WEBVTT 1 00:00:19.879 --> 00:00:25.359 Hello, and Welcome to Western SIV episode two hundred and seventy seven God's Fire. 2 00:00:26.800 --> 00:00:31.440 Throughout the history of the Inquisition, historians and commenters constantly agreed on the 3 00:00:31.440 --> 00:00:36.320 impressive support given to it by the people. Foreign visitors to the Iberian Peninsula 4 00:00:36.560 --> 00:00:40.880 were appalled by the mass participation of the public in the acts of faith. 5 00:00:41.560 --> 00:00:47.000 Subsequent defenders of the Tribunal felt that they could in part justify the Inquisition by 6 00:00:47.000 --> 00:00:52.159 evidence of its roots in the authentic faith of Spaniards. Opponents of the Tribunal, 7 00:00:52.200 --> 00:00:56.560 however, were equally impressed. Even some of the first modern historians of 8 00:00:56.560 --> 00:01:00.880 the Tribunal were staggered by the lack of evidence for any opposition to it in 9 00:01:00.920 --> 00:01:07.239 Spain. One declared quote, if in investigating what a nation thought about a 10 00:01:07.280 --> 00:01:11.319 certain institution, we were to be guided solely by the testimony of public writers, 11 00:01:11.760 --> 00:01:15.719 there is no doubt that the Spanish people had as much love as hate 12 00:01:15.719 --> 00:01:21.319 for the Inquisition. You will hardly find a book printed in Spain from the 13 00:01:21.359 --> 00:01:25.879 time of Charles the Fifth to our own days in which the institution of the 14 00:01:25.879 --> 00:01:32.560 Inquisition is not cited with praise end quote. The apparent support given by the 15 00:01:32.560 --> 00:01:38.680 people to the Inquisition has inevitably created problems of interpretation for us. Partisans of 16 00:01:38.719 --> 00:01:45.680 the Inquisition have maintained that its popularity was based on its unswavering sense of justice 17 00:01:46.120 --> 00:01:51.040 and that it responded to a profound religious need. Critics, on the other 18 00:01:51.079 --> 00:01:55.400 hand, have presented it as a tyranny imposed by the state upon the free 19 00:01:55.480 --> 00:02:01.239 consciences of Spaniards. Both extremes can easily be supported by contemporary evidence, but 20 00:02:01.400 --> 00:02:07.439 neither is probably right. Let's face it, the state of bureaucracies in fifteenth 21 00:02:07.439 --> 00:02:14.800 century Castile and Ergon were primitive. They were ill equipped, if they even 22 00:02:14.800 --> 00:02:19.039 had the ability whatsoever, to impose a tyranny on the mass of the people, 23 00:02:19.280 --> 00:02:23.719 and in reality, they never attempted to do so. If the Inquisition 24 00:02:23.800 --> 00:02:27.439 acquired a broad base of support, on the other hand, then we need 25 00:02:27.439 --> 00:02:32.520 to examine why this happened. Its support among the masses arose out of the 26 00:02:32.560 --> 00:02:38.120 bitter social struggles of the late fifteenth century. To an extent, we already 27 00:02:38.120 --> 00:02:42.800 talked about that, and it represented the interests of the vast majority of the 28 00:02:42.840 --> 00:02:47.719 population, the old Christians, against those of a small conversal minority. But 29 00:02:47.800 --> 00:02:53.520 those such support always remained the basis of the inquisition's power, it was seldom 30 00:02:53.560 --> 00:02:57.800 more than passive. The Inquisition, as we will see in this episode, 31 00:02:58.240 --> 00:03:01.240 was accepted, but no one ever loved it, and there can be little 32 00:03:01.520 --> 00:03:07.120 doubt of the strong opposition to its introduction. The Aragonese had never fully accepted 33 00:03:07.120 --> 00:03:13.719 their medieval inquisition and had no interest in accepting another one. Now the Castilians 34 00:03:13.759 --> 00:03:17.400 were even worse. But how then, did the Spaniards come to accept a 35 00:03:17.439 --> 00:03:23.879 tribunal that was so alien to their own traditions. Consider the following Jesuit quote 36 00:03:23.879 --> 