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Hello and welcome to Western Sieve.
Episode two hundred and fifty eight the end

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of the Inca. Manco Inca barely
outlived Francisco Pizarro barely Gonzalo Pizzaro's efforts to

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rest control of Peru from Charles the
Fifth ended in April of fifteen forty eight.

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Now all the Pizzaros are dead,
except Hernando, who was still in

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prison outside Madrid. With Manco dead, the only person left to lead the

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Inca was his ninety year old son. Today we finished off our series on

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the conquest of the Inca and reflect
a bit on the similarities and differences between

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our two great conquistadors, Cortez and
Pisaro. In the decades that followed the

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deaths of Manco Inca and Gonzalo Pizaro, Spain's control over the former Inca empire

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gradually increased. A succession of capable
of governors and an influx of hundreds and

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then thousands of other Spaniards who poured
in saw the situation very much stabilize.

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It is a bit amazing to think
that in fifteen thirty two, Francisco Pizarro

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invaded Peru with one hundred and sixty
eight men. By Manko's death in fifteen

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forty four, there were over five
thousand Spaniards in Peru. By fifteen sixty

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that number had more than doubled to
ten thousand. Peru continued to be administered

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by a royal viceroy under the supervision
of the Spanish Crown. As more and

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more Spaniards poured into Peru, they
continued to construct cities and towns, and

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to supervise the extraction of precious metals, the cultivation of crops, and the

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collection of tribute. The much larger
native population simply labored on, having exchanged

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one master for another. The exchange
wasn't an equal one, though, as

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the natives who now paid tribute to
the Spanish had far fewer rights, paid

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far greater tribute, and received far
less than they had well under the control

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of the Inca. In fact,
the native inhabitants of Peru now received virtually

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nothing from their new overlords. The
roughly five hundred Spanish uncle me and those

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who made up a mere five percent
of the total Spanish population in Peru.

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Wrote one observer quote, it is
true that what they pay in tribute and

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taxes, they endure great difficulty and
hardship. Not only is there nothing left

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over for them, that's the inca
that would allow them to rest, but

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there is also nothing that allows them
to endure the time of necessity or illness

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as we Spaniards have or feed or
raise their children with. They live in

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poverty and lack the necessities, and
they never finish paying the debts the tributes.

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We can see that they are wasting
away and being consumed very rapidly because

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of the many aggravations they suffer.
They grieve because of the misery and servitude

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they are in. Even during their
festivals, they weep and their songs are

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full of sorrow because the tributes they
pay to the Spaniards have incapacitated them.

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They've come to believe that for as
long as they have and their sons and

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their descendants live, they will have
to work for the Spaniards. End quote.

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Still, Peru continued to have two
opposing emperors, at least for the

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moment, one in the jungle and
another in Cusco under Spanish domination. This

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was the case until Manko's brother Paolo
finally died in fifteen fifty nine. Manko's

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son back in the jungle, had
died only one year before of some unknown

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illness. He might have been poisoned. The jury still out on that one,

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and so out in said jungle.
Titu Kusi, another of Manko's sons,

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the one who had actually been captured
for a period of time, and

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the one from whom we get most
of our narrative from the Inca side,

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became the new emperor and wasted no
time resuming the guerrilla war with the Spaniards.

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The new emperor was shortly thereafter land
to rebellions in what is today Chile

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and central Peru, though how much
control Titu Kousi might have exercised in either

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region is subject to serious questioning.
Spain had by now lost interest in expensive

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military operations deep in the jungles of
eastern Peru. The government now preferred very

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much to negotiate with Titu. It
wanted him to give up his jungle kingdom

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and returned to Cousco as a puppet
king. Titu was always clever enough to

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keep the Spanish thinking he might come
to terms, always to back out at

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the last moment. Finally, in
fifteen sixty nine, Titukusi did sign a

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peace treaty with the Spanish in fifteen
seventy He was trying to figure out how

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to get his people adjusted to the
new reality of a post conquest Peru when

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Titukusi suddenly died. It was in
May of fifteen seventy one that Tito began

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complaining of chest pains and was bleeding
from the nose. At sunrise, he

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was dead the next morning. His
sudden death left an already reeling people further

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shocked. Titucusi's younger brother, tupac
Amaru, now became the emperor of the

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Inca. Tupacmaru, whose name means
royal serpent, was twenty seven years old

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at the time. Frankly, back
in Cusco, most of the Spaniards were

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totally unaware of all these changes in
the jungle and didn't really care. Just

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three months earlier, a new vice
roy arrived in Lima who would transform relations

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between the indigenous natives and the occupying
Spanish. His name was Francisco de Toledo.

