1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:09,240 Pendix one, Part three Communications communications. In order to have safe surface operations, 2 00:00:09,400 --> 00:00:14,800 it is imperative that you maintain good communication with ATC. The controllers understanding 3 00:00:14,839 --> 00:00:21,800 can be enhanced by you responding appropriately and using standard phraseology. Figure one seventeen 4 00:00:21,839 --> 00:00:28,399 shows a detailed glossary of phraseology that is commonly used in surface operations. Guidelines 5 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:34,280 for clear and accurate communications include the use of proper communication procedures when contacting ATC. 6 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:40,799 Your initial transmission to ATC should contain the following elements. Who you are, 7 00:00:41,039 --> 00:00:45,640 aircraft's complete call sign, where you are on the airport, what you 8 00:00:45,679 --> 00:00:49,039 want. You should think about what you want to say before communicating it. 9 00:00:49,679 --> 00:00:55,840 Alphabetical code for the adis note. You must be alert for stuck microphones prior 10 00:00:55,880 --> 00:01:00,439 to contacting ATC. Transmissions should be well filled out before keying transmitter, know 11 00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:03,920 what needs to be said, and always check their radio frequencies to ensure that 12 00:01:03,959 --> 00:01:08,680 the proper one is being used to transmit. Communication with ATC should be concise 13 00:01:08,719 --> 00:01:15,359 and to the point. For unusual situations or lengthy communications, initial contact should 14 00:01:15,359 --> 00:01:19,560 be established, then in the next transmission describe the situation. Keep in mind 15 00:01:19,599 --> 00:01:23,760 that other aircraft are waiting to contact ATC, so transmissions should be kept to 16 00:01:23,799 --> 00:01:29,959 a minimum unless it is an emergency situation. While communicating with ATC, focus 17 00:01:29,959 --> 00:01:33,680 on what the controller is instructing and do not perform any non essential tasks. 18 00:01:34,400 --> 00:01:38,719 Refer to the AIM Chapter five, Section five Pilot controller roles and responsibilities. 19 00:01:40,640 --> 00:01:46,519 Read back any hold short of runway instructions issued by ATC. This readback should 20 00:01:46,519 --> 00:01:51,400 include the specific runway designator and taxiway intersection when appropriate, so if there are 21 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:57,480 any misunderstandings or errors they are obvious to ATC. A readback presents the first 22 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:02,280 and most efficient opportunity to catch any miscommunications. It provides a reality check in 23 00:02:02,319 --> 00:02:07,200 two ways. It tells the controller, this is what the pilot heard, 24 00:02:07,599 --> 00:02:09,960 and it provides the controller of the opportunity to reaffirm that is what he or 25 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:15,719 she meant to say. For detailed information about radio communication phraseology and techniques, 26 00:02:16,120 --> 00:02:21,400 refer to Chapter four, Section two of the AIM. Understanding the no tams 27 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:25,960 for the airport is very important when communicating with ATC. No tams provide information 28 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:31,000 regarding taxiway runway closures. With proper knowledge of the airport's no tams, you 29 00:02:31,039 --> 00:02:36,240 can assist ATC for example, if ATC clears you to taxi on a closed 30 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:39,520 taxiway or runway, you can inform them if you are unsure of any portion 31 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:45,680 of the taxi clearance, request clarification and or progressive taxi instructions. It is 32 00:02:45,680 --> 00:02:50,680 important for you to know that you can request assistance. Note. When instructed 33 00:02:50,719 --> 00:02:54,879 to monitor a particular frequency, listen on the frequency and stand by for instructions. 