00:03:30.120 from the sixteenth century inquisitional procedural. Quote. At its inception, appeared very 37 00:03:30.159 --> 00:03:35.960 oppressive to Spaniards. What caused the most surprise was that children paid for the 38 00:03:35.960 --> 00:03:39.280 crimes of their parents, and that the accusers were not named or made known, 39 00:03:39.719 --> 00:03:45.319 nor confronted by the accused, nor was their publication of witnesses, all 40 00:03:45.360 --> 00:03:50.599 of which was contrary to the practice followed of old and other tribunals. Besides 41 00:03:50.639 --> 00:03:53.479 this, it appeared in innovation that the sins of this sort should be punished 42 00:03:53.479 --> 00:03:58.879 by death. And what was the most serious was that because of these secret 43 00:03:58.919 --> 00:04:02.599 investigations, they were deprived of the liberty to listen and talk freely. Since 44 00:04:02.639 --> 00:04:06.240 in all the cities, towns, and villages there were persons placed to give 45 00:04:06.280 --> 00:04:12.840 information of Olanan. This was considered by some to be the most wretched slavery 46 00:04:13.120 --> 00:04:16.879 and equal to death. So howel then did the Inquisition manage to gain a 47 00:04:16.920 --> 00:04:25.160 foothold and then wield dramatic power throughout both Aragon and Castile. The answer is, 48 00:04:25.199 --> 00:04:29.600 as I hinted two moments ago, the circumstances of the time, the 49 00:04:29.639 --> 00:04:34.680 rebirth of the Inquisition happened to come just as wave after wave of conflict between 50 00:04:34.720 --> 00:04:41.720 old Christians and Conversos struck urban centers like Toledo. In these urban centers, 51 00:04:42.160 --> 00:04:47.399 old Christians saw the Inquisition as the means by which they might finally wrest power 52 00:04:47.439 --> 00:04:55.519 from the Conversos. Likewise, Ferdinand saw the Inquisition as an excellent tool for 53 00:04:55.639 --> 00:05:02.199 consolidating his power, and this I think is the key. The Inquisition returned 54 00:05:02.399 --> 00:05:10.600 because Ferdinand wanted it to, and unlike previous Spanish monarchs, he was powerful 55 00:05:10.720 --> 00:05:16.279 enough to make that happen. Ferdinand made the following statement to the town councilors 56 00:05:16.399 --> 00:05:23.720 of Barcelona in fourteen eighty six. Quote before we decided on introducing this inquisition, 57 00:05:23.800 --> 00:05:28.240 into any cities of our realms. We carefully considered and looked at all 58 00:05:28.319 --> 00:05:30.920 the harm and ill that could follow from it, and that could affect our 59 00:05:30.959 --> 00:05:36.600 taxes and revenue. But because of our firm intention and concern is to prefer 60 00:05:36.639 --> 00:05:42.360 the service of God to our own, we wish the inquisition to be established, 61 00:05:42.560 --> 00:05:47.040 regardless, putting all other interests aside. End quote. It is true 62 00:05:47.079 --> 00:05:51.399 that the inquisition was going to cost the crown money, though Ferdinand probably didn't 63 00:05:51.399 --> 00:05:57.079 grasp that at the time. It's also true that that statement was one hundred 64 00:05:57.079 --> 00:06:01.759 percent self serving. The inquisition was both a crisis tool and it was a 65 00:06:01.759 --> 00:06:08.920 political tool of the Crown. To many, the inquisition probably seemed like an 66 00:06:08.959 --> 00:06:15.000 emergency measure. Certainly seems so in that statement until it wasn't. That is, 67 00:06:15.720 --> 00:06:19.199 despite the King's support, there was a great deal of dissent in Spain. 