WEBVTT 1 00:00:16.640 --> 00:00:23.399 Hello, and welcome to Western Sieve Episode two hundred and fifty six to the 2 00:00:23.440 --> 00:00:31.199 Amazon. In our last episode, Mango Inca's great rebellion sputtered out. There 3 00:00:31.359 --> 00:00:37.240 was no great climax. Instead, I guess I think about Manco's rebellion like 4 00:00:37.359 --> 00:00:42.840 the tide. It came in, failed to reach the sand castle only inches 5 00:00:43.679 --> 00:00:50.280 from its apex, and then it receded. Mango came tenttalizingly close to eliminated 6 00:00:50.280 --> 00:00:56.759 the Bizarro presence once and for all. But close only counts in horseshoes and 7 00:00:56.799 --> 00:01:02.079 hand grenades. As they say. At the of our last episode, Manco 8 00:01:02.200 --> 00:01:07.079 made the gut wrenching decision to abdicate control over ninety percent of his kingdom. 9 00:01:07.120 --> 00:01:11.799 He decided to make a tactical retreat to the Amazon rainforests. This was a 10 00:01:11.799 --> 00:01:19.760 place he was certain Pisarro could not and would not follow him. But as 11 00:01:19.760 --> 00:01:37.480 we will see today, Francisco Pisaro is nothing if not determined. From the 12 00:01:37.519 --> 00:01:41.120 central Andes, Manko and his followers made their way to the land of the 13 00:01:41.159 --> 00:01:46.680 Antis. The Antis Indians lived on the eastern foothills of the Andes. As 14 00:01:46.680 --> 00:01:52.680 the mountains began to give way to the rainforest, these people were actually not 15 00:01:52.879 --> 00:01:57.680 indigenous to the region, if I'm being honest, These were settlers whom the 16 00:01:57.680 --> 00:02:02.640 Inca had long before forced to migrate. The Inca wanted a sort of border 17 00:02:02.760 --> 00:02:08.120 or buffer on their eastern flank, and the Antists provided that protection. The 18 00:02:08.240 --> 00:02:13.719 land was very good. The Antists were able to produce cocoa leaves and traded 19 00:02:13.719 --> 00:02:17.919 with the people of the Inner Amazon. The largest town and it really wouldn't 20 00:02:17.960 --> 00:02:24.280 be fair to call it any more than that was vitkos Vikos was only seventy 21 00:02:24.319 --> 00:02:29.759 miles from Cusco, as the crow flies, and here Manko decided would be 22 00:02:29.800 --> 00:02:36.039 his new capital. Now. Meanwhile, back in Cusco, things were not 23 00:02:36.080 --> 00:02:40.120 going well for the Pizzaro's. Almagro, who last time seized Cusco by force, 24 00:02:40.719 --> 00:02:47.120 had Hannando and Gonzalo Pisaro under lock and key in directed defiance of Francisco's 25 00:02:47.240 --> 00:02:53.759 order. Almagro had by now decided he was going to take Cusco by force, 26 00:02:54.080 --> 00:03:00.280 regardless as to what Francisco might order or anyone else. There was no 27 00:03:00.439 --> 00:03:06.319 great empire to the south, and regardless who was to say that Cusco was 28 00:03:06.360 --> 00:03:12.560 not in southern Peru and hence subject to his jurisdiction anyway, Almagro was going 29 00:03:12.599 --> 00:03:17.319 to hold Cusco at all costs and appointed his second in command, Rodrigo orgonz 30 00:03:17.879 --> 00:03:22.560 a man who we met last time, a man who had been with Almagro 31 00:03:22.680 --> 00:03:30.080 for about five years. Orgonos was the son of poor Jewish shoemakers who had 32 00:03:30.120 --> 00:03:35.240 been forced to convert to Christianity after the end of the rigon Quista. In 33 00:03:35.360 --> 00:03:40.280 order to keep Cusco safe, Almagro ordered Orgonez to march out with a force 34 00:03:40.520 --> 00:03:46.120 of Spaniards and Incan auxiliaries to take out a nearby moderately sized force under the 35 00:03:46.120 --> 00:03:52.439 command of what Pisato subordinates. So this is essentially an outright civil war. 36 00:03:52.479 --> 00:04:00.120 At this point. Not only did Orgones smash this force, but then and 37 00:04:00.199 --> 00:04:04.919 he managed to convert much of this army's Spanish troops to Almagro's side. When 38 00:04:05.039 --> 00:04:12.960 Orgones returned from this victory, he gave Almagro two pieces of advice. First, 39 00:04:13.639 --> 00:04:19.319 he said Almagro needed to execute the two Pisardo brothers immediately. If freed, 40 00:04:20.079 --> 00:04:27.240 Orgones knew that Hernando and Gonzalo would seek to avenge their present humiliation. 41 00:04:28.800 --> 00:04:35.199 Second, he asked Almagro for permission to immediately launch an attack on Lima. 42 00:04:35.560 --> 00:04:42.560 Francisco Pizaro was weak at the present. If they took him and his brothers 43 00:04:42.560 --> 00:04:48.240 out, then they would be the undisputed leaders of Peru. Almagro did not 44 00:04:48.439 --> 00:04:56.399 take either piece of advice, and he would come to regret it. But 45 00:04:56.560 --> 00:05:01.959 for the moment, Almagro was concerned more about Manco Inca. He worried that 46 00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:09.079 if he committed his forces to attacking Lima, then Manko might attack a relatively 47 00:05:09.160 --> 00:05:17.279 undefended Cusco. So instead of finishing off the Pisados, El Madro ordered Orgones 48 00:05:17.720 --> 00:05:25.439 to first capture or kill the rebel Inca emperor. It would be a decision 49 00:05:26.120 --> 00:05:33.240 he would come to regret. So in mid July fifteen thirty seven, Orgones 50 00:05:33.360 --> 00:05:39.800 left Cusco at the