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De Toledo was fifty six years old. He was firm and a disciplinarian.

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He was appointed for one reason,
to settle the problem of the rebellious

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natives in Peru. Toledo firmly believed
that the indigenous Inca were an inferior people.

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They were children who needed to be
ruled, but who also might,

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if converted to Christianity and properly taught, could someday enjoy a few of the

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benefits of European civilization. So,
of course, to put it in modern

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parlance, we would say Toledo was
a racist, though that's not a term

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he would have understood, and frankly, it's I suppose just a bit lazy

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to label everyone from the distant past
with pejoratives to make ourselves feel better today.

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After all, what are they going
to say about you and I in

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four hundred and fifty years. Still, make no mistake about it, Toledo

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believed that the Anka were inferior and
had been ordained by God to be ruled

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by a superior civilization, ie the
Spanish. The rebel Inca kingdom in the

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jungle had to be crushed and the
Inca converted to Christianity and mass for there

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to be any prayer pun intended of
saving them. So it was that Toledo

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decided that there would be no more
treaties. There would be no more negotiation,

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whoever was the present emperor of the
Inca, whoever them might have been.

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And note the Spanish definitely still thought
it was Titukuzi in fifteen seventy one

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that person needed to be killed.
This was the state of affairs in July

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of that year. By May of
fifteen seventy two, Toledo had assembled an

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army of two hundred and fifty armored
Spaniards supported by two thousand native auxiliaries.

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He ordered this army to advance at
once to the jungle, find the emperor,

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kill him, and finish off his
rebel state once and for all.

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Sometime in early June, the army
crossed into Kambamba again. I don't even

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know how many times the Spanish have
sent an army into this valley. At

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this point, despite a valiant native
resistance, the campaign was a foregone conclusion.

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The invading army was well equipped,
and this time it was determined to

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see the job done. The Spaniards
quickly took Viticos and then approach to via

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Kambamba itself. On June twenty fourth, fifteen seventy two, Quote General Martin

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Huarto dea Bierto ordered that all the
men formed themselves into companies, with their

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captains and Indian allies, with their
generals and with their banners. They marched

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off, taking the artillery with them. At ten o'clock in the morning,

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they marched into the city of v
Kambamba, everyone on foot, for it

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is most rugged and wild country and
is in no way suitable for horses.

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Due the Spaniards found that they hidden
capital Gonzalo Pisato had sacked thirty three years

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earlier, now lay desolate, smoldering
and empty. In a report the Spanish

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general later submitted to Vice Roy Toledo
Abierto stated that he and his men quote

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found Via Kabamba abandoned, with around
four hundred intact houses, and their shrines

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and idolatries were just here as they
had been before the city was captured.

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We found the houses of the Inca
emperors burned, and all the Indians warriors

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as well as peasants, had fled
to wherever they could end. Quote.

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One Spanish chronicler marveled at how when
the Spaniards arrived quote, the entire town

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was found to be sacked so thoroughly
that if the Spaniards and their auxiliary Indians

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had done it, it could not
have been worse. All the Indian men

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and women had fled and had hidden
themselves in the jungle. Taking everything they

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could. They torched and burned the
rest of the corn and food that was

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in the storehouses, so that when
the expedition arrived, it was still smoking,

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and the Temple of the Sun,
where their principal idol was located,

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was burned. The Incas had done
the same when General Gonzalo Pisaro had entered

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the city, and the lack of
food had forced Gonzale's expedition to return and

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leave the country in the emperor's power. The Incas expected in a similar manner

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that when the Spaniards presently found no
food nor anything else with which to subsist

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upon, that they would turn back
and leave the land, that they would

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not stay there, nor would they
settle it. And for this reason the

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Indians fled, setting fire to everything
that they had been unable to carry away

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with them. By now, the
Spaniards learned that Titukusi was dead and that

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a new emperor, Chubakamaru, had
been crowned. But neither the new emperor,

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nor his attendants, nor the temple
priests, nor the priest stesses,

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nor anyone else who had inhabited the
city could be found. Despite the Inca's

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sacking of their own capital. One
chronicler described some of what the Inca had

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left behind, quote, the town
has where it would be better to say,

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have had a location half a league
one point seven five miles wide,

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like the layout of Cusco, and
a long distance in length. In it.