68 00:06:19.879 --> 00:06:26.360 Consider the following denouncing the resort to coercion at a time when evangelicalism had 69 00:06:26.399 --> 00:06:30.480 not even been tried. The Royal secretary informed the Archbishop of Seville that thousands 70 00:06:30.480 --> 00:06:35.079 of young conversos in Andalusia quote had never been out of their homes or heard 71 00:06:35.480 --> 00:06:40.600 and learned any other doctrine, but that which they had seen their parents practice 72 00:06:40.639 --> 00:06:45.399 at home. To burn all these would not only be cruel but difficult to 73 00:06:45.439 --> 00:06:48.120 carry out. I do not say this, my Lord, in favor of 74 00:06:48.160 --> 00:06:51.199 the evildoers, but to find a solution, which it seems to me, 75 00:06:51.680 --> 00:06:56.959 would be to put in that province outstanding persons, who, by their exemplary 76 00:06:56.959 --> 00:07:01.040 life and teaching of doctrine, would convert some and bring back others. Of 77 00:07:01.120 --> 00:07:05.959 course, the inquisitors, Diego de Merlo and doctor Medina are good men, 78 00:07:06.439 --> 00:07:11.839 but I know very well they will not produce such good Christians with their fire 79 00:07:12.319 --> 00:07:17.800 as the bishops did with their water end quote. Many Spaniards were appalled by 80 00:07:17.800 --> 00:07:25.040 the bloodshed inherent with the inquisition. Many believed firmly that people should not be 81 00:07:25.120 --> 00:07:30.319 coerced into a faith to which they had never even been introduced. According to 82 00:07:30.360 --> 00:07:36.639 another eyewitness quote, at the time of the inquisition, there were differing opinions. 83 00:07:36.720 --> 00:07:41.199 Some felt that those who sinned in this way should not suffer the death 84 00:07:41.240 --> 00:07:45.720 penalty, but apart from this, they admitted that it was just to inflict 85 00:07:45.759 --> 00:07:49.199 any other kind of punishment end quote. And inherent in these criticisms was an 86 00:07:49.279 --> 00:07:56.279 underlining critique of the expulsion in general. Even one of the early inquisitors, 87 00:07:56.560 --> 00:08:01.160 Luis de Paramont, wrote despondently to Rome, that the the Expulsion had been 88 00:08:01.279 --> 00:08:07.279 wrong on two counts. First, baptisms in the wake of the Expulsion had 89 00:08:07.279 --> 00:08:13.519 not been performed properly, and so those baptized were essentially pagan. Second, 90 00:08:13.160 --> 00:08:18.879 the expulsion was an implicit invitation to annihilate Jews, which was directly contrary to 91 00:08:18.920 --> 00:08:24.560 Scripture. On both counts, it was right. In the early years of 92 00:08:24.600 --> 00:08:30.639 the Inquisition, opposition was invariably promoted by conversos, given that they were the 93 00:08:30.720 --> 00:08:35.159 number one target. Unable to secure support in Spain, they turned to Rome. 94 00:08:37.320 --> 00:08:41.799 A bull issued by Sixtus the Fourth on the second of August fourteen eighty 95 00:08:41.840 --> 00:08:48.480 three, and almost certainly obtained after significant converso bribes, ordered greater leniency to 96 00:08:48.519 --> 00:08:54.759 be exercised in the Tribunal of Seville, and revoked all appeal cases to Rome. 97 00:08:56.000 --> 00:09:01.159 Only eleven days later, however, the pope withdrew the bill after pressure 98 00:09:01.200 --> 00:09:07.080 from the Spanish rulers. Sixtus the Fourth died in fourteen eighty four, to 99 00:09:07.120 --> 00:09:11.279 be succeeded by Innocent the Eighth, a pope who followed his policy of intervening 100 00:09:11.320 --> 00:09:16.480 in favor of the Conversos while taking care not to anger the Catholic monarchs. 101 00:09:18.080 --> 00:09:22.000 The bulls issued by Innocent on the eleventh of February and fifteenth of July fourteen 102 00:09:22.039 --> 00:09:28.279 eighty five, asking for more mercy and leniency and for greater use of the 103 00:09:28.320 --> 00:09:33.799 secret practice of reconciliation, are typical of the efforts made by the papacy to 104 00:09:33.879 --> 00:09:41.159 avoid lasting infamy. While Conversos may have been upset, we hear little of 105 00:09:41.200 --> 00:09:46.480 any opposition from Old Christians during this period. Now, by no means does 106 00:09:46.519 --> 00:09:52.399 this mean that they supported the institution. It simply means they were not adamantly 107 00:09:52.440 --> 00:09:58.000 opposed to it, likely because they were benefiting from its actions. Now that 108 00:09:58.120 --> 00:10:03.320 tended to change in some areas, depending on the level of inquisitor corruption. 