Hello, and welcome to Western Sieve. Episode two hundred and fifty five.
Almagro returns. In our last episode, Manco Inca had the Pizzaro brothers on
the ropes. Francisco Pizzaro was trapped in Los Race soon to be renamed Lima
really without any prospect of escape, and Gonzalo were trapped in Cusco likewise,
without any real chance of escape, not that they didn't try, and Juan
Pizzaro was dead. But Manco failed to appreciate the secret to his recent success.
Using topography to his advantage, his star general Kiso figured out the Spanish
cavalry was not invincible after all. If you could lure said cavalry into the
mountains there, the Inca might not be able to quite level the playing field,
but they could bring it a lot closer. Then Manko overplayed his hand.
He ordered Kiso to attack Lima directly, where his men would be at
a huge disadvantage because of Pisado's cavalry, and the same thing happened that always
happened. Kiso's forces were obliterated and Kiso himself was killed. Just like that,
the air went out of the Great Rebellion. Now that being said,
Manco still has the two other Pisoto brothers pinned down in Cusco. Their efforts
to break out failed in our last episode, but just then another player re
entered our game. After an absence of nearly two years. Diego de Almagro
was back, and not a moment too soon. Despite General Quiso's death,
Manko Inco remained determined to continue his siege of Cusco. He continued to surround
the capital, using the nearby fortress of Olean tan Tambo as his headquarters.
Because that's such a bear to pronounce, I will refer to said fortress as
Manco's headquarters from here on out. Sometime around early February fifteen thirty seven,
about nine months into the siege, a messenger arrived at Manko's headquarters. From
the south, a large Spanish army, about four hundred strong was making its
way up the Andes toward Cusco. At present, this army was about two
hundred miles to the south. At the head of this army Diego de Almagro.
The sixty one year old Almagro had left Cuzco some twenty months earlier with
five hundred Spaniards twelve thousand Native auxiliaries and hundreds of horses. During nearly two
years of fighting and a trek of over three thousand miles, Almagro and his
men had crossed over Andean passes so clogged with snow that some Spaniards had pulled
off their boots, only to discover that their frozen toes had come off.
Elsewhere, the Spanish invaders had stacked the numberless dead bodies of their native porters
as shelter against the icy wind. The members of Almagro's expedition had endured starvation,
constant attack, and eventually, some two hundred miles to the south of
what is now Santiago, Chili, they had even into a fierce tribe that
had managed to stop the Spaniards in their tracks and force them to retreat.
This tribe, by the way, called the Arakanians, who would actually fight
off all further attempts to subjugate them for the next two hundred years. To
his great disappointment, Almagro had gradually come to realize that the governorship the king
had granted him contained none of the riches of Peru. Francisco Pisato had received
by far the wealthiest portion of the Inca Empire. Almagro now knew he had
received the dregs. Eventually, after a long debilitating trek north, during which
many more men and horses died, what was left of the expedition finally reached
the town of Ediquipa in what is now the southern Andes of Peru. At
least a hundred Spaniards, innumerable African slaves, and over half of Almagro's horses
had died during the expedition. Similarly, most of Almagro's ten thousand auxiliaries had
either died or abandoned the expedition and fled their dreams of finding a second Peru
full of towns, cities, farms, and rich minds now shattered. Almagro's
followers, most of whom were just guys who had missed out on the distribution
of treasure in Kajamarica and Cusco, were now intent on only one thing,
returning to Peru and seizing whatever riches they could find by whatever means necessary,
and so Almagro, as he returned, sent a messenger not to Hernando Pisaro,
but to Manco Inca. It seemed that Almagro was going to try to
play off the instability that he found upon his return to try to get himself
back in the driver's seat in Cusco. The message began, quote my well
loved son and brother, again Almagro, addressing Manko. While I was in
Chile, they gave me news that the Christians were abusing you, and about
the robbery of your property in house, and about the seizure of your beloved
wives, which gives me more pain than if they had done that to me,
especially because I believe that what they did to you was unjust, and
because I appreciate and love you and consider you a true son and brother.
And as soon as I found out, I immediately decided to come with a
thousand Christians and seven hundred horses, who are with me now a little bit
of an embellishment, and with letters and powers from the King also not true,
my lord, in order to restore all that they had taken from you,
and to punish those responsible for treating you so badly, as their crimes
demand. And Almagro continued, because if you rose up or made war,
it was caused by their being so wicked that you were unable to tolerate it.
