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Good morning, evening and good day. Welcome to another episode of Astronomy Daily,

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the podcast where we muck about with
space science and stuff for your listening

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enjoyment. I'm Steve, your host. It's August fourteen, twenty twenty three.

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Dunk Indeed, And in today's payload, we have a new technique that

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measures structured light in a single shot, a look at basic astronomy setups,

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traveling without moving, and plans for
regular moon shuttles the works. So stay

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with us on our Astronomy Daily.
And would you welcome our co host Hallie.

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Hello, everyone, Glad to be
down under again. It was nice

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to hang out with Tim last week
in England. You know I love traveling,

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even if it is at the speed
of light. Well, it's funny

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you should mention traveling. We've got
that story about traveling today, the one

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about how far we all move.
Well, I like to call it traveling

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without moving, Hallie, another sci
fi reference there, I see, Yes,

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there's that one. And we'll be
talking about the many, many plans

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for getting all the infrastructures to the
Moon. So many different projects and industries

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and countries are working on lots of
stuff to get there. They all want

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to get to the lunar surface.
There's talk of a colony, mines and

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regular shuttle Steve, Yes, that's
why it looks looks like Artemus is just

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the beginning, So we'll have a
look at that later on. And you

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have a really confusing story about light. I do. It's about a new

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technique to measure structured light. Okay, structured light. It's really exciting stuff.

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Well, okay, I believe you're
helly. I'd better let you get

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to it. I know your legion
of super brainy listeners are hungry for that

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one. I'll admit that I read
this story earlier and it was a bit

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scary. Mostly enough with the sci
fi references already, fair enough, Okay,

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Holly, let's have those short takes. Hold on to your thinking caps.

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Structured light waves with spiral phase fronts
carry orbital angular momentum OAM, attributed

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to the rotational motion of photons.
Recently, scientists have been using light waves

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with OAM, and these special hellical
light beams have become very important in various

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advanced technologies like communication, imaging,
and quantum information processing. In these technologies,

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it's crucial to know the exact structure
of these special light beams. However,

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this has proven to be quite tricky. Interferometry superimposing a light field with

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a known reference field to extract information
from the interference, can retrieve OAM spectrum

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information using a camera. As the
camera only records the intensity of the interference,

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the measurement technique encounters additional crosstalk known
as signal signal beat interference SSBI,

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which complicates the retrieval process. It's
like hearing multiple overlapping sounds, making it

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difficult to distinguish the original notes.
In a recent breakthrough reported in Advanced Photonics,

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researchers from sun yats And University and
a call polytechnique Fader al Deloson used

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a powerful mathematical tool called the Kramer's
chronic relation, which helps with understanding and

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solving the problem. This tool enabled
them to untangle the complex helical light pattern

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from the camera's intensity only measurements for
single shot retrieval. In simple on axis

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interferometry, exploring the duality between the
time frequency and ASIMITHOAM domains, they apply

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the Kramer's chronic approach to investigate various
OAM fields, including Talbot's self imaged pedals

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and fractional OAM modes. The new
measurement technique has great potential for advancing technologies

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that rely on these special light patterns. According to corresponding author Gentchi, who

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now a post doc at Labrator Castler
Brassel A call Norma's Superior France. The

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proposed method can also be generalized for
OAM beams with complex radial structures, making

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it a powerful technique for real time
measurement of structured light fields simply by a

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snapshot with a camera compared to conventional
on access interferometry. The Kramer's chronic method

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demonstrated by the researchers not only accelerates
the measurement, but also makes it much

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simpler and cost effective. Thanks to
this new technique, scientists have gained a

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powerful means to unlock the secrets of
structured light waves with OAM. This breakthrough

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has the potential to revolutionize various technologies, paving the way for exciting advancements in

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the field of structured light in the
near future. Seeing Saturn's rings through a

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telescope can be an awe inspiring experience. Now is a great time to check

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them out. Many amateur astronomers use
a backyard telescope to see Saturn, and

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seeing the ringed planet through a telescope
epiece is one of the most exciting moments

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for any amateur skywatcher. Any enthusiast
state that seeing Saturn through a telescope was

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the reason they became fascinated in space
for life. Keep in mind that you

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probably won't see a NASA quality image
of Saturn using a backyard telescope, but

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so many have been surprised at how
satisfying a real time view of this planet

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is it's definitely worth a try.
Many beginners start out with a simple four

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point five dobsony and telescope, which
features a large aperture for its price range

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and is a good starter telescope.
This affordable telescope has enough power and magnification

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to see Saturn's rings in all their
glory. Planets like Saturn and Jupiter are

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usually easy to spot. They look
like bright stars. Check for their location

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with an app, and then use
your telescope to reveal their true identity.