109 00:10:03.600 --> 00:10:09.080 In fourteen ninety nine, the Inquisitor of Cordoba was removed after being found guilty 110 00:10:09.120 --> 00:10:15.279 of fraud and extortion. He was replaced by a new inquisitor, who shortly 111 00:10:15.320 --> 00:10:20.799 thereafter became ensnared in his own legal troubles after trying to extort a few prominent 112 00:10:20.879 --> 00:10:28.039 Old Christian families. Evidently, the Old Christians were fine with extortion so long 113 00:10:28.360 --> 00:10:35.279 as it did not involve them Converso, witnesses later testified that said inquisitor forced 114 00:10:35.360 --> 00:10:41.440 them to teach Jewish prayers to old Christians for the sole purpose of then prosecuting 115 00:10:41.440 --> 00:10:50.200 those old Christians for allegedly becoming Jewish. An independent inquiry later into his actions 116 00:10:50.639 --> 00:10:58.639 proved that the evidence against the accused was quote all fabricated. There's an interesting 117 00:10:58.639 --> 00:11:05.759 exams sample of this that comes out of Granada. In Granada, the inquisitor 118 00:11:05.960 --> 00:11:11.399 accused the archbishop of essentially having a synagogue in his palace. There, the 119 00:11:11.440 --> 00:11:18.039 inquisitor arrested the archbishop and all his household, including his sister, two nieces, 120 00:11:18.320 --> 00:11:24.759 their daughters, and all their servants. The relatives and servants were tortured 121 00:11:24.279 --> 00:11:31.480 and duly produced denunciations against the archbishop. The papacy intervened and the archbishop was 122 00:11:31.519 --> 00:11:35.559 acquitted of all charges in April of fifteen oh seven, and he and his 123 00:11:35.600 --> 00:11:41.799 family were set free. Unfortunately, it was too late for the archbishop, 124 00:11:41.120 --> 00:11:46.639 who was by then an old and broken man, walking barefoot and bare headed 125 00:11:46.639 --> 00:11:50.879 through the streets of Granada in the procession of Ascension Day on the thirteenth of 126 00:11:50.919 --> 00:11:54.879 May. He was seized by a violent fever, which the following day ended 127 00:11:54.919 --> 00:12:01.200 his life. On his deathbed, he denounced the Inquisitor and his emplishments for 128 00:12:01.320 --> 00:12:07.000 quote, trying to wipe out the conversos, which is clearly against the Holy 129 00:12:07.080 --> 00:12:11.559 Catholic Faith, which requires that there be no distinction between jew and Greek end 130 00:12:11.639 --> 00:12:16.840 quote. The archbishop's care for his flock had left him no time to care 131 00:12:16.879 --> 00:12:22.879 for himself. He died in total poverty on the same day. There's an 132 00:12:22.879 --> 00:12:28.600 interesting letter of protest that's written to the King's secretary that reads as follows quote, 133 00:12:28.840 --> 00:12:33.320 the government had failed to exercise effective control over its ministers. As for 134 00:12:33.360 --> 00:12:39.159 the Inquisition, the method adopted was to place so much confidence in the Archbishop 135 00:12:39.200 --> 00:12:43.519 of Seville that they were unable to defame the whole kingdom, to destroy without 136 00:12:43.519 --> 00:12:50.200 God or justice, a great part of it slaying and robbing and violating maids 137 00:12:50.200 --> 00:12:54.519 and wives, to the great dishonor of the Christian religion. The damages which 138 00:12:54.559 --> 00:13:00.320 the wicked officials of the Inquisition have wrought in my land are so many and 139 00:13:00.399 --> 00:13:05.720 so great, that no reasonable person, on hearing of them would not grieve 140 00:13:07.360 --> 00:13:11.600 sadly. The inquisitor in question received no punishment at all for his crimes. 