorts, gathered from every corner of the

448
00:38:34.679 --> 00:38:39.559
realm that was subject to the Inca
lord. Together, Juan and Hernando decided

449
00:38:39.559 --> 00:38:43.840
that the only way to break into
the fortress was first to take out the

450
00:38:43.920 --> 00:38:47.280
legions of warriors to the north of
the city. Yet to the many who

451
00:38:47.360 --> 00:38:53.119
listened, the plan sounded suicidal.
It might have been, but they had

452
00:38:53.159 --> 00:38:58.679
no choice. If Juan had Nano
and their men were to remain in Cusco,

453
00:38:59.039 --> 00:39:02.519
Manco would eventually overwhelmed them. The
math wasn't on their side. Losses

454
00:39:02.599 --> 00:39:08.880
or no time wasn't on their side. Resources weren't on their side. Their

455
00:39:08.920 --> 00:39:14.400
only chance was to throw the dice, trust in their God and hope for

456
00:39:14.400 --> 00:39:19.599
the best. And so on the
morning of May the thirteenth, fifteen thirty

457
00:39:19.679 --> 00:39:24.880
six, Juan Pisado and about fifty
horsemen quote emerged from the church and mounted

458
00:39:24.920 --> 00:39:28.960
their horses as if they were going
to fight, and started to look from

459
00:39:29.000 --> 00:39:31.840
side to side. While they were
looking about in this way, they suddenly

460
00:39:31.840 --> 00:39:36.320
put their spurs to their horses,
and then a full gallop, despite the

461
00:39:36.440 --> 00:39:39.039
enemy, broke through the opening that
had been sealed in the wall and charged

462
00:39:39.079 --> 00:39:45.400
off up the hillside at a breakneck
speed and quote. Juan's cousin Pedro recalled

463
00:39:45.559 --> 00:39:49.800
how he and the rest of the
cavalry had to first break through the native

464
00:39:49.800 --> 00:39:53.639
contingents hurling stones at them, and
then how they had to zig zag up

465
00:39:53.679 --> 00:40:00.360
the steep hillside, stopping frequently while
their native auxiliaries cleared the way. He

466
00:40:00.400 --> 00:40:04.920
would later write again, quote,
we went up through Carmeneca, a very

467
00:40:05.039 --> 00:40:07.679
narrow road, bordered on one side
by a hillside and the other by a

468
00:40:07.760 --> 00:40:13.360
ravine deep in some places. And
from this ravine they inflicted much damage on

469
00:40:13.480 --> 00:40:16.639
us with stones and arrows, and
they had also destroyed the road in some

470
00:40:16.679 --> 00:40:21.760
places, and had made many holes
in it. Went this way with great

471
00:40:21.800 --> 00:40:25.639
efforts and difficulty, because we kept
stopping and waiting while the few friendly Indians

472
00:40:25.679 --> 00:40:30.000
we had with us, fewer than
a hundred, filled up the holes and

473
00:40:30.119 --> 00:40:36.960
repaired the roads end quote. The
Spanish cavalry then wheeled east and charged in

474
00:40:36.960 --> 00:40:42.079
the direction of the fortress, quickly
reaching the grassy plain that stretched before its

475
00:40:42.119 --> 00:40:46.519
northern wall. But now Juan really
had a problem. His horses might be

476
00:40:46.559 --> 00:40:51.320
a devastating weapon, but he was
looking at a three thousand foot long wall

477
00:40:51.760 --> 00:40:55.119
built of truly gargantuan stones, each
one weighing three hundred and sixty tons or

478
00:40:55.239 --> 00:41:00.159
more. As mentioned, these roads
between twenty one to twenty eight feet in

479
00:41:00.199 --> 00:41:04.639
the air, and I mean look
as great as their horses were, they

480
00:41:04.639 --> 00:41:09.480
can't ride up a vertical wall,
making matters worse. Manco had troops on