And although with your recent punishment of them, you must be satisfied,
given that I want to take care of this personally in order to send them
as prisoners to the King, who will order that they be executed. It
seems to me that with my arrival, you should be confident that you will
never lack my help again. And even though the troops I have with me
are so numerous and so powerful that they are enough to subjugate a great portion
of the earth, and even though I am daily expecting another two thousand men,
I wouldn't think of doing anything without your approval and advice, nor would
I ever refuse you the friendship and goodwill that I've always felt towards you.
Almagro followed up his letter by sending two emissaries from his army to meet with
manko Inca. For his part, del Magro realized that a Francisco Pisaro was
in a dramatically weaker position compared to two years ago, and Almagro now found
himself in a rosy position. If he played his cards right, he might
end the rebellion and then turn around and blame its cause on the Pisarros.
Then Charles the Fifth back in Spain could be persuaded to put him in charge
of northern Peru. For Almagro, this was essential because, as I mentioned,
there was no great second Inca empire to the south. That he didn't
know this at the time, of course, no one did, but the
Americas were actually fresh out of empires. Hernando de Soto was about to learn
the same lesson in the American southeast. Mango responded to Almagro's sudden appearance favorably.
Might as well make lemonade out of lemons. I suppose he wrote a
letter to Almagro. Well, I mean the emissaries did, but addressed it
to Charles the Fifth, so that that way it could be directly passed on
to the King. And the inherent sells pitch here is pretty obvious, your
Sacred Majesty, sent by your Governor al Magro and your royal name, and
given our diplomatic mission, which in effect was to bring manko Inca peacefully from
his rebellion, and to show him the friendship that the Governor al Magro had
for him, and abuse that it seemed to him that the Christians in Cusco
had done to Manco against Your Majesty's wishes. We wish to inform you that
the Inca Emperor received us very well and listened to our message and responded in
the following manner. How is it that the great Lord from Castile Spain orders
that they the Spaniards, and in this case he's really referring to the Pizarros,
seize my wives and take me prisoner with a chain around my neck,
and that the urinate on me and spit in my face. How is it
that Gonzalo Pizarro, brother of the elder Lord Francisco Pizzaro, stole my wife
and has her still? And he Manko also complained about a variety of other
things that happened in Cusco. Finally, he concluded, saying to my father
Almagro, if the message you have sent me is true and you are not
lying, then I will come to you peacefully and I will stop killing all
these Christians who have done me these wrongs. May God protect you, he
means, King Charles, and enlarge the Christian universe, your humble vassals,
signed the two emissaries. While Almagro and Manko returned diplomatic pleasantries, another emissary
arrived in Almagro's camp. This one was from Hernando Pisado initially had been slow
to believe these rumors, though a large Spanish army had suddenly materialized on Peru's
southern border. They had been hearing such reports four months now, and all
of them turned out to be false. But with Almagaro now only twelve miles
away, Ernando was able to confirm the rumors as conclusively true. Unfortunately for
him, he also discovered that Almagro was in negotiations with Manco Inca, far
from coming to his fellow Spaniards, aid, it seems the one eyed former
partner of Francisco Pisarto was considered stabbing then in the back. It seems that
the struggle for Cusco was far from over, and that there were now three
players vying for control, the Pizartos, Manco Inca, and Diego de Almagro.
Conjuring his best Macchiavelli impression, Ernando now wrote to Manco for the first
time since the rebellion began. He said he was willing to forgive and forget.
This whole silly rebellion could be a thing of the past if Manco quickly
came to terms with the Pisaros. Oh and that Almagno guy, Well,
he wasn't to be trusted. Two different emissaries and three different factions, two
Spanish and one Inca, now jockeyed for position back at Manko's headquarters. All
were competing for the same thing, control over Peru, or, in Almagro's
case, control over the Cusco region so that he could tack it onto his
southern kingdom. For almost a century, Manko's ancestors had ruled the central Andes.
Now, however, the young emperor was confronted with two Spanish forces,
both of which were offering to share power with him if only he were to
side with one against the other. But how could he know that either one
of them was telling the truth, And how could he know if they weren't
secretly working together to destroy both him and his rebellion, which probably makes the
most sense suspicious of possible duplicity, Manko Almagro's two emissaries to prove their sincerity.