141 00:13:13.679 --> 00:13:18.440 He returned to Seville, where he was allowed to die in peace. At 142 00:13:18.480 --> 00:13:22.480 the death of Ferdinand on January the twenty third, fifteen sixteen, the crown 143 00:13:22.600 --> 00:13:26.200 passed to his grandson Charles the Fifth. Technically, since the death of Isabella 144 00:13:26.279 --> 00:13:31.840 in fifteen oh four, Castile had been under the rule of his daughter Juana 145 00:13:31.919 --> 00:13:37.000 the Mad Despite the fact that she was technically queen, Juana was considered unfit 146 00:13:37.360 --> 00:13:41.440 due to mental incapacity to rule, which some historians today now hotly debate. 147 00:13:43.159 --> 00:13:48.240 Hence, Charles became the effective first king of a United Spain. While the 148 00:13:48.279 --> 00:13:52.840 Spanish court waited for Charles to arrive, the Inquisition continued to function on its 149 00:13:52.840 --> 00:13:58.320 own under the control of Cardinal cis Neros. Whatever since Narrow's views may have 150 00:13:58.320 --> 00:14:01.960 been, many contemporaries thought that some reform in the judicial procedure of the Inquisition 151 00:14:03.399 --> 00:14:07.519 was essential, even if they did not question the tribunal's existence. The arrival 152 00:14:07.519 --> 00:14:11.720 of the seventeen year old king from Flanders set off a train of requests and 153 00:14:11.759 --> 00:14:16.919 demands which constituted the last chapter in the struggle to subject the Inquisition to the 154 00:14:18.000 --> 00:14:22.480 rule of law. When Charles, after his arrival in Spain fifteen seventeen, 155 00:14:22.960 --> 00:14:28.399 held the first cortes of his reign in Vallalodid in February of fifteen eighteen. 156 00:14:28.919 --> 00:14:33.679 His deputies petitioned, quote that your Highness provide that the Office of the Holy 157 00:14:33.720 --> 00:14:39.440 Inquisition proceed in such a way as to maintain justice, and that the wicked 158 00:14:39.480 --> 00:14:46.399 be punished and the innocent not suffer. They asked moreover, that the forms 159 00:14:46.399 --> 00:14:50.120 of the law be observed, that the inquisitioners be chosen from reputable and learned 160 00:14:50.159 --> 00:14:56.399 men. The main result of this was the series of instructions for the Inquisition, 161 00:14:56.759 --> 00:15:00.919 drawn up principally by the initiative of jun de so Edge, who was 162 00:15:01.000 --> 00:15:05.320 the Chancellor of the King, a man who was accused in being in the 163 00:15:05.360 --> 00:15:13.879 pay of the Conversos. The preamble to these proposed instructions claims that accused people 164 00:15:13.159 --> 00:15:18.080 have not been able to defend themselves fully, Many innocent and guiltless have suffered 165 00:15:18.120 --> 00:15:22.919 death, harm, oppression, injury, and infamy. And many of our 166 00:15:24.039 --> 00:15:30.639 vassals have absented themselves from these realms. And as events have shown in general, 167 00:15:30.960 --> 00:15:35.360 these realms have received and receive great ill and harm, and have been 168 00:15:35.399 --> 00:15:43.480 in our notorious throughout the world end quote. The proposed reforms therefore included provisions 169 00:15:43.639 --> 00:15:48.080 that prisoners be placed in open public prisons, be able to receive visitors, 170 00:15:48.559 --> 00:15:54.519 be assigned counsel, be presented with an accusation on arrest, and given the 171 00:15:54.600 --> 00:15:58.519 names of witnesses. In addition, goods of the accused could not be taken 172 00:15:58.519 --> 00:16:04.200 in sould before a verdict, nor could the salaries of the inquisitors be payable 173 00:16:04.279 --> 00:16:11.919 out of confiscations. Prisoners should be allowed recourse to mass and the sacraments while 174 00:16:11.919 --> 00:16:17.000 awaiting trial, and care should be taken not to let those condemned to perpetual 175 00:16:17.039 --> 00:16:22.039 prison die of hunger. If torture were used, it should be in moderation, 176 00:16:22.759 --> 00:16:27.360 and there should be no new quote inventions of torture as have been used 177 00:16:27.440 --> 00:16:34.519 until now end quote. Each of these clauses points to the existence of evils 178 00:16:34.799 --> 00:16:41.679 which the new Pragmatic Order was supposed to fix. Had the instructions ever been 179 00:16:41.679 --> 00:16:49.159 approved, a totally different inquisition probably would have come into existence, secrecy would 180 00:16:49.159 --> 00:16:56.919 have disappeared, and the opportunity for abuse largely removed. Unfortunately, in fifteen 181 00:16:57.080 --> 00:17:03.599 eighteen, Cisneos, who was receptive to reforms, died and Charles replaced him 182 00:17:03.599 --> 00:17:08.920 with his own tutor, the Dutch Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht, Bishop of Tortosa, 183 00:17:10.319 --> 00:17:18.279 and he firmly opposed any reform or innovation whatsoever. Meanwhile, Charles had 184 00:17:18.279 --> 00:17:22.319 gone to Aragon, where he accepted the allegiance of the Kingdom and the Cortes, 185 00:17:22.480 --> 00:17:29.000 which opened at Saragosa in May of fifteen eighteen. Surprisingly, when the 186 00:17:29.039 --> 00:17:33.200 Cortes offered to advance him a large sum of money in exchange for an agreement 187 00:17:33.240 --> 00:17:38.160 to a list of thirty one articles which were substantially the same as those drawn 188 00:17:38.240 --> 00:17:44.160 up by his chancellor, the king agreed. It soon became clear, though, 189 00:17:44.400 --> 00:17:47.920 that he had no intention of observing the agreement. Once he had the 190 00:17:47.920 --> 00:17:53.079 cash in hand, Charles let the treaty lapse. A subsequent message to the 191 00:17:53.079 --> 00:17:59.839 Spanish ambassador in Rome asked him Charles to secure from the Pope revocation of the 192 00:18:00.079 --> 00:18:06.160 articles and a dispensation from his oath to observe them. However, the Cortes 193 00:18:06.160 --> 00:18:11.359 had already taken the step of having Charles's signature to the articles authenticated by Juan 194 00:18:11.440 --> 00:18:15.000 Pratt, the notary of the Courts. All the relevant papers were then sent 195 00:18:15.039 --> 00:18:22.319 to Rome in the hands of Diego de la Casas, a converso from Seville. 196 00:18:22.359 --> 00:18:26.920 After the disillusion of the Cortes in January fifteen nineteen, the inquisition stepped 197 00:18:26.920 --> 00:18:34.319 in the inquisition was determined that these papers not go forward. They arrested Pratt 198 00:18:34.359 --> 00:18:38.559 on the charge of having falsified the articles, which was ridiculous drawn up at 199 00:18:38.599 --> 00:18:45.720 the courtes. The accusation was patently false, but both ecclesiastical and secular authorities 200 00:18:45.720 --> 00:18:52.200 in Castile acted as though they were true. The new Chancellor urgently drew up 201 00:18:52.240 --> 00:18:55.720 papers, which he sent to Rome in April, claiming that these were genuine 202 00:18:55.920 --> 00:19:00.839 and that the official copy was a forgery. By now was a serious constitutional 203 00:19:00.960 --> 00:19:06.279 argument in Aragon, and the deputies and nobility of the Realm, meeting in 204 00:19:06.359 --> 00:19:10.400 conference in May, sent to Charles a request for the release of Pratt, 205 00:19:10.880 --> 00:19:15.000 threatening not to grant any money now until their demands were met. They summoned 206 00:19:15.039 --> 00:19:21.839 the courtes and refused to disperse until justice had been done. At this stage, 207 00:19:21.920 --> 00:19:25.960 in what was now quite the quagmire, Pope Leo the tenth intervened in 208 00:19:26.039 --> 00:19:30.359 favor of the Aragonese. In July fifteen nineteen. He issued three briefs, 209 00:19:32.039 --> 00:19:36.559 one to Charles, one to the Inquisitor General, and one to the Tribunal 210 00:19:36.559 --> 00:19:41.599 of Sarnagosa, reducing the powers of the Inquisition to the bounds of ordinary canon 211 