WEBVTT 1 00:00:12.400 --> 00:00:17.559 Missus Stuart England The Civil Wars Episode two point one hundred and six Dangerous to 2 00:00:17.600 --> 00:00:22.960 the Commonwealth. Sixteen fifty nine was an eventful year in England. In late 3 00:00:23.039 --> 00:00:27.359 January, Lord Protector Richard Cromwell opened the third Parliament of the Protectorate era. 4 00:00:28.000 --> 00:00:31.760 Within days, that parliament, who was debating whether to recognize the legitimacy of 5 00:00:31.760 --> 00:00:36.200 the Lord Protector or what powers he ought to wield. By March, republicans 6 00:00:36.200 --> 00:00:39.719 and army officers were plotting to overthrow the Protector of regime, and in April 7 00:00:39.759 --> 00:00:44.719 they succeeded, essentially forcing Cromwell from power. Over the summer, a restored 8 00:00:44.840 --> 00:00:48.880 Romp consolidated its hold over the state through an uneasy partnership with a group of 9 00:00:48.960 --> 00:00:53.640 army officers. The tensions between those groups were temporarily set aside in August, 10 00:00:53.799 --> 00:00:58.960 when Royalists slash Presbyterian uprisings broke out all across the country. John Lambert led 11 00:00:59.000 --> 00:01:02.640 an army into Cheshire to suppress the most successful of these insurrections, led by 12 00:01:02.679 --> 00:01:07.480 George Booth. The pace of events was incredible. Those following the news outside 13 00:01:07.480 --> 00:01:11.280 of England struggled to keep up, and there was no shortage of interested parties. 14 00:01:11.879 --> 00:01:15.840 In Scotland, George Monk commanded an army that operated more or less independently 15 00:01:15.879 --> 00:01:19.760 from the new government of Westminster. Meanwhile, Edmund Ludlow, a member of 16 00:01:19.760 --> 00:01:23.719 the Rump's inner circle, traveled to Dublin to replace Henry Cromwell as the head 17 00:01:23.719 --> 00:01:27.840 of the Irish government. He immediately began reversing Cromwell's marginalizing of the Baptists in 18 00:01:27.879 --> 00:01:32.879 the army. But while this campaign aimed at aligning the Irish regime with the 19 00:01:32.959 --> 00:01:37.159 Rump, who was resented by the traditional New English elites Cromwell had partnered with, 20 00:01:37.840 --> 00:01:41.000 Ireland was more divided than ever, and its place in the new order 21 00:01:41.120 --> 00:01:45.640 remained uncertain. On the continent, the war with Spain was winding down. 22 00:01:46.239 --> 00:01:49.920 In May, the French and Spanish agreed to a truce, which would ultimately 23 00:01:49.959 --> 00:01:53.200 lead to a formal peace treaty by the end of the year, finally ending 24 00:01:53.239 --> 00:01:57.040 the decades long war between the two superpowers. Spain was forced to recognize the 25 00:01:57.159 --> 00:02:00.680 territory France that acquired in the Peace of west Falia ten years earlier, as 26 00:02:00.680 --> 00:02:05.159 well as new acquisitions in the Low Countries and along the Pyrenees that lay between 27 00:02:05.159 --> 00:02:08.960 France and Spain. In exchange, France renounced its claims on Catalonia and withdrew 28 00:02:09.000 --> 00:02:14.360 support for Portugal in his War of independence against Spain. The peace was secured 29 00:02:14.439 --> 00:02:16.879 through the marriage of Louis the fourteenth to Maria Theresa, the daughter of King 30 00:02:16.919 --> 00:02:22.439 Philip the Fourth of Spain. The agreement brought to an end the bipolar European 31 00:02:22.479 --> 00:02:25.840 world dominated by the rivalry between Spain and France. For the next fifty five 32 00:02:25.919 --> 00:02:31.080 years, Louis the fourteenth would be the central figure of European geopolitics. England 33 00:02:31.080 --> 00:02:36.560 secured its prize as well. The treaty officially recognized the annexation of Dunkirk and 34 00:02:36.639 --> 00:02:40.319 Mardick. The commander of the English expeditionary Force, William Lockhart, sat at 35 00:02:40.400 --> 00:02:46.240 Dunkirk while the Franco Spanish negotiations were ongoing. The cease fire held and the 36 00:02:46.280 --> 00:02:50.800 men had no fighting to occupy them. Lockhart awaited instructions from home, but 37 00:02:50.960 --> 00:02:54.479 it was unclear who would be giving those instructions. Lockhart was a scott whose 38 00:02:54.520 --> 00:02:59.800 loyalties were ambiguous. In sixteen forty eight, he had joined with the Engagers 39 00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:04.400 and squared off against Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Preston, Lockhart at trying 40 00:03:04.439 --> 00:03:07.680 to join the next Scottish invasion of England in sixteen fifty one, but his 41 00:03:07.719 --> 00:03:13.400 application was rejected. As you may recall that Scottish slash Royalist coalition was organized 42 00:03:13.400 --> 00:03:16.240 by men who had been marginalized by the earlier engagement alliance, most notably the 43 00:03:16.280 --> 00:03:22.719 Marquess of Argyll. Argyle saw Lockhart as politically unreliable and prevented him from joining 44 00:03:22.719 --> 00:03:27.840 the coalition. Having been rejected by Argyle's Scottish regime for in effect being too 45 00:03:27.919 --> 00:03:32.319 royalist, Lockhart offered his services to the new Commonwealth regime. The English occupiers 46 00:03:32.319 --> 00:03:37.039 were looking for local partners to help them govern Scotland, and so Lockhart's offer 47 00:03:37.080 --> 00:03:40.319 was accepted, despite his past history of royalism. In fact, Lockhart and 48 00:03:40.400 --> 00:03:45.159 Cromwell were able to put the Battle of Preston behind them and actually developed a 49 00:03:45.199 --> 00:03:50.360 personal relationship. Lockhart married Cromwell's niece, Robin Suster, and the couple even 50 00:03:50.439 --> 00:03:54.400 named their first son Cromwell. When Cromwell became Lord Protector, he trusted Lockhart 51 00:03:54.479 --> 00:03:59.120 enough to send him to Paris to negotiate the all important French alliance with Cardinal 52 00:03:59.120 --> 00:04:02.719 Mazarin. That experience, in turn made the Scot the ideal man to lead 53 00:04:02.719 --> 00:04:06.319 England's forces on the continent. He had the trust of the Lord Protector and 54 00:04:06.479 --> 00:04:12.319 recent experience with the Byzantine world of French politics, which is how Lockhart found 55 00:04:12.400 --> 00:04:15.560 himself in an awkward position in the summer of sixteen fifty nine, as the 56 00:04:15.639 --> 00:04:19.079 Protectorate crumbled, the new regime at Westminster called on him to send troops home 57 00:04:19.240 --> 00:04:24.839 to deal with the Royalist uprisings of early August. Assuming the Franco Spanish truce 58 00:04:24.920 --> 00:04:28.920 turned into a permanent peace, his men weren't needed in Flanders anymore, but 59 00:04:29.000 --> 00:04:32.519 it was entirely clear that Lockhart saw the restored rump as England's legitimate government. 