To do so, they would have to chop off the hand of Hernando's
native messenger, and then that would prove to him that Almagro really did hate
the Pizarros. In Manko's eyes, the messenger was in any case, a
trader, as he had helped Hernando and his men survived the long and bitter
fight for Cousco, so having his hand chopped off was fine anyway. Manko's
warriors quickly pinned the messenger's arm down, while another handed one of the Spaniards
a sword, as Manco watched, protected by his guards. Of course,
the Spaniard slowly lifted the sword above the outstretched hand. There it hovered for
a moment until the Spaniard brought it down neatly, slicing off four fingers.
Evidently satisfied, Manko allowed the two Spanish emissaries to return to Almagroo's camp,
asking to arrange a meeting with the governor in the town of Kolka, about
twenty miles away. Manko meanwhile said Hernando pisa a message that was both blunt
and unmistakably clear the return of the now fingerless native collaborator. As the two
emissaries began riding their horses back up the valley, they crossed past with yet
another Spaniard, a guy by the name of ruey Thas. Ruey Thas was
a local. I guess i'll call him upper noble. He was just now
going to try to bring the whole rebellion to an end by himself without working
with Almagro's faction, or without working with Ernando's faction. This is sort of
a I guess you would call free for all. At this point, Theas
seems to have believed that if he could successfully negotiate a piece accord that would
end Mako's rebellion, then he would surely receive a large encomiendo or some sort
of other reward in return. Diaz therefore headed directly toward Manko's headquarters. Pedro
Pisado would later recount quote when ruy Diaz arrived where Manco was, he Mango
received him very well, and he kept Diaz for two days, and on
the third day, Manko asked him a question that, according to what ruy
Diaz later said, was tell me ruy Diaz, if I were to give
the king a very great treasure, would he withdraw all the Christians from this
land. Ruy Diaz replied, how much would you give? Ruy Diaz then
said that Manco had a very large quantity of corn colonels brought out of it
and piled it on the ground, and from that pile he took one grain
and said, the Christians have only found as much gold and silver as this
colonel. By comparison, what you have not found is as large as this
pile from which I took this very single colonel. Ruie Diaz then said,
Manco, inca, even if all these mountains were made of gold and silver,
and even if you gave them all to the king, he would still
not withdraw the Spaniards from this land. When Manko heard this, he said
to him, then leave Ruy Diaz and tell Almagro to go wherever he wants
for my people, and I will die if we must, in order to
finish off the Christians. Not to be put off, Diaz did his best
to convince Manko that he could trust al Magro because Almagro was now an enemy
of the Pisaros. If Manko ended the rebellion, Diaz said, then Almagro
would get Charles the Fifth to pardon him and place him back on the throne.
Manko finally decided that he would test this messenger kind of how he tested
the other one, who claimed to hate the Pisados more than anything in the
world. That this would be a more difficult challenge. He ordered four Spanish
prisoners be brought out and told Diaz to prove Almago's hatred toward these pizzaros by
killing these men himself. He then handed Diaz a dagger and stepped back.
For a long moment, Diaz and the four men stood looking at each other.
Then Diaz took the dagger he had been given and thrust it into the
ground. While Diaz tried to offer a myriad of excuses why he had not
killed these men. A disgusted Manko had had enough. He ordered Diaz imprisoned
with the rest. In the end, the whole episode only reinforced the overriding
principle that had already taken root in Manko's mind. Spaniards were never to be
trusted. They would say or do anything in their pursuit of gold, riches,
and women. These discussions were pointless. But what to do now?
Having been unable to overcome fewer than two hundred Spaniards with eighty horses in Cusco
after nearly a year of trime, and with hundreds of thousands of native troops
at his disposal, Manko realized that his plans for raising additional troops with which
to overrun Cusco had abruptly come to an end. Soon, more than a
thousand Spaniards and perhaps five hundred horses would be in Cusco only thirty miles away.