head of an army of three hundred Spanish cavalry and different 51 00:05:39.800 --> 00:05:46.360 foot soldiers. Very quickly, they found their path blocked by trees and boulders 52 00:05:46.800 --> 00:05:54.199 deliberately placed there by Manco's troops. But by this time Manco's brother Paulu, 53 00:05:55.079 --> 00:06:00.759 was working with El Magro's faction, and once again we see how local infighting 54 00:06:01.560 --> 00:06:10.000 allows a foreign power to dominate the situation. Paulo's men cleared the obstructions, 55 00:06:10.360 --> 00:06:16.519 and the army proceeded. Now, before the army left Cusco, Almagro had 56 00:06:16.560 --> 00:06:27.439 Paulo crowned emperor, further fracturing the Inca elite. Paulo had no intention of 57 00:06:27.480 --> 00:06:32.439 throwing in with his brother, and he had rebuffed multiple requests from Manco Inca 58 00:06:32.720 --> 00:06:40.639 to join him in Vitkos. According to one chronicler quote, every day they 59 00:06:40.680 --> 00:06:45.360 sent messages to Paulo telling him to come and join them in Vitkos, as 60 00:06:45.399 --> 00:06:49.959 he had served long enough with the Christians. But Paulo warily replied that he 61 00:06:50.040 --> 00:06:56.600 was friends with these men Almagro's faction, who were so courageous that no matter 62 00:06:56.639 --> 00:07:01.399 what they intempted, they always emerged victorious, and that when there were only 63 00:07:01.439 --> 00:07:06.439 two hundred Spaniards in the city of Cusco, more than two thousand Indians had 64 00:07:06.480 --> 00:07:11.360 been assembled to kill them, and the only honor and benefit they got from 65 00:07:11.360 --> 00:07:16.480 it was to leave many children fatherless and many women widows. More than fifty 66 00:07:16.560 --> 00:07:21.480 thousand men died in the war, according to what he was told. Paulo 67 00:07:21.560 --> 00:07:26.560 advised the messengers and other Indians who were going back and forth from his camp 68 00:07:27.120 --> 00:07:33.600 not to take up arms against the Spaniards end quote. Paulo was, like 69 00:07:33.759 --> 00:07:41.959 many people, an opportunist. He vastly preferred life as a puppet emperor living 70 00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:49.120 in luxury compared to a subordinate in some far off jungle village. But for 71 00:07:49.240 --> 00:07:55.800 the moment, however, Mango had other things to worry about. A native 72 00:07:55.879 --> 00:08:00.920 runner had just reached him with news that a large Spanish force was making its 73 00:08:00.959 --> 00:08:07.279 way down the Lucamayo River on its way to the Omnibamba Valley, where Manko 74 00:08:07.360 --> 00:08:15.199 were presently visiting. If Manco didn't immediately flee, the messenger said, then 75 00:08:15.240 --> 00:08:22.800 the Spaniards would surely capture or kill him. Manko therefore climbed onto his royal 76 00:08:22.879 --> 00:08:28.800 litter and was borne across the river over the hanging bridge at Chichikacha, leaving 77 00:08:28.800 --> 00:08:35.399 instructions behind for the town's defense. Not long afterwards, Orgones and his men 78 00:08:35.480 --> 00:08:41.440 arrived and found a legion of native warriors defending the town again. According to 79 00:08:41.440 --> 00:08:48.279 the same chronicler as before quote, Orgonz as soon as he was quite close, 80 00:08:48.759 --> 00:08:52.320 ordered the crossbow men to shoot many arrows, so that the Indians, 81 00:08:52.759 --> 00:08:56.360 seeing the damage that was being done to them, might decide that it was 82 00:08:56.440 --> 00:09:01.559 best to abandon the fort. To some extent, the Indians proved themselves to 83 00:09:01.600 --> 00:09:07.559 be brave and determined, defending the area and the fort and launching many darts 84 00:09:07.559 --> 00:09:11.679 and stones against the Christians. But the Spaniards wore them out so much that 85 00:09:11.720 --> 00:09:16.519 they were compelled to abandon that place, and to save their lives, they 86 00:09:16.600 --> 00:09:22.919 hurried to use their last resort, which was to flee. The Spaniards reached 87 00:09:24.039 --> 00:09:31.000 great havoc among them, leaving many of them dead or wounded. Quote The 88 00:09:31.080 --> 00:09:37.879 next morning, Orgones crossed the bridge and reached the outskirts of Vitkos. Evidently 89 00:09:37.440 --> 00:09:45.759 Manko's unreachable location was anything but Manco was already gone by then, having fled 90 00:09:45.799 --> 00:09:50.080 further up into the mountains this time, and despite riding through the night, 91 00:09:50.519 --> 00:09:54.879 there was no sign of Manko to be found in or around Vitkos. The 92 00:09:54.960 --> 00:10:03.799 renegade emperor had once more seemingly vanished. Orgones did manage to capture Manko's son, 93 00:10:03.279 --> 00:10:09.279 Titukusi. This was very important, not so much for Orgonz at the 94 00:10:09.320 --> 00:10:18.799 time, but for posterity. You see, Titukusi is the source of essentially 95 00:10:18.399 --> 00:10:24.279 all our knowledge about the Inca side of things. During Manko's reign. So 96 00:10:24.759 --> 00:10:31.759 whenever I have given you an eyewitness account of internal Inca affairs, generally that 97 00:10:31.879 --> 00:10:39.279 has come from the pen of Titukusi. Regardless, apart from the failure to 98 00:10:39.320 --> 00:10:46.279 capture Manko Inca, Orgonz's expedition had been a resounding success. The back of 99 00:10:46.320 --> 00:10:52.159 the insurrection had been broken. No matter where Manko fled, the reality was 100 00:10:52.559 --> 00:11:00.399 he would have hardly any followers left to lead. But back in Cusco, 101 00:11:00.519 --> 00:11:05.919 the political situation remained tenuous. No one had yet been able to determine whether 102 00:11:07.000 --> 00:11:13.799 Cusco lay within Almagro or Francisco Pisaro's half of Peru. For the moment, 103 00:11:13.480 --> 00:11:20.159 Almago had vastly more military strength and two of his brothers held prisoner, so 104 00:11:20.320 --> 00:11:26.440 Francisco decided he would be better to try to negotiate with his former partner. 