481
00:41:09.800 --> 00:41:15.440
every terrace ready to rain down projectiles
on the Spaniards if they came. If

482
00:41:15.440 --> 00:41:21.800
the attackers did manage to get control
of one level, the Inca could just

483
00:41:21.920 --> 00:41:24.360
move up to the next, and
the next, and the next, and

484
00:41:24.480 --> 00:41:30.320
continue the bombardment. Even those who
had not originally questioned the sanity of the

485
00:41:30.360 --> 00:41:37.119
plans must now have been having second
thoughts. On the broad summit above the

486
00:41:37.159 --> 00:41:43.599
wall stood a labyrinth the buildings,
and from amongst those rose three stone towers.

487
00:41:44.239 --> 00:41:47.320
The central tower was the tallest and
was four to five stories in height,

488
00:41:47.639 --> 00:41:52.920
cone shaped, measuring seventy five feet
in diameter. The two flanking at

489
00:41:52.920 --> 00:41:58.039
on either side was nearly the same
height and were rectangular. Beneath the towers

490
00:41:58.480 --> 00:42:02.159
ran a series of different secret tunnels
that extended out at least as far as

491
00:42:02.159 --> 00:42:08.679
the defensive wall and perhaps beyond.
Built during the previous century, susqueham which

492
00:42:08.719 --> 00:42:15.639
actually means Fortress of the Satisfied Falcon, was so big that the entire population

493
00:42:15.639 --> 00:42:21.039
of Cusco, if necessary, could
find refuge within it. With at least

494
00:42:21.079 --> 00:42:27.400
thirty thousand native warriors now defending it
and the high priest villac Umu personally directing

495
00:42:27.440 --> 00:42:32.559
the efforts, the fifty Spanish cavalrymen
and maybe one hundred native allies were faced

496
00:42:32.559 --> 00:42:38.119
with a seemingly insurmountable task. Had
to figure out a way to breach these

497
00:42:38.199 --> 00:42:45.800
massive walls and then seize the fortress
from its defenders. Juan Pisaro and Ponce

498
00:42:45.880 --> 00:42:51.280
de Leon, who remained with the
expedition, now launched a series of direct

499
00:42:51.280 --> 00:42:55.559
attacks on the fortress. The closer
the Spanish got, the thicker the hail

500
00:42:55.599 --> 00:43:01.480
of stones and other projectiles that rained
down upon them. During the final charge,

501
00:43:01.960 --> 00:43:08.039
Juan Pisato's own page was killed felled
by a single stone. Many other

502
00:43:08.159 --> 00:43:15.480
Spaniards had their horses wounded in what
was becoming an increasingly desperate struggle. Not

503
00:43:15.679 --> 00:43:19.840
Able to wear a helmet due to
the head wound he had re suffered the

504
00:43:19.920 --> 00:43:25.639
day before. With the last rays
of sun falling, one urged on his

505
00:43:25.719 --> 00:43:32.079
fellow cavalrymen for one final charge,
shouting the traditional cries of Santiago, before

506
00:43:32.159 --> 00:43:37.360
galloping across the grassy plain as stone
missiles began to whizz down on top of

507
00:43:37.400 --> 00:43:44.239
them, bouncing back up from the
ground like massive hailstones. Wheeling to stop

508
00:43:44.280 --> 00:43:49.000
before the main gate and protecting themselves
with their shields, the Spaniards leaped from

509
00:43:49.000 --> 00:43:53.119
their horses, then threw themselves against
a large wicker barrier that had sealed the

510
00:43:53.159 --> 00:43:59.320
gateway, somehow breaking through, the
Spaniards now began to force their way up

511
00:43:59.360 --> 00:44:04.119
the stone stair that led to the
first terrace. As the native defenders rushed

512
00:44:04.400 --> 00:44:09.000
to close off the breach, an
increasingly heavy volley of rocks and missiles rained

513
00:44:09.000 --> 00:44:14.760
down upon the Spaniards from above,
loudly clanging off their armor. The Warrior's