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They used to raise parrots, hens, ducks, local rabbits, turkeys,

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pheasants, curasaos, macaws, and
a thousand other kinds of birds of

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diverse and showy colors that are very
beautiful to see. The houses and storage

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huts are covered in good thatch,
and there are numerous guava, peak hands,

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peanuts, papayas, pineapples, avocados, and many other cultivated in wild

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trees. The palace of the Inca
emperor had different levels and was covered in

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roof tiles, and the whole palace
was painted with a great variety of paintings

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in their manner, which was something
worth seeing. The town had a large

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square good enough for a number of
people, where they used to celebrate and

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even race horses. The doors of
the palace were made a very fragrant cedar,

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which there is a great quantity of
in that land, and some of

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the roofs were of the same wood. The Incas barely missed the luxuries,

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greatness, and sumptuousness of Cusco in
that distant or better said, exiled land,

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because everything they wanted to have from
outside of Via Kambamba the Indians brought

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to them for their contentment and pleasure. Due General Aberto sent out a couple

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of small mobile forces in different directions, hoping to capture the Inca leaders and

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especially their new emperor, Tobakamaru,
who was rumored to be fleeing with his

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pregnant wife. One unit formed under
the command of a young, ambitious captain

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named Martin Garcia de Loyola, a
man eager to prove himself and who picked

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a select number of forty men in
a petition he later submitted to the king.

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Garcia de Loyola made a clear what
had motivated him and many of the

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other Spaniards to join Abeto's expedition.
Quote when war was declared by the Vice

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roy against the Inca Emperor, who
was discovered to be in the province of

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Via Kambamba, working against your Majesty, many rewards were offered in your royal

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name to those who participated, and
in particular, an income of a thousand

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pasos was promised annually from tribute paying
Indians to the person who captured the Inca

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Emperor. End quote. Whoever captured
the Inca Emperor, in other words,

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was to be granted and encomienda and
encomienda with enough natives to guarantee a lifetime

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of income of one thousand pasos around
ten pounds of gold per year, a

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grant that could then be passed on
to one additional lifetime of the recipient's son,

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daughter, so on and so forth. The ensuing pursuit of the emperors

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through the jungle was brutal. As
the Spanish continued downriver, they came upon

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various natives whom they captured and tortured
in an effort to discover the whereabouts of

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the emperor. They learned that they
were gradually closing the distance, quickening their

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pace. The Spaniards now began their
chase their quarry by both day and night,

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guided by local Indians and lighting their
way late at night with torches as

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the orange flames illuminated the strange,
eerie black jungle, The Spaniards sometimes froze

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momentarily as unseen beasts suddenly crashed noisily
away. Finally, after a chase that

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lasted for more than two hundred miles, the Spaniards glimpsed a small brick lit

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fire ahead in the jungle. Moving
cautiously with drawn swords, Garcia de Loyola

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and his men immerged into a small
clearing, where they found tupac Amaru and

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his pregnant wife huddled beside a camp
fire. The two royal fugitives probably looked

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up bleakly as the bearded men emerged
in the darkness the fire, causing the

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steel of their swords and breastplates to
glisten. There in the middle of the

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night, deep in the Amazon rainforest, the thirty five year long Spanish campaign

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to destroy the rebel province of v
Kambamba and to seize its last remaining inca

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emperor had finally come to an end. On September the twenty first, fifteen

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seventy two. The Spanish army returned
to Cousco victorious. As tupac Amaru was

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led away in chains. The exalted
soldiers were treated to celebrations that lasted well

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into the night. Tupac Amaru was
given a show trial. He did not

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comprehend Spanish jurisprudence, nor did he
speak Spanish, so the whole thing was

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a farce. The verdict guilty was
a foregone conclusion. After three days of