105 00:11:28.120 --> 00:11:33.720 These negotiations worked back and forth through a go between an elderly lawyer named Gus 106 00:11:33.720 --> 00:11:41.240 Barter de Espinoza. Espinoza's strategy was, frankly, just to get the two 107 00:11:41.279 --> 00:11:48.919 sides to agree to something anything. If Pizarro and Almagro agreed to some border, 108 00:11:48.240 --> 00:11:54.759 any border somewhere, then the whole matter could later be brought to a 109 00:11:54.799 --> 00:12:00.720 final conclusion in Spain before the King's Council when they had time. The biggest 110 00:12:00.759 --> 00:12:05.159 problem, as Espinoza saw it, were the two Pisaro brothers in Almagro's custody. 111 00:12:07.240 --> 00:12:11.320 He knew, just like Orgonez, that they were likely, if not 112 00:12:11.679 --> 00:12:16.480 certain, to seek revenge if released, which he also knew would destroy any 113 00:12:16.480 --> 00:12:24.000 effort at peace. For months, these negotiations dragged on, all the while 114 00:12:24.440 --> 00:12:33.360 fresh reinforcements continued to arrive in Lima, strengthening Francisco Pizzaro's bargaining position. During 115 00:12:33.399 --> 00:12:39.360 this period. By the way, somehow, and honestly, I've read multiple 116 00:12:39.120 --> 00:12:43.320 different primary and secondary histories about this, and all of them to sort of 117 00:12:43.360 --> 00:12:50.039 flippantly throw this out there, but during this period, somehow Gonzalo Pizzaro manages 118 00:12:50.080 --> 00:12:54.360 to escape from prison, I don't know how and joins his brother in Lima. 119 00:12:54.799 --> 00:13:03.039 Almagro was now faced with an excruciatingly difficult choice execute his remaining prisoner, 120 00:13:03.399 --> 00:13:11.519 Hernando Pizarro, or release him. Keeping him in custody indefinitely just wasn't going 121 00:13:11.639 --> 00:13:16.960 to be a long term solution, so his captains all urged Almagro to just 122 00:13:18.159 --> 00:13:24.320 kill Hernando. Now arguing that he would never forgive the old conquistador for keeping 123 00:13:24.399 --> 00:13:31.919 him locked up. But in the end, Espinoza, who was arguing to 124 00:13:31.960 --> 00:13:37.399 have the man released, arguably because Gonzalo having been released, more or less 125 00:13:37.440 --> 00:13:41.600 just forces his hand at this point. I mean, there's no chance the 126 00:13:41.720 --> 00:13:48.559 pros forgive al Magro if he executes Hernando. At this point, there's maybe 127 00:13:48.600 --> 00:13:54.360 a tiny chance they forgive him if they do let him go, And Spinoza's 128 00:13:54.440 --> 00:13:58.679 argument seems to have gotten to Almagro. You know, the thing of it 129 00:13:58.799 --> 00:14:03.120 is is al Magro just kind of like Francisco Pizarro's an old man, and 130 00:14:03.200 --> 00:14:07.440 now he's sixty three years old. You know, he knew killing Hernando would 131 00:14:07.440 --> 00:14:11.519 be in civil war and didn't want that to happen. I mean, even 132 00:14:11.559 --> 00:14:15.960 if he won, by the time he won a protracted civil war, he 133 00:14:16.000 --> 00:14:20.799 would likely be in his late sixties or early seventies. So eventually he released 134 00:14:20.799 --> 00:14:26.039 Hernando on the man's pledge that he would uphold the piece. Of course, 135 00:14:26.799 --> 00:14:33.399 Almagro's captains, especially Oregonez, had been right. Within two months of his 136 00:14:33.480 --> 00:14:37.240 release, the civil war between the Pisaros and Almagro had been declared, and 137 00:14:37.440 --> 00:14:43.039 Hernando was right there in the middle of it. On Saturday, April the 138 00:14:43.080 --> 00:14:48.320 twenty six, fifteen thirty eight, at dawn mid a swampy area called Las 139 00:14:48.320 --> 00:14:54.320 Salinas, some two miles west of Cousco, two European armies faced each other 140 00:14:54.399 --> 00:15:01.799 preparing for battle. Francisco Pizaro, now years old, had remained in Lima 141 00:15:01.960 --> 00:15:07.840 and had placed his thirty eight year old brother, then in charge of recapturing 142 00:15:07.159 --> 00:15:13.759 the Inca's former capital. With the various reinforcements of men and supplies that had 143 00:15:13.840 --> 00:15:18.840 arrived in Lima, which had included a ship sent from Mexico by Cortez himself, 144 00:15:18.720 --> 00:15:24.960 Hernando now commanded a force of more than eight hundred Spaniards and several thousand 145 00:15:24.279 --> 00:15:31.600 Native auxiliaries. At least two hundred of Hernando's troops were mounted cavalry, fully 146 00:15:31.720 --> 00:15:39.120 armored and wielding lances and swords. These Hernando had divided equally and positioned on 147 00:15:39.240 --> 00:15:43.679 either