34 00:02:55,400 --> 00:03:02,479 Under normal circumstances, do not initiate communications. Examples of taxi instructions initial 35 00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:08,039 call up with specific requests Pilot, Teeterborough Ground, Gulf Stream November three, 36 00:03:08,080 --> 00:03:14,800 two two, Zulu Quebec Act Behaviation with information Alpha Request taxi to Runway one 37 00:03:14,879 --> 00:03:20,879 NINER controller November three, two two, Zulu Quebec, Teeterborough Ground, Runway 38 00:03:20,919 --> 00:03:28,319 one niner Taxi via LIMA Line up and wait controller November five, two three. 39 00:03:28,439 --> 00:03:31,960 Quebec Quebec Runway two seven, Line up and wait traffic landing Runway three 40 00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:38,319 write Pilot November five, two three, Quebec Chebec Runway two seven, Line 41 00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:44,439 up and wait, Line up and wait on intersecting runways. Line up and 42 00:03:44,479 --> 00:03:47,919 weight can be authorized on intersecting runways. When this is done. Traffic advisories 43 00:03:47,919 --> 00:03:54,360 shall be issued to both aircraft depart Your instructions for two aircraft controller November five 44 00:03:54,400 --> 00:03:59,680 to three. Quebec Quebec Runway three six at Golf four Line up and wait 45 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:04,800 traffic departing Runway two seven, Pilot November five two three Quebec, Quebec Runway 46 00:04:04,840 --> 00:04:11,159 three six at Golf four Line up and wait Controller November one, four to 47 00:04:11,159 --> 00:04:15,240 four November MIC Runway two seven cleared for takeoff. Traffic holding in position Runway 48 00:04:15,279 --> 00:04:25,720 three six. Departure and arrival. Instructions for two aircraft controller November four seven 49 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:30,759 seven. Zulu Alpha Runway six Line up and wait traffic landing Runway two seven 50 00:04:30,839 --> 00:04:36,680 Pilot November four seven seven, Zula Alpha Runway six Line up and Wait Controller 51 00:04:38,279 --> 00:04:43,720 November two three four Alpha Golf Runway two seven cleared to land Traffic holding in 52 00:04:43,759 --> 00:04:50,800 position Runway six. Intersection departure clearance ATC must state the name of the intersection 53 00:04:50,879 --> 00:04:55,800 to you before a line up and wait instruction. You should question ATC. 54 00:04:55,920 --> 00:04:59,639 If this does not happen, you should state that they are at an intersection. 55 00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:02,800 When questing a takeoff clearance. A controller must also state the name of 56 00:05:02,839 --> 00:05:10,519 the intersection when issuing a takeoff clearance controller November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha 57 00:05:10,600 --> 00:05:15,800 Runway four Taxiway Bravo line up and wait pilot line up in weight Runway four 58 00:05:16,079 --> 00:05:21,680 Taxiway Bravo, November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha ensure that when you read 59 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:27,319 back a clearance for an intersection line up and wait or intersection takeoff, that 60 00:05:27,439 --> 00:05:30,040 you state the name of the intersection, even if the controller did not include 61 00:05:30,079 --> 00:05:36,879 it in the clearance. Landing clearance ATC may withhold or rescind the landing clearance 62 00:05:36,879 --> 00:05:43,040 when an aircraft is in line up and wait on the runway. Landing clearance 63 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:48,800 withheld controller, November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha Runway four Continue traffic holding 64 00:05:48,839 --> 00:05:57,600 in position Landing clearance canceled controller November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha Landing clearance 65 00:05:57,639 --> 00:06:04,920 canceled Traffic holding in position, continue take off clearance, Landing clearance read back 66 00:06:04,959 --> 00:06:11,399 all landing and takeoff clearances with a call sign including the runway designator controller, 67 00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:15,879 November one two three. Quebec Yankee Charlotte Tower Runway four right cleared to land 68 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:24,120 pilot November one two three. Quebec Yankee clear to land Runway four right controller 69 00:06:24,639 --> 00:06:30,399 November one two three. Quebec Yankee Charlotte Tower Runway five cleared for takeoff pilot. 