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Hello and Welcome to Western SIEV episode
three hundred and two Queens North and South.

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In the early months of fifteen sixty
five, Cecil had every reason to

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think that Elizabeth might finally marry.
She was reconsidering the Archduke, plus word

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reached court that, desperate to avoid
a Habsburg alliance, Catherine de Medici was

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offering Charles the Ninth to the English
Queen. Elizabeth was not interested in marrying

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a fourteen year old boy. However, she was thirty one and publicly worried

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about what people might say. Besides, Charles did not speak a word of

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English and he was Catholic. Those
both appeared to be deal breakers. But

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mindful of keeping France and Scotland separate, Elizabeth gave her usual half promises in

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the hope of stringing Charles along.
Most of Elizabeth's Privy council advised her against

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the match. Anyway, it would
be easier and better. They argued for

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her to wed a Habsburg. Cecil
said nothing. He didn't think that Elizabeth

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was serious. As usual, he
was right. For the next five months,

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Elizabeth played her usual game and played
it well. Charles thought he was

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set to marry the English Queen,
though in reality nothing of the sort had

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ever been agreed to. But of
course Elizabeth was not the only single queen

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in the British Isles. To the
north, Mary Stuart was also still without

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a husband. By February fifteen sixty
five, Thomas Randolph had been working for

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eighteen months to bring Mary and Robert
Dudley together. It seemed like Mary was

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finally warming to the idea. Randolph
was therefore disappointed when he found out that

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Elizabeth was finally going to allow another
suitor, Lord Darnley, to go to

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Scotland in an effort to woo the
Queen. When Darnley arrived in Edinburgh on

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February the thirteenth, Mary extended to
him a warm welcome, and her feelings

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for him were obvious from the very
beginning. Within a few days, people

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were saying she could scarcely stand to
be apart from him. Quickly, Mary

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became set on the idea of marriage, though her counselors urged her delay and

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patience. True, Darnley could be
well mannered. It meant he was handsome,

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but he was also and she didn't
know this. Petulant and unstable Mary

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wrote to Elizabeth hoping to get her
claim to the English throne recognized before marrying

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Darnley, she would be disappointed again. Elizabeth wrote back that no, she

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should marry Dudley, not Darnley,
sorry about the similarity of these names.

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And worse still, Elizabeth was not
going to say anything publicly about Mary's claim

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to the English throne. But by
now Mary was far too much in love

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with Darnley to care. When he
fell ill with measles, Mary acted as

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his nurse, regardless of the potential
consequences. Mary's advisers, concerned about Darnley's

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Catholicism, continued trying without avail to
pump the brakes. All the while back

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in England, Dudley continued to focus
on marrying and another queen, Elizabeth.

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In fact, the Spanish ambassador was
so shocked at the way the two interacted

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that he wrote back to Philip he
believed Dudley was on the very cusp of

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marrying the English queen. On the
eighteenth of April, the Scottish ambassador informed

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Elizabeth that Mary was going to wed
Lord Darnley. It was a done deal.

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Elizabeth was furious. She sent word
to Scotland demanding Darnley come back immediately

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and forbade the marriage. Now it
was all emotion. Mary shot back that

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quote she did not mind to use
her own choice in marriage. She would

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no longer be fed with yea and
nay end quote. Elizabeth did at least

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realize at this point that Mary was
not going to wed Dudley, and for

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this part, Dudley took this as
a sign that his marriage, which to

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Elizabeth, was imminent. Not everyone
liked or loved this notion, and so

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it was by the summer of fifteen
sixty five, rival factions began forming,

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really for the first time in Elizabeth's
court. On one side, of course,

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was Dudley. On the other side
was what we might call today the

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opposition. The leader of the opposition
was the Earl of Sussex, who used

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Dudley's great rival, the Duke of
Norfolk, to offset the power of the

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Queen's favorite. By July, men
of both sides were openly carrying arms in

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London. Matters. By then we're
coming to a head. By the end

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of June, Elizabeth formally rejected the
young French King's suit, saying that she

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would not marry someone so much her
junior Cecil Sussex and others realized that this

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was likely Dudley's best chance to move
and seal the deal once and for all.

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Hence, the anti Dudley camp worked
furiously to bring about the Habsburg match.

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When the Imperial ambassador arrived in the
English court around the same time,

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Cecil pressed Dudley to support the Archduke
Charles's marital suit, if for no other

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reason out of loyalty to the realm. Elizabeth, for the moment, seemed

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receptive to the idea of marrying the
Archduke, so Dudley, feeling very much

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sort of pressed in, acquiesced and
supported the match, at least publicly.

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Then, in a case of conflict
making strange bedfellows, the French turned around

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and decided they were going to support
a marriage with Robert Dudley to the Queen.

