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Rights. What up? Everybody?
Welcome to another episode of Let's Ask Paul,

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the podcast where you can ask me
any question you want on the National

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Electrical Code or electrical topics in general. Maybe you want to ask questions about

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starting your own electrical contracting business.
What are the pitfalls where I found the

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hardest things to do when I had
my electrical contracting businesses. Whether it's the

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counting, whether it's the bidding,
estimating, all that kind of stuff.

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You know, I had the same
struggles that all of you have. I've

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been doing this for over thirty plus
years and I've owned my own contracting businesses,

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consulting businesses. I teach a lot
of code, I write a lot

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of courses. So look, if
you ask me questions, I'm going to

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give you an honest answer to the
best of my ability. You might agree

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or disagree with it, that's your
choice, but I'm going to give you

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the best answer I can to try
to help you be more successful in your

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business or in your career. That's
one of my goals in life to do

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that. That's why I love this
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Dizzel, I should say it is
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phone, So check it out,
all right. Today's episode, a question

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was asked over on a TikTok a
live stream that I did recently, and

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they said, Paul, won't you
explain a delta high leg when it comes

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to the configuration of a delta high
leg? And I said, well,

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while I'm at it, why don't
I just playing Delta high legs Delta transformers,

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and then why not go on and
explain a three phase why transformer as

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well? Okay, and again this
is a topic that some electricians, you

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know, like dude, I just
hook it up, right, I just

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I just hook it up to the
terminals. I don't get into the nuances

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of why I'm going to get two
a weight out of a one twenty two

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forty vote delta high leg. How
I'm going to get two eight votes vectorially,

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they don't care about that, or
they go, well, you know

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what, I use a three phase
why transformer, and maybe I'll explain why

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one is an advantage over the other
a little bit, I guess, since

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we're here, and you might say, well, what do I do to

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get two a eight and how do
I get one twenty out of a why

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configure a transformer? Okay, so
we can kind of we'll kind of look

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at all those little things today and
maybe it'll help you out a little bit,

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and if I confuse you, I'm
sorry. Again. It's a podcast

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platform, so sometimes it is easier
to get confused. Okay, but let's

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start off talking a little bit about
three phase. So if you're familiar with

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commercial electrical and you've been doing that
for a while, and it's not to

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say that you won't have single phase
in it, but a lot of times

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in the commercial industrial because of the
motors, you're gonna have three phase,

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and it's much more economical to have
three phase to a building. And then

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if you need single phase, you
can just tap for example, the winding

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between phase and phase B I'm excuse
me, phase and phase C, let's

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say, and then you tap it
and then you can get single phase one

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twenty two forty. But at the
end of the day, it's it's just

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more economical to bring three phase and
bring down it's much harder to take a

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single phase to a building. Let's
say you're in a commercial building and you

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need you have some loads that need
to have single phase. It's it's I

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mean that need three phase, but
you only have single phase in the building.

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It's much more costly to go from
from single phase to three phase.

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And the equipment that's necessary than it
is to go from three phase down to

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single phase. So again, for
the same level of voltage, it's much

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more cost effective. Now, another
thing that I usually tell people just to

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go look at it and see the
difference in the amps when you're dealing with,

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for example, motors single phase versus
a three phase motors. So if

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you go to four thirty two forty
eight and four thirty dot two fifty and

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you're looking at motors in the FLC
the full load current, you're going to

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notice for the same level of horsepower
and voltage, your amps are going to

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be less under three phase than it
would be for single phase. Okay.

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So economically, it's just makes more
sense to do three phase and drop it

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down to single wind necessary, okay, And that's what the utility people do

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for generation. It's much more economical
for them to do that as well.

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Now, one of the things that
people ask is the principles behind three phase.

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Okay, whether it's a Y transformer
or delta configure transformer, the principles

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behind three phase is that it has
three separate AC voltages and they're all offset

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by one hundred and twenty degrees Okay, and by doing so again, all

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of the voltages of a three phase
are always at zero. Now you measure

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phase to phase, you'll get a
certain certain level. Okay, phase to

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phase, phase phase, it's very
consistent throughout each one of them. Okay,

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it maintains that that consistency. So
that's kind of the the one hundred

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and twenty degrees from each other's the
configuration of the phase or creates it that

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way. Now, let's let's kind
of talk about a delta. So that

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delta looks like a triangle, each
winding, each transformer could be made up

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of three single phase transformers, just
one winding connected end to end in a

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series format in a closed loop scenario, and that creates your delta. And

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there are, of course, there's
applications for what's an open delta. Basically,

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just one of the windings is removed. You have an open delta configuration.

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But we're just going to talk delta
rather than confused people. Maybe on

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another episode, well we'll talk open
deltas and stuff like that. But just

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a normal delta triangular configuration. You
have an A, B and a C,

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and so it's separate windings from A
to B B two C and A

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two C. Okay, Now,
typically you're here folks talk about B being

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the high leg. Now, typically
on the utility side, it's usually C

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is a high leg, and then
when it comes down into your meter,

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it gets changed in it has to
go in as B. But but at

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the end of the day, we're
just talking that high leg, that one

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leg, wild leg, bastard leg, high leg. How do we get

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that out of a delta transformer?
Okay, so let's just talk in general

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a delta transformer, not a high
leg yet, just pure delta transformer.