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trial, the judge sentenced the last
emperor of the Inca to death. The

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Spanish did not waste time, and
the next day a simple scaffold stood in

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the center of the town square.
According to eyewitnesses quote, so many natives

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attended the death of their king and
lord that those were present say that it

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was only possible to push through the
streets and squares with the greatest of difficulty,

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And since there was no room left
to stand, the Indians climbed on

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the walls and roofs of the houses. Even the many large hills they can

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be seen from the city were packed
with Indians. The open spaces, roofs

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and windows in the parishes of Carmeneca
and San crist Ball were so crowded with

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spectators that if an orange had been
thrown down it, it could not have

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reached the ground anywhere. So densely
were the people packed Endote Tupac's hands were

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bound and another rope secured to his
captors lest anyone attempt an escape. According

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to one eye witness quote, as
the multitude of Indians who completely fold up

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the square saw that sad and deplorable
spectacle, and knowing that their lord and

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Inca was about to die there,
they deafened the skies and made them resound

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with their cries and uproar. Tupac
Umaru's relatives who were near him celebrated that

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sad tragedy with tears and sobbing,
and then, according to a different chronicler,

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tupac Amaru, the last Inca Emperor, address the crowd. Lords.

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You are gathered here from all four
Sooyus corners of the Empire. Let it

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be known that I am a Christian
and that they have baptized me, and

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I wish to die under the law
of God, and I have to die.

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And that everything my ancestors, the
Ancas, have told you up to

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now that you should worship the Sun
God Punchao and the shrines, idle stones,

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rivers, mountains and sacred tings is
a lie and completely false. When

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we used to tell you that we
were entering a temple to speak to the

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Sun, and that it told you
what to do. We said that it

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spoke this, and this was a
lie because it did not speak. Rather

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we did, for it is an
object of gold and cannot speak. And

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my brother Titukusi told me that whenever
I wished to tell the Indians to do

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something, that I should enter alone
into the Sun Temple, and that no

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one was to enter with me,
and then afterwards I should come out and

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tell the Indians that had spoken to
me, and that it had said whatever

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I wanted to tell them. Because
the Indians performed better when they have been

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commanded to do something, they better
obey what they venerate. And the god

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most venerated was the Sun God.
And to Bakamorrow then asked the crowd to

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forgive him for having deceived them until
now, and to pray for God for

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him. He said all this with
great royal authority, majesty, nothing artificial

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nor contrived. After delivering this what
could only be described as a shocking speech

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spoken in Inca, so that few
Spaniards actually would have understood it, no

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doubt stunned his native listeners quote the
Inca then received consolation from the fathers who

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were at his side, and taking
leave of all, he put his head

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on the block like a lamb.
The executioner then came forward, taking the

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hair in his left hand, he
severed the head with a knife at one

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blow, and held it on high
for all to see. As the head

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was severed, the bells of the
cathedral began to ring, and were followed

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by those of the monasteries in the
parish churches throughout the city. The execution

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caused the greatest sorrow and brought tears
to all eyes. And so it was

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on September the twenty fourth, fifteen
seventy two, thirty six years after manco

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Inca had launched the Great Rebellion,
the last Inca emperor, Tupac amorrow died,

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and that, for all practical purposes, ends our story, at least

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for now. Of course, Spanish
Peru is going to continue to go on

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and develop. Lima will become the
great Spanish capital of South America. But

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all that's a story for another day. Before we move on, I want

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to take a moment and reflect on
the two stories the two great conquistadors,

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Cortes and Pi sorrow and think about
the men who faced off against them,

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and see what we can learn from
them. First, I think there's a

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few generalizations that are important. The
first is who is willing to be a

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conquistador? Who? That really matters. I think it's oftentimes a misunderstanding of

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people looking back at this stage of
history who assume the Spanish crown is sort

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of pushing these conquista doors to go, giving them plans and maps and so

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on and so forth, and saying, well, here's an inca civilization,

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why don't you go conquer that one
and come back with the money and so

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on and so forth. But the
reality is is that again Europe is still

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grounded in many ways in a medieval, late medieval mentality at this point,

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so that sort of idea would have
and totally foreign to the monarchies at the

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time, certain Spanish monarchy at the
time as well. You know, this

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is a continuation of the reconquista in
so many ways, and to that end,

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these are enterprises that are very much
driven by the individual in question,

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and the people who are willing to
go are not the people who already are

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fabulously wealthy. The people who are
willing to go on these conquests are people

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who really don't have anything to lose. It's either go to the New World

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or risk your life in the Northern
Italian Wars. Those are your two options.