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They just didn't want to see themselves
surrounded by Habsburg's on both sides of

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the English channel. As usual,
no one could tell what the Queen read

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really thought about any of this.
At the end of July, Elizabeth declared,

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quote, I would have stayed single, did not the Crown of England

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compel me to marry to the Prophet
of England. End quote, be that

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as it may. The Imperial ambassador
was at least convinced that the rumors about

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the Queen's honor in Dudley's amorous intentions
were simply unfounded, so she could take

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some solace in that. But once
again, when we're talking about a Habsburg

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match, the marriage negotiations broke down
over the issue of religion. Both sides

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continued to insist that the other convert, Sussex, suggested that the Archduke might

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attend Anglican services with Elizabeth in public
and then Catholic Mass in private, which

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the Emperor rejected as an insult.
Once more, the two sides seemed deadlocked,

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though both were still hopeful of achieving
some sort of compromise. On July

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twenty ninth, fifteen sixty five,
Mary Stuart married Lord Darnley, who clearly

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did not return to England by the
way, though he was ordered to do

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so within mere weeks. Darnley had
alienated just about every Scottish noble at court.

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The majority of Scott's distrusted him because
he was a Catholic anyway. Suddenly

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the prospect of civil war in Scotland
appeared increasingly likely to the South. When

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Elizabeth found out about the marriage,
she was incensed, as you probably expected.

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Even efforts to reach out to Queen
Mary were rebuffed. Mary Stuart had

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by July fifteen sixty five, made
a fateful decision. She was going to

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rule Scotland the way she wanted,
and no one was going to tell her

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any differently. That meant she was
going to control the Scottish lords and force

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of vnly Catholicism down her subject's throats. How would that go spoiler alert,

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As we'll find out in a second, not well, as you might guess.

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July fifteen sixty five was also the
beginning of a change in relations between

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Mary and Elizabeth. Remember they had
been on the cusp of a personal meeting,

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but now the two became increasingly antagonistic. That August, another dynastic issue

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surfaced. Her sister in disgrace,
Lady Mary Gray, was now technically the

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closest in line to inherit the throne. Now Mary, as opposed to her

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sister, was not beautiful. She
was hunchbacked and had no interest in ever

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being queen. That being said,
Elizabeth kept this, remaining Gray's sister at

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court under her watchful eye. Now
be that as it may, and with

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all these precautions, somehow Gray got
herself secretly Mary, which was fast becoming

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sort of a rite of passage for
the Gray family, or at least the

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Gray sisters, until Elizabeth found out
about this and then flew off the handle.

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Now, I want to be clear
about one thing. Mary Gray was

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never an actual threat to Elizabeth's legitimacy. But the simple fact that Elizabeth responded

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to this incident with such rage is
really just an indication of how sensitive she

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had become about the topic of succession. Elizabeth clearly understood how precarious her situation

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was. After yet another Gray affair, it became all the more imperative for

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the Queen to marry. At least
that was the perspective of Cecil and others.

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However, the international tide was starting
to turn critically. Philip of Spain

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was no longer in support of Elizabeth
marrying the Archduke of Austria. Philip no

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longer believed that the marital bed was
the way to make England Catholic again.

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He now believed that the best path
forward ran through Mary, Queen of Scots.

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Now, at this point, Philip
was not, I repeat, not

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planning a coup. He believed that
Elizabeth at some point would probably die of

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natural causes, and without a better
option, the English lords, maybe with

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a little bit of Spanish support,
would be compelled to accept Mary as queen.

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This would give Philip the pliant female
ruler he wanted in charge of England

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without all the hassle of either finding
Elizabeth a suitable husband or just replacing her

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by force. His belief was reinforced
by rumors which were true that Dudley was

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no longer Elizabeth's sole favorite. Dudley
would remain at court for the rest of

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his life. Some might argue that
he was Elizabeth's one and only true love

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until the end, but the fact
of the matter was that Elizabeth was now

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spreading her favor more widely, and
Dudley knew it. He now knew he

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would never be King of England,
and soon everyone else would too. To

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the Nora, things weren't much better
for Mary Stuart. Several of her lords

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were now in open rebellion, and
she managed to chase them south until they

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reached England, where they sought protection
in the court of Elizabeth. But if

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there was one thing that Elizabeth was
especially prickly about. It was disobedience by

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male lords against a female sovereign,
even if civil war in Scotland was in

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her best interest, which it was
not. In this case, Elizabeth would

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not lift a fanger to ail male
subjects attempting to overthrow Mary their female sovereign.

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More likely than not, she just
didn't like the precedent that that particular

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decision would have set. But though
Elizabeth would not support rebellion in the North,

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that did not mean that things were
peaceful. Scotland remained a tinderbox.