514
00:44:14.840 --> 00:44:19.840
figures counterattack soon forced the Spaniards to
retreat back down the stairway and out onto

515
00:44:19.880 --> 00:44:23.840
the plane, Shouting at his men
to renew their efforts. Juan once again

516
00:44:23.880 --> 00:44:30.400
surged forward, swinging his sword fiercely
and forcing his way ahead, almost hurling

517
00:44:30.480 --> 00:44:37.000
himself against a tide of native bodies. Juan's cousin Pedro recalled what happened next,

518
00:44:37.599 --> 00:44:40.360
quote from a terrace that is on
one side of the courtyard. They

519
00:44:40.400 --> 00:44:44.920
showered us with so many stones and
arrows that we could not protect ourselves.

520
00:44:45.320 --> 00:44:49.239
And for this reason, Juan Pisaro
shoved some of the infantry men toward the

521
00:44:49.360 --> 00:44:52.119
terrace, which was so low,
so that some of the Spaniards might get

522
00:44:52.199 --> 00:44:55.960
up on it and drive the Indians
from there. And while he was fighting

523
00:44:55.960 --> 00:45:00.639
with these Indians in order to drive
them away, neglected to cover his head

524
00:45:00.639 --> 00:45:05.440
with his shield, and with so
many stones that they were throwing, one

525
00:45:05.480 --> 00:45:09.639
of them hit him on the head
and cracked his skull, bleeding from what

526
00:45:09.719 --> 00:45:16.239
was an obviously serious head injury.
One nevertheless continued fighting until his Spaniards and

527
00:45:16.280 --> 00:45:21.920
their native allies had gained a foothold
on the first terrace, but with darkness

528
00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:25.000
descending, and still being pummeled from
the two sets of walls above them.

529
00:45:25.280 --> 00:45:30.800
The Spaniards were gradually forced once again
to retreat back down the wall and across

530
00:45:30.880 --> 00:45:35.840
the plain, some remounting their horses, while others just stumbled backwards, holding

531
00:45:35.920 --> 00:45:40.840
up their shields or protection. Mango's
warriors meanwhile advanced after them, shouting insults,

532
00:45:42.199 --> 00:45:46.719
while others continued to relentlessly whirl and
launch a seemingly inexhaustible supply of stones,

533
00:45:47.960 --> 00:45:52.960
reaching the relative safety of some of
the buildings beyond the wall. Juan

534
00:45:52.000 --> 00:45:59.159
Pisado now collapsed. Native auxiliaries carried
him back down the steep hillside and into

535
00:45:59.199 --> 00:46:02.239
the city, and he would drift
in and out of consciousness for the next

536
00:46:02.239 --> 00:46:07.719
few days while the battle continued to
swirl around him. Three days after his

537
00:46:07.760 --> 00:46:13.920
assault on Susqueham, the twenty five
year old was loosed enough to dictate his

538
00:46:13.960 --> 00:46:19.639
will, which a notary duly recorded
as follows quote, I Juan Pisaro,

539
00:46:20.079 --> 00:46:23.559
citizen of this great city of Cusco
in the Kingdom of New cast deal.

540
00:46:24.519 --> 00:46:29.880
Firstly, I commend my soul to
God, who created and redeemed it with

541
00:46:29.920 --> 00:46:34.199
his precious blood and body. And
I order that if God decides to take

542
00:46:34.239 --> 00:46:37.440
me from this present life. Because
of the sickness I now have that my

543
00:46:37.599 --> 00:46:43.559
body be buried in the main church
in this city until such a time as

544
00:46:43.599 --> 00:46:49.639
my brothers had Anando Pisarto and Gonzalo
Pisarto carry my bones back to Spain.