of his two flanks. In the middle were five hundred armored foot soldiers 148 00:15:43.759 --> 00:15:48.960 bearing shields and swords. In the front two rows stood a hundred hark abus 149 00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:54.440 men. The guns were currently the vogue in European warfare, as their lead 150 00:15:54.480 --> 00:16:00.519 projectiles could penetrate the thickest of armor, thus eliminating the need for hand to 151 00:16:00.600 --> 00:16:07.480 hand combat. On the other side of the plane, Almagro's forces five hundred 152 00:16:07.519 --> 00:16:12.840 men compared the Hermandos more than eight hundred waited. These were comprised of two 153 00:16:12.919 --> 00:16:18.720 hundred and forty cavalry, about two hundred and sixty foot soldiers, six cannon, 154 00:16:18.200 --> 00:16:25.000 and six thousand native warriors bearing mace clubs and slings. The native warriors 155 00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:30.080 had been supplied by now Emperor Paolo Inca, who, like Manko, now 156 00:16:30.120 --> 00:16:36.960 wore the scarlet emperor's fringe and rode at his own royal litter. Almagro had 157 00:16:36.960 --> 00:16:41.519 instructed Paolo to position his warriors around the edges of the plane, with orders 158 00:16:41.519 --> 00:16:45.120 to kill any Spaniard who tried to flee the battle, no matter which side 159 00:16:45.159 --> 00:16:51.919 they belonged to. Paolo dutifully transmitted the order to his captains. Almagro was 160 00:16:52.000 --> 00:16:56.039 now too sick to ride a horse, but he turned his army over to 161 00:16:56.120 --> 00:17:00.200 his second in command, Rodrio Rogonez, who had hoped in vain to prevent 162 00:17:00.240 --> 00:17:07.039 this battle which was about to unfold. According to one chronicler quote, Governor 163 00:17:07.079 --> 00:17:11.279 Almago had come out from Cusco in a litter with his army, and before 164 00:17:11.400 --> 00:17:15.920 arriving at Las Salina's he reached a plane where he said to his captains that 165 00:17:15.000 --> 00:17:18.480 they would now see how the negotiations had ended up, and how he had 166 00:17:18.480 --> 00:17:22.319 been rejected, and how he would not be coming to battle if things had 167 00:17:22.319 --> 00:17:26.680 not broken down in such a manner, since war was a disservice both to 168 00:17:26.759 --> 00:17:32.279 God and his majesty. That they could now see how Hernando Pesaro and his 169 00:17:32.319 --> 00:17:36.640 brother, despite so many promises in negotiations, had come looking for them, 170 00:17:37.039 --> 00:17:41.319 while those who followed their banners did so because they believed that all the land 171 00:17:41.319 --> 00:17:45.640 would be divided up among them. Once they discovered that they had been deceived, 172 00:17:45.680 --> 00:17:49.519 however, they would never dare to start a war again. Since justices 173 00:17:49.559 --> 00:17:55.480 on your side, he told the men, fight fiercely so that victory will 174 00:17:55.519 --> 00:18:02.519 be yours, and that they will be punished severely land quote. Hernando meanwhile 175 00:18:02.960 --> 00:18:06.759 took time to address his own men, many of whom were actually newly arrived 176 00:18:06.759 --> 00:18:11.559 in Peru, and who ironically found themselves not about to fight the native insurgency 177 00:18:11.640 --> 00:18:18.200 that they had been summoned for, but instead against their own countrymen. Nevertheless, 178 00:18:18.480 --> 00:18:22.039 the Spaniards on both sides realized that if they were victorious on this day, 179 00:18:22.279 --> 00:18:26.240 then they would surely be rewarded with lands and spoils the Kingdom of Peru. 180 00:18:26.839 --> 00:18:33.359 Each of the assembled combatants understood was very much up for grabs. According 181 00:18:33.400 --> 00:18:38.400 to a chronicler again quote, when he was a few miles away, Hernando 182 00:18:38.480 --> 00:18:45.119 Pisado halted before his captains and his men and made a speech justifying his cause. 183 00:18:45.279 --> 00:18:49.720 He said that Almagro had incited the war while he Hernando had been in 184 00:18:49.799 --> 00:18:56.240 Cusco striving for justice in the name of the king, and that Almagro had 185 00:18:56.279 --> 00:19:02.039 imprisoned him and treated him brutally, as everyone knew, but that more as 186 00:19:02.079 --> 00:19:06.759 a point of honor than because of past injuries. He wanted to punish those 187 00:19:06.839 --> 00:19:11.400 who followed Almagro and who shared in his blunders, because they had helped him 188 00:19:11.400 --> 00:19:15.440 commit his past mistakes, and that now, by the order of the Governor 189 00:19:15.480 --> 00:19:21.079 Francisco Pizaro, they had come to regain the city of Cusco and to free 190 00:19:21.119 --> 00:19:25.640 it from Almagro's oppressive rule. When the war was over, there would be 191 00:19:25.680 --> 00:19:29.960 many provinces and discoveries to divide among them, which would be awarded to them 192 00:19:30.279 --> 00:19:36.680 and not to any others end quote. As the two forces readied themselves, 193 00:19:37.160 --> 00:19:41.319 Governor Almagro had a seat prepared for himself on a nearby hill where he could 194 00:19:41.359 --> 00:19:45.759 watch the battle unfold. On adjacent hills, a crowd of native onlookers stood 195 00:19:45.920 --> 00:19:51.759 in anticipation of a spectacle that they had