With such a powerful enemy nearby, and maintaining his headquarters in Oleantan Tambo,
this was obviously no longer an option. Manko also had no doubt been
unable to forget what Rui Diaz had told him that even if Manco were somehow
able to convert the nearby mountains into peaks of gold and send all of that
gold directly to Spain, the Spanish king would still not withdraw these invaders from
his country. Manko now understood that the Spaniards were more powerful than they had
ever believed, and unfortunately, their power only seemed to be increasing. Soon
after learning that Manco had agreed to meet with him, Almagro began moving his
force down to the Uk Valley toward Kalka, the suggested meeting place. Almagro
no doubt expected to witness the typical arrival of an Incan emperor, that is,
a standard ceremonial procession. However, no such procession arrived. Instead,
five or six thousand native warriors suddenly appeared on the surrounding hills and began racing
towards the Spaniards in full scale attack. Although Almagro soon launched a counterattack,
the fierce assault nevertheless forced his troops out of the city. Almagro and his
men were in fact barely able to recross the UK River, swollen from the
recent rains. Almagro didn't know that Ruy Diaz had failed. Almagro didn't know
that Manco had no intention of meeting with him or any other Spaniard ever.
Again, in fact, angry and frustrated with the recent turn of events,
Manko now vented his wrath upon the prisoner Ruie Thiaz. Later, one chronicler
would write quote, they treated him Diaz very cruelly like barbarians, and stripped
naked. They smeared him with their mixtures, and were amused to see how
horrible and fierce he looked. They made him drink a great quantity of their
wine or chicha, which they drank themselves, and having tied him to a
post, they shot a hand sized fruit we called guavas at him with slings,
which bothered him greatly. They then shaved off his beard and cut his
hair, wanting to transform him from the good captain and Spaniard that he was
into a naked Indian end quote. By this time, both Almagro and Hernando
Pisaro understood Manko's message that the Inca rebellion would continue. Although Manco may have
briefly entertained the notion of negotiating with Almagro, in the end, he decided
that he had only one choice as the leader of an insurgency that it had
already killed hundreds of Spaniards, including one of Francisco Pizaro's own brothers, fer
Manco. There just wasn't any going back. The Pizzaro's would never forgive him
Diego de Lamagro. Meanwhile, after failing in his effort to negotiate with the
Inca emperor now shifted his focus to the question of Cusco. Almagro was by
now well aware that despite nine months of efforts, Manco had been unable to
seize the capital. Almagro also knew that Hiernando Pizaro, whom Almagro despised,
continued to hold the city on behalf of his elder brother. Disappointed by the
King's grant of what he perceived to be an impoverished, largely ungovernable kingdom to
the south. Almagro was now increasingly obsessed with one idea to seize Cusco and
the surrounding region as his own. Since Almagro was unaware of the fact that
the king had already extended the southern boundary of Pisaro's realm, he believed there
was still a good chance Cusco actually lay within the northern boundary of his own
governorship. Marching his troops to within just a few miles of the Inca capital,
Almagro halted his advance and set up camp the better Incunquistador then dispatched two
messengers to quote go to the city of Cusco and greeturn onto Pisaro on his
behalf and tell him that he had not discovered in the provinces of Chile that
magnificence wealth that the Indians in Peru had told him was there, and that
he had received news that the entire Kingdom of Peru had risen in rebellion,
that the Indians were rebelling against the service of his majesty. This news,
as well the arrival of his appointment as the governor of the new Kingdom of
Toledo were the reasons for his return. There was no need to worry.
Therefore, nor should his arrival cause any concern for his Almagro's only thought was
to serve God and the King and to punish the rebellious Indians. Indeed,
he Almagro had felt immense sorrow the moment he had learned about the great hardships
that the Governor, friend Cisco Pisaro and the rest of the Spaniards had suffered.
For his part, Almagro had never intended to betray his fellow Spaniards.
This was all a series of ploys intended to boost his bargaining position, though
to be fair, this had all really annoyed hernan No Pisaro. The people
really suspicious of Almagro, however, were the wealthy and commend owners who had
been with Pisaro since the beginning. If something happened and Almagro did get control
of her Cusco, then they would be out of luck. On the other
hand, there were plenty of Spaniards and cusco who had not been part of
Pisaro's initial expedition and did not own lavish and Commiendez. These men might quickly
throw in with al Magro if they felt that they could get a better deal.