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Darnley seemingly did his best every day
to alienate everyone he could, including his

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own wife. Mary now detested her
husband and saw him as little as possible.

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Darnley was fine with this arrangement and
went hunting as much as he could

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while Mary attended to matters of state, making matters worse. Mary had now

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developed a liking for one of her
secretaries, an Italian gentleman who had come

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with her from France. Darnley openly
suspected them of having an affair. When

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Mary became pregnant that December, there
were more than a few whispers about who

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it was child. It was.
Things weren't much better in London. The

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rivalry between Dudley and Norfolk had now
reached capulate in montague levels seriously. Each

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side now wore their own livery purple
for Dudley, yellow for Norfolk, and

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settled their disputes in the streets with
physical violence. Elizabeth mediated all these conflicts

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as as she could, but do
little to avoid the obvious favoritism. She

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continued to show Dudley. That Christmas, he again asked the Queen to marry

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him. As usual, she deferred, saying he would need to worry for

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February for an answer. All the
while, the vias animosity between Dudley and

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Norfolk continued to simmer. They pretended
to be friends at court, but everyone

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knew this was just a show and
that one major provocation might cause the entire

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situation to explode. Yet the country
got a short reprieve weeks later, when

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both Dudley and Norfolk left court.
Dudley left mostly out of frustration. He

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was tired of everyone blaming him for
the country's failures and giving Elizabeth credit for

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all the successes. Critically, it
was angry that everyone blamed him for the

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fact that she remained unmarried. He
had in fact urged her many times to

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marry for the sake of England,
and she had not. There was nothing

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he could do about it. Now
back in Scotland, things had gone from

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bad to worse. Darnley was now
convinced that his wife was having an affair

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and wanted her Italian secretary gone.
Thus he began a conspiracy with the Scottish

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lords, in which he was actually
just a tool. The plan, as

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far as Dardenley knew, was to
murder the Italian in front of Mary.

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It was believed the shock might incapacitate
her or perhaps even cause her death.

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Regardless, he agreed with the conspirators
that she would be shut up after the

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deed was done, and that he
would rule Scotland. At least that was

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what the conspirators told Darnley the plan
was. In reality, they intended to

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double cross him. They would kill
the Italian, sure, but then they

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would blame it all on Darnley and
insist that he immediately be executed for treason,

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thus removing two potential impediments to their
power. Cecil in England knew about

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the plot, but did nothing.
Elizabeth didn't know about it until it was

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all over. On March ninth,
fifteen sixty six, while the Queen was

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dining with her Italian secretary and another
woman, Darnley and too few other men

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burst into the room, dragged the
man away, and savagely murdered him.

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Mary was in a state of shock, but over the next two days she

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managed to convince her not so intelligent
husband that he was clearly the next target.

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At midnight on March the eleventh,
the royal couple fled to a nearby

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royal castle at Dunbar. Note Mary
was six months pregnant this whole time,

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so it was quite the feat.
On March eighteenth, the couple returned to

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Edinburgh with an army of eight thousand
men, but by then the conspirators had

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already fled. Mary's brief reconciliation with
her husband, however, proved short lived

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when she discovered just how involved in
the murder plot he had been. Now

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everyone at court treated him with barely
concealed contempt, and he sulked around like

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a petulant child. But to the
south, Elizabeth was appalled with what Mary

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had gone through, and the two
women seemed to grow briefly closer. As

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a result, Mary even wrote to
Elizabeth urging her to marry the Archduke,

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in her opinion, an excellent match, not that she was a good judge

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of those sorts of things. On
June nineteenth, Mary Stuart gave birth to

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a healthy son, James. Not
only did that immeasurably increase her own legitimacy,

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but it also strengthened her claim to
the English throne in England. Elizabeth

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appeared to react to the news positively, spurring rumors that she would shortly announce

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Mary as her heir apparent. This
was the case, particularly because now that

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Mary had a healthy son, the
path of succession would be clear in that

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direction. Cecil heard persistent rumors that
Mary was entering into negotiations with Catholic nobles

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in the North of England one day
to forcibly take over the English government if

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he had to, but he thought
very little of those rumors, and he

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was right to discount them. Mary
had her hands full trying to establish a

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stable government in Scotland plause. Relations
between herself and Darnley were now positively frigid.

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Darnley had begun threatening that he might
choose to live abroad someday, a

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fact that was intensely embarrassing to Mary. In August, the Imperial ambassador returned

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to Vienna frustrated. It seemed that
the negotiations for a marriage between Elizabeth and

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the Archduke had reached yet another impasse, though to be fair, Elizabeth wrote

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directly to the Emperor, making it
clear that this had nothing at all to

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do with Dudley. Shortly thereafter,
she dispatched Sussex to Vienna with the express

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intent of completing these negotiations. However, the orders that Sussex took with him

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seemed more likely to produce further delays, which was almost certainly the point that.