never seen before. Two armies of 196 00:19:51.839 --> 00:19:57.519 bearded invaders seemingly about to attack each other in what the natives could only assume 197 00:19:57.680 --> 00:20:03.160 was the foreigner's version of Inca style civil war. Again, according to one 198 00:20:03.240 --> 00:20:07.160 chronicler, as the news of the battle that was about to be fought between 199 00:20:07.160 --> 00:20:12.640 the men of Chile and those supporting Pizarro spread far and wide, natives from 200 00:20:12.680 --> 00:20:18.200 many towns came to attend, overjoyed that such a day had arrived, and 201 00:20:18.240 --> 00:20:22.279 believing that some satisfaction might be had for the injuries they had suffered from the 202 00:20:22.279 --> 00:20:26.400 Spaniards. They stood on the slopes and the hills, hoping that neither the 203 00:20:26.440 --> 00:20:33.839 Spanish captain would be victorious, but that somehow everyone would die and be killed 204 00:20:33.960 --> 00:20:38.440 with their own weapons. The wives of the Indian chiefs and the Spaniards servant 205 00:20:38.440 --> 00:20:42.880 girls also came out of the city and went to see who those were going 206 00:20:42.920 --> 00:20:51.039 to fight in the battle now. According to some Rodrigo oregonz now rode up 207 00:20:51.039 --> 00:20:55.319 before his troops, encouraging them and boasting a good deal. He was a 208 00:20:55.400 --> 00:20:59.880 veteran of the Italian Wars, and the Oregones was certain that Hernando would not 209 00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.160 attack, even though he wielded superior numbers, as Hernando had to know the 210 00:21:04.240 --> 00:21:10.400 kind of carnage that his troops would suffer. Instead, Orgones told his men, 211 00:21:10.920 --> 00:21:15.680 walking back and forth briskly sword drawn, Hernando's troops would surely break away. 212 00:21:15.720 --> 00:21:19.000 At the last moment. They would attempt to race around their flanks, 213 00:21:19.359 --> 00:21:26.880 hoping to reach Cusco and seize it and thus avoid open combat on the cold, 214 00:21:26.960 --> 00:21:32.519 silent planes beyond Cusco, with the ownership of Peru hanging in the balance, 215 00:21:32.920 --> 00:21:37.559 and with Manko's spies, of course, watching from the hillsides those Spaniards 216 00:21:37.599 --> 00:21:42.000 who had them close their visors. The cavalrymen lifted their lances and unsheathed their 217 00:21:42.039 --> 00:21:48.240 swords. All looked at their commander, preparing and waiting for the signal to 218 00:21:48.279 --> 00:21:55.519 attack. Hernando Pizarto, his horse snorting, presumably looking down his lines, 219 00:21:56.119 --> 00:22:00.119 then directly at Orgones across the plane from him, not taking his eyes from 220 00:22:00.200 --> 00:22:06.319 him, Hernando Pizzato raised his sword high, held it aloft for a moment, 221 00:22:07.039 --> 00:22:12.160 and then quickly brought it down. He was going to attack. Orgonez 222 00:22:12.880 --> 00:22:18.000 had been wrong. A hundred of harkabus men now pulled their triggers, which 223 00:22:18.039 --> 00:22:22.960 brought a smoldering wick in contact with a line of powder leading directly to the 224 00:22:22.960 --> 00:22:26.880 barrel of the gun. The guns exploded, projecting lethal lead balls like invisible 225 00:22:26.960 --> 00:22:33.759 rockets toward orgones as men. Hernando's crossbowmen meanwhile also fired their weapons, launching 226 00:22:33.759 --> 00:22:40.000 a volley of metal tipped arrows at enemy troops behind them. Hernando's army now 227 00:22:40.039 --> 00:22:44.839 began advancing across the plane, obeying their orders to carry out a frontal assault. 228 00:22:45.359 --> 00:22:51.039 Orgones, stunned that Hernando was attacking instead of attempting to avoid a battle 229 00:22:51.039 --> 00:22:55.519 as he predicted, watched as huge clumps of his footmen and many horses and 230 00:22:55.559 --> 00:23:00.839 cavalrymen around him suddenly went down as if their legs had cut out from under 231 00:23:00.880 --> 00:23:06.519 them. Quote Then the battle began, and Captain General Rodrigo Oregonez, seeing 232 00:23:06.599 --> 00:23:10.920 that the enemy harquebussers were gashing his troops, said to one of his captains, 233 00:23:11.039 --> 00:23:15.160 who commanded fifty cavalrymen, charged, Sir, with your squadron and break 234 00:23:15.240 --> 00:23:18.839 up the harquebusers. The captain answered, do you mean me to be butchered? 235 00:23:19.400 --> 00:23:23.880 Then Orgonez raised his eyes to heaven and shouted, protect me, Almighty 236 00:23:23.920 --> 00:23:29.519 God, and attacked the enemy single handedly, a big, powerful man riding 237 00:23:29.519 --> 00:23:33.160 a powerful, light gray horse. And he speared a foot soldier and cut 238 00:23:33.200 --> 00:23:37.119 off the head of harquebusser and wounded another in the thigh, returning to the 239 00:23:37.240 --> 00:23:40.839 ranks of his own men in the face of the enemy. End quote, 240 00:23:41.119 --> 00:23:45.839 and now the slaughter began. Both armies sort of smashed into each other, 241 00:23:47.119 --> 00:23:51.839 the footmen with swords and pikes, the cavalry with their lances, everyone shouting 242 00:23:52.119 --> 00:23:56.640 ironically Santiago or long lived the King, both sides shouting the same thing on 243 00:23:56.759 --> 00:24:02.759 different occasions. Then the men joined together. The