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Hello and Welcome to Western SIEV episode
three hundred and one, without an air

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Back in England, the Queen was
not well. Smallpox was a major issue

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in England throughout Elizabeth's reign in the
early fifteen sixties. It was seemingly everywhere.

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It was one of the most dreaded
diseases of the sixteenth century, because

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even if you survived it, you
might be scarred for life. Elizabeth was

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at Hampton Court on October the tenth, fifteen sixty two, when she first

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felt unwell. Following prevailing medical opinion, she immediately took a bath and then

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went for a brisk walk. As
a consequence, she caught a chill and

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had to retire to bed, immediately
running a light fever. Doctor Burcott,

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a respected but irritable German physician,
was summoned to examine her. He diagnosed

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smallpox, but there were no pots, and so the queen dismissed him for

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a fool. No eruptions appeared,
which many believed to be the token of

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the onset of a serious attack,
and a day or so later her fever

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grew worse. October the sixteenth she
was extremely ill, first becoming incapable of

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speech and then lapsing into an unconscious
state, in which she remained for twenty

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four hours. The Royal doctors,
fearing that her death was imminent, sent

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urgently for William Cecil to come the
next night. Elizabeth drifted in and out

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of consciousness as the crisis approached,
and there were hurried convenings of an anxious

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Privy Council whose members were all panic
strickened over the unresolved matter of the succession.

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If the Queen died, as most
believed she would, who should succeed

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her. Over the next few days
there were urgent discussions with the councilors,

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according to many divided in their opinions. Extreme Protestants favorite Lady Catherine Gray,

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while moderates supported the Earl of Huntington, who had no near blood relationship to

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the queen. Arrest one of the
judiciaries to determine the matter. No one

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spoke in support of Mary Stewart,
Queen of Scots, but consensus continued to

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be lacking, which hinted at deep
divisions and voted ominously for the future.

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As the court prepared to go into
mourning, Lord Hunson persuaded the reluctant doctor

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Burcott, some say at the point
of a dagger, to resume his treatment

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of the queen. Following a curative
measure first used by the Arabs and recommended

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by the English medieval physician John of
Gadinson, Burcott ordered that she be wrapped

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in red flannel, laid on a
palette beside a fire, and given a

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potion of his devising. Two hours
later, Elizabeth was conscious, unable to

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speak. Elizabeth, though conscious,
remained aware bravely ill. She would later

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tell a parliamentary delegation quote, death
possessed every joint of me. Her only

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goal at that time was to make
a plan for England in the event of

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her death. Her answer Robert Dudley. She commanded the Privy Council to declare

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him Lord Protector of England and grant
him a massive salary of twenty thousand pounds

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per year. Her counselors were dismayed, but did as they were told,

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and preparations were laid for Dudley to
take over the government of England. Shortly

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after this, doctor Burcott returned with
yet another treatment. It was then that

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Elizabeth first noticed the red eruptions of
smallpox on her hands. At first,

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she was upset at what this might
mean for her appearance, but Burcott scolded

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his patient and said that the spots
were a good sign. They would soon

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scab and fall off, but the
worst was over. He diagnosed Elizabeth on

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the men then and there. Six
days later, the Queen had fully recovered,

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but the entire episode left more than
just Elizabeth's hands scarred. She had

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survived, sure, but had she
not. The entire kingdom had just walked

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up to the precipice of civil war. Everyone now realized there needed to be

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some solution to the succession issue,
and it had to be done now.

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Most believed Elizabeth could solve this herself, that she should simply marry right now.

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As for Dudley, he had very
nearly become the King of England,

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and shortly after her illness ended,
Elizabeth finally raised him to the Privy Council

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in order to keep the peace.
By the way, she simultaneously raised his

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great rival, the Duke of Norfolk, to the same position. Now,

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whatever people thought of Dudley, he
took his job seriously. In fact,

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Dudley attended more Privy Council meetings than
most in the years for his death.

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On the twenty five October, Elizabeth
resumed her normal activities, but she did

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not call Parliament into session. She
knew her illness had altered the public attitude

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toward her marital status. She knew
once Parliament was in session, it would

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demand she'd pick a husband, get
married, and have children, so she

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delayed. In November, Elizabeth had
a furious encounter with her Privy Council,

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who insisted that it had the right
to intervene in the issue of her marriage

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because it impacted the whole kingdom.
By the end of November, Elizabeth had

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to call parliament because, fortunately for
her, she was out of money.

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Parliament opened on January the twelfth,
fifteen sixty three, and it was clear

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from the opening ceremony the issue of
Elizabeth's marriage would be front and center.

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Both houses wrote petitions urging the Queen
to marry. Both petitions were couched in

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humble terms, reminding Elizabeth of the
terror felt by her subjects during her own

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line and warning her what might ensue
if she died, without naming her successor.