60 00:04:33.040 --> 00:04:38.079 At the same time, Lockhart received back channel invitations from the Royalist camp. 61 00:04:38.600 --> 00:04:41.839 The scott had fought for the king before, so why not do so again. 62 00:04:42.319 --> 00:04:45.839 He already held Dunkirk, a perfect base from which to launch a Stuart 63 00:04:45.879 --> 00:04:49.439 restoration. In the end, Lockhart refused to defect to the Royalists, but 64 00:04:49.680 --> 00:04:54.839 neither was he a reassuring figure for the new regime at Westminster. But while 65 00:04:54.879 --> 00:04:59.759 Monk and Lockhart remained Enigmas and Edmund Ludlow faced a divided Ireland. The rump 66 00:05:00.279 --> 00:05:04.040 Army coalition's most immediate problem came in Denmark. To understand why we're gonna have 67 00:05:04.079 --> 00:05:09.560 to leap back into the confusing Northern War with both feet. You may recall 68 00:05:09.680 --> 00:05:14.040 from four episodes ago that a war was raging between Sweden and Denmark. The 69 00:05:14.079 --> 00:05:17.879 conflict threatened to spread across Northern Europe, mostly because of English and Dutch interests. 70 00:05:18.399 --> 00:05:21.879 The English were aligned with the Swedes and the Dutch backed the Danes, 71 00:05:23.439 --> 00:05:26.639 but neither of the two western powers wanted to get dragged into the conflict. 72 00:05:27.160 --> 00:05:30.480 In fact, in sixteen fifty eight, English diplomats had broke her to peace, 73 00:05:30.079 --> 00:05:34.000 but that agreement was short lived. In August sixteen fifty eight, just 74 00:05:34.120 --> 00:05:38.560 weeks after he had signed the peace, Charles the Tenth of Sweden launched a 75 00:05:38.600 --> 00:05:43.399 surprise attack on Copenhagen, just as a reminder of how quickly events were developing 76 00:05:43.399 --> 00:05:46.120 in England. When Charles reopened the war, all of a Cromwell was still 77 00:05:46.160 --> 00:05:50.240 alive, ailing quite badly, but still breathing. He died less than a 78 00:05:50.279 --> 00:05:55.920 month later. In response to the Swedish invasion, the Protectorate decided to send 79 00:05:55.920 --> 00:05:59.560 a fleet into the region, officially to make sure the Danes and their Dutch 80 00:05:59.639 --> 00:06:02.680 allies didn't win any advantage in the new warm but in reality this was a 81 00:06:02.720 --> 00:06:06.879 delicate diplomatic mission for the Navy. The presence of their ships would hopefully convince 82 00:06:06.920 --> 00:06:10.560 the Dutch to stay out of the fight, but at the same time they 83 00:06:10.560 --> 00:06:14.560 didn't want to encourage Sweden. The primary goal was a climb down, not 84 00:06:14.680 --> 00:06:18.959 an escalation. That mission was further complicated when Alver Cromwell died, bringing in 85 00:06:19.000 --> 00:06:24.040 a new lord, protector his son Richard. Planning a naval expedition in the 86 00:06:24.040 --> 00:06:27.480 midst of a transition in government was difficult. By the time a fleet was 87 00:06:27.519 --> 00:06:30.839 assembled in November, the weather in the North Sea had turned unfriendly. Vice 88 00:06:30.879 --> 00:06:34.879 Admiral William Goodson sailed as ships to the west coast of Denmark in early December, 89 00:06:35.279 --> 00:06:40.680 but persistent storms discouraged him from sailing around the Danish Peninsula into the Sound 90 00:06:40.759 --> 00:06:44.720 where the action was. He returned home for repairs. As you know, 91 00:06:44.879 --> 00:06:47.639 over the course of the next few weeks, Richard Cromwell's Protectorate government crumbled, 92 00:06:48.079 --> 00:06:53.279 but one of the regime's last acts in March sixteen fifty nine was to commission 93 00:06:53.319 --> 00:06:56.480 a massive fleet of forty one ships and eighty seven hundred men to sail for 94 00:06:56.560 --> 00:07:00.879 Denmark and resolve the increasingly volatile situation there. Command was given to Edward Montague, 95 00:07:01.079 --> 00:07:05.240 Robert Blake's old deputy and more importantly for US, a staunch Cromwellian loyalist, 96 00:07:05.959 --> 00:07:10.319 Montague wasn't just personally loyal to the Cromwell family. He also had a 97 00:07:10.360 --> 00:07:14.319 hand in crafting the Humble Petition and Advice, and was ideologically invested in the 98 00:07:14.399 --> 00:07:18.560 constitution that melted away just days after he sailed. News of the political turmoil 99 00:07:18.600 --> 00:07:23.040 followed on Montague's heels across the North Sea. But as much as he was 100 00:07:23.040 --> 00:07:27.480 a Cromwellian, Montague was also an English patriot on the European stage. He 101 00:07:27.519 --> 00:07:30.279 had a job to do and couldn't abandon his post to participate in domestic politics 102 00:07:30.519 --> 00:07:34.759 without damaging England's interests for now. He kept an ear out for developments at 103 00:07:34.839 --> 00:07:39.480 home, but focused on the task before him, and it was an exceedingly 104 00:07:39.480 --> 00:07:44.639 difficult task. Montague's mission priorities were clear. Plan A was to coordinate with 105 00:07:44.680 --> 00:07:48.399 the Dutch in convincing their respective allies to return to the negotiating table. Failing 106 00:07:48.439 --> 00:07:53.480 that, Montague's job was to provide limited support to Sweden, enough to maintain 107 00:07:53.519 --> 00:07:56.720 good relations with King Charles, but not so much as the spark of war 108 00:07:56.879 --> 00:08:01.360 with the Dutch. Neither of these options appealed to the Sweden. What kind 109 00:08:01.399 --> 00:08:03.720 of ally was England that refused him in his time of need? And why 110 00:08:03.759 --> 00:08:07.079 send