sounds of metal clanging, 244 00:24:03.000 --> 00:24:07.039 men shouting, horses neighing, and more arquebus explosions, which of course is 245 00:24:07.079 --> 00:24:14.759 startling the natives more than anything else. Decimated by Hernando's fierce weapons attack at 246 00:24:14.799 --> 00:24:18.559 the beginning, and sorely outnumbered, Orgon as his troops at first struggled to 247 00:24:18.559 --> 00:24:23.200 hold their ground. Then, under the full onslaught of Hernando's attack, they 248 00:24:23.240 --> 00:24:30.000 slowly began to fall back. Almagro's field commander nevertheless continued to fight fiercely from 249 00:24:30.039 --> 00:24:34.400 his horse, attempting to rally his troops by driving his sword under the open 250 00:24:34.519 --> 00:24:38.559 visor into a man's mouth, and then slashing at another, spurring his mount 251 00:24:38.599 --> 00:24:44.319 ever fiard. As his men continued to fall back, he entreated them not 252 00:24:44.599 --> 00:24:51.200 to retreat or going as swiveled and charged as volley after volley of bullets ripped 253 00:24:51.240 --> 00:24:55.839 his horse out from under him, throwing the marshal to the ground. Regaining 254 00:24:55.880 --> 00:25:00.519 his feet, orgones continued to fight, although this time on foot his sword. 255 00:25:00.400 --> 00:25:06.440 Soon, however, six of Hernando's men closed in, attacking the marshal 256 00:25:06.480 --> 00:25:12.359 simultaneously. As the men stabbed him repeatedly, Orgonez finally fell with shouts of 257 00:25:12.400 --> 00:25:17.920 triumph. Several of the men now ran their swords completely through the Marshal's body 258 00:25:18.160 --> 00:25:23.839 until their sword points impaled the stiff soil below. This son of Jewish cobblers, 259 00:25:25.240 --> 00:25:27.839 who had stolen a noble pedigree, and who had hoped, like they 260 00:25:27.839 --> 00:25:33.799 had all hoped, to rule his own kingdom of natives, was finally dead, 261 00:25:34.480 --> 00:25:40.319 shoving a sword into the base of Orgonez's neck. This soldier now lifted 262 00:25:40.359 --> 00:25:44.960 the bloodied bearded head on high for all of pis Otto's enemies to see. 263 00:25:45.680 --> 00:25:51.599 Elmagro's troops now broke completely and began to flee, intent only on saving their 264 00:25:51.599 --> 00:25:56.440 lives now. At some point during the melee, Paolo Inca, who was 265 00:25:56.440 --> 00:26:00.680 watching all this, of course, and whose troops had been fighting on behalf 266 00:26:00.720 --> 00:26:07.599 of Almagro, abruptly and suddenly switched sides, Realizing that the battle was lost 267 00:26:07.880 --> 00:26:12.440 and abandoned now by even his own native litter bearers. Diego de Almagro, 268 00:26:12.640 --> 00:26:18.039 who could see it all unfolding, desperately caught hold of a stray mule and 269 00:26:18.200 --> 00:26:22.200 began riding it back toward Cusco, kicking the animal in the sides to hurry 270 00:26:22.200 --> 00:26:27.799 it along. The Battle of Las Salinas, as it became known, was 271 00:26:27.839 --> 00:26:33.960 a complete route. The losses were absolutely staggering, about one hundred and twenty 272 00:26:33.200 --> 00:26:41.720 on Almagro's side, about nine that single digit nine for Hernando. A few 273 00:26:41.799 --> 00:26:45.640 days later, Hernando Pizaro went to visit the defeated al Magro, a man 274 00:26:47.119 --> 00:26:51.799 with whom he had always competed with for power and who he had long despised. 275 00:26:52.799 --> 00:26:56.240 Despondent and worried about his fate, Almagro asked Hernando if his old partner, 276 00:26:56.519 --> 00:27:00.200 Francisco Pisaro, planned to come to Cusco, that the two might settle 277 00:27:00.279 --> 00:27:06.720 their differences. Hernando, knowing full well that his fate now lay in his 278 00:27:06.839 --> 00:27:11.960 hands, was uncharacteristically kind to the old conquistador. He assured him that his 279 00:27:12.039 --> 00:27:17.440 elder brother would be more than likely to visit, and that even if he 280 00:27:17.480 --> 00:27:22.319 were for some reason detained well, Almagro could go visit Francisco Pisardo himself in 281 00:27:22.480 --> 00:27:30.359 Lima in the city of Kings. Having reassured Almagro, Hernando left outside. 282 00:27:30.359 --> 00:27:34.960 However, he gave instructions to begin judicial proceedings against his brother's former partner, 283 00:27:36.599 --> 00:27:42.319 a necessary step before Almagro could be executed. For the next few weeks, 284 00:27:42.599 --> 00:27:48.319 Hernando reassured Almago that his brother was sure to visit, and he also made 285 00:27:48.359 --> 00:27:52.960 sure that his prisoner was well treated. Almagro, believing that the relationship between 286 00:27:53.039 --> 00:27:59.079 him and his former partner could somehow be repaired, waited impatiently for the elder 287 00:27:59.119 --> 00:28:06.079 Pisarto to what happens next is recorded by one chronicler as follows. Quote. 