00:19:41.680 --> 00:19:48.960 law and revoking all the special privileges they had been granted. Charles and his 212 00:19:48.000 --> 00:19:53.160 officials now played their hand. They refused to allow the publication of the brief 213 00:19:53.200 --> 00:19:59.119 in Spain and sent a firm protest to Rome. The Pope, and this 214 00:19:59.200 --> 00:20:03.799 is starting to look like a tennis match, now shifted his position and suspended 215 00:20:03.799 --> 00:20:08.920 the briefs without revoking them. At this time, the Aragonese immediately discontinued payment 216 00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:15.519 of any grant to the crown. Finally, in December of fifteen twenty the 217 00:20:15.599 --> 00:20:21.359 Pope confirmed the concordat of fifteen eighteen, but in terms that didn't bother to 218 00:20:21.400 --> 00:20:26.480 specify whether it was the original sent by Pratt or the corrected one. A 219 00:20:26.519 --> 00:20:33.160 compromise was eventually reached in fifteen twenty one, wherein Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht accepted 220 00:20:33.160 --> 00:20:37.759 the Aragonese version for the time being, and finally, after about two years, 221 00:20:38.400 --> 00:20:42.839 let Pratt out of prison. The victory of the Aragonese, though was 222 00:20:42.880 --> 00:20:49.119 an unsubstantial victory. The Inquisition at no time afterwards admitted the validity of the 223 00:20:49.119 --> 00:20:55.880 Concordats of fifteen twelve or fifteen eighteen. So the struggles of all those years 224 00:20:55.920 --> 00:20:59.680 to bring the Inquisition to heal, to give it some rules, to make 225 00:20:59.680 --> 00:21:07.240 it fune, some law somewhere were in vain. At the Castilian Cortes in 226 00:21:07.279 --> 00:21:11.880 fifteen twenty requests made of Valadi did for the reform and the procedure of the 227 00:21:11.960 --> 00:21:18.759 Inquisition were repeated, but again to no avail. Later that same year, 228 00:21:18.000 --> 00:21:22.039 while Charles was away in Flanders, another plan for reform was sent to him. 229 00:21:22.920 --> 00:21:29.839 This and subsequent proposals fell through. On his return to Spain, a 230 00:21:29.920 --> 00:21:34.680 cortes was held in Valado did in again in fifteen twenty three. Again the 231 00:21:34.720 --> 00:21:40.839 old suggestions for reform were brought up. These were fortified by a request that 232 00:21:40.920 --> 00:21:44.680 the salaries of the inquisitors should be paid by the Crown and not drawn from 233 00:21:44.720 --> 00:21:53.079 confiscations. Sadly, failure again was the result, and the Inquisition continued totally 234 00:21:53.559 --> 00:22:02.119 unreformed. At this time a consistent stream of opposition to the Inquisition continued to 235 00:22:02.160 --> 00:22:07.200 flow out of Castile, but the frequency of said complaints was certainly less in 236 00:22:07.240 --> 00:22:11.000 the mid sixteenth century than it had been in the late fifteenth The reason for 237 00:22:11.039 --> 00:22:15.079 this was not that the Inquisition had gotten less corrupt. It was because the 238 00:22:15.119 --> 00:22:21.839 population had grown accustomed to it and hence more tolerant of its abuses. By 239 00:22:21.880 --> 00:22:27.720 fifteen fifty, the institution itself was effectively untouchable. All of this would not 240 00:22:27.759 --> 00:22:34.000 have been possible without the implicit support of the Old Christian majority. Yet in 241 00:22:34.079 --> 00:22:41.000 part it must be conceded that the Inquisition survived because of the unswerving support of 242 00:22:41.039 --> 00:22:45.480 the Crown, which refused to abandon an institution which had proven so useful. 243 00:22:48.000 --> 00:22:52.319 Like Ferdinand before him, Charles the Fifth was wholly dedicated to it and introduced 244 00:22:52.359 --> 00:22:59.079 a similar tribunal in the Netherlands in fifteen twenty. But once again, support 245 00:22:59.119 --> 00:23:04.759 of the Inquisition was extremely regional. Outside of cast deal, few local elites 246 00:23:04.799 --> 00:23:10.880 supported the institution, and that had nothing to do with kindness or humanity. 