Pendix one, Part three Communications communications. In order to have safe surface operations,
it is imperative that you maintain good communication with ATC. The controllers understanding
can be enhanced by you responding appropriately and using standard phraseology. Figure one seventeen
shows a detailed glossary of phraseology that is commonly used in surface operations. Guidelines
for clear and accurate communications include the use of proper communication procedures when contacting ATC.
Your initial transmission to ATC should contain the following elements. Who you are,
aircraft's complete call sign, where you are on the airport, what you
want. You should think about what you want to say before communicating it.
Alphabetical code for the adis note. You must be alert for stuck microphones prior
to contacting ATC. Transmissions should be well filled out before keying transmitter, know
what needs to be said, and always check their radio frequencies to ensure that
the proper one is being used to transmit. Communication with ATC should be concise
and to the point. For unusual situations or lengthy communications, initial contact should
be established, then in the next transmission describe the situation. Keep in mind
that other aircraft are waiting to contact ATC, so transmissions should be kept to
a minimum unless it is an emergency situation. While communicating with ATC, focus
on what the controller is instructing and do not perform any non essential tasks.
Refer to the AIM Chapter five, Section five Pilot controller roles and responsibilities.
Read back any hold short of runway instructions issued by ATC. This readback should
include the specific runway designator and taxiway intersection when appropriate, so if there are
any misunderstandings or errors they are obvious to ATC. A readback presents the first
and most efficient opportunity to catch any miscommunications. It provides a reality check in
two ways. It tells the controller, this is what the pilot heard,
and it provides the controller of the opportunity to reaffirm that is what he or
she meant to say. For detailed information about radio communication phraseology and techniques,
refer to Chapter four, Section two of the AIM. Understanding the no tams
for the airport is very important when communicating with ATC. No tams provide information
regarding taxiway runway closures. With proper knowledge of the airport's no tams, you
can assist ATC for example, if ATC clears you to taxi on a closed
taxiway or runway, you can inform them if you are unsure of any portion
of the taxi clearance, request clarification and or progressive taxi instructions. It is
important for you to know that you can request assistance. Note. When instructed
to monitor a particular frequency, listen on the frequency and stand by for instructions.
Under normal circumstances, do not initiate communications. Examples of taxi instructions initial
call up with specific requests Pilot, Teeterborough Ground, Gulf Stream November three,
two two, Zulu Quebec Act Behaviation with information Alpha Request taxi to Runway one
NINER controller November three, two two, Zulu Quebec, Teeterborough Ground, Runway
one niner Taxi via LIMA Line up and wait controller November five, two three.
Quebec Quebec Runway two seven, Line up and wait traffic landing Runway three
write Pilot November five, two three, Quebec Chebec Runway two seven, Line
up and wait, Line up and wait on intersecting runways. Line up and
weight can be authorized on intersecting runways. When this is done. Traffic advisories
shall be issued to both aircraft depart Your instructions for two aircraft controller November five
to three. Quebec Quebec Runway three six at Golf four Line up and wait
traffic departing Runway two seven, Pilot November five two three Quebec, Quebec Runway
three six at Golf four Line up and wait Controller November one, four to
four November MIC Runway two seven cleared for takeoff. Traffic holding in position Runway
three six. Departure and arrival. Instructions for two aircraft controller November four seven
seven. Zulu Alpha Runway six Line up and wait traffic landing Runway two seven
Pilot November four seven seven, Zula Alpha Runway six Line up and Wait Controller
November two three four Alpha Golf Runway two seven cleared to land Traffic holding in
position Runway six. Intersection departure clearance ATC must state the name of the intersection
to you before a line up and wait instruction. You should question ATC.
If this does not happen, you should state that they are at an intersection.