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Staying home really isn't a choice.
And I think it's fascinating that so

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many conquistadors come from what is essentially
the same county in Spain, one of

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the poorest regions of the country even
today, which just goes to show you

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that the driving factor in who's going
to immigrate and this is going to be

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true for a while to the New
World is very much We talk about push

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pull ideas with immigration, and there's
a lot of push going on at this

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point. There's a lot of people
who leave Europe because they simply don't feel

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like they have another opportunity to survive
where they are, and that's absolutely the

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case for both peace Auto and Cortez. The other broad generalization to talk about

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is technology. Of course, I
don't think I realized until I really started

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looking into this how big of a
disparity there was between Europeans and the first

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nations of the Americas. The Inca
by and large and the Mexica are the

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most sophisticated civilizations in the New World. In the late fifteenth century, at

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the time Columbus arrives. But even
they are essentially Stone Age civilizations. Yes,

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the Inca possess some bronze, and
so do the Mexica to an extent.

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Certainly they have bows and arrows,
but it is incredible to think that

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you just cannot kill someone with a
stone club if they're wearing steel armored,

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at least not without tremendous effort.
And a steel sword is going to cut

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through anything that native warriors bring to
bear. So the numbers that you need

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are enormous, and even the huge
numerical advantages that the Inca and the Mexica

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possess are simply not sufficient to overcome
such an incredible disparity of technology. And

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then there's something that I guess I'll
classify as technology, even though it's not

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really technology per se, and that's
the advantage of horses. I can say

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with one hundred and ten percent confidence
that prior to beginning the research into these

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episodes, I had no idea the
pivotal role that horses played in the conquest

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of the Mexico Old World Mexico and
what is modern day Peru, the Inca

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Empire, and really the America's in
general, sure, I've seen horses.

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I've been around horses, But maybe
it's because you know, we're far enough

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away from the time period when horses
would have actually been used on the battlefield

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or used regularly, we don't kind
of appreciate the advantage that a mounted man

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has on infantry. And I think
that that's it's one of those things where

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it's it's an exponential benefit. What
I mean by that is there's a benefit

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for armor, for having armor,
there's a benefit for having a steel sword.

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There's a benefit for having a horse. But when you put all of

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those things together, they become sort
of like this multiplier. So instead of

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really one plus one plus one,
it's one plus one times two and so

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on and so forth. It becomes
a much more powerful weapon when you put

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it all together. And again it's
worth remembering that, you know, we're

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talking about essentially what are Stone Age
peoples here. So if you imagine even

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like a Norman proto night, so
like an early level medieval night going up

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against say an army from ancient Egypt, New Kingdom Egypt, and that's probably

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even a more sophisticated army because they
have bronze weaponry, but they don't last

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a second, not against a fully
armored man on horseback. It's just too

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devastating. I mean, after all, cavalry is the dominant offensive weapon in

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Europe all the way through to the
invention of gunpowder, and really even more

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than that, the invention of musketry
and so on and so forth, because

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there's harkle buses, but they're not
really effective in terms of their ability on

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a battlefield to be used consistently.
A man on horseback can charge, rest,

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charge again, and so on and
so forth. And we see this.

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We see it especially in the case
of the Inca, because the Inca

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start to figure out that there's no
way that they can stand against a man

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on horseback on level ground time and
time again. During the Great Rebellion,

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we saw how generals tried to figure
out ways to neutralize Spanish cavalry because if

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they couldn't do that, then they
simply stood no chance. It didn't matter

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whether you had them out numbered a
thousand to one or ten thousand to one.