The battle lines did not waste long in drawing. Now, at thirty
six years of age, Hernando Pizaro was still the same tall, massively built,
arrogant, greedy, selfish individual that he had been well before the Siege
of Cusco. That is to say, he's still the person who wears everything,
including all of his faults, on his sleeve, and he treats just
about every person that he meets as an inferior MEA Emperor Atahualpa is said to
have once remarked that he had witnessed no other Spaniard who acted so much like
an Inca lord than Hernando Pisaro. Now, of course, in the Inca
case, such behavior was culturally prescribed. The display of contempt was a standard
Inca ruling protocol. In Hernando's case, however, such behavior induced a strong
negative reaction for most of his fellow Spaniards. And this was absolutely true when
it comes to al Mago. For years, Hernando had referred to Almagro as
that quote unquote circumcised more which I had to look this up, but apparently
that's one of the worst Spanish insults for a fellow Spaniard in the sixteenth century.
Hernando had actually used it for other contemporaries as well. Therefore, it
shouldn't be surprising that not only did Diego de Almagro hate Hernando and Hernando hate
Almagro, but so too did many of their respective men. Now, since
the lifting of Manco's siege, the Spaniards in Cusco were no longer hold up
in the two buildings in the main square. Many had returned to their original
homes in the city, at least those homes that had not been consumed in
the Great Fire. Hernando had already established himself in the former royal palace.
Hernando Gonzalo and about twenty Spaniards loyal to the Pizarros set up artillery in the
doors of the palace and used it as a redoubt, determined to resist if
Almagro tied to seize Cousco. Although some thought that Hernando's distrust of el Magro
was exaggerated in this case, at least those suspicions turned out to be justified.
On the night of April eighteenth, fifteen thirty seven, at about two
in the morning, Diego de Almagro, seasoned commander he was prepared his forces
to attack. There was heavy rain that evening, and with cracks of lightning
periodically illuminating the night, el Magro and his men crept into the city and
quickly captured the main church on the main square, one of the two buildings
in which Hernando's men had taken refuge during the siege. Other captains now seized
the principal streets of the city, deploying more than two hundred and eighty cavalrymen
in the process. Almagro's second in command, a man named Rodrigo Orgonez,
the same man who had beaten out de Soto for the position. A second
in command, led a detachment that surrounded the main royal palace, where Hernando
and Gonzalo Pizzaro and about twenty men were still sleeping, totally unaware by the
way that a political coup was just unfolding fairly outside their doors. It wasn't
until the Inca capital was already firmly in Almagro's control that Hernando and his men
realized that something was amiss. Leaping up, Hernando, Gonzalo and the rest
of the Spaniards grabbed their weapons and began a fierce fight against their attackers,
who had seized the small cannons that have been stationed in the doorways and were
now trying to force their way inside. Rodrigo Orgones, frustrated at not being
able to enter, shouted outside in the rain that if Hernando would give himself
up, then he would be well treated. Ernando, however, is said
to have said back, quote, I will not surrender to a lowly soldier
such as you are. Orgones then shouted back that he was the Captain general
of the government of New Toledo, and that he Hernando Pizzaro, was only
a lieutenant governor of Cousco. In any case, I Orgones, my high
ranking men and Pisaro need not be so contemptuous of surrendering to me. With
Hernando and his defenders refusing to come out, Orgonz now ordered that the palace
be set on fire. Although the palace was built of high stone walls and
possessed two stone towers, part of its roof was still covered with tropical hardwood
and the rest roofed with native thatch. Despite the rain, AlMg Ro's men
soon succeeded in setting the thatched roof on fire. Sheets of flame began rising
up, illuminating the faces of the men below, and spreading smoke into the
palace within. Almagro's men, meanwhile, waited expectantly outside, with their swords
drawn. They were surprised that Hernando and his men still made no attempt to
surrender. According to one eye witness quote, Ernando Pesaro was determined not to
give himself up to Almagro's men, and he told those who were with him
that he preferred being burned alive than to obey their commands. And he placed
himself in the doorway and defended it in such a way that no one could
enter. There was so much smoke that night that was made darker because of
it. Orgones was not going to allow the men they had trapped to remain
alive unless they laid down their arms and gave themselves up. Then suddenly the
big beams that supported the roof began to fall, the flames having destroyed the
thatch. Seeing that they were about to lose their lives, the Spaniards who
were insigned begged Hernando Pisaro with great urgency to leave this dangerous place and to
surrender to the men of Jile, who were after all Christians. The whole
house then began to fall with a crash, and the Spaniards, most of
them burned and half suffocated from the smoke, rushed out to face the lances
of their enemies. As the captains he means, Hernando and Gonzalo grappled with
their enemies, they were seized and treated abominably with blows and other outrages,
which were unjust, as they were the brothers of Governor Don Francisco Pizzaro end
quote. And so such was the I guess, I'll say, a reunion
of the two groups of Spaniards, those of the Pisaro clan and those of
Almagro, who had been separated now for about two years. Almagro's men now
bound, chained, and imprisoned the two Pisado brothers, along with their twenty
supporters. The following day, al Magro had them transferred to the Temple of
the Sun, which now became a makeshift prison. While Almagro occupied himself with
the capture of Cusco, Manco Inca had been gathering an assembly of his chiefs
at his headquarters some thirty miles away. Native Spies had informed their emperor about
the Spanish struggle over Cusco, and once the city had been seized, about
how most of Hernando's men had now gone over to Almagro. Almagro was presently
in possession of Cusco with more than six hundred Spaniards, the Spies told Mango,
plus about four thousand native auxiliaries. Manco was also well aware that a
second Spanish force of nearly five hundred men was fast approaching from the north.