a war fleet if it wasn't going to wage war just to taunt him. 111 00:08:07.920 --> 00:08:11.800 Montague's job was further complicated by the fact that some English warships were actually 112 00:08:11.879 --> 00:08:16.040 joining the Swedish war effort, they just didn't belong to the English Navy. 113 00:08:16.879 --> 00:08:20.920 In addition to an official naval expedition, the Protectorate government had also authorized the 114 00:08:20.959 --> 00:08:24.879 Swedes to privately hire ships and recruit sailors within England. Organizing the effort was 115 00:08:24.920 --> 00:08:30.759 Gustav Duval, a Swedish diplomat by ancestry. Duval was a Scott. His 116 00:08:30.879 --> 00:08:33.320 grandfather, Albert McDougall, had been one of many Scotsmen to join the Swedish 117 00:08:33.360 --> 00:08:39.120 military over the past two generations. After his military service, McDougall settled permanently 118 00:08:39.120 --> 00:08:43.639 in Sweden and brought over much of his family. His grandson Gustav Duval made 119 00:08:43.759 --> 00:08:46.200 use of kinship connections still in Scotland to increase his value as a diplomat. 120 00:08:46.799 --> 00:08:50.879 Initially, Duval had been sent by Charles the Tenth to offer formal condolences on 121 00:08:50.960 --> 00:08:54.679 the death of Oliver Cromwell, but his real job was to press England to 122 00:08:54.759 --> 00:09:00.440 join the war. Failing that, Duval achieved the next best thing, hiring 123 00:09:00.440 --> 00:09:05.480 an English mercenary fleet. George Ayscue signed on as commander. You'll remember Ayscue 124 00:09:05.480 --> 00:09:09.000 as the guy who suppressed the Royalist uprisings in Barbadoes and Virginia. It had 125 00:09:09.000 --> 00:09:11.840 subsequently fought in the Anglo Dutch War. He now led a group of English 126 00:09:11.919 --> 00:09:16.039 mercenaries across the North Sea. He arrived in April sixteen fifty nine, and 127 00:09:16.159 --> 00:09:20.440 his eight ships were folded into the Swedish Navy as a squadron. From Montagusee 128 00:09:20.480 --> 00:09:24.440 perspective, Ayscue's ships made it difficult to build trust with the Dutch. How 129 00:09:24.440 --> 00:09:28.639 could montagu be a good faith broker in peacetocks when English ships were directly involved 130 00:09:28.679 --> 00:09:33.279 in the fighting. In fact, in July, one of Ayscue's deputies, 131 00:09:33.279 --> 00:09:37.720 Owen Cox, scored a major victory Some of the fiercest fighting was taking place 132 00:09:37.759 --> 00:09:41.039 on the island of Funan, the second biggest of the Danish archipelago, which 133 00:09:41.080 --> 00:09:45.519 sits between mainland Denmark and Zealand, the largest Danish island that houses Copenhagen. 134 00:09:46.159 --> 00:09:48.480 The Swedes held Funan, but a large force of enemy troops sat on the 135 00:09:48.480 --> 00:09:54.039 mainland just waiting for a chance to cross. These would be attackers were provided 136 00:09:54.039 --> 00:09:56.720 by the Elector of Brandenburg, who had joined the war on the side of 137 00:09:56.759 --> 00:10:01.480 Denmark, a sign that the conflict was already starting to dry in outsid powers. 138 00:10:01.519 --> 00:10:05.000 Sensing an opportunity to land troops, the Germans boarded more than forty transports, 139 00:10:05.000 --> 00:10:09.440 protected by five warships, two Danish and three Dutch. Cox, however, 140 00:10:09.519 --> 00:10:13.600 was prowling nearby and pounced. He succeeded in sinking one of the Dutch 141 00:10:13.600 --> 00:10:18.840 ships and capturing the rest of the escort. The German soldiers were taken prisoner 142 00:10:18.960 --> 00:10:22.240 and their transports burned. It was a major Swedish victory, for which King 143 00:10:22.320 --> 00:10:26.480 Charles promoted Cox to admiral in the Swedish Navy and dubbed him the Sea Lion. 144 00:10:28.840 --> 00:10:31.919 Nevertheless, the desire of both the English and the Dutch to avoid a 145 00:10:31.960 --> 00:10:37.399 war overcame these obstacles. By July, Anglo Dutch officials reached to consensus they 146 00:10:37.399 --> 00:10:41.600 would present a united front to their Scandinavian allies. The earlier piece would be 147 00:10:41.639 --> 00:10:45.600 restored, and if either Sweden or Denmark refused, they would face the wrath 148 00:10:45.720 --> 00:10:48.679 of both English and Dutch warships. As it happened, both the Danes and 149 00:10:48.679 --> 00:10:52.759 the Swedes refused to lay down their arms, setting the stage for a tenth 150 00:10:52.799 --> 00:10:56.360 standoff. King Charles felt that his English friends had betrayed him. Meanwhile, 151 00:10:56.399 --> 00:11:01.440 Montagu wasn't very pleased either. He thought that um negotiating in bad faith. 152 00:11:01.759 --> 00:11:05.399 This was merely a temporary ceasefire to buy time for the Dutch to send another 153 00:11:05.399 --> 00:11:09.440 war fleet, negating the English naval presence in the region. But by this 154 00:11:09.519 --> 00:11:13.559 time, the summer of sixteen fifty nine, Montagu's attention was shifting from Denmark 155 00:11:13.679 --> 00:11:18.080 to the political situation back home. News traveled slowly across the North Sea, 156 00:11:18.240 --> 00:11:20.240 so it was difficult for Montague to get up to date information on the unraveling 157 00:11:20.240 --> 00:11:24.639 of the Protectorate regime. But while peace talks gained momentum in late July early 158 00:11:24.679 --> 00:11:28.639 August, he was aware of the growing crisis in England, and Montagu wasn't 159 00:11:28.679 --> 00:11:33.639 just receiving intelligence from England, he was also visited by envoys from Europe. 160 00:11:33.440 --> 00:11:37.440 The most provocative of these guests was Thomas Whetstone, a former officer and the 161 00:11:37.480 --> 00:11:41.799 protectorate Navy. Wheatstone had credentials as a Cromwellian, and not in the way 162 00:11:41.840 --> 00:11:46.159 Montagu was a Cromwellian, a friend and ally of the late Lord Protector. 163 00:11:46.679 --> 00:11:50.919 Wheatstone was literally part of the Cromwell clan. He was Oliver Cromwell's nephew. 