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Generally speaking, the size of the
planet in your field of view will depend

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on the equipment you are using,
but this comes with experience and know how

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with some practice and experience, you'll
be visualizing great live moments with the giants

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of our Solar system. Bowing Starliner
Crude Flight Test CEFT, which will carry

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astronauts Berry Abutch Wilmore, and Sunita
Suni Williams to the International Space Station ISS,

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is now delayed to next year,
with the earliest chance for launch in

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March. However, Boeing is still
confident it will complete the six crude flights

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ordered by NASA despite the planned demise
of the ISS in twenty thirty. NASA

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and Bowing share the updated launch information
in a press briefing on Monday, August

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seventh. The Crew Space Transportation one
hundred scst A one hundred Starliner was supposed

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to launch its first crude flight on
July twenty first, but Bowing found several

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issues that could have posed a threat
to the safety of the astronauts, such

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as flammable tape and weak parachute soft
links, causing yet another mission delay.

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Bowing cst A one hundred Starliner,
along with SpaceX's Crew Dragon, is part

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of NASA's Commercial Crew Transportation Capability cct
CAP, which aims to have two vehicles

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carry American astronauts and cargo to the
ISS on rotation throughout the year, with

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the goal of ending the nation's soul
reliance on Russia. According to the Space

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Agency, the companies were selected in
twenty fourteen for the contract, and while

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SpaceX has almost completed seven crew trips
to the station, Bowing Starliner has been

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plagued with delays spanning years. And
that's the short takes for today. You're

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listening to the Yes, it's good
to say that Bowing is being very careful

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with their crew or would not take
that away from them by I mean,

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in recent years we've seen lots of
delays with Crewe flots and so on.

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But I really hope that Bowing can
pull the full pull out all the stall

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and get Starliner operational to the point
where we see more activity. This is

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just another step forward in getting all
of those plans together. For those grandiose

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plans of getting a colony and mining
operations on the Moon. I mean,

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who knows if that's a good thing
or a bad thing. Will just see

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how it goes. I mean,
human history has shown that wherever we see

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opportunity, that's where we invest our
activity. So let's just see how it

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all unfolds. Now, do you
remember the comment in Dune by Frank Herbert

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where the guild navigators would fold space
and they would do this thing where they

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call traveling without moving. Now,
whether you're a frequent jet setter or a

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couch potato like me, sorry,
you'd travel much more than you would imagine.

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In fact, you'd probably be even
true if you were to stay perfectly

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motionless your entire life. How far, on average does a person travel in

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their lifetime. The answer depends on
whether or not you consider Earth an actual

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vehicle. As for the distance on
Earth's surface, a typically human would travel

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thirty thousand to fifty thousand miles or
up to eighty thousand kilometers in their lifetime,

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though some globe trot is, like
my fabled brother Andrew from Space Nuts,

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would probably go much further than that. Consider a most people accumulate the

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majority of this mileage from commutes and
quick errands. That's an impressively large distance,

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enough to circumnavigate the globe at least
once. But large as it is,

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the number of pales in comparison to
the motion we get by simply hitching

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a ride on our planet. It
spins on its axis, and because Earth

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is mostly solid, it rotates on
a single as a single rigid body,

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essentially meaning that everywhere on the planet
experiences the same angular speed. In every

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one travels a full circle every twenty
four hours. But if you're to stand

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on the North or South geographic poles, you probably wouldn't actually travel anywhere.