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Man on horseback was just something that
these indigenous armies couldn't overcome unless they

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could figure out a way to slow
them down or stop the charge. And

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I again can tell you I did
not appreciate that until doing this research,

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just how crucial horses were to the
conquest of the New World. The other

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thing, of course, is information. The Inca and the Mexica didn't have

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writing per se and writing in a
way that it was easy to communicate large

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pieces of information, sometimes dense information, in a fast manner, and that

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matters in a couple of different ways. First of all, it matters because

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you're able to communicate more easily between
locations. So ostensibly Pissaro can communicate back

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to Charles the Fifth in Spain or
wherever he happens to be at the moment.

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Beyond that, Pizarro can communicate with
his brother in Cusco, and Cortez

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can communicate with his colony back on
the coast to try to get information are

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different indigenous rulers. They can get
some information, but it's a much more

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limited in nature because of how they
can transfer it. You know, you

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have the keepee, which are sort
of like knots. In the Inca case,

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that's good for explaining numbers and so
on and so forth, but it's

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far too cumbersome to try to put
together to express big pieces of information.

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Where are the Spanish forces, where
are they're moving, what are their intentions,

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what are their weaknesses? That's too
difficult to put together in that system.

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So it's a huge limitation again for
the first nations peoples of the Americas,

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and a big advantage. And the
other thing that information gives you is

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it gives you institutional knowledge. We
kind of talked about this, especially during

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the Inca Conquest, where different Inca
generals, once they died, you know,

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their knowledge, their knowledge died with
them. They didn't have the ability

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to sort of pass it on to
somebody else, and that was a limitation

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of course at the Inca command structure
as well. But the key here is

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an understanding that whatever was learned in
one battle or one war, one series

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of wars between an indigenous community and
the Spanish or another European community, that

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00:31:42.440 --> 00:31:48.200
was immediately lost when those people died. And the difference is Cortez had a

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00:31:48.279 --> 00:31:53.400
number of setbacks, but he wrote
them down and Pisato, even though he

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was illiterate, the men who were
with him were not, and they were

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able to digest this information and understand
what works and what didn't work. When

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it came to dealing with the inhabitants
of these Mesoamerican civilizations, these empires,

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and that gave the klunquistadors a huge
leg up, because actually, it turned

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out time and time again, these
indigenous kings, emperors, and nobles did

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tend to operate in similar ways,
even though they're part of disparate civilizations.

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Now, of course it should go
without saying. Another similarity is that Europeans

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were inoculated to disease, specifically small
box, whereas the communities of the New

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World were not. And that was
absolutely devastating, and it's always worth pointing

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out, and it gets pointed out
a lot, so I won't spend a

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lot of time on it because I
think most people really understand it that huge

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numbers of indigenous persons from the New
World were wiped out within fifty one hundred

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years. And Pisa Hatter walks into
a situation in Peru the second time that

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he gets there, where Peru and
the Inca world has been decimated by smallpox

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Cortez after he's forced to flee from
tanosht Klan. The reason he's able to

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00:33:19.160 --> 00:33:23.119
go back and be so successful so
easily is because in between the time that

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he leaves and the time that he
goes back, Tanosh clan is almost wiped

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out completely by smallpox. And if
that doesn't happen, I'm not sure that

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the outcome is exactly the way that
he would have planned it. Like horses.

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I think the other thing that I
learned and hopefully you did as well,

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is that this is not a story
of Europe versus Mexica or Spain versus

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00:33:54.319 --> 00:34:01.519
Inca. It isn't because what we
have in both cases are many instances of

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native collaborators, native groups who are
willing to side with the conquistadors. And

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that makes a huge, huge difference
because it's just too hard to get mass

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groups of people across the Atlantic Ocean
at this point to sustain that beachhead.

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The Europeans are going to be dependent
on native peoples to sustain their efforts for

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00:34:29.840 --> 00:34:35.880
a long time. Yet it takes
a really long time for Europeans to start

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00:34:35.920 --> 00:34:42.519
to develop the sort of population basis
necessary to operate without the assistance of the

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people who already there. Now that
this takes a couple of different ways,

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and I think these are a few
differences that are worth pointing out, because

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when we look at the Mexica you
have a situation where you have non Mexica

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ethnic groups, the Tasla Cans,
for example. This is a group who

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has long been subjugated by the Mexica
and they're not happy about it. Cortes

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00:35:07.360 --> 00:35:10.599
sees this, he is able to
turn them against the Mexica and convert them

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into an ally. On the other
hand, Pisaro comes into a situation where

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we have a civil war effectively coming
to an end, very recently coming to

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an end. He recognizes this and
notices that there are factions, and so

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00:35:25.559 --> 00:35:29.719
he tries to play one faction off
the other, and it's very successful in

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00:35:29.760 --> 00:35:37.480
doing so. But without this native
collaboration, the conquest of Old Mexico and

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the conquest of Peru do not go
as easily. So it's a mistake.