When questing a takeoff clearance. A controller must also state the name of
the intersection when issuing a takeoff clearance controller November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha
Runway four Taxiway Bravo line up and wait pilot line up in weight Runway four
Taxiway Bravo, November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha ensure that when you read
back a clearance for an intersection line up and wait or intersection takeoff, that
you state the name of the intersection, even if the controller did not include
it in the clearance. Landing clearance ATC may withhold or rescind the landing clearance
when an aircraft is in line up and wait on the runway. Landing clearance
withheld controller, November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha Runway four Continue traffic holding
in position Landing clearance canceled controller November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha Landing clearance
canceled Traffic holding in position, continue take off clearance, Landing clearance read back
all landing and takeoff clearances with a call sign including the runway designator controller,
November one two three. Quebec Yankee Charlotte Tower Runway four right cleared to land
pilot November one two three. Quebec Yankee clear to land Runway four right controller
November one two three. Quebec Yankee Charlotte Tower Runway five cleared for takeoff pilot.
November one, two three. Quebec Yankee cleared for takeoff Runway five land
and hold short clearance land and hold short instructions require your acceptance and read back
controller. November one, two three. Quebec Yankee Waterloo Tower Runway three six
cleared to land hold short runway three zero for departing traffic pilot. November one,
two three. Quebec Yankee clear to land runway three six hold short Runway
three zero. Figure eighteen A and B shows an example of the land and
hold short holding position runway exiting clearance. After landing and reaching taxi speed,
you are expected to exit the runway at the first available taxiway or as instructed
by ATC. You should remain on the tower frequency until advised to contact ground
control controller UNITY three two turn right on taxiway Golf two and contact ground point
niner when clear of the runway pilot Unity three two Right on Golf two ground
point niner. Initial contact after landing and clearing the runway Pilot Lincoln Ground,
November one two three. Quebec Yankee clear of runway two at Bravo Taxi to
the ramp controller November one, two three, Quebec Yankee Lincoln Ground Taxi to
the ramp via Bravo light gun signals. ATC has a backup system if radio
communication fails. Controllers use a light gun that flashes different colors to instruct you
what to do. Refer to the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter thirteen,
Airport Operations for a light gun signal illustration. Even a failed radio transmission
is not an excuse for proceeding without a proper clearance. If you are on
a runway or taxiway and radio communication with ATC fails, you should one turn
towards the tower. Two flash your landing lights several times. Three wait for
the light signal from ATC. Four Be patient. If ATC's attention is diverted,
it may take a few minutes for a response. Five. If your
radios are working, try a frequency other than the one you are currently using.
Six call ATC via cell phone. If you have the number available.
Signs, markings and lighting. It is important for you to know the meanings
of the signs, markings and lights that are used on airports as surface navigational
aids. All airport markings are painted on the surface, whereas some signs are
vertical and are painted on the surface. An overview of the most common signs
and markings are described on the following pages. For more detailed information on runway
signs and markings, refer to the aim runway holding position sign. Non compliance
with the runway holding position sign may result in the FAA filing a pilot deviation
against you. A runway holding position sign is an airport version of a stop
sign see figure nineteen. It may be seen as a sign and or its
characters painted on the airport pavement. The sign has white characters outlined in black
on a red background. It is always co located with the surface painted holding
position markings, and is located where taxiways intersect runways. On taxis that intersect
the threshold of the takeoff runway, only the designation of the runway may appear
on the sign. If a taxiway intersects the runway somewhere other than at the
threshold, the sign has the designation of the intersecting runway. The runway numbers
on the sign are arranged to corresp on to the relative location of the respective
runway thresholds. Figure one Dash twenty shows eighteen dash thirty six to indicate the
threshold for runway eighteen is to the left and the threshold for runway thirty six
is to the right. The sign also indicates that you are located on taxiway
Alpha. If the runway holding position sign is located on a taxiway at the
intersection of two runways, the designations for both runways are shown on the sign
along with arrows showing the approximate alignment of each runway see Figures one Dash twenty
one A and B. In addition to showing the approximate runway alignment, the
arrows indicate the direction to the threshold of the runway whose designation is immediately next
to each corresponding arrow. This type of taxiway and runway slash runway intersection geometry
can be very confusing and create navigational challenges. Extreme caution must be exercised when
taxing, onto or crossing this type of intersection. Figure one Dash twenty one
A and B shows a depiction of a taxiway runway runway intersection and is also
designated as a hot spot on the airport diagram. In the example, taxiway
Bravo intersects with two runways thirty one Dash thirteen and thirty five Dash seventeen,
which cross each other. Surface painted runway holding position signs may also be used
to aid you in determining the holding position. These markings consist of white characters
with a black border on a red background and are painted on the left side
of the taxiway center line. Figure one Dash twenty two shows a surface painted
runway holding position sign that is the holding point for a runway thirty two R
Dash fourteen L. You should never allow any part of your aircraft to cross
the runway holding position sign, either a vertical or surface painted sign, without
a clearance from ATC. Doing so poses a hazard to yourself and others.