164 00:11:50.799 --> 00:11:54.480 That kinship connection seems to have been the entire basis of Wheatstone's career in the 165 00:11:54.559 --> 00:11:58.120 Navy, despite no obvious track record. At the age of twenty four, 166 00:11:58.240 --> 00:12:01.919 he was given end of a ship in the Western Design Expedition, almost certainly 167 00:12:03.039 --> 00:12:05.519 due to the intervention of his powerful uncle, though it has to be said 168 00:12:05.679 --> 00:12:09.440 Wheatstone seems to have been at least competent in operating on the blurry line between 169 00:12:09.519 --> 00:12:15.480 Navy officer and privateer in the Caribbean. By sixteen fifty seven he was transferred 170 00:12:15.519 --> 00:12:18.600 to the Mediterranean, where the Navy operated with a bit more professionalism. This 171 00:12:18.799 --> 00:12:22.720 got Whetstone into a bit of trouble. He was accused of selling captured prizes 172 00:12:22.759 --> 00:12:26.960 for personal profit rather than turning them over to the treasury. Whetstone was also 173 00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:31.879 accused of disobeying orders to participate in operations he didn't like or thought were too 174 00:12:31.960 --> 00:12:35.480 dangerous. So long as his uncle ruled, however, he was immune to 175 00:12:35.519 --> 00:12:41.600 these criticisms. Cromwell's death therefore had a detrimental effect on Whetstone's career. Almost 176 00:12:41.600 --> 00:12:46.080 immediately, he was unceremoniously dismissed from the Navy and even arrested pending a court 177 00:12:46.080 --> 00:12:50.440 martial. But before that could happen, Whetstone fled into exile, which is 178 00:12:50.480 --> 00:12:56.279 how Oliver Cromwell's nephew became a Royalist agent in Denmark. Whetstone arrived at Montaguz 179 00:12:56.320 --> 00:13:00.320 door in July. He carried with him a commission from the exiled camp for 180 00:13:00.519 --> 00:13:03.120 Edward Montague to take command of it would once again be termed the Royal Navy. 181 00:13:03.799 --> 00:13:07.919 The offer was the handiwork of Edward Hyde, who thought he saw in 182 00:13:07.000 --> 00:13:13.320 Montague a kindred spirit. The humble petition and advice certainly wasn't Hyde's cherished English 183 00:13:13.320 --> 00:13:16.759 constitution, but it was a step in a traditionalist direction. The dismantling of 184 00:13:16.799 --> 00:13:22.440 that system likely alarmed Montague. Perhaps the fresh rounds of turmoil in England would 185 00:13:22.480 --> 00:13:26.360 force him to complete his journey to true constitutional thought. Montague, much like 186 00:13:26.440 --> 00:13:31.639 George Monk in Scotland, was noncommittal. He didn't accept the commission from the 187 00:13:31.720 --> 00:13:35.159 King and officially continued to answer to the current regime at Westminster. But Montagu 188 00:13:35.240 --> 00:13:39.360 did nothing to Brent Whetstone from meeting with officers and captains drumming up support for 189 00:13:39.399 --> 00:13:45.000 the Royalist option. Montague's loyalties and intentions were very much up in the air 190 00:13:45.120 --> 00:13:48.320 when an official representative from Westminster arrived at the end of July. This was 191 00:13:48.360 --> 00:13:52.840 Algernon Sydney, a dedicated Republican and close ally of rumpers like Arthur Husselrig. 192 00:13:54.480 --> 00:13:58.600 Sidney was authorized by Parliament to act as a political commissioner in the Scandinavian Theater, 193 00:13:58.039 --> 00:14:03.240 ostensibly took the diplomatic pressure off Montague, allowing him to act purely as 194 00:14:03.279 --> 00:14:07.879 a naval officer. But Montagu wasn't fooled. Sydney was there to monitor him 195 00:14:07.039 --> 00:14:11.799 as much as the Peacetocks. Soon after the Rumper arrived, Montague sent Whetstone 196 00:14:11.840 --> 00:14:16.440 away before his plotting was exposed, the Royalist agent returned to hide with an 197 00:14:16.440 --> 00:14:22.000 ambiguous report. Montagu sent along a message of goodwill to the king in exile, 198 00:14:22.200 --> 00:14:26.759 remarkable words from a dedicated Cromwellian, but he gave no concrete indication that 199 00:14:26.799 --> 00:14:31.000 he would support the Stewart cause, either now or in the future. In 200 00:14:31.039 --> 00:14:33.720 fact, the longer Sydney remained in Denmark, the less viable the defection of 201 00:14:33.720 --> 00:14:39.559 the navy seemed. There's evidence that there was significant Cromwellian sentiment within the officers 202 00:14:39.559 --> 00:14:43.720 and sailors of the navy. Had Montagu declared for Richard Cromwell back in April 203 00:14:43.799 --> 00:14:46.399 or May, he might have carried the bulk of the navy with him. 204 00:14:46.000 --> 00:14:50.360 But Sidney did much to diffuse anxieties within the officer corps. He assured them 205 00:14:50.399 --> 00:14:54.559 that the new regime would not be executing any purges in the Navy. Captains 206 00:14:54.559 --> 00:14:58.960 and officers could feel secure in their jobs. In fact, Montagu's allies reported 207 00:15:00.039 --> 00:15:03.840 that the Rump Commissioner was downright wooing the Navy, perhaps a sign of the 208 00:15:03.879 --> 00:15:07.519 Rump's desperation, but the public relations campaign was sapping any remaining loyalties to the 209 00:15:07.519 --> 00:15:13.279 Cromwellian regime. The turning point came on the twenty fourth of August, when 210 00:15:13.320 --> 00:15:16.600 Montagu got word of the Royalist uprisings in England. Montagu had no way of 211 00:15:16.679 --> 00:15:20.360 knowing that the only successful rising was George Booths in Cheshire, and that Booth 212 00:15:20.399 --> 00:15:24.559 had been defeated at winnington Bridge five days earlier. As far as he knew, 213 00:15:24.639 --> 00:15:30.080 his moment had arrived. Previously, Montagu had held back from throwing England 214 00:15:30.080 --> 00:15:33.639 into the chaos of another civil war, but if one had already started, 215 00:15:33.840 --> 00:15:37.960 he intended to use his navy to make sure the right side won. At 216 00:15:37.960 --> 00:15:41.639 a war council, Montague announced that the fleet would sail for home immediately. 