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I think a lot of times in
I'd say overview history textbooks that say Pissaro

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00:35:49.719 --> 00:35:57.199
conquered the Inca or Cortes and a
few hundred Europeans conquered the Aztecs or the

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00:35:57.239 --> 00:36:04.960
Mexicans, because in reality it was
Cortes plus a huge indigenous allied group,

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00:36:05.960 --> 00:36:13.400
and it was Pizarro plus a huge
faction of the Inca providing native auxiliaries.

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Now, another thing that's the difference
that's worth pointing out that I really did

383
00:36:16.719 --> 00:36:22.719
think is interesting is how the conquest
of Old Mexico by Cortes is, you

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00:36:22.760 --> 00:36:27.519
know, to a large extent of
one man show. He's got his various

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00:36:27.599 --> 00:36:30.760
lieutenants and so on and so forth
who work with him, but you know,

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00:36:30.840 --> 00:36:35.559
he makes the decisions. That's not
the case in the conquest of Peru.

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There, you it really is the
family business, the Pizarro family business.

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00:36:39.719 --> 00:36:43.400
I said it at the beginning,
where you know, you've got four

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00:36:43.679 --> 00:36:49.239
piece arrows, four brothers. You
know, Francisco the elder statesman, the

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00:36:49.280 --> 00:36:51.639
youngest one, is actually the first
to die, and then you have the

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00:36:51.639 --> 00:36:57.639
two middle brothers, Gonzalo and Hernando, and they all play important roles throughout

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00:36:57.679 --> 00:37:04.480
the conquest of Peru. So it's
interesting to note that difference between how the

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00:37:04.559 --> 00:37:10.159
Spanish in different situations change based off
of the available resources. And I think

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that that's very helpful in sort of
framing and understanding how things are going to

395
00:37:15.320 --> 00:37:22.679
unfold from here. So where do
we go from here? Well, we're

396
00:37:22.679 --> 00:37:25.679
going to do one deep dive next
week. This is going to be similar.

397
00:37:25.760 --> 00:37:30.559
Two years ago, I did an
episode on Leonardo da Vinci was sort

398
00:37:30.559 --> 00:37:36.320
of a really long look into the
career of someone who was very emblematic of

399
00:37:36.400 --> 00:37:38.599
the time period. In that case, it was the Renaissance. Here,

400
00:37:38.599 --> 00:37:44.360
I'm going to look at somebody who
I actually think is really a spokesperson for

401
00:37:44.440 --> 00:37:47.599
what it means to be Econquisador,
even though he's not successful ultimately. And

402
00:37:47.679 --> 00:37:52.599
that's someone who I learned a lot
about in preparing for these episodes, and

403
00:37:52.639 --> 00:37:55.960
who I decided I need to know
more about nets here than the De Soto

404
00:37:58.280 --> 00:38:02.000
guy who's going to go looking for
his inca empire in the American Southwest and

405
00:38:02.119 --> 00:38:07.280
not find it. So that's what's
on for next week. But if you're

406
00:38:07.320 --> 00:38:09.719
looking for more content in the interim, check out all the links in the

407
00:38:09.719 --> 00:38:15.800
show notes linked to the website ad
free versions of the show bonus shows there

408
00:38:15.840 --> 00:38:20.000
as well. And then we've also
got Western Sieve two point Oh. If

409
00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:22.400
you can't get enough Western Sieve,
I've got good news for you. Got

410
00:38:22.400 --> 00:38:28.000
a seven day free trial. We're
deep into the Wars of the Successors at

411
00:38:28.039 --> 00:38:32.199
this point. That's at post Alexander
the Great World, and so if you

412
00:38:32.320 --> 00:38:36.239
want to hit the whole story,
hit the reset button check it out.

413
00:38:36.239 --> 00:38:37.039
You can get a seven day free
trial