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Quote the unspeakable miseries of civil wars, the perilous intermeddlings of foreign princes.

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With seditions ambitions and factious subjects at
home, the waste of noble houses,

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the slaughter of people, subversion of
towns, unsurety of all men's possessions,

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lives and estates, attainers, treasons, a host of calamities. We

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Parliament, fear a faction of heresies
in your realm, contentious and malicious papists.

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From the conquest of the present day, the realm was never left as

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now it is without a certain air. If your Highness could conceive or imagine

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the comfort, surety, and delight
that should happen to yourself by beholding an

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imp of your own, it would
sufficiently satisfy to remove all manner of the

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impediments and scruples. Unquote. Elizabeth
always took the view that neither her marriage

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nor the succession were the business of
her subjects, but matters for herself alone.

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Yet she could not afford to alienate
Parliament, and therefore resorted to deliberate

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procrastination. After a dinner on the
twenty eighth of January, she graciously received

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the delegation from the Commons in the
gallery at Whitehall Palace. The Speaker,

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on his knees, presented the comments
petition, which she thankfully accepted, and

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then delivered an oration in which she
assured him and his fellow's subjects that she

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was as worried as they were about
the succession, and had been especially so

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since her illness. She won sympathy
by confiding that the matter had occupied her

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mind constantly as she recuperated, saying, quote, yet I desired I not

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then life so much for my own
safety as for yours end quote. Ultimately,

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Elizabeth would conclude by reminding the House
of Commons that choosing a husband was

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a serious matter. If she chose
the wrong person, then England might not

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have to wait for her death for
civil war to erupt, or perhaps even

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worse, from some people's perspective,
England might be Catholic ones more. Now,

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two days later, the exact same
petition arrived from the House of Lords.

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The Lords put their cards on the
table. They would not tolerate Mary

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Stuart as queen, so Elizabeth had
to marry someone, anyone, even Dudley.

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That's right. The Lords were now
willing to agree to Robert Dudley just

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to get the marriage done. Both
houses were getting restless. On February the

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twelfth, the Commons wrote to the
Queen, gently reminding her that they were

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still waiting for a formal response to
their petition. Elizabeth continued to equivocate.

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In truth, she was just waiting
for Parliament to grant her of subsidy.

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Once it did, she was determined
to close it then and there. Parliament

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had by then proceeded to its other
business, that of passing legislation to protect

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the Anglican Settlement of fifteen fifty nine. These acts extended the oath of supremacy

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required from all in public life,
and imposed penalties upon those who upheld the

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priority and authority of the Pope and
those who opposed The Church of England.

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In February, Convocation approved the restoration
of the thirty nine Articles of Henry the

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Eighth in place of the forty two
Articles of Edward the sixth. These were

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then enshrined in the Church's basic doctrines
and were finally approved by Parliament in fifteen

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seventy one. Then, on the
tenth of April, Parliament assembled for its

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closing ceremonies. The Queen, who
had been voted her subsidy, now attended

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and gave the Lord Keeper a handwritten
answer to the petition. Fuming over her

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subjects temerity. She had written two
earlier drafts which referred to the two huge

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scrolls they had given her, but
ultimately she amended her response as her irritation

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and frustration subsided. In her final
version, Elizabeth responded to the demands that

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she marry as follows. Quote,
if any here doubt that I am,

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as it were, by vour determination, bet never to trade that way of

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life, I e. To be
single. Let them put out that kind

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of heresy for your belief therein is
awrye. For though I can think it

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is best for a private woman,
yet do I strive with myself to think

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it not meet for a prince?
And if I can bend my liking to

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your need, I will not resist
such a mind. I hope I shall

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die in quiet with nuc de mintus, which I cannot be without. And

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I see some glimpses of your surety
in my graved bones. End quote That

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was essentially an answer answerless, as
it was proclaimed by parliament, a response

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that said absolutely nothing. But in
the end, a lot had happened as

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a result of this Parliament. By
rejecting Mary Stewart's claim, the House of

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Lords had implicitly endorsed Lady Catherine Gray
as Elizabeth's successor. She had been in

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the tower since August fifteen sixty one, and both she and her secret husband

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had been treated quite well. What
Elizabeth did not know was that the jailers

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had allowed the couple to spend several
nights together. As a result, by

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the fall of fifteen sixty two,
Catherine was pregnant again. She gave birth

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to another son in February fifteen sixty
three. Elizabeth, incensed, practically lost

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her mind as a result, and
demanded that the two never be allowed to

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see another again, and they never
did. But there was no question now

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that Catherine was Elizabeth's heir obviously,
though she doesn't succeed Elizabeth, as I'm

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sure you know. Catherine would die
of tuberculosis in fifteen sixty eight. William

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Cecil took guardianship of their two sons
and brought them up with his own children.