288 00:28:06.640 --> 00:28:10.519 Hernando Pisaro, having assembled a great body of armed men in the house, 289 00:28:11.000 --> 00:28:15.640 entered the prison cell of Governor Don Diego de Almagro and notified him of the 290 00:28:15.720 --> 00:28:21.839 sentence of death, And when the unfortunate man hurt it, he considered it 291 00:28:21.880 --> 00:28:26.400 to be an abominable deed, contrary to law, justice and reason. He 292 00:28:26.480 --> 00:28:32.160 was astonished and replied that he would appeal to the Emperor and King. Hernando 293 00:28:32.559 --> 00:28:37.960 responded that he Almagro should commend his soul to God, because the sentence would 294 00:28:37.960 --> 00:28:41.920 be carried out. Then the poor old man fell to his knees and said, 295 00:28:42.640 --> 00:28:48.640 Commander Hernando Pisaro, content yourself that the revenge you've already enjoyed. Be 296 00:28:48.720 --> 00:28:52.160 aware that, besides the treason to God and the Emperor that my death will 297 00:28:52.200 --> 00:28:57.400 cause, that you are repaying me poorly. For I was the first rung 298 00:28:57.480 --> 00:29:03.680 on the ladder by which you and brother Francisco rose to power. Remember that, 299 00:29:03.759 --> 00:29:07.880 when you were in my position and my council members were begging me to 300 00:29:07.920 --> 00:29:14.480 cut off your head, I alone spared your life. End quote. It 301 00:29:14.480 --> 00:29:18.319 didn't do any good. On July eighth, fifteen thirty eight, Diego de 302 00:29:18.400 --> 00:29:23.960 Almagro gave his last confession. At the last moment, as he stood waiting 303 00:29:23.960 --> 00:29:29.599 to be executed, Almagro turned to the men and tried to use guilt to 304 00:29:29.640 --> 00:29:33.799 dissuade them from going through with it. Quote gentleman, doesn't all this land 305 00:29:33.839 --> 00:29:37.799 belong to the king? Then why do you want to kill me? After 306 00:29:37.839 --> 00:29:41.480 I have done his majesty so many services? Be aware, because if you 307 00:29:41.559 --> 00:29:45.359 think that his majesty is presently far away, then it will soon seem that 308 00:29:45.400 --> 00:29:48.880 his power is quite near. And if you don't believe that there is a 309 00:29:48.960 --> 00:29:53.640 king here, then you better believe that there is a god who watches over 310 00:29:53.759 --> 00:30:02.279 everything. End quote Ernando. However, at some point just kind of got 311 00:30:02.319 --> 00:30:07.400 tired of all of this and decided enough. He gave the order and told 312 00:30:07.440 --> 00:30:15.039 the men to get along with it. Almagro unable to believe that after having 313 00:30:15.119 --> 00:30:18.839 helped to conquer the largest native empire that had ever been discovered in the New 314 00:30:18.880 --> 00:30:23.799 World, this was how his life was going to end, and began to 315 00:30:23.839 --> 00:30:30.240 cry out, you tyrants, you're stealing the king's land, and you are 316 00:30:30.359 --> 00:30:37.240 killing me for no reason. Now, this is all taking place inside of 317 00:30:37.279 --> 00:30:41.079 his jail cell, and no one can really see what's going on in the 318 00:30:41.119 --> 00:30:45.720 street outside. Muffled shouts were heard for a time and then suddenly ceased. 319 00:30:47.759 --> 00:30:52.599 Not long afterward, the town crier emerged from Almagro's prison and, hurrying was 320 00:30:52.680 --> 00:30:57.119 followed by a priest in a long black robe. Both headed up the street 321 00:30:57.200 --> 00:31:03.400 line with inca stone toward the main square, leaving the rounded corners of the 322 00:31:03.400 --> 00:31:07.480 Temple of the Sun behind. As they walked, the crier composed in his 323 00:31:07.559 --> 00:31:12.319 head the news he would soon shout out to Cusco streets for one and all 324 00:31:12.400 --> 00:31:18.799 to hear, namely that Don Diego de Almagro, governor of the Kingdom of 325 00:31:18.839 --> 00:31:37.039 New Toledo and native of Spain, was dead. Not long after Almagro's death, 326 00:31:37.640 --> 00:31:42.200 news reached Cusco that Manko Inca had a new capital located deep in the 327 00:31:42.200 --> 00:31:48.000 Amazon rainforest. The town of v Kamamba was now the capital of the new 328 00:31:48.039 --> 00:31:55.519 Inca free state that had only one law, and he Spaniard was to be 329 00:31:55.640 --> 00:32:04.680 killed site v Kabamba only thirty miles from Manco's previous capital. It was about 330 00:32:04.720 --> 00:32:08.519 one hundred miles from Cusco, but it was more or less in the heart 331 00:32:08.559 --> 00:32:15.599 of the jungle. Manko was supremely confident that Pizzaro would never find him here. 332 00:32:15.880 --> 00:32:22.519 Immediately, he began remaking the town into a new imperial capital. Despite 333 00:32:22.559 --> 00:32:27.640 his recent setback, and yes, that term is an understatement, Manko still 334 00:32:27.640 --> 00:32:31.839 intended to keep up his goal of ejecting the Spanish from Peru. From his 335 00:32:31.920 --> 00:32:37.839 capital, he maintained his lines of communication that sneaked westward from v Kabamba. 