70 00:06:30,879 --> 00:06:35,680 November one, two three. Quebec Yankee cleared for takeoff Runway five land 71 00:06:35,720 --> 00:06:42,160 and hold short clearance land and hold short instructions require your acceptance and read back 72 00:06:43,199 --> 00:06:47,279 controller. November one, two three. Quebec Yankee Waterloo Tower Runway three six 73 00:06:47,399 --> 00:06:54,439 cleared to land hold short runway three zero for departing traffic pilot. November one, 74 00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:58,800 two three. Quebec Yankee clear to land runway three six hold short Runway 75 00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:03,519 three zero. Figure eighteen A and B shows an example of the land and 76 00:07:03,639 --> 00:07:11,920 hold short holding position runway exiting clearance. After landing and reaching taxi speed, 77 00:07:12,199 --> 00:07:15,079 you are expected to exit the runway at the first available taxiway or as instructed 78 00:07:15,079 --> 00:07:19,959 by ATC. You should remain on the tower frequency until advised to contact ground 79 00:07:19,959 --> 00:07:27,879 control controller UNITY three two turn right on taxiway Golf two and contact ground point 80 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:32,639 niner when clear of the runway pilot Unity three two Right on Golf two ground 81 00:07:32,639 --> 00:07:40,639 point niner. Initial contact after landing and clearing the runway Pilot Lincoln Ground, 82 00:07:40,759 --> 00:07:44,639 November one two three. Quebec Yankee clear of runway two at Bravo Taxi to 83 00:07:44,639 --> 00:07:49,079 the ramp controller November one, two three, Quebec Yankee Lincoln Ground Taxi to 84 00:07:49,120 --> 00:07:56,199 the ramp via Bravo light gun signals. ATC has a backup system if radio 85 00:07:56,240 --> 00:08:01,279 communication fails. Controllers use a light gun that flashes different colors to instruct you 86 00:08:01,319 --> 00:08:05,800 what to do. Refer to the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter thirteen, 87 00:08:05,079 --> 00:08:11,040 Airport Operations for a light gun signal illustration. Even a failed radio transmission 88 00:08:11,079 --> 00:08:15,920 is not an excuse for proceeding without a proper clearance. If you are on 89 00:08:15,959 --> 00:08:20,399 a runway or taxiway and radio communication with ATC fails, you should one turn 90 00:08:20,480 --> 00:08:26,000 towards the tower. Two flash your landing lights several times. Three wait for 91 00:08:26,040 --> 00:08:31,559 the light signal from ATC. Four Be patient. If ATC's attention is diverted, 92 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:35,240 it may take a few minutes for a response. Five. If your 93 00:08:35,360 --> 00:08:39,159 radios are working, try a frequency other than the one you are currently using. 94 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:43,480 Six call ATC via cell phone. If you have the number available. 95 00:08:45,799 --> 00:08:50,080 Signs, markings and lighting. It is important for you to know the meanings 96 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:54,080 of the signs, markings and lights that are used on airports as surface navigational 97 00:08:54,120 --> 00:08:58,320 aids. All airport markings are painted on the surface, whereas some signs are 98 00:08:58,399 --> 00:09:03,759 vertical and are painted on the surface. An overview of the most common signs 99 00:09:03,759 --> 00:09:07,279 and markings are described on the following pages. For more detailed information on runway 100 00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:13,679 signs and markings, refer to the aim runway holding position sign. Non compliance 101 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:18,039 with the runway holding position sign may result in the FAA filing a pilot deviation 102 00:09:18,120 --> 00:09:24,279 against you. A runway holding position sign is an airport version of a stop 103 00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:28,960 sign see figure nineteen. It may be seen as a sign and or its 104 00:09:28,039 --> 00:09:33,799 characters painted on the airport pavement. The sign has white characters outlined in black 105 00:09:33,879 --> 00:09:37,919 on a red background. It is always co located with the surface painted holding 106 00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:43,759 