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Edward Seymour would go on to Mary
twice more, but never seemed to

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have been involved in his children's lives. Likewise, to the north in February

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fifteen sixty three, scandal also touched
Mary Stuart. Since her return to Scotland,

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She had always had a certain nostalgia
for the French court, and employed

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as her secretary a young French courtier
called Pierre de Chastelard. Unwisely, Mary

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showed him favor, but he soon
grew way too ambitious in his behavior toward

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his mistress and could have seriously compromised
her honor when he was discovered hiding under

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her bed by a Scottish lord who
were jealous of his influence. They arrested

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him and on the twenty second of
February he was executed. But for the

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moment, affairs to the North involving
Mary Stuart Remaine a little bit of a

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side show. After Elizabeth recovered from
smallpox, the six thousand strong English force

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left for New Haven in France to
support the Huguenots. But as we discovered

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last week, the murder of Francois
de Guese and capture of the Huguenot leaders

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had allowed Catherine to bring peace to
France, albeit temporarily. As a result,

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both the Protestant and Cathlin factions ganged
up on the English, who then

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suffered an outbreak of plague. Quickly, the situation appeared far from tenable.

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On the succession front, the troubles
continued as well. Mary Stuart had supported

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Elizabeth during her illness, and that
made Elizabeth more inclined toward her Scottish cousin.

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But as always with these things,
there were a lot of issues to

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consider. The lords probably would not
accept Mary as their heir apparent, but

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neither could Elizabeth formerly exclude Mary without
running the almost certain risk of war with

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Scotland and possibly France as well.
Cecil simply continued pressing Elizabeth to Mary now.

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Interestingly, it was around this time
that Elizabeth conceived of the idea that

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Mary Stuart should wed wait for it, Robert Dudley. It was not such

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a preposterous notion as it may first
sound. Dudley was the one man who

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could be trusted to promote England's welfare
north of the border. Indebted to Elizabeth

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for his rise to power and an
almost princely status, he would not likely

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forget the woman for whom he felt
a genuine affection, if not love.

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Dudley was hungry for a crown to
be a penchant for attractive redheads. By

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marrying him, Mary would remove herself
from the European marriage market, and the

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threat of foreign influence in Scotland would
recede. As a Protestant, Dudley would

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be acceptable to the Calvinist lords and
would hold the Scottish Catholics in check.

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The drawback, obviously, was that
Elizabeth would have to give him up,

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but it seems that she had already
decided to embrace celibacy, and hard as

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renouncing him would be, she convinced
herself that she could do so if she

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knew that it was in her and
England's advantage. Moreover, royal marriage negotiations

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took so long that their partying might
be months, if not years away.

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Cecil supported the idea, but in
his case that was only because doing so

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would get Dudley far far away from
the English court. In July, Elizabeth

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finally agreed to allow the English to
retreat from New Haven. It seemed now

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that there was little prospect of ever
recovering Calais, but the plague ridden English

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army returning was not a boon to
the queen. Soon, plague was raging

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uncontrolled throughout England, and it would
continue to ravage the Kingdom all that summer.

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That August, Elizabeth dispatched a messenger
to Mary Stuart, telling her that

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if she accepted an English husband of
Elizabeth's choosing, then Scotland would have English

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protection and Mary would have protection from
her Calvinist subjects. Mary wrote back,

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inquiring just who this englishman might be, but Elizabeth would not say for the

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moment. As usual, she only
wanted to delay Mary's marriage choice and prevent

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her from choosing a match who might
be adversarial to the English court. Somewhat

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Luckily for Elizabeth, by this point, it was clear that Don Carlos,

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Philip's deranged and deformed son was dying, so at least Mary could not marry

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him, and thus England would not
be surrounded by Catholic enemies, at least

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not yet. It was at this
time Elizabeth, mindful of her promise to

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Parliament, attempted to revive negotiations for
her own marriage to the Archduke Charles.

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This appears at first to be a
forlong hope, though, because despite being

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reminded of the advantage of the alliance, the Holy Roman Emperor was justifiably suspicious

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of Elizabeth's motives and would not have
forgotten that she had formerly rejected his son.

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There was also persistent gossip about Robert
Dudley. He now had apartments next

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to the queen's in every royal palace. He was the host at most courtly

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entertainments. He kept state like a
prince, and enjoyed vast power and influence.