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Fall desperately short of money, Elizabeth
had no choice but to call a

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session of Parliament once more. The
Commons was determined to have the succession crisis

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ended. Elizabeth ordered Cecil to tell
the comments that she was going to marry,

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but she wouldn't say to whom or
when. This time, though,

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the House of Lords and the House
of Commons were defiant. They declared they

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would not grant any subsidy at all
until the succession issue had been decided.

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Elizabeth was furious, and she struck
her a usual refrain that her marriage was

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not Parliament's business. On October the
twenty first, a delegation from the House

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of Lords met with the Queen and
begged her to name a successor. Elizabeth

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refused and reminded them that if she
were a man, no one would make

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these demands of her. The Lords
could do as they pleased, and so

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would she. Matters got progressively worse
the next day when the Lords and Commons

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held the Joint Session and declared they
would not decide any government business at all

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until the succession issue was decided.
Matters could not rest as they were,

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and Elizabeth knew it. She therefore
summoned a delegation of thirty members from each

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House of Parliament to Whitehall, but
refused to allow the Speaker to accompany them,

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since she alone meant to do all
the talking. This time barely containing

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her anger, she opened by accusing
quote unbridled person in the Commons of plotting

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a traitorous trick end quote then rehearsed
all the old arguments against naming her successor,

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administering a stinging rebuke to the Lords
for rashly supporting the Commons in all

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this nonsense. She said, quoting, Now, was I not born in

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this realm? Were not my parents? Is not my kingdom here? Whom

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have I oppressed? Whom have I
enriched to the other's harm? How have

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I governed since my reign? I
will be tried by envy itself. I

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need not use many words for my
deeds. Do try me. I have

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sent word that I will marry,
and I will never break the word of

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a prince said in a public place
for my honor's sake. And therefore I

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sigh again. I will marry as
soon as I can conveniently, and I

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hope to have children. Otherwise I
would never marry. She went on further

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to talk about the successions follows,
none of you have been a second person

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in the realm as I have,
or tasted the practices against my sister,

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whom I would to God were alive
again. There are some now in the

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commons who, in my sister's reign, had tried to involve me in their

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conspiracies. Were it not for my
honor, their knavery would be known.

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I would never place my successor in
that petition end quote. The succession question

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was a difficult one, and she
acknowledged that to Parliament, but firmly she

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chided them for their impertinence, because
it was for her, the sovereign,

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to decide the succession, and not
for them. All she would say ultimately

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was that she would have resolve the
succession problem when she could do so without

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imperiling herself. As for her mutant
subject, she hoped the instigators of all

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this trouble would repent and openly confess
their fault. Quote. As for my

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own part, I care not for
death, for all men are mortal.

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And though I be a woman,
yet I have as good a courage answerable

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to my place as ever my father
had. I am your anointed Queen.

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I will never be by violence constrained
to do anything. I thank God I

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am endowed with such qualities that if
I were turned out of the realm in

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my petticoat, I were able to
live in any place in Christendom end quote.

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The lords actually seemed somewhat subdued by
this response, but the comments,

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well, that was another matter.
When Cecil read out his edited draft of

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the Queen's speech to the House,
it was received in stony silence, and

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three days later there were more calls
for a petition had now had quite enough

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of this insubordination on her orders.
On November ninth, Parliament was informed that

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they needed to be satisfied with her
promise to marry, because that was all

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they were going to get. This
prompted another uproar, so on November the

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eleventh, she summoned the Speaker of
the House of Comments before her and told

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him herself that she was done with
this conversation. The House needed to move

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on to the business of government.
The Commons, however, refused to be

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silent. They had her in a
corner and they knew it. She badly

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needed the money, and Parliament was
the only way she was going to get

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it. She had two choices,
does all of Parliament and not get the

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money she needed or give in the
original dispute over the succession was turning in

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to a battle over the privileges of
the monarch and the privileges of Parliament.

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Elizabeth had no wish for a showdown
over this sensitive issue. Wisely, in

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the end, Elizabeth capitulated, conceding
that the members might have a free discussion

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on the succession question and remitting one
third of the subsidy she had asked for.

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The Commons were so overjoyed and gratified
at this that they agreed to proceed

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at once to the Money Bill without
debating the succession. So she got everything

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she wanted. But when Parliament tried
to incorporate the Queen's promise to marry into

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the preamble to the bill, she
took one outrage look at the draft presented

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for her approval and scrawled in the
margin quote, I know no reason why

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my private answers to the realm should
serve for prologue on subsidy book. Neither

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do I understand why such audacity should
be used to make, without my license,

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00:27:00.200 --> 00:27:07.559
an act of my words end quote. The preamble was then discreetly removed,

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leaving in the draft just a brief
reference to Parliament's pious wish that the

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succession question would be resolved in the
future. This, of course dashed the

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hopes of Mary Stuart, who had
expected her claim to be ratified by Parliament.