If either or both groups decided to attack can at his headquarters this time,
he would be unable to repel them. And so, looking out over an
assembled crowd of expectant chiefs and captains, most of whom who had fought loyally
alongside of him for the last year, Manko addressed them as follows, my
dear sons and brothers. I believe those of you who are present here and
who have remained with me through all my trials and tribulations, don't know why
you have been asked together here before me. I will tell you shortly.
Do not be alarmed by what I'm about to tell you, but no very
well. That necessity often compels men to do what they don't want to do.
For this reason, I feel obliged to please these antists who have so
long been asking me to go and visit them. The people in the Antists,
by the way, lived on the eastern side of the slopes of the
Andes, close to the jungle. I will give them this pleasure for a
few days. I hope that this news of my departure does not cause you
grief, because that's not my purpose. You already know very well that I've
told you many times besides, how these bearded people entered my land under the
pretext that they were gods, which, because of their close and behavior so
different from ours, both you and I have even believed. I bought them
to my own land, and I treated them well. I gave them my
things for which they treated me in the manner that you've seen. And so
it now seems to me that it's time to depart for the jungle, and
that I will be obliged to stay there for some days. I am asking
you not to forget what I told you. I am leaving behind my son
Titukusi and ask you to show great respect for him and to obey him.
If you do this, it will please me greatly. Though impressive as this
speech may have been, it could not mask the truth. Manko Inca was
effectively abdicating the throne. He was giving up control over the Andes and the
coast. He was, in other words, giving up his empire. But
Mango was doing what he felt he had to do. He was moving his
people to the only location he felt he could keep them safe, the Amazon.
Although many of Manko's nobles likely also made speeches, Titukusi only recalled one
quote, Lord Inca, how can you abandon your children, those who so
willingly loved you, had desired to serve you, and who would give their
lives a thousand times over for you? If that were required, Which king,
what lord? Who do you want us to follow? Would betrayal?
Which treason would evils? Have we committed that you should now abandon us,
with neither lord nor king to honor end quote. Mango, of course responded
to the chiefs, reassuring him that they would soon see them each other again,
and that he would also stay in close touch. By a messenger's manco
warned them, however, never to trust the bearded strangers, and not to
believe a word they say, because they lie a lot. But having made
his decision and no doubt. Realizing that the longer he delayed his departure,
the more likely it was that he was going to be attacked, Manko moved
quickly to organize his exodus. In the words of one chronicler quote, before
leaving, they the Inca armed themselves in a great square near their camp,
where an idol stood. They prayed to it with much crying, tears and
sighs, begging it not to desert them. And around this idol were others
with insignias of the Sun and moon, And in the presence of these,
which they looked upon as gods, they made sacrifices by killing many animals,
yamas and alpacas on their shrines and altars end quote. But just like the
speech couldn't mask the reality, all the sacrifices in the world warn't going to
reverse the situation. Manko Inca was making the decision for a strategic withdrawal,
and frankly, given the number of Spaniards moving to the area, it was
probably the right decision. Next time, we follow him as manco Inca moves
to the jungle, where he hopes to make a valiant last stand. If
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