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So you'll have an A and B
and a C, and again you'll have

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a winding between each so terminal points
B to A. You'll have a winding

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which is two hundred and forty volts
between A and B, and then you'll

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have a A to C the windings
between that, and if you were to

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measure from A to C, then
you're gonna get what two hundred forty volts.

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And again, let's keep it simple. We're not talking four eight in

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two seventy seven, which would be
this kind of the same principle. Let's

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keep it simple. A two forty
volte delta to keep so that everybody stays

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on track. Okay, the volta
is changed, but the principles are the

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same. Okay. So in this
scenario, when we have a delta configuration,

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there is no high leg. It's
just a delta. Now, you

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can have a corner grounded delta where
you tap one of the corners right and

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that makes a connection right, So
you get a corner corner grounded delta.

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But we'll talk about that in a
different episode. To keep it, you

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know, keep focus. We're just
talking about a normal delta configuration. So

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when I measure my measurements from B
to A, I'm gonna get two forty

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A two C two forty B two
C two forty. So it means I

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bring conductors off of those terminal points
down to my panel. That's what I'm

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gonna get. Okay, Readings Now, in order to be able to take

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a delta transformer three phase and get
single phase from it, then what we

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have to do is we have to
tap the center point of one of those

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windings and typically not always, but
typically it's done between the A and C,

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and what we'll get is a midpoint
tap. And so from A to

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midpoint tap, and this is also
you know, typically a transformer that can

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do this, we'll have those taps
built into it or have that configuration tap

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points available. So between A and
the midpoint, you're gonna get a hund

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twenty volts because that's half of a
winding, right, and of course if

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you go to C to the midpoint, then you're going to get one hundred

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and twenty volts as well, and
half of the winding. Now, a

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lot of people ask, so when
would I do this? So in a

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delta transformer is very common in buildings
that have a lot of motor loads but

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have very little lighting loads or very
few loads that need one hundred and twenty

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volts because you are going to be
loading up that winding or that that that

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phase. You're gonna be loading that
up with your one hundred and twenty volts.

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Okay, But if you have a
lot of motors, you want to

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take advantage of the to forty volt
configuration. Okay. So typically the delta

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transformer or you know, the delta
when you have the mid tap is used

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in configurations like this where you have
a bunch of motors and limited one twenty

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volt loads. Okay, Now when
you do that now and you tap that

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center point that winding between let's say
the A and the C winding. Because

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you're trying to achieve a one twenty
two forty volt point, you then have

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the BEE phase. Now, the
B phase is vectorially where you do the

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math, it is not only seeing
a full two hundred forty volt winding between

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let's say B and C, but
it's also getting half of the winding between

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C and the midpoint. So vectorially, that creates the voltage that gives us

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the two to eight. Now,
people say, now, how does that

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actually work? Well, given that
each winding produces sine use sotal voltage.

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Okay, the voltage from the high
leg to that neutral it's vectorially, and

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00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:56,679
if you measure it in a victorial
triangle, it's vectorially the sum across one

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entire winding. Okay, that entire
two forty volte winding, and it's taking

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half of basically one hundred and twenty
volts of the other winding to get to

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that midpoint. So and it's basically
referred to as two forty volts through the

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main winding and then negative one twenty
volts through that half portion of the seed

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to let's say midpoint of the other
winding. Well, in order to determine

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that mathematically and to develop that vectorial
value, we take one hundred and twenty

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volts, okay, and we multiply
that by the square root of three.

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Okay. So if you take your
calculator and you do one hundred and twenty

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volts, I got one with me
times one point seventy three two, which

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is square root of three. It's
three phase. That gives me two hundred

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and seven point eight. And again
do it again just to make sure.

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Yep, two O seven point eight
four. We know that point eight rounds

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00:14:01,919 --> 00:14:05,399
up to two O eight. So
that's how we get the two one hundred

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00:14:05,559 --> 00:14:11,200
and eight volts. Now, the
reason for this is vectorially, it is

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00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:16,559
thirty degrees phase shift between the two
voltages, about a thirty degrees shift in

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phase, and so that's what ends
up happening to it. Right. So

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at the at the end of the
day, you're thinking, okay, how

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does that happen? Well, two
hundred and forty volts, and you basically

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phase shift it thirty degrees. That
gets it down to about the two O

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eight And of course you work it
out using the formula one hundred twenty times

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00:14:41,879 --> 00:14:43,080
one point seventy three two, which
is a square root of three. That's

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how you get the two eight.
But again it's it's a Victoria process.