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On January the second, fifteen sixty
seven, Elizabeth dissolved Parliament, sourly,

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advising its members quote, beware,
however, you prove your Prince's patience

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00:27:40.839 --> 00:27:47.640
as you have now done mine.
Let my discipline stand instead of Storer Stokes,

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00:27:47.960 --> 00:27:52.640
and let my comfort pluck up your
dismayed spirits a more loving prince towards

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00:27:52.680 --> 00:27:59.160
you. You shall never have Unquote
she behaved as though she had won this

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00:27:59.319 --> 00:28:03.200
war, but so you still pointed
out that she had actually been more than

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00:28:03.240 --> 00:28:08.960
anything else, the loser in the
contest, passing her a memorandum in which

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00:28:08.960 --> 00:28:15.680
he enumerated what had not been achieved. Quote. The succession not answered,

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00:28:15.640 --> 00:28:27.000
the marriage not followed, dangers ensuing
general disorientations to the north. On December

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00:28:27.160 --> 00:28:34.039
seventeenth, fifteen sixty six, the
future King James was christened in Catholic fashion.

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00:28:36.160 --> 00:28:40.680
It would be the last time a
Scottish monarch was christened in the Catholic

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manner. Darnley refused to attend his
son's baptism. Elizabeth was named the boy's

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00:28:47.279 --> 00:28:52.880
godmother and represented at the ceremony by
the Earl of Bedford. After christening,

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00:28:52.160 --> 00:28:57.519
Bedford informed Mary that he had good
news. Elizabeth had agreed she would block

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00:28:57.799 --> 00:29:04.759
any legislation prejudicial to Mary's claim to
the English throne if Mary agreed not to

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00:29:04.799 --> 00:29:11.839
press the issue. While Elizabeth lived
during the winter, Darnley fell dangerously ill,

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00:29:12.359 --> 00:29:18.839
most likely as a result of contracting
syphilis. On January the twentieth,

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Mary visited Darnley, where he was
staying in Glasgow, and convinced him to

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return to Edinburgh. He agreed.
His first night back, Mary sat up

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00:29:27.519 --> 00:29:33.160
with him and gave every appearance all
was well. On the night of February

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00:29:33.200 --> 00:29:37.240
the eighth, Mary announced that she
was finally ready to sign the Treaty of

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00:29:37.359 --> 00:29:41.240
Edinburgh, and the next day her
envoy left for England with the good news.

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00:29:41.759 --> 00:29:44.839
Mary had intended to spend that night
with Darnley, where he was in

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00:29:44.880 --> 00:29:48.720
residency, but then remembered she had
promised to attend a wedding nearby, so

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00:29:48.720 --> 00:29:55.640
she kissed her husband goodbye and left
for the palace. On the night of

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00:29:55.680 --> 00:30:02.519
February tenth, fifteen sixty seven,
a violent explosion shook Edinburgh. The source

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00:30:02.559 --> 00:30:07.240
of the explosion the house in which
Darnley had been staying. His corpse was

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00:30:07.279 --> 00:30:14.519
discovered shortly thereafter. Now to be
clear, the explosion had not killed him,

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00:30:15.200 --> 00:30:19.039
he had been strangled. The explosion
was evidently intended to cover up evidence

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00:30:19.079 --> 00:30:25.799
of the murder. When news reached
Mary, she was reportedly horrified. She

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00:30:25.880 --> 00:30:29.839
said she would have been killed as
well had she not left to attend the

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00:30:29.839 --> 00:30:34.599
wedding. However, everyone knew the
Queen had a motive for killing her husband,

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00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:41.359
whom she had long regarded as a
dangerous liability. People might also suspect

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00:30:41.400 --> 00:30:47.880
the Scottish lords of wanting Darnley dead, chief among them Lord Bothwell, whom

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00:30:47.880 --> 00:30:52.319
many believed wanted to marry the Queen
and thereby gained the crown for himself.