247 00:23:11.640 --> 00:23:17.440 It had everything to do with those elites jealousy of the special privileges inquisitors enjoyed. 248 00:23:18.359 --> 00:23:23.119 Plus, said inquisitors tended to be outsiders, so local elites, even 249 00:23:23.160 --> 00:23:29.759 if they were Old Christians, tended not to support the Inquisition out of purely 250 00:23:30.119 --> 00:23:36.680 secular motivations, and so it was. For three centuries more the Inquisition would 251 00:23:36.720 --> 00:23:41.359 continue to be a standard feature of the Spanish landscape, just as it had 252 00:23:41.359 --> 00:23:45.880 been bitterly opposed by the Conversos. So in time it would earn the profound 253 00:23:45.880 --> 00:23:52.200 hatred of other minorities in anti Muslim activity. Arguably, it even earned some 254 00:23:52.240 --> 00:23:57.759 popularity among the Christians. The chief victims of the acts of Faith in the 255 00:23:57.759 --> 00:24:03.240 Crown of Aragon were quote nearly always people for whom the general public had little 256 00:24:03.279 --> 00:24:11.440 sympathy end quote. In Aragon and Valencia, the victims were almost certainly Moors. 257 00:24:11.079 --> 00:24:18.880 In Catalonia they were always French immigrants. Despite this victimization of minorities, 258 00:24:18.319 --> 00:24:23.720 the Inquisition still found it difficult to earn genuine popular support in the eastern realms 259 00:24:23.920 --> 00:24:30.000 of the Iberian Peninsula. The rest of the Spanish population gradually came to accept 260 00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:37.759 it, but in a spirit that could hardly be described as enthusiastic. In 261 00:24:37.839 --> 00:24:41.720 one perspective, the Inquisition, though, cannot be seen as the imposition of 262 00:24:41.799 --> 00:24:48.799 a sinister tyranny on an unwilling people, brought into being by a particular social 263 00:24:48.839 --> 00:24:56.480 situation. It was inspired by a decisively old Christian ideology and controlled by men 264 00:24:56.480 --> 00:25:02.240 whose outlook reflected the mentality of the mass of Castiday. Millions. Outside of 265 00:25:02.319 --> 00:25:07.279 cast Deal, support for it remained grudging. Outside of Spain, opposition was 266 00:25:07.319 --> 00:25:14.920 total. Within the Golden Age of Spain, little evidence exists of objections to 267 00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:21.119 its existence from intellectuals or ordinary people. It fulfilled a role a guardian against 268 00:25:21.200 --> 00:25:26.799 heresy, a keeper of public morality, an arbiter between factions, a tribunal 269 00:25:26.799 --> 00:25:30.839 for small cases, and all of these were things that no institution other than 270 00:25:30.880 --> 00:25:38.839 the Inquisition fulfilled. Frankly, it was also accepted because being honest here over 271 00:25:38.920 --> 00:25:45.680 long periods of time and over substantial areas of the Iberian Peninsula, the Inquisition 272 00:25:45.319 --> 00:25:52.200 quite simply did nothing. After an explosive entry into the course of Spain's history, 273 00:25:52.759 --> 00:25:57.559 it simply slipped into the stream of daily life. Its impact and duration, 274 00:25:57.680 --> 00:26:03.000 though, was to be much longer, longer than anyone could have imagined 275 00:26:03.440 --> 00:26:08.119 in the beginning. As always, if you'd like additional content, or if 276 00:26:08.160 --> 00:26:11.319 you'd be interested in supporting the show, check out the links in the show 277 00:26:11.359 --> 00:26:15.559 notes. There are links there to the website, to the Patreon page and 278 00:26:15.839 --> 00:26:19.920 the Western C two point oh, the latter of which both offer a seven 279 00:26:21.039 --> 00:26:22.119 day free trial.