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And I don't want people to,
you know, lose their mind in this

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00:14:50,799 --> 00:14:54,600
because you basically only need to understand
the principles. Now, if you're an

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00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:58,080
electrician, it does this every day. You don't even give a damn about

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00:14:58,120 --> 00:15:01,799
that concept. Right, But in
a delta high leg, you're gonna get

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one hundred and twenty volts from the
center tap of one side of one winding,

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00:15:07,759 --> 00:15:11,120
and you're gonna get two hundred and
forty volts across any two of the

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phases. And then you're gonna get
approximately two o eight volts from the high

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00:15:16,559 --> 00:15:20,879
leg, which in our cases that
b to the neutral center point or the

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00:15:20,960 --> 00:15:26,879
center point of the winding that's been
tapped, right, And that's basically how

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they're all configured that way. Hopefully
you understand, you know, kind of

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I've made that mental picture and how
you do it. Now when it comes

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to a Y type transformer, how
do you get two o eight volts?

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00:15:37,679 --> 00:15:41,200
Again, they're one hundred and twenty. The phase ors or the ways that

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configured is the phases are one hundred
and twenty degrees out of phase and from

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00:15:46,759 --> 00:15:50,200
phase A to B, for example, it's going to be two o eight.

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From B to C. Now we're
gonna we're talking to WHY transformer,

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it's going to be two o eight. But from any one of those phases

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to the center tap point, okay, or the neutral point of this WHY

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configuration, whereas all of these separate
single phase transformers come together at one common

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point in the center, okay.
And then the other end of the of

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those windings is which you connect your
conductor to that ends up coming down to

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your panels. For example. So
if we were to take any one of

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the A, B or C and
can and test it from the neutral point

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over to the B right, then
you're gonna get one twenty. If I

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do the neutral point to A,
you're gonna get one twenty. If I

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do neutral point to SEE, you're
gonna get one twenty. People saying,

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00:16:36,639 --> 00:16:41,240
no, dubb, Paul, that's
common sense. Now when would I use

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a Y panel over a delta panel. Well, a lot of office buildings

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that have the majority of their loads
are one twenty vote loads or one twenty

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vote lighting. Then you need more
capacity on that transformer to handle the one

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twenty vote loads, Whereas, remember
on the delta you have a center tap,

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so you have very limited windings,
so it's limited capacity. Whereas in

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a why if you know that building
is going to have a lot of one

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twenty vote loads and very few motor
loads, very minimum motor loads, even

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00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:19,319
though you could have two to eight, but very minimum, then at the

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end of the day, you're gonna
want to go with a y transformer just

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makes more sense for the loads.
But if you have a building, let's

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say that that has very limited maybe
the lighting and very few receptacles can remember

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receptacles are not required in a commercial
building. The engineer designs where they go.

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So if you have more lighting,
but ultimately you have larger motors or

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00:17:41,599 --> 00:17:45,920
more to forty volt loads, then
you want to go with a delta.

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00:17:45,160 --> 00:17:49,400
Whereas you're only contributing one of the
windings for those one twenty vote loads or

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00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:53,559
two forty volt single phase loads,
and you need more capacity in the three

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00:17:53,559 --> 00:17:57,480
phase configuration for the delta, then
that's what you're going to go with.

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So again you get to make your
choices. A lot of people will come

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00:18:02,319 --> 00:18:04,400
in and be able delta primary and
then it chains over to a why maybe

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00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:08,440
you have delta configuration coming to the
building where it's just a B and C,

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00:18:10,759 --> 00:18:17,119
and now it's going to derive a
Y secondary because we want to get

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00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:21,000
that two to eight, one twenty
and that's the loads that we're going to

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00:18:21,039 --> 00:18:23,640
be using that type of thing.
Okay, so it depends on the configuration

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00:18:23,680 --> 00:18:27,119
of your transformer. But but hopefully
they answered the question. I'm sure it's

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00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:30,880
not going to answer it deep enough
for those people out there that are the

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00:18:30,920 --> 00:18:36,400
haters. And that's fine because usually
the people that are haters don't know how

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00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:38,279
to do their own videos and wouldn't
know how to educate anybody anyway. So

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00:18:38,319 --> 00:18:41,799
that if you've got all this amazing
knowledge, then why aren't you sharing it

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00:18:41,799 --> 00:18:45,559
with people? Okay, I'm just
saying some of us out there at least

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00:18:45,599 --> 00:18:48,319
trying to share some knowledge with folks. And again, it's a podcast,

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00:18:48,319 --> 00:18:53,240
so I did my best at trying
to explain the differences or where you might

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00:18:53,279 --> 00:18:59,160
see one over the other and that
type of thing. All right, Okay,

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well that's it, folks. That's
all I've got for today's episode.

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Hopefully that answered a little bit of
question about the why versus Delta. Obviously

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00:19:07,960 --> 00:19:15,240
we could go deeper talk about open
Delta's cornerground at Delta's zigzag configuration transformers.

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Yeah, we could go in all
that, but do we really need to

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on this episode? I think not. All right, folks, appreciate you.

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Make sure you listen to our podcast
and share with everybody on the job

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00:19:25,359 --> 00:19:29,000
site. We love the feedback we
get from you, folks, so if

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00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,519
you love it, give it a
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that. Even if you hate me
and you like the fact that I'm at

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00:19:36,960 --> 00:19:38,480
least trying to help people, give
me a thumbs up and be a sport.

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Tell next time, folks, stay
safe, God bless boo ookey boo

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00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:08,720
boo boo, donkey bo