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00:30:52.720 --> 00:30:59.480
This was confirmed when on April the
twenty fourth, Bothwell effectively kidnapped Mary as

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00:30:59.519 --> 00:31:04.640
she was making her way back to
Edinburgh and reportedly quote unquote ravished her so

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00:31:04.680 --> 00:31:10.720
that she would have no choice but
to marry him. Many believed, however,

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00:31:11.240 --> 00:31:15.279
that the Queen had been in on
the whole thing and was in cahoots

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00:31:15.319 --> 00:31:19.920
with the Lord to murder her husband
and marry him. Regardless, the two

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00:31:21.240 --> 00:31:26.680
Mary and Lord Bothwell were wed on
May fifteenth in a Protestant ceremony. Elizabeth

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00:31:27.200 --> 00:31:33.880
was appalled with her cousin's conduct and
wrote to her as follows quote, to

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00:31:33.960 --> 00:31:38.279
be plain with you, Mary,
our grief has not been small thereat for

325
00:31:38.400 --> 00:31:45.359
how could a worse choice be made
for your honor than in such haste to

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00:31:45.480 --> 00:31:51.799
marry a subject who besides other notorious
lacks public fame, has charged with the

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00:31:51.880 --> 00:31:56.799
murder of your late husband, besides
touching yourself in some part, though we

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00:31:56.880 --> 00:32:00.440
trust in that behalf falsely, and
with what errol have you married him,

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00:32:00.880 --> 00:32:07.240
that hath another lawful wife, nor
any children betwixt you legitimate. Thus you

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00:32:07.319 --> 00:32:12.960
see our opinion plainly, and we
are heartily sorry. We can conceive no

331
00:32:13.039 --> 00:32:17.480
better. We are earnestly bent to
do everything in our power to procure the

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00:32:17.519 --> 00:32:23.880
punishment of that murderer against any subject
you have, how dear soever you should

333
00:32:23.880 --> 00:32:28.319
hold him, and next there too, to be careful how your son,

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00:32:28.440 --> 00:32:31.880
the Prince, may be preserved to
the comfort of you and your realm end

335
00:32:31.920 --> 00:32:37.960
quote. But the Scottish lords had
no interest in this new rival for power

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00:32:38.319 --> 00:32:43.599
either. They had already done away
with Darnley and had no interest in a

337
00:32:43.640 --> 00:32:47.599
new suitor. The matter came to
blows at the end of June. Very

338
00:32:47.599 --> 00:32:52.000
little blood was spilt, but at
the end of the confrontation Mary was in

339
00:32:52.039 --> 00:32:59.720
the custody of the Scottish nobility,
and Bothwell had fled to Denmark. When

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00:32:59.759 --> 00:33:06.240
Mary was led back into Edinburgh,
crowds appeared shouting various insults, and she

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00:33:06.400 --> 00:33:09.960
was imprisoned in a castle in the
center of a lake. There she was

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00:33:10.079 --> 00:33:15.119
kept under lock and key while the
lords decided how best to be rid of

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00:33:15.160 --> 00:33:22.039
her. But Elizabeth was angry that
a female sovereign would be treated like this

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00:33:22.720 --> 00:33:28.079
and was determined to fight for her
cousin's release. She sent an ambassador to

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00:33:28.240 --> 00:33:34.039
Edinburgh to try to resolve matters between
Mary and her peers. This time,

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00:33:34.079 --> 00:33:38.160
however, the Scottish lords were determined. By the end of July, with

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00:33:38.240 --> 00:33:45.200
a knife literally at her throat,
Mary agreed to abdicate in favor of her

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00:33:45.200 --> 00:33:51.039
son. On July the twenty ninth, he was crowned James, the sixth

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00:33:51.440 --> 00:33:59.240
King of Scotland. The nobles would
now rule through the infant child. Elizabeth

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00:33:59.279 --> 00:34:04.160
continued to raise rather than taking her
anger out on Cecil. There wasn't much

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00:34:04.200 --> 00:34:08.159
she could do. There was no
money or appetite for war with Scotland,

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00:34:08.440 --> 00:34:13.800
and that was the only way to
get what she wanted. Cecil knew that,

353
00:34:14.360 --> 00:34:19.119
and so he simply bore the brunt
of her displeasure. By October,

354
00:34:19.440 --> 00:34:23.800
the queen had sufficiently calmed down and
realized that she was truly powerless to change

355
00:34:23.800 --> 00:34:30.840
the situation. In Scotland. Meanwhile, in Vienna, Sussex continued the marital

356
00:34:30.880 --> 00:34:37.719
negotiations with the Emperor. It seemed
like now the only sticking point was religion,

357
00:34:37.639 --> 00:34:44.880
and actually the Emperor appeared willing to
compromise. He now suggested that the

358
00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:50.000
Archduke Charles be allowed to attend Mass
in private. In public, he would

359
00:34:50.039 --> 00:34:57.199
attend Anglican services. Elizabeth's Privy Council
was torn over the issue. Cecil was

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00:34:57.239 --> 00:35:04.840
inclined to agree, but Altimate Dudley
won the debate. Elizabeth wrote to Sussex

361
00:35:05.079 --> 00:35:14.159
that this compromise was not acceptable,
and thus finally died eight years of marriage

362
00:35:14.199 --> 00:35:22.519
negotiations. You might be inclined to
criticize Elizabeth for this, but remember she

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00:35:22.559 --> 00:35:28.519
had witnessed first hand the problems that
Philip's marriage to Queen Mary had brought to

364
00:35:28.639 --> 00:35:34.360
the realm. Moreover, the crisis
in the Netherlands was now in full swing.