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In spite of these obstacles, Elizabeth
expected the Archduke to make the first

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move toward reviving his courtship. It
was unthinkable that she, as a woman,

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would take the initiative. Cecil therefore
wrote to one of his agents in

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Germany, who in turn approached the
Duke of Wurtemberg, who, in his

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turn, then sent a letter to
the Emperor. Courtship took a long time

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back. Then, Ferdinand consented to
the reopening of negotiations, but proceeded with

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caution, as did Cecil, who
made it clear that the Archduke must take

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matters slowly, since the Queen was
much inclined towards staying celibate. She had

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acknowledged that the Archduke was the best
foreign match for her, but she waxed

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alternatively hot and cold over the matter. In January fifteen sixty four, the

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Imperial ambassador sat down with Elizabeth and
Cecil prior to discuss the issue Elizabeth bluntly

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told him that the Archduke had to
make the first move. Her honor would

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not allow otherwise. She further stated
that if she ever married, quote,

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it would be as a queen and
not as Elizabeth end quote. In other

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words, she needed to know the
material benefits that this match would bring to

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England. Confused and dissatisfied, the
Imperial ambassador went home. By March fifteen

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sixty four, there was no way
that Elizabeth could continue to conceal the identity

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of Mary's husband to be cringing,
her ambassador told Mary it was none other

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than Robert Dudley. Mary was completely
taken aback. Perhaps had the offer been

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joined with a guarantee that Mary would
be the heir apparent, then she might

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have considered it, but there was
no such adendum. Mary, like most

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people, just didn't take the offer
seriously. She liked most people believed that

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Elizabeth would never part with Dudley,
Hence they believed it was just a delay

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tactic, which quite frankly, it
probably was. Regardless, Mary had absolutely

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no interest at all in the match
and was once more angling for a connection

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with a foreign prince. When Elizabeth
offered to meet with Mary in person.

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That summer, Mary declined. On
April the eleventh, England and France signed

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the Treaty of Tors, bringing the
hostilities between them to an end and placing

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Calais firmly beyond the reach of English
recovery. In June, Philip the second

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sent a new ambassador to England,
Don Diego de Guzman de Silva, who

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did a lot actually to foster good
Anglo Spanish relations. In that very same

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month, Emperor Holy Roman Emperor that
is, Ferdinand died and was succeeded by

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his eldest son, who was crowned
Maximilian the second. These events brought talk

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of Elizabeth's marriage to the Archduke to
a temporary standstill, but the new Emperor

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was more in favor of the match
than his father had been, although anxious

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that his brother Quote would not,
as on the last occasion, suffer himself

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to be led by the nose end
Quote. On August the fifth, one

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of the most famous progresses of her
reign, brought Elizabeth to Cambridge, where

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she stayed for five days. Attired
in a gown of black velvet slashed with

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rose and studded with pearls, the
Queen entered the city, preceded by trumpets

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and attended by a magnificent retinue.
There she was welcomed by Cecil in his

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capacity as Chancellor of the University of
Cambridge, and by scholars quote lowly kneeling,

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crying vivat Regina end quote. When
Elizabeth left on the tenth of August,

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she declared she would have stayed longer
had there been adequate provisions available.

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Again, in an age when legitimacy
and pageant went hand in hand, Elizabeth

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was a master. After the progress, Elizabeth dispatched a messenger to the new

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Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian the Second,
congratulating him on his coronation. But there

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were rumors that this messenger was actually
going to finalize a marriage alliance with the

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Archduke. These rumors were false.
Elizabeth still intended to wed Mary and Robert

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Dudley, though Mary had no intention
of going through with it. In reality,

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all of these moves and counter moves
and descemptions were simply Elizabeth stalling for

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time. However, on the September
twenty eighth, Elizabeth finally raised Dudley to

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the peerage, reportedly to make Queen
Mary quote think more of him than quote.

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It was around the same time that
Elizabeth, according to him, admitted

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to the Scottish ambassador that she had
no intention herself of ever getting married Mary.

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For her part, now having moved
beyond the dream of Don Carlos,

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which was a nightmare in reality anyway, began to think about marrying Lord Darnley.

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He had connections in Scotland and was
an ardent Catholic, but the only

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issue was that he was a resident
at the English Court, and Elizabeth was

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not about to let him go to
Scotland to wed Mary. A meeting of

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the Scottish and English lords that November
ended poorly when the English lords refused any

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guarantee that Mary would be heir apparent
no matter who she married. Elizabeth continued

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to offer potential matches, now including
the Earl of Leicester, but would not

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commit to anything on the succession front. In December, succession issues resurfaced when

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Elizabeth fell dangerously ill. Bishop John
Jewell of Salisbury spoke for many when he

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wrote, quote, Oh, how
wretched we are, who cannot tell under

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what sovereign we are to live?
God, will I trust long preserve Elizabeth

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to us in life and safety end
quote. Luckily for him, he was

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prophetic. Elizabeth was destined to live
a long if not particularly in terms of

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children, fruitful life