217 00:15:41.080 --> 00:15:45.360 Their supplies were running low, he explained, and they weren't outfitted to spend 218 00:15:45.399 --> 00:15:48.639 the winter in Danish waters. Algernon Sydney wasn't fooled for a moment, but 219 00:15:48.759 --> 00:15:52.840 he could do little to stop Montagu. As for the Northern crisis that Montagu 220 00:15:52.919 --> 00:15:58.600 was leaving unresolved, fate soon provided its own solution. A few months later, 221 00:15:58.720 --> 00:16:03.000 in February sixteen sixty, Charles the tenth of Sweden died. The driving 222 00:16:03.039 --> 00:16:07.039 force behind the war died with him, and peace was immediately restored on Anglo 223 00:16:07.120 --> 00:16:11.399 Dutch terms. As for Montague's fleet, it arrived back in England to find 224 00:16:11.399 --> 00:16:15.120 that Booth's uprising had failed. There was no civil war to join. Montagu, 225 00:16:15.360 --> 00:16:18.840 unwilling to once again throw England into chaos, simply took his ships into 226 00:16:18.840 --> 00:16:25.200 winter quarters, as per his stated intentions. Once ashore, Rump officials immediately 227 00:16:25.279 --> 00:16:29.840 interrogated Montagu, but he had covered his tracks well. Really, Montagu had 228 00:16:29.840 --> 00:16:33.279 never stopped hedging his bets. There was no evidence that he had ever been 229 00:16:33.279 --> 00:16:37.840 anything but loyal to the regime. Satisfied, the government allowed Montague to resign 230 00:16:37.840 --> 00:16:41.360 with honor and retire from public life, though with the political situation as uncertain 231 00:16:41.399 --> 00:16:45.600 as it was, who knew how permanent that retirement would be. On the 232 00:16:45.639 --> 00:16:51.639 surface, Montague's returned to England seems a little anticlimactic. His navy would not 233 00:16:51.679 --> 00:16:55.159 be the instrument by which the Army Rump coalition was broken, at least not 234 00:16:55.240 --> 00:16:59.720 directly. But despite Montague's quiet retirement, his decision to bring the fleet back 235 00:16:59.759 --> 00:17:03.519 from Denmark did have a significant indirect effect. Throughout September, the regime was 236 00:17:03.559 --> 00:17:08.079 faced with a series of escalating financial demands in the panic surrounding the uprisings of 237 00:17:08.079 --> 00:17:12.359 August, Westminster had called on all the resources it could. Troops were recalled 238 00:17:12.400 --> 00:17:15.920 from both Ireland and Flanders to help put down the Royalists, not to mention 239 00:17:17.000 --> 00:17:21.079 the emergency militias John Lambert had raised. At the time, the call to 240 00:17:21.160 --> 00:17:25.359 arms had seemed necessary to for stall an existential crisis, but once the Royalist 241 00:17:25.359 --> 00:17:29.559 threat had passed, the simultaneous arrival of so many soldiers created a new kind 242 00:17:29.599 --> 00:17:33.799 of crisis. One of the advantages of having troops stationed outside of England was 243 00:17:33.839 --> 00:17:37.240 that it was far easier to withhold their pay. It was difficult for a 244 00:17:37.279 --> 00:17:40.799 soldier to agitate for his wages when he was in an army camp outside Dunkirk, 245 00:17:41.000 --> 00:17:42.799 or for a sailor to do the same while he was living below decks 246 00:17:42.799 --> 00:17:48.480 in Scandinavia. But once they congregated in London, the pressure to release funds 247 00:17:48.640 --> 00:17:52.319 became immense, adding fuel to the fire. Where the men who had helped 248 00:17:52.359 --> 00:17:56.920 John Lambert put down booths uprising, they refused to demobilize until they were paid. 249 00:17:56.359 --> 00:18:00.720 The last ten years of English politics had taught them that their leverage only 250 00:18:00.759 --> 00:18:04.200 lasted as long as they remained in arms and money was a real problem for 251 00:18:04.279 --> 00:18:08.400 the regime at Westminster. The ROMP was hardly a font of legitimacy. I 252 00:18:08.400 --> 00:18:11.279 mean, it hadn't really had a great deal of that valuable commodity in sixteen 253 00:18:11.319 --> 00:18:15.519 fifty three when Cromwell shut them down. The intervening five years had done little 254 00:18:15.559 --> 00:18:19.839 to improve the reputation of the Rump. Parliament moved to raise the assessment tax 255 00:18:19.880 --> 00:18:23.559 to cover these new expenses, but the result was the worst of both worlds. 256 00:18:25.039 --> 00:18:29.039 The increased tax burden was resented by the population, and it almost immediately 257 00:18:29.039 --> 00:18:32.559 became clear that it wasn't enough. More taxes would have to come soon. 258 00:18:33.480 --> 00:18:37.039 In the meantime, the government made use of its customary power to play soldiers 259 00:18:37.039 --> 00:18:41.119 and sailors in the homes of private subjects, one of the notorious abuses of 260 00:18:41.160 --> 00:18:42.799 liberty that had led Parliament to go to war with the King in the first 261 00:18:42.799 --> 00:18:47.599 place. But as much as the rump slash army regime found itself in a 262 00:18:47.640 --> 00:18:51.359 difficult financial predicament, it has to be said there was its own actions that 263 00:18:51.480 --> 00:18:55.960 escalated the crisis from a serious problem into a potentially fatal one. Of all 264 00:18:55.960 --> 00:18:59.880 the soldiers demanding their pay, the most dangerous group was John Lambert's army, 265 00:19:00.119 --> 00:19:03.279 slowly making his way back to London. That danger mostly arose from the fact 266 00:19:03.319 --> 00:19:07.119 that Lambert and his allies in the army were fully integrated into the factional power 267 00:19:07.119 --> 00:19:11.279 struggle at the heart of the regime. Demands for army pay were almost guaranteed 268 00:19:11.279 --> 00:19:15.839 to bleed over into the contest to define the relationship between the army and the 269 00:19:15.920 --> 00:19:19.359 rump. As he recalled, that relationship on which the long term viability of 270 00:19:19.359 --> 00:19:25.039 the government depended, had not been resolved before the Royalist uprisings produced a temporary 271 00:19:25.039 --> 00:19:30.680 state of unity. The second George Booth was apprehended, that unity disappeared and 272 00:19:30.799 --> 00:19:34.039 John Lambert was at the center of the dispute. Charles Fleetwood, who was 273 00:19:34.039 --> 00:19:38.559 acting as the army's main liaison with the Rump, requested the Parliament reconfirm Lambert's 274 00:19:38.559 --> 00:19:44.160 commission as Major General, which Oliver Cromwell had forced him to resign. Fleetwood 275 00:19:44.240 --> 00:19:45.960 