365
00:35:35.360 --> 00:35:42.519
All around Europe, the age of
religious warfare was erupting. Elizabeth had

366
00:35:42.599 --> 00:35:47.639
no intention of having it on her
doorstep. Did she need foreign support perhaps,

367
00:35:49.400 --> 00:35:54.400
but she needed civil war a lot
less. By March fifteen sixty eight,

368
00:35:54.920 --> 00:36:00.920
relations between Scotland and England were noticeably
improved. In fact, Elizabeth outbid

369
00:36:01.000 --> 00:36:06.920
Catherine de Menici from Mary Stuart's old
crown jewels, so apparently she was not

370
00:36:07.320 --> 00:36:13.079
that upset anymore that her cousin was
incarcerated. But then, on May the

371
00:36:13.119 --> 00:36:17.800
second, Mary escaped from custody.
She made it to Hamilton Palace, where

372
00:36:17.800 --> 00:36:22.480
she was joined by several lords who
assembled an army of six thousand men.

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00:36:22.519 --> 00:36:28.360
However, Elizabeth had barely received word
of this when Mary in her army was

374
00:36:28.440 --> 00:36:35.239
crushed at Langside on May thirteenth.
Mary, realizing all was lost, fled

375
00:36:35.239 --> 00:36:39.079
the battlefield and made for England,
hoping to place herself under Elizabeth's protection,

376
00:36:40.440 --> 00:36:45.760
but English authorities south of the border
weren't really sure how to receive her.

377
00:36:46.800 --> 00:36:51.719
Her arrival posed a dilemma for the
government that it would have to deal with

378
00:36:51.760 --> 00:36:58.280
for roughly the next two decades.
Queen Elizabeth insisted that Mary must be restored

379
00:36:58.320 --> 00:37:02.280
at once, argued that it was
a mistake to assist a queen who had

380
00:37:02.320 --> 00:37:07.320
schemed and plotted against her for years
and was in every real sense her enemy

381
00:37:07.719 --> 00:37:14.079
and no political innocent whatsoever. Mary
should be sent back to Scotland immediately.

382
00:37:14.800 --> 00:37:17.679
Elizabeth protested that if she did so
she was sending her cousin to her death.

383
00:37:19.119 --> 00:37:22.760
Then that was unthinkable. It was
difficult to determine what should be done

384
00:37:22.760 --> 00:37:29.199
with Mary, since every option carried
its own dangers. The last thing Elizabeth

385
00:37:29.280 --> 00:37:32.559
wanted was to go to war with
Scotland on Mary's behalf, and she felt

386
00:37:32.559 --> 00:37:37.760
it would be infinitely preferable if she
could bring about a reconciliation between Mary and

387
00:37:37.800 --> 00:37:43.719
the Scottish lords on terms that were
favorable to England. It would be an

388
00:37:43.880 --> 00:37:51.000
absolute disaster to send Mary abroad,
say to France or Spain. But even

389
00:37:51.039 --> 00:37:54.400
if Elizabeth left her at her liberty
in England, she would be an inspiration

390
00:37:54.559 --> 00:38:01.519
to every Catholic malcontent in the kingdom. The Queen was aware that there were

391
00:38:01.559 --> 00:38:06.199
those of the Old Faith, both
at home and abroad, who regarded Mary

392
00:38:06.199 --> 00:38:10.280
as having a better title to the
English throne than herself, especially in the

393
00:38:10.320 --> 00:38:15.679
Catholic North, where Mary had been
cultivating support for years, and where there

394
00:38:15.760 --> 00:38:22.920
was spontaneous rejoicing at her coming to
England. Those who had met her were

395
00:38:22.079 --> 00:38:27.480
impressed by her beauty and charm,
and also by her powers of persuasion.

396
00:38:28.760 --> 00:38:34.320
Didn't require a great leap of imagination
to see her becoming a force for rebellion

397
00:38:35.000 --> 00:38:39.280
or treason, And of course there
was always the possibility that King Philip might

398
00:38:39.360 --> 00:38:44.679
divert that huge army that he had
in the Netherlands putting down that rebellion,

399
00:38:45.440 --> 00:38:50.960
send it over to England to support
Mary Stuart's claim. In the end,

400
00:38:51.360 --> 00:38:55.519
Elizabeth decided that Mary should remain not
in prison, but in honorable custody as

401
00:38:55.559 --> 00:39:02.880
her quote unquote guest and under constant
observation. The next question was should Elizabeth

402
00:39:02.960 --> 00:39:07.440
meet with Mary. She wanted to, but all of her advisers, including

403
00:39:07.480 --> 00:39:14.159
Dudley, so that was a terrible
idea. Mary was a Catholic sovereign who

404
00:39:14.239 --> 00:39:17.760
had never renounced her claim to the
throne of England. Elizabeth simply could not

405
00:39:17.840 --> 00:39:23.239
meet with her as an equal.
In the end, the Queen relented because

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00:39:23.280 --> 00:39:28.000
in the end, what they decided
to do was form a sort of impromptu

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tribunal that would determine if Mary was
in any way complicit in Darnley's murder.