position markings, and is located where taxiways intersect runways. On taxis that intersect 107 00:09:43,759 --> 00:09:46,720 the threshold of the takeoff runway, only the designation of the runway may appear 108 00:09:46,720 --> 00:09:52,960 on the sign. If a taxiway intersects the runway somewhere other than at the 109 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:58,519 threshold, the sign has the designation of the intersecting runway. The runway numbers 110 00:09:58,519 --> 00:10:01,879 on the sign are arranged to corresp on to the relative location of the respective 111 00:10:01,919 --> 00:10:07,240 runway thresholds. Figure one Dash twenty shows eighteen dash thirty six to indicate the 112 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:11,600 threshold for runway eighteen is to the left and the threshold for runway thirty six 113 00:10:11,759 --> 00:10:16,840 is to the right. The sign also indicates that you are located on taxiway 114 00:10:16,879 --> 00:10:22,159 Alpha. If the runway holding position sign is located on a taxiway at the 115 00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:26,200 intersection of two runways, the designations for both runways are shown on the sign 116 00:10:26,240 --> 00:10:31,039 along with arrows showing the approximate alignment of each runway see Figures one Dash twenty 117 00:10:31,120 --> 00:10:35,159 one A and B. In addition to showing the approximate runway alignment, the 118 00:10:35,279 --> 00:10:39,919 arrows indicate the direction to the threshold of the runway whose designation is immediately next 119 00:10:39,960 --> 00:10:48,440 to each corresponding arrow. This type of taxiway and runway slash runway intersection geometry 120 00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:54,159 can be very confusing and create navigational challenges. Extreme caution must be exercised when 121 00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:58,960 taxing, onto or crossing this type of intersection. Figure one Dash twenty one 122 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:03,480 A and B shows a depiction of a taxiway runway runway intersection and is also 123 00:11:03,559 --> 00:11:09,559 designated as a hot spot on the airport diagram. In the example, taxiway 124 00:11:09,559 --> 00:11:13,600 Bravo intersects with two runways thirty one Dash thirteen and thirty five Dash seventeen, 125 00:11:13,919 --> 00:11:20,600 which cross each other. Surface painted runway holding position signs may also be used 126 00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:24,440 to aid you in determining the holding position. These markings consist of white characters 127 00:11:24,440 --> 00:11:28,879 with a black border on a red background and are painted on the left side 128 00:11:28,879 --> 00:11:33,360 of the taxiway center line. Figure one Dash twenty two shows a surface painted 129 00:11:33,399 --> 00:11:37,519 runway holding position sign that is the holding point for a runway thirty two R 130 00:11:37,960 --> 00:11:41,120 Dash fourteen L. You should never allow any part of your aircraft to cross 131 00:11:41,120 --> 00:11:46,840 the runway holding position sign, either a vertical or surface painted sign, without 132 00:11:46,840 --> 00:11:50,039 a clearance from ATC. Doing so poses a hazard to yourself and others. 133 00:11:50,759 --> 00:11:54,879 When the tower is closed or you are operating at a non towered airport, 134 00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:58,279 you may taxi pass the runway holding position sign only when the runway is clear 135 00:11:58,320 --> 00:12:03,960 of aircraft and there are no aircraft on final approach. You may then proceed 136 00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:11,759 with extreme caution runway holding position marking. Non compliance with a runway holding position 137 00:12:11,799 --> 00:12:16,519 marking may result in the FAA filing a pilot deviation against you. Runway holding 138 00:12:16,519 --> 00:12:22,519 position markings consist of four yellow lines, two solid and two dashed that are 139 00:12:22,559 --> 00:12:26,840 painted on the surface and extend across the width of the taxiway to indicate where 140 00:12:26,879 --> 00:12:31,519 the aircraft should stop when approaching a runway. These markings are painted across the 141 00:12:31,679 --> 00:12:35,600 entire taxiway pavement, are in