argued that this would be a just reward for the man who had just saved 276 00:19:45.960 --> 00:19:51.079 the regime, and perhaps a way to build goodwill between the two institutions that 277 00:19:51.119 --> 00:19:56.480 now governed England. But while Fleetwood's instincts pushed him towards accommodation. His counterpart 278 00:19:56.519 --> 00:20:00.920 in Parliament, Arthur Hasselrigg, took the opposite approach. Clegg and his allies 279 00:20:00.960 --> 00:20:04.640 convinced the rest of Westminster to reject Fleetwood's proposal. Parliament ruled England and would 280 00:20:04.640 --> 00:20:08.720 not be beholden to unelected army officers. What's more, on the third of 281 00:20:08.720 --> 00:20:12.319 September, Hasselrigg proposed a motion for a new oath of loyalty to be taken 282 00:20:12.400 --> 00:20:17.240 by all militias. The men were to swear their loyalty to the Commonwealth, 283 00:20:17.359 --> 00:20:21.880 whose power was invested in the House of Commons. Additionally, the oath explicitly 284 00:20:21.920 --> 00:20:25.200 denied the authority of any king, House of Lords, or any other body. 285 00:20:26.240 --> 00:20:30.759 Army leadership and some men in Parliament saw this as Hasselrigg's atempt to unilaterally 286 00:20:30.799 --> 00:20:33.480 define the new terms of the Constitution. He was making a bid to craft 287 00:20:33.519 --> 00:20:37.799 the new order without the input of the army. In fact, it didn't 288 00:20:37.799 --> 00:20:41.319 take a cynical eye to see this as an attempt to construct a rival military 289 00:20:41.400 --> 00:20:45.839 force loyal directly to Parliament. Now that Hasselrigg no longer needed the new model 290 00:20:45.920 --> 00:20:49.599 Army, he was seeking to destroy it. Senior officers like Charles Fleetwood were 291 00:20:49.640 --> 00:20:52.799 alarmed, but as it happened all too often in the past few months, 292 00:20:52.880 --> 00:20:57.119 it was an army leadership that seized the initiative but the men. While Fleetwood 293 00:20:57.160 --> 00:21:02.079 scrambled to come to some arrangement with Hassel and Lambert rushed to London. The 294 00:21:02.119 --> 00:21:06.759 men who had just suppressed Booth's insurrection produced their own response to Parliament on the 295 00:21:06.799 --> 00:21:10.960 sixteenth of September. Lambert's men drew up what became known as the Derby Petition, 296 00:21:11.160 --> 00:21:15.319 so called because they were stationed at Derby. Although Hasselreagan his allies would 297 00:21:15.319 --> 00:21:18.599 cast Lambert as the true author of the document, he had left for London 298 00:21:18.680 --> 00:21:22.920 before it was written, and Lambert's later behavior suggests that he didn't authorize or 299 00:21:22.960 --> 00:21:26.640 approve of the petition, as was obligatory for army petitions. The men demanded 300 00:21:26.640 --> 00:21:30.599 the pay they were owed, but they were candy enough to see that the 301 00:21:30.640 --> 00:21:33.680 government as currently constituted was not likely to be sympathetic to the army in the 302 00:21:33.720 --> 00:21:38.000 long term. The Derby Petition therefore called for a new system of governance that 303 00:21:38.079 --> 00:21:41.319 would protect the interests of the army and, by extension, the good Old 304 00:21:41.359 --> 00:21:47.119 Cause as understood by the petitioners. First, the petitioners called on Parliament to 305 00:21:47.160 --> 00:21:49.960 confirm Fleetwood as Commander in Chief, thus climbing down from any attempts to take 306 00:21:49.960 --> 00:21:55.559 control of the army. Other officers like Desboro Lambert and George Monk were to 307 00:21:55.599 --> 00:21:59.839 be given high army offices as well that couldn't be unilaterally rescinded by Parliament. 308 00:22:00.480 --> 00:22:03.680 Monk's inclusion in this group was interesting considering his ambiguous role in the crisis so 309 00:22:03.720 --> 00:22:08.839 far. In order to further confirm a kind of constitutional equality between the army 310 00:22:08.839 --> 00:22:12.000 and the rump, the petition also called for a second house of Parliament, 311 00:22:12.599 --> 00:22:17.319 not a House of Lords, but a Senate, populated by men who understood 312 00:22:17.359 --> 00:22:21.079 the good Old Cause the army had fought for. This was perhaps the key 313 00:22:21.160 --> 00:22:25.920 ideological difference between Hasselrigg and the army men. For Hasselrigg, the supremacy of 314 00:22:25.920 --> 00:22:29.559 the House of Commons, especially this House of Commons, was non negotiable. 315 00:22:29.960 --> 00:22:33.920 But for the army petitioners, any constitution that betrayed the ideals of the Civil 316 00:22:33.920 --> 00:22:40.680 War was fundamentally illegitimate. Both parties agreed that the Conservative Protectorate constitution had violated 317 00:22:40.720 --> 00:22:44.079 both their principles, and so they had joined forces. But it was now 318 00:22:44.119 --> 00:22:48.279 becoming apparent that their two visions were incompatible. The Rumpers had already rejected any 319 00:22:48.279 --> 00:22:53.200 limitation on parliamentary supremacy and had suffered five years of political exile for their principled 320 00:22:53.240 --> 00:22:56.839 stand. They had stood up to Oliver Cromwell. They weren't going to bow 321 00:22:56.880 --> 00:23:02.279 to a few soldiers in the Midlands. Once completed, the Derby petition wasn't 322 00:23:02.319 --> 00:23:06.480 sent directly to Parliament, but circulated to other army units in England, Scotland 323 00:23:06.480 --> 00:23:10.960 and Ireland. The first to receive it in London was Charles Fleetwood. He 324 00:23:11.000 --> 00:23:14.759 immediately saw that Hasselerigg would never accept its terms. In fact, if the 325 00:23:14.759 --> 00:23:18.839 petition were formally presented to Parliament, it would likely provoke a civil war within 326 00:23:18.880 --> 00:23:23.160 the regime. Fleetwood therefore decided that his only option was de escalation and damage 327 00:23:23.200 --> 00:23:27.039 mitigation. In a private interview with Hasselrigg, he shared the petition with the 328 00:23:27.119 --> 00:23:33.519 Rubber and proposed that they worked together to prevent a disastrous public confrontation. Lambert 329 00:23:33.559 --> 00:23:36.359 had no hand in it, Fleetwood shured him, if they nipped this in 330 00:23:36.400 --> 00:23:38.680 the bud, the Army grandees could tamp down the unrest in the ranks. 