545
00:46:50.480 --> 00:46:52.920
I ordered that on the day of
my death a requiem mass be sung,

546
00:46:53.320 --> 00:46:58.079
and that a mass be sung on
each of the following nine days. I

547
00:46:58.320 --> 00:47:02.760
also order, because I received sexual
services from an Indian woman who was given

548
00:47:02.800 --> 00:47:07.159
birth to a child whom I do
not recognize as my daughter, that,

549
00:47:07.320 --> 00:47:10.320
nevertheless, because of the services of
her mother, I ordered that if this

550
00:47:10.360 --> 00:47:15.239
girl becomes of marriageable age and weds
with the blessing of my brother Hernando Pisaro,

551
00:47:15.639 --> 00:47:20.920
that she'd be given two thousand ducats
for her marriage. However, if

552
00:47:20.960 --> 00:47:23.920
she dies before marrying without heirs,
it is my desire that the two thousand

553
00:47:24.000 --> 00:47:30.440
ducats be returned not to her heirs, but to mine. This will was

554
00:47:30.519 --> 00:47:37.800
made and approved before the notary public
and witnesses in the said capital of Couscoe

555
00:47:37.239 --> 00:47:40.920
on the sixteenth day of the month
of May, in the year one thousand,

556
00:47:42.320 --> 00:47:46.559
five hundred and thirty six of the
birth of our Savior Jesus christ end

557
00:47:46.679 --> 00:47:53.559
Quote. Two weeks after his injury, Juan Pisaro died. Despite his final

558
00:47:53.599 --> 00:48:00.239
request, Juan's body was never returned
to Spain. He was the first of

559
00:48:00.360 --> 00:48:05.039
five Pisado brothers to die in Peru. He would not be the last.

560
00:48:06.760 --> 00:48:12.159
With options running out, Cannando Pizzano
wasted no time mourning his brother. He

561
00:48:12.280 --> 00:48:16.599
didn't have the time to waste.
He appointed his brother Gonzalo commander and ordered

562
00:48:16.679 --> 00:48:22.639
him to complete the assault of the
fortress. By now, both sides realized

563
00:48:22.679 --> 00:48:29.119
the fight for Sasquaham was the great
rebellion. If Manko could hold onto the

564
00:48:29.159 --> 00:48:32.360
fortress, he would be able to
hold onto his kingdom. If not,

565
00:48:34.639 --> 00:48:39.480
and the odds were not in his
favor, Manko called up five thousand more

566
00:48:39.559 --> 00:48:45.599
men to defend his fortress. Hernando
ordered a dozen more cavalry men to the

567
00:48:45.679 --> 00:48:53.519
front, but these calvalrymen were men
who could not now defend Cusco. Manko

568
00:48:53.599 --> 00:48:59.880
could continue to call up additional resources, Hernando had to use what he had.

569
00:49:00.239 --> 00:49:07.599
He had no illusions that he would
not be reinforced anytime soon. All

570
00:49:07.719 --> 00:49:13.679
day in Cusco, the fighting continued. Hundreds of native warriors were slaughtered due

571
00:49:13.719 --> 00:49:19.599
to the Spaniards better armor, horses, and weaponry. Nevertheless, Manko's warriors

572
00:49:19.920 --> 00:49:25.519
continued pressing forward. Piles of dead
bodies littered the streets of what had once

573
00:49:25.559 --> 00:49:32.000
been a glorious capital of the Inca
Empire. Above the city on the grassy

574
00:49:32.119 --> 00:49:38.159
plained before Susqueham Manko's fresh troops had
arrived and now began pressing Gonzalo in his

575
00:49:38.199 --> 00:49:45.079
cavalry so much that quote, the
Spaniards were in a very difficult situation with

576
00:49:45.119 --> 00:49:50.880
these reinforcements, because the Indians who
arrived were fresh and attacked with great determination

577
00:49:52.000 --> 00:49:57.760
that night. Exhausted, wounded,
and increasingly desperate, the Spaniards were nevertheless

578
00:49:57.800 --> 00:50:02.280
ready with a new plan. Realizing
that Manco might send even more troops the

579
00:50:02.320 --> 00:50:07.920
following day, and that their exposed
presence above the city only invited greater counter

580
00:50:08.000 --> 00:50:14.920
attacks, the Spanish captains decided to
mount a night attack on the fortress.