When the tower is closed or you are operating at a non towered airport,
you may taxi pass the runway holding position sign only when the runway is clear
of aircraft and there are no aircraft on final approach. You may then proceed
with extreme caution runway holding position marking. Non compliance with a runway holding position
marking may result in the FAA filing a pilot deviation against you. Runway holding
position markings consist of four yellow lines, two solid and two dashed that are
painted on the surface and extend across the width of the taxiway to indicate where
the aircraft should stop when approaching a runway. These markings are painted across the
entire taxiway pavement, are in alignment and are co located with the holding position
sign as described above. As you approached the runway, two solid yellow lines
and two dashed lines will be visible. Prior to reaching the solid lines,
it is imperative to stop and ensure that no portion of the aircraft intersects the
first solid yellow line. Do not cross the double solid lines until a clearance
from ATC has been received see Figure one Dash twenty three. When the tower
is closed or when operating at a non towered airport, you may taxi onto
or across the runway only when the runway is clear and there are no aircraft
on final approach. You should use extreme caution when crossing or taxiing onto the
runway and always look both ways. When exiting the runway, the same markings
will be seen, except the aircraft will be approaching the double dashed lines.
See Figure one Dash twenty four. In order to be clear of the runway,
the entire aircraft must cross both the dashed and solid lines. An ATC
clearance is not needed to cross this marking when exiting the runway. Enhanced Taxiway
center line markings and most towered airports, the enhanced taxiway center line marking is
used to warn you of an upcoming runway. It consists of yellow dashed lines
on either side of the normal solid taxiway center line, and the dashes extend
up to one hundred and fifty feet prior to a runway holding position marking see
Figures one Dash twenty five A and B. They are used to aid you
in maintaining awareness during surface movement to reduce runway incursions. Elevated Runway guard lights
Elevated runway guard lights RGL, commonly known as wigwag lights, are co located
with the runway hold position signs and surface painted hold position markings. They consist
of a pair of elevated flashing yellow lights installed on either side of the taxiway
near the holding position sign see Figure one Dash twenty six A. Alternatively,
they may be a row of in pavement yellow lights installed across the runway at
the holding position marking see Figure one Dash twenty six B. Runway guard lights
are effective visual aids for helping you identify the runway holding position runway safety area
boundary sign. In addition to the runway hold marking, some taxiway stubs also
have a runway safety Area boundary sign that faces the runway and is visible to
you only when exiting the runway. This sign has a yellow background with black
markings and is typically used at towered airports where a controller commonly requests you to
report clear of a runway. This sign is intended to provide you with another
visual queue that is used as a guide to determine when you are clear of
the runway safety boundary area. The sign shown in Figures twenty seven is what
you would see when exiting the runway at Taxiway Q LOW and is out of
the runway safety area boundary when the entire aircraft passes the sign and the accompanying
surface painted marking. End of Section three of Appendix one