alignment and are co located with the holding position 142 00:12:35,679 --> 00:12:41,399 sign as described above. As you approached the runway, two solid yellow lines 143 00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:46,639 and two dashed lines will be visible. Prior to reaching the solid lines, 144 00:12:46,919 --> 00:12:50,240 it is imperative to stop and ensure that no portion of the aircraft intersects the 145 00:12:50,279 --> 00:12:54,960 first solid yellow line. Do not cross the double solid lines until a clearance 146 00:12:56,000 --> 00:13:01,200 from ATC has been received see Figure one Dash twenty three. When the tower 147 00:13:01,320 --> 00:13:05,399 is closed or when operating at a non towered airport, you may taxi onto 148 00:13:05,519 --> 00:13:09,639 or across the runway only when the runway is clear and there are no aircraft 149 00:13:09,679 --> 00:13:13,559 on final approach. You should use extreme caution when crossing or taxiing onto the 150 00:13:13,639 --> 00:13:20,080 runway and always look both ways. When exiting the runway, the same markings 151 00:13:20,120 --> 00:13:22,440 will be seen, except the aircraft will be approaching the double dashed lines. 152 00:13:22,879 --> 00:13:26,960 See Figure one Dash twenty four. In order to be clear of the runway, 153 00:13:28,159 --> 00:13:31,840 the entire aircraft must cross both the dashed and solid lines. An ATC 154 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:39,360 clearance is not needed to cross this marking when exiting the runway. Enhanced Taxiway 155 00:13:39,399 --> 00:13:45,399 center line markings and most towered airports, the enhanced taxiway center line marking is 156 00:13:45,519 --> 00:13:50,080 used to warn you of an upcoming runway. It consists of yellow dashed lines 157 00:13:50,159 --> 00:13:54,440 on either side of the normal solid taxiway center line, and the dashes extend 158 00:13:54,559 --> 00:13:58,879 up to one hundred and fifty feet prior to a runway holding position marking see 159 00:14:00,039 --> 00:14:03,399 Figures one Dash twenty five A and B. They are used to aid you 160 00:14:03,440 --> 00:14:11,320 in maintaining awareness during surface movement to reduce runway incursions. Elevated Runway guard lights 161 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:18,360 Elevated runway guard lights RGL, commonly known as wigwag lights, are co located 162 00:14:18,399 --> 00:14:24,080 with the runway hold position signs and surface painted hold position markings. They consist 163 00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:28,600 of a pair of elevated flashing yellow lights installed on either side of the taxiway 164 00:14:28,639 --> 00:14:33,200 near the holding position sign see Figure one Dash twenty six A. Alternatively, 165 00:14:33,440 --> 00:14:37,120 they may be a row of in pavement yellow lights installed across the runway at 166 00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:43,440 the holding position marking see Figure one Dash twenty six B. Runway guard lights 167 00:14:43,480 --> 00:14:50,440 are effective visual aids for helping you identify the runway holding position runway safety area 168 00:14:50,480 --> 00:14:54,159 boundary sign. In addition to the runway hold marking, some taxiway stubs also 169 00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:58,759 have a runway safety Area boundary sign that faces the runway and is visible to 170 00:14:58,799 --> 00:15:03,120 you only when exiting the runway. This sign has a yellow background with black 171 00:15:03,159 --> 00:15:07,759 markings and is typically used at towered airports where a controller commonly requests you to 172 00:15:07,799 --> 00:15:13,080 report clear of a runway. This sign is intended to provide you with another 173 00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:16,120 visual queue that is used as a guide to determine when you are clear of 174 00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:20,000 the runway safety boundary area. The sign shown in Figures twenty seven is what 175 00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:24,799 you would see when exiting the runway at Taxiway Q LOW and is out of 176 00:15:24,799 --> 00:15:28,559 the runway safety area boundary when the entire aircraft passes the sign and the accompanying 177 00:15:28,639 --> 00:15:33,759 surface painted marking. End of Section three of Appendix one