581
00:50:15.239 --> 00:50:21.480
The Spaniards knew full well that Manco's
troops would never expect such an attack.

582
00:50:22.559 --> 00:50:27.440
They also knew the natives disliked fighting
at night, especially on the night of

583
00:50:27.480 --> 00:50:32.880
a new moon, which was due
that very night. Thus, despite the

584
00:50:32.960 --> 00:50:38.320
day's fierce fighting, the Spaniards were
somehow able to supervise the building of assault

585
00:50:38.360 --> 00:50:45.599
ladders, probably constructed by native auxiliaries. The ladders were similar to those the

586
00:50:45.599 --> 00:50:51.639
Spaniards had used on the Iberian Peninsula
for century after century to assault the castles

587
00:50:51.679 --> 00:50:57.159
of the Moors. Under the cover
of darkness, Hernando Pisato and many other

588
00:50:57.199 --> 00:51:00.679
Spanish soldiers within the city now secret
climbed up the hill to join those above.

589
00:51:01.639 --> 00:51:07.280
Before them lay the ink of fortress. As quietly as they could,

590
00:51:07.880 --> 00:51:13.800
the Spaniards and their auxiliaries began carrying
their assault ladders across the plain, seeking

591
00:51:13.800 --> 00:51:17.480
out the darkest sections of the walls
from which to stage their attack. Pulling

592
00:51:17.480 --> 00:51:22.400
themselves on to the top of the
first wall, the Spaniards attacked the first

593
00:51:22.400 --> 00:51:27.519
startled sentries before the natives even understood
what was happening. Slicing and stabbing with

594
00:51:27.519 --> 00:51:30.360
their swords, the Spaniards quickly gave
in the terrace along the top of the

595
00:51:30.400 --> 00:51:36.480
first wall. Their native auxiliaries meanwhile
climbed up after them, pulling the ladders

596
00:51:36.519 --> 00:51:40.199
up from behind. Soon an alert
was sounded and stones began to pelt down.

597
00:51:40.960 --> 00:51:45.960
The conquistadors nevertheless continued throwing their ladders
up against the next wall, climbing

598
00:51:46.039 --> 00:51:50.840
up holding their shields in one hand
and the swords in the other. Caught

599
00:51:50.880 --> 00:51:53.960
by surprise, Manko's troops were soon
forced to abandon the two lower terraces,

600
00:51:54.079 --> 00:51:59.239
but rallied on top of the third. Directly behind rose the complex of buildings

601
00:51:59.480 --> 00:52:02.079
and the three towers that loomed ahead
in the night. With only one wall

602
00:52:02.159 --> 00:52:07.440
remaining, the defenders had no choice
but to make a final defensive stand.

603
00:52:07.159 --> 00:52:12.239
According to one quote, I'm able
to certify that this was the most fearful,

604
00:52:12.480 --> 00:52:15.239
cruel war in the world between the
Christians and Moors. There is some

605
00:52:15.400 --> 00:52:21.360
mercy, and those whom they take
alive can have some consolation because of ever

606
00:52:21.480 --> 00:52:27.039
present ransoms. But here amongst these
Indians there is neither love, nor reason

607
00:52:27.119 --> 00:52:30.760
nor fear of God. They kill
us as cruelly as they can, and

608
00:52:30.000 --> 00:52:37.480
quote with a ferocity born of desperation. The Spaniards swung their swords, fending

609
00:52:37.480 --> 00:52:43.840
off volley after volley of stone missiles
with their shields. Throughout that long night,

610
00:52:43.840 --> 00:52:47.400
the two sides fought, the Spanish
forces on one side, pushing against

611
00:52:47.400 --> 00:52:53.239
Manko's forces on the other. When
dawn broke, the Spaniards and Manko's troops

612
00:52:53.239 --> 00:52:58.400
were still locked together, neither side
having slept now for a day and a

613
00:52:58.519 --> 00:53:04.480
night, and no rest coming in
the horizon. Despite the spaniards best efforts,

614
00:53:04.519 --> 00:53:07.320
though, the Native defenders still held
the three towers and most of the

615
00:53:07.400 --> 00:53:13.280
buildings, while the Spaniards and their
native auxiliaries held the terraced walls below.