331 00:23:40.160 --> 00:23:42.960 The best way to neutralize the petition and the grievances that represented was to come 332 00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:47.960 up with a compromise settlement before it went public. Fleetwood, however, had 333 00:23:47.960 --> 00:23:52.279 badly misjudged hasselrik and perhaps his own skill in crafting a political solution to the 334 00:23:52.279 --> 00:23:56.640 crisis. Hasselerigg took the news directly to Thouse of Commons, where he called 335 00:23:56.680 --> 00:24:00.400 for the doors to the lobby to be locked once again. Elament, who 336 00:24:00.400 --> 00:24:03.759 was threatened by an illegal army coup, Hauseric himself moved that John Lambor be 337 00:24:03.839 --> 00:24:08.440 seized and placed in the Tower of London. Cooler heads prevailed and that provocative 338 00:24:08.480 --> 00:24:12.359 measure was not adopted, but the House did declare that anyone involved in this 339 00:24:12.440 --> 00:24:18.359 latest army intrigue was an enemy of the state dangerous to the Commonwealth. No 340 00:24:18.400 --> 00:24:21.480 one in the Commons chamber could have missed the significance of that language. It 341 00:24:21.640 --> 00:24:25.079 was precisely that threat from Parliament that had driven the army coups of the past, 342 00:24:25.440 --> 00:24:27.200 especially the purge of sixteen forty eight, that had created the rump in 343 00:24:27.240 --> 00:24:30.960 the first place. In fact, an uneasy sense of deja vu descended on 344 00:24:32.000 --> 00:24:36.400 Westminster. Rumors swirled that the Rump was discussing recruiter elections to fill out the 345 00:24:36.400 --> 00:24:40.240 House of Commons, just as in sixteen fifty three, House a Rake seemed 346 00:24:40.279 --> 00:24:45.400 intent on avoiding free elections and repopulating Parliament under the close supervision of its existing 347 00:24:45.440 --> 00:24:48.480 members, the exact policy that had led Uliver Cromwell to shot of the Rump 348 00:24:48.519 --> 00:24:55.319 in sixteen fifty three. Meanwhile, Army officers were meeting daily in London Fleetwoods. 349 00:24:55.319 --> 00:25:00.079 Attempt who quietly resolved the crisis had backfired in spectacular fashion. He and 350 00:25:00.119 --> 00:25:03.839 his allies now faced immense pressure to fulfill the terms of the Derby Petition and 351 00:25:03.920 --> 00:25:07.720 defend the interests of the Army against the old tyranny of the Rump. After 352 00:25:07.759 --> 00:25:11.880 several filled attempts to placate the junior officers, the army leadership decided that it 353 00:25:11.920 --> 00:25:15.319 had to throw its weight behind the Derby petition. On the fifth of October, 354 00:25:15.440 --> 00:25:18.839 John desbro formally delivered the petition to Westminster. He denied that the Army 355 00:25:18.839 --> 00:25:22.400 had any intention of carrying out a coup, but informed the House of Commons 356 00:25:22.440 --> 00:25:27.000 that the constitution the petition called for was the only way forward. Anything less 357 00:25:27.200 --> 00:25:33.599 risks throwing England back into turmoil, possibly even civil war again. However, 358 00:25:33.680 --> 00:25:37.279 Hasselreagan his allies refused to back down. Rather than responding to the petition or 359 00:25:37.400 --> 00:25:41.880 Desbro's pleas for a settlement, Parliament prepared for a fight. A series of 360 00:25:41.880 --> 00:25:47.640 bills were quickly passed with the goal of preemptively discrediting an army coup. All 361 00:25:47.759 --> 00:25:52.960 laws passed by any so called parliament since April sixteen fifty three were formally invalidated, 362 00:25:52.480 --> 00:25:56.920 and the collection of taxes without the consent of Parliament was declared an act 363 00:25:56.920 --> 00:26:00.480 of high treason. Both measures were designed to the army's attempt to use any 364 00:26:00.480 --> 00:26:04.640 of the state infrastructure that had sprung up during the protectorate period. The battle 365 00:26:04.640 --> 00:26:08.720 lines were drawn just two months after vanquishing the Royalist threat. The regime was 366 00:26:08.720 --> 00:26:14.119 tearing itself apart, As had been the case in sixteen forty two and many 367 00:26:14.160 --> 00:26:18.160 times since then, the outcome of the struggle would depend on London. The 368 00:26:18.240 --> 00:26:22.559 city government at Guildhall, the London militia and the apprentices would all play a 369 00:26:22.640 --> 00:26:26.519 role in how the crisis played out. In October sixteen fifty nine, which 370 00:26:26.519 --> 00:26:29.559 means we're gonna have to wind back the clock a bit to establish in context. 371 00:26:30.200 --> 00:26:33.680 The mayor of London was John Ireton, the younger brother of the late 372 00:26:33.759 --> 00:26:37.559 Henry Ireton, Cromwell's longtime right hand man. This Ireton had moved to London 373 00:26:37.599 --> 00:26:41.880 before the Civil War, securing a position as a mercer in the city's cloth 374 00:26:41.920 --> 00:26:45.160 Workers Company. Through his influential brother, John made out quite well from the 375 00:26:45.160 --> 00:26:49.920 Civil War. He made a fortune managing sequestered royalist estates in his native Nottinghamshire 376 00:26:49.960 --> 00:26:55.200 and a few other places. By the early sixteen fifties, Ireton had parlayed 377 00:26:55.200 --> 00:26:59.279 his good fortune into a prominent position within the cloth Workers Company. As a 378 00:26:59.359 --> 00:27:02.920 leading business man in the city, with personal connections in the highest corridors of 379 00:27:02.920 --> 00:27:07.160 power, it was only natural that Ireton moved into politics. He was appointed 380 00:27:07.160 --> 00:27:11.000 to the Nominated Assembly that followed the dissolution of the Rump in sixteen fifty three. 381 00:27:11.359 --> 00:27:14.559 There, Ireton played a leading role in the committees handling the reform of 382 00:27:14.599 --> 00:27:18.960 the law in public finances. Ireton was a rare creature in London politics, 383 00:27:18.319 --> 00:27:22.519 a city father with close ties to the Protectorate regime. As you may recall, 384 00:27:22.640 --> 00:27:26.119 London had not fared well in these successive purges that marked the Civil War 385 00:27:26.200 --> 00:27:30.920 period. Many traditional city leaders were tainted by their reliance on Crown monopoly charters. 