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If she was acquitted, then it
was agreed Elizabeth would meet with her.

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In July, Mary was taken to
Bolden Castle in Yorkshire, which was to

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be her lodging for the foreseeable future. It was sufficiently far from both Scotland

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and London to posing a great security
risk. At Bolton, she kept state

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like a queen and was allowed to
indulge her passion for hunting, but she

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was constantly guarded. Sir Francis Knolly's
was her host, but had a difficult

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time coping with her tears and tantrums
as she chafed against the restrictions upon her

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liberty. There was by now a
strong what we would call Queen's party in

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Scotland, and two members of it, Lord Harry's and the Bishop of Ross,

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took it upon themselves to go to
England and plead Mary's case. Elizabeth

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told Harries quote, if Queen Mary
will omit her case to be heard by

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me as her dear cousin and friend, I will send for her rebels and

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know their answer why they deposed their
queen. If they can allege some reason

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for doing so, which I think
they cannot, then I will restore Mary

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to her throne, on condition that
she renounces her claim to England and abandons

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her league with France and the Mass
in Scotland. End quote. These were

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tough terms, but the promise was
implicit, and Mary was desperate. On

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the twenty eighth of July, she
agreed to submit her case to English courts.

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What she did not know was that
all the parties were determined that she

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wouldn't get to speak in her own
defense. Nor did she know that simultaneously,

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Elizabeth had already informed the Scottish lords
that she had no intention of restoring

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Mary to her throne. Now,
Mary, for her part, was no

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innocent in this. Almost from the
moment she arrived in England, she started

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to plot against Elizabeth. She wrote
to Phillip the Second of Spain that if

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she had the right support, England
could be Catholic again. Still, the

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last thing Elizabeth wanted was to have
Mary found guilty of murder. She realized

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00:41:35.239 --> 00:41:39.320
Mary needed to accept her change in
situation. Though Mary had a couple of

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00:41:39.320 --> 00:41:45.840
options here. She could potentially accept
her deposition and live as a private person,

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00:41:45.960 --> 00:41:51.360
or maybe rule with the Scottish lords
in tandem until James reached the age

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of majority, but her days of
ruling alone were over. That exigency was

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simply out of the question. Given
the strength of English opinion against Mary,

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Elizabeth could not allow her to be
declared innocent, Yet neither did she want

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00:42:10.239 --> 00:42:15.320
a queen to be subject to the
judgment of a tribunal. And so it

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00:42:15.440 --> 00:42:21.920
was in January fifteen sixty nine,
the Commissioners assembled delivered the only verdict possible

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00:42:22.000 --> 00:42:29.159
that nothing had been proven against Mary. Now, Mary for herself refused to

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00:42:29.159 --> 00:42:35.199
simply acknowledge that they had any jurisdiction
over her at all. But Elizabeth still

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00:42:35.559 --> 00:42:39.039
didn't want to set Mary free.
In fact, she dare not. She

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00:42:39.159 --> 00:42:44.800
posed too great a threat even as
a prisoner. For already there were signs

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00:42:44.800 --> 00:42:50.800
that Catholics in England were beginning to
regard her as their figurehead. As for

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00:42:50.960 --> 00:42:55.199
Mary, she seemed more interested now
in claiming the English throne than in recovering

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the Scottish one. Prophetically, cecil
was later Warren Elizabeth, the Queen of

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00:43:01.599 --> 00:43:09.559
Scots is and always shall be a
dangerous person to your estate. Next week,

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we're going to stay in England and
continue with our story to see how

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00:43:14.960 --> 00:43:19.760
Mary, Queen of Sconce proves herself
to be in fact a dangerous person.

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00:43:20.800 --> 00:43:22.599
In the meantime, if you're looking
for some more content, you can click

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00:43:22.639 --> 00:43:25.519
the link in the show notes and
you can get a free seven day Trial

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00:43:25.679 --> 00:43:31.280
of Western Ciev two point zero.
We are past the Punic Wars now and

455
00:43:31.320 --> 00:43:37.480
back into that era of chaos between
the end of the second century BCE and

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00:43:37.519 --> 00:44:00.880
the rise of Julius Caesar. No
longer one had worn