616
00:53:14.480 --> 00:53:20.039
Vilac Umu and his Great General meanwhile
continued to direct the defenders from somewhere deep

617
00:53:20.079 --> 00:53:27.360
within the complex of buildings. Susqueham, however, had one glaring weakness it

618
00:53:27.519 --> 00:53:34.920
had no source of water. Soon
the situation started to deteriorate, vilac Umu

619
00:53:35.239 --> 00:53:38.440
decided there was not enough water and
weapons to supply his defenders. As a

620
00:53:38.519 --> 00:53:44.000
result, he ordered the defenders to
break through the Spaniards rank, allowing himself

621
00:53:44.199 --> 00:53:47.639
and some of the major generals to
escape. Making their way to Kolka,

622
00:53:49.119 --> 00:53:52.320
the two leaders urged Manko to send
additional troops, hoping that a fresh counter

623
00:53:52.440 --> 00:53:59.480
attack would route and destroy the Spaniards. By now, however, the remaining

624
00:53:59.559 --> 00:54:04.280
Native to fenders had retreated to the
three towers. Ernando Pisardo ordered that the

625
00:54:04.320 --> 00:54:07.760
scaling ladders be set against all three
of the towers at once, and that

626
00:54:07.840 --> 00:54:14.639
his men stormed them simultaneously. With
the Native defenders now out of weapons and

627
00:54:14.719 --> 00:54:17.880
the Spaniards climbing onto all three towers, the route soon became a slaughter.

628
00:54:19.760 --> 00:54:22.639
Countless Natives, rather than face sure
death at the hands of the Spaniards,

629
00:54:23.000 --> 00:54:28.519
chose instead to leap from the high
walls and from the towers. Most died

630
00:54:28.519 --> 00:54:32.320
on impact. Others fell on top
of piles of the dead and survived,

631
00:54:32.840 --> 00:54:37.360
although they two were soon clubbed or
stabbed to death. By the time the

632
00:54:37.440 --> 00:54:44.000
last defenders of the fortress were overcome, so many bodies lay strewn about the

633
00:54:44.039 --> 00:54:50.320
area that groups of vultures and black
condors soon descended to the ground to feast

634
00:54:50.440 --> 00:54:55.679
upon their flesh. One of the
Spanish attackers wrote, quote, we assaulted

635
00:54:57.039 --> 00:55:01.480
and captured the fortress, killing three
thousands souls. They killed our captain,

636
00:55:01.760 --> 00:55:07.360
Juan Pisado, and during the combat
in the city they killed four Christians,

637
00:55:07.800 --> 00:55:12.320
not including more than thirty others who
they killed on the ranches and the farms

638
00:55:12.320 --> 00:55:17.559
of the Indian chiefs while we were
out collecting tribute and quote. As usual

639
00:55:17.559 --> 00:55:22.199
in the lopsided battles between the Natives
and Spaniards. Thousands died on the Inca

640
00:55:22.280 --> 00:55:28.960
side, while the Spaniards suffered relatively
few losses thus far in Mango's rebellion.

641
00:55:29.000 --> 00:55:32.599
In fact, the mortality score had
risen to perhaps two to four thousand dead

642
00:55:32.679 --> 00:55:39.559
native troops versus roughly thirty five dead
Spaniards. The lopsided ratio, however,

643
00:55:40.559 --> 00:56:08.599
and indeed nearly three years of almost
uninterrupted Spanish victories, was about to change,