386 00:27:32.160 --> 00:27:34.680 The rest tended to be Presbyterians and so were pushed out by the purges 387 00:27:34.680 --> 00:27:38.640 of sixteen forty eight. Even the new merchants who stepped in with the ascendency 388 00:27:38.640 --> 00:27:44.400 of the Rump were eventually marginalized by the rise of the Protectorate. John Ireton 389 00:27:44.559 --> 00:27:48.279 was one of the few city leaders who remained sympathetic to the various regimes throughout 390 00:27:48.319 --> 00:27:52.720 this period, so in October sixteen fifty eight he had been the natural choice 391 00:27:52.720 --> 00:27:56.839 to serve as mayor, a key link between Westminster and London in an increasingly 392 00:27:56.880 --> 00:28:02.279 turbulent political environment. As that political roment further degraded throughout sixteen fifty nine, 393 00:28:02.640 --> 00:28:07.400 Ireton aligned himself with the reanimated Rump, and as a conflict between the army 394 00:28:07.480 --> 00:28:11.920 and Parliament loomed, Ireton's status as mayor took on even greater significance. In 395 00:28:12.079 --> 00:28:17.680 July, just before the Royalist uprisings, Parliament passed a major reorganization of the 396 00:28:17.680 --> 00:28:21.440 London Militia. In theory, the goal was to ensure the loyalty of the 397 00:28:21.440 --> 00:28:25.759 city militia amid the rumors and reports of the coming insurrection, But there were 398 00:28:25.759 --> 00:28:29.599 whispers that the rumpers had a longer game in mind. Back in sixteen forty 399 00:28:29.640 --> 00:28:33.720 seven, the Presbyterians had attempted to turn the London militia into a military force 400 00:28:33.720 --> 00:28:37.200 capable of standing up to the new Model army. Was the rump trying to 401 00:28:37.279 --> 00:28:41.640 do the same thing now? If so. Parliament had willing allies in Mayor 402 00:28:41.640 --> 00:28:45.240 Ireton and the elite aldermen of the city. As far as they were concerned, 403 00:28:45.400 --> 00:28:48.960 law and order were good for business, especially in these uncertain times. 404 00:28:48.799 --> 00:28:55.200 But the more populist Common Council was wary. The Westminster regime was hardly popular 405 00:28:55.319 --> 00:28:59.000 or trusted in the streets of London, and when the Royalist uprisings came just 406 00:28:59.119 --> 00:29:03.599 days later, that wariness started to look a lot like outright treason. In 407 00:29:03.640 --> 00:29:07.960 particular, George Booth's call for a free parliament struck a chord in London's Common 408 00:29:07.960 --> 00:29:11.920 Council. Meanwhile, many ministers in the city, especially Presbyterians, refused the 409 00:29:11.920 --> 00:29:15.720 government's order to declare Booth a traitor from the pulpit. The danger that the 410 00:29:15.759 --> 00:29:19.559 Common Council might pass a resolution in favor of a free Parliament. Was so 411 00:29:19.680 --> 00:29:25.240 great that Lord Mayor Ireton posted armed guards at Guildhall to prevent the Council from 412 00:29:25.240 --> 00:29:30.200 sitting. London seethed, especially the apprentices, always at the forefront of political 413 00:29:30.279 --> 00:29:34.279 unrest in the city. The temperature was elevated another notch in September. Ireton's 414 00:29:34.400 --> 00:29:37.720 term as mayor was coming to an end with the annual election on the twenty 415 00:29:37.720 --> 00:29:41.880 first of the month, but considering the crisis atmosphere, the Rump took the 416 00:29:41.920 --> 00:29:47.640 provocative step of delaying the mayoral election. Ireton was too valuable an ally to 417 00:29:47.680 --> 00:29:52.160 lose. However, after a week of heated protests, Parliament was forced to 418 00:29:52.160 --> 00:29:56.839 back down. Ireton was voted out. So when relations between the Army and 419 00:29:56.880 --> 00:30:00.000 the Rump finally broke down in early October, they were wearing off within a 420 00:30:00.079 --> 00:30:04.880 larger London environment that was hostile to both factions. On the twelfth of October, 421 00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:07.920 hassereg once again called for the doors of the Lobby to be locked. 422 00:30:08.200 --> 00:30:14.359 Parliament had matters of the utmost urgency to discuss. The Rump formerly Cashier John 423 00:30:14.440 --> 00:30:18.839 Lambert, John desbro and a handful of other officers behind the allegedly impending coup. 424 00:30:18.640 --> 00:30:22.680 Fleetwood was stripped of his office as Commander in Chief, though he was 425 00:30:22.720 --> 00:30:26.720 included in a new seven man commission that had authority over the army. However, 426 00:30:26.839 --> 00:30:30.319 the real force in the new commission was a collection of rumpers, Thomas 427 00:30:30.319 --> 00:30:34.079 Scott, Edmund Ludlow and most of all, Arthur Hasserig himself. That night, 428 00:30:34.200 --> 00:30:38.119 Hasseregg exercised the powers of the newly christened Commission to summon the army to 429 00:30:38.160 --> 00:30:44.160 the defense of Parliament. The turnout was disappointing. Only a handful of troops 430 00:30:44.160 --> 00:30:47.920 answered the call and guarded a collection of MP's who decided to spend the night 431 00:30:47.920 --> 00:30:52.599 within Westminster Hall for their own safety. Outside, John Lambert assembled a much 432 00:30:52.640 --> 00:30:56.400 larger force of soldiers still loyal to him, despite the withdrawal of his commission 433 00:30:56.440 --> 00:31:00.000 by Parliament. Barely three months after the regime bannoned together to see off a 434 00:31:00.039 --> 00:31:06.559 series of Royalist uprisings, it had devolved into an armed standoff. Oppositional figures 435 00:31:06.559 --> 00:31:10.400 in London, the provinces, Scotland, Ireland, the Navy, and even 436 00:31:10.440 --> 00:31:14.759 among the Royalist exiles in Europe had given up after Booth's defeat, Suddenly, 437 00:31:14.839 --> 00:31:18.559 those hopes sprang back to life. Next time. The army and the rump 438 00:31:18.720 --> 00:31:33.720 finally settled their long dispute.