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You just rotate or spin around and
around. Those on the equator, however,

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would get tremendous amount of linear speed
thanks to this rotation, roughly a

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thousand miles per hour or sixteen hundred
kilometers per hour. Most people don't live

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on the equator, however, so
we can say that the average human is

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constantly traveling at roughly nine hundred and
thirty miles per hour or fifteen hundred kilometers

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per hour. As we see,
precision doesn't really matter in this equation,

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but when you add up over roughly
an eighty year lifespan, each person travels

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around six hundred million miles or a
billion kilometers in a lifetime. That's a

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tremendous leap above the travel we do
on earth surface, But we're just getting

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warmed up. In addition to rotating
the Earth's orbits the sun that orbit is

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an ellipse, which causes our planet
to occasionally move more quickly or slowly depend

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on it's a distance from the Sun, but on average, Earth's orbital speed

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is about nineteen miles per second or
thirty kilometers per second. That's about six

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hundred million miles one billion kilometers every
year, So over a lifetime, each

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of us travels roughly fifteen billion miles
or eighty billion kilometers, which again dwarfs

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the distance we travel due slowly to
our rotation of our planet. But Earth

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is not the only object in motion
in the universe. The Sun travels in

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a long, lazy orbit around the
center of the Milky Way galaxy. Of

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these galactic years, it takes roughly
two hundred and thirty million Earth years to

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complete. To put that into perspective, life first rose on Earth, so

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they say around sixty seventeen galactic years
ago, and in only twenty five more

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galactic years the Sun will die.
So the story goes. Compared with these

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enormous galactic scales, a human lifetime
is barely perceptible and the Sun barely along

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its orbit. But on a human
scale it's almost incomprehensible due to the motion

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of the Sun orbiting the center of
the Milky Way, each of us will

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travel around three hundred and seventy million
miles six hundred billion kilometers in a lifetime.

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And it doesn't stop there. Our
entire galaxy is in motion too.

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All galaxies are on average flying away
from each other, but that's due to

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the expansion of the universe. On
top of that expansion, each galaxy has

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some motion of its own, something
astronomers dubbed peculiar velocity. You might have

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noticed this in some nightclubs, perhaps. For example, the Milky Way is

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on a collision course with our nearest
neighbor, the and A galaxy. The

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mutual gravitation attraction is enough to overwhelm
the general expansion of the universe, and

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in about five billion years, so
the story goes, these galaxies will begin

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to merge. On top of that, both the Milky Way and the Andromeda

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are headed toward the Virgo Cluster,
a massive cluster of galaxies about sixty five

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million light years away. Beyond that, the Virgo Cluster and its surrounded galaxies

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are all headed toward the Greater Tractor, which is the center of our supercluster

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called Laneacre Astronomers can calculate the combined
motion of these gravitational influences by observing the

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cosmic microwave background, which is composed
of radiation at least when our universe cooled

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from plasma state when it was only
three hundred eighty thousand years old, It

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completely soaks the universe and is the
same to one part in a million across

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the entire sky. An emotion in
the universe will be visible in the CMB.

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Light in the direction we're headed will
get Doppler shifted to higher frequencies blue

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shift, and light in the direction
we're moving away from will be shifted to

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lower frequencies redshift. By measuring this
shift, astronomers can calculate our total velocity

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through the universe, and those measurements
give a number of a round three hundred

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and ninety miles per second. That's
six hundred thirty kilometers per second. When

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you add up that over an eighty
year lifespan, it gives you a total

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movement of nine hundred and thirty billion
miles or one point five trillion kilometers.

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Even if you never leave home,
you will still travel that enormous distance,

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and that's quite an accomplishment. Now. I mentioned earlier on a little bit

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about the plans to send shuttles to
the Moon. Now, multiple space agencies

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planned to send astronauts, cosmonauts,
and tyconnots to the Moon in coming years

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in long term goal of establishing permanent
human residents there. This is includes NASSA

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led Artemis program, which aims to
create a sustained program of lunar exploration and

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development by the decades, and there's
also a competing Russian Chinese International Lunar Research

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Station effort to create a series of
facilities on the surface and or in orbit

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on the Moon that will enable lucrative
research. Beyond these government led programs,

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there are many companies and non government
organizations hoping to conduct regular trips to the

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Moon, either for the sake of
learner tourism, oh dear and mining to

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build international Moon Village that would act
as a spiritual for the want of a

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better term successor to the International Space
Station. These plans will require a lot

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of cargo and freight moving between Earth
and the Moon well into the next decade,

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which is no easy task, as
you can imagine. To address this,

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a team of us UK researchers recently
released a research paper on the subject

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to optimize trajectories for traveling between the
Earth and the Moon. The team consisted

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of Professor Emeritus Thomas Carter from the
Eastern Connecticut State University and mathematical scienceist Professor

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Mayahomy from the Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
For the sake of their study, the

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preprint of which is available online,
Carter, on whom he explained how a

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shuttle could transport supplies to a lunar
outpost and carry back resources extracted from the

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surface. Now. Based on their
calculations, they concluded that a trajectory that

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places the shuttle into an elliptical orbit
and minimizes thrust requirements would be optimal.

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During the Space Race, both NASA
and the Soviet Space Program relied on free

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return trajectories to send missions to demon
This consisted of using the Moon's gravitational pull

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to perform a figure eight shaped maneuver, resulting the spacecraft returning home with only

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minimal orbit adjustments, minimizing them out
of propellant needed. The orbits of Artemus

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missions will be similar to the Apollo
predecessors in that they will also perform the

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figure eight flights that end with a
splashdown in the ocean. In other words,

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these missions will be one way trips. But beyond returning astronauts to the

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Moon, assembling the lunar Gateway and
establishing the Artemus base camp on the surface,

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the long term aim is to use
the artemas infrastructure to create a permanent

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human presence on the Moon. There's
also the need to keep things cost effective,

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of course, which makes launching heavy
payloads from the surface to the Moon

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in effission. Professor whom you explained, one of the functions is to avoid

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sending large loads to low Earth orbits. Instead, we use capsules with provisions

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and replacements for astronauts. To accomplish
lunar settlements with minimum cost, we need

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something similar to the ISS but with
an orbit around the Earth and the Moon.

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This shuttle will never land on Earth
or the Moon. Capsules from Earth

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will dock with it and when it
is close to Earth, and similarly,

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capsules from the Moon will dock with
it when it is near the Moon.

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This will avoid the need to lift
large loads from Earth or the Moon,

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and this will save a lot of
money and resources. However, the shuttles

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will need engines and propellant to keep
this shuttle in orbit, as it will

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is subject to gravitational perturbations from the
Earth, the Moon, and the Sun,

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while the shuttle will not. Why
the massive thrusters and propellant tanks needed

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to break free of Earth's gravity.
Engines and propellant add significant amounts of mass

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to emission, which drives up costs. To address this, Hoomie and Carter

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considered maneuvers that would minimize fuel consumption
and allowing the shuttle to circle the Earth

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Moon system in a reasonable amount of
time. The process we used to obtain

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our results was to develop proper mathematical
models based on gravitational forces of Earth,

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Moon in the Sun that impact the
orbit of the shuttle, said Hermie.

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From this, they determine that a
circular elliptical orbit with a peraging near the

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Earth and an apergy beyond the Moon
would be an optimal trajectory. Only minimal

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thrust would be required for course corrections. This type of shuttle and trajectory,

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said Whomie, is needed for any
plans to establish a permanent human presence on

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the Moon, but could also lead
to a thriving Earth Moon economy That was

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a real mixed bag today. Oh
it's sure, is Halle, And we'll

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do it all again next week,
won't we Halle? Absolutely? Now where

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can they find us? Well,
you can go to Space Nuts podcast group

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on Facebook and that's a great place
for interactions. Love to see you all

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00:19:11,119 --> 00:19:15,799
there. And you can listen to
all the back editions of our parent podcast,

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00:19:17,240 --> 00:19:19,799
Space Nuts with a Productly and professor
Fred Watson, and all the back

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editions of Astronomy Daily with myself,
Tim Gibbs and Halley of course at space

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nuts dot io and bytes dot com. So that's where you gave for all

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your back editions of all our podcasts. And that's it from us for another

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week. We'd love to see you
next week here on Astronomy Daily. Bye

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for now, be your whole big
dunkle