336 00:32:38.039 --> 00:32:44.720 He continually sent messages out saying one thing and one thing only, resist, 337 00:32:45.640 --> 00:32:51.759 Resist the invaders at all costs. It was not over. And you know 338 00:32:51.839 --> 00:32:55.960 he wasn't wrong. Pizzaro, even though he had emerged from the conflict with 339 00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:01.680 Almagro successfully, still had less than two two thousand Spaniards in an empire that 340 00:33:01.759 --> 00:33:07.359 was over two thousand, five hundred miles long. A rule of modern warfare 341 00:33:07.880 --> 00:33:13.400 is that an occupying army should have a ratio of somewhere between ten to twenty 342 00:33:13.440 --> 00:33:20.839 soldiers for one thousand inhabitants. Hence, to control the five million inhabitants of 343 00:33:20.880 --> 00:33:27.279 the Inca Empire, the Spaniards theoretically needed fifty thousand to one hundred thousand soldiers, 344 00:33:28.039 --> 00:33:35.359 So Frenziescopizato was attached short. When news reached Manco of a Magro's death, 345 00:33:35.960 --> 00:33:40.119 his resolve only stiffened. At one point he hoped that the civil war 346 00:33:40.279 --> 00:33:45.119 might break out between the Spaniards and tear them apart. That hope was gone 347 00:33:45.160 --> 00:33:52.279 now he knew he had to rely on his own resources. Manko himself had 348 00:33:52.400 --> 00:33:58.599 no intention of staying in Via Kabamba. He was soon back in the andes 349 00:33:59.079 --> 00:34:05.960 north of Cousco, personally organizing bands of guerilla fighters, and he was incorporating 350 00:34:06.319 --> 00:34:14.079 a new tactic into his campaign, outright terror. According to one chronicler quote, 351 00:34:14.840 --> 00:34:20.440 the king Mango Inca had retired into the mountain fastness of the Anti Zuni 352 00:34:20.559 --> 00:34:25.159 region with the Orejones and old military leaders who had made war on the Spaniards, 353 00:34:27.119 --> 00:34:30.320 and as the merchants from Lima and other areas carried their goods to Cusco, 354 00:34:30.880 --> 00:34:36.320 the Indians attacked them, and after seizing their goods, they either murdered 355 00:34:36.360 --> 00:34:39.760 them or carried some of the way alive, and returning with them on horseback 356 00:34:39.920 --> 00:34:45.559 to their mountain strongholds, they tortured those Christians they had taken alive in the 357 00:34:45.599 --> 00:34:50.679 presence of their women, revenging themselves for the injuries they had suffered by shoving 358 00:34:50.840 --> 00:34:53.679 sharp stakes in the lower parts of their bodies until they came out their mouths. 359 00:34:54.639 --> 00:35:00.760 This news caused such terror that many Spaniards who private or even government business, 360 00:35:01.199 --> 00:35:07.840 didn't dare go to Cousco unless they were well armed and had an escort. 361 00:35:08.519 --> 00:35:14.800 After receiving reports that Manko had returned, Bizaro quickly appointed a lieutenant to 362 00:35:14.800 --> 00:35:20.079 track him down, capture or kill him, and they almost did. The 363 00:35:20.159 --> 00:35:23.840 Spanish raiding party got so close that Manco was forced to saddle one of the 364 00:35:23.880 --> 00:35:30.280 captured horses and flee. Manko had never learned to read, but evidently he 365 00:35:30.360 --> 00:35:37.559 had learned to ride. Spanish followed him, but quickly they walked into a 366 00:35:37.599 --> 00:35:40.719 trap. As the men struggled up the slope of the mountain pursuing Manko, 367 00:35:42.119 --> 00:35:45.840 one of them suddenly shouted a warning, causing the Spaniards to look up and 368 00:35:45.840 --> 00:35:49.599 see the silhouettes of what appeared to be numerous warriors on the hilltop above. 369 00:35:50.360 --> 00:35:54.480 The Spaniards were further stunned to see racing down toward them four natives on horseback 370 00:35:54.880 --> 00:36:00.880 carrying lances, with many more warriors racing behind them on foot. Caught by 371 00:36:00.920 --> 00:36:05.960 surprise on a steep path with a sheer drop off below. Seven crossbowmen raised 372 00:36:06.000 --> 00:36:09.880 their weapons to fire as a handful of harquebussers desperately tried to light the wicks 373 00:36:09.880 --> 00:36:15.880 of their guns as Mankoes warriors began hurling down sling stones and darts from above. 374 00:36:16.440 --> 00:36:22.199 A few harquebussers fired, causing one native to die instantly, but by 375 00:36:22.239 --> 00:36:25.559 then Mankos warriors were among them, smashing the Spaniards with their mace clubs, 376 00:36:25.840 --> 00:36:31.000 hurling sling stones, and pressing the Spaniards back down the trails so forcefully that 377 00:36:31.039 --> 00:36:36.000 many of the Spaniards and their horses simply tumbled off the slope, the men 378 00:36:36.360 --> 00:36:42.039 screaming briefly before hitting the ground far below. Manko and his four horse cavalry 379 00:36:42.159 --> 00:36:47.719 meanwhile effectively used their lances to stab and skewer the remaining Spaniards, who presumably 380 00:36:49.079 --> 00:36:53.000 had never before been attacked by natives on horseback. After a fierce struggle, 381 00:36:53.280 --> 00:36:58.000 the battle ended in a route. The captain, covered in wounds and with 382 00:36:58.000 --> 00:37:00.639 his arm broken by a native battle axe, had eventually fallen to the ground. 383 00:37:00.920 --> 00:37:06.320 He had committed two fatal errors. First, he had allowed himself to 384 00:37:06.320 --> 00:37:09.280 be caught by surprise on steep terrain where he and his Spaniards were unable to 385 00:37:09.360 --> 00:37:14.679 use their horses. And second, he had allowed Manko's warriors to attack them 386 00:37:14.679 --> 00:37:20.039 from the heights above. Of the thirty men, twenty eight were killed or 387 00:37:20.079 --> 00:37:24.800 else felt to their deaths. Only two escaped. Despite his success, Manko 388 00:37:24.880 --> 00:37:29.920 knew that his present military situation was far different from the one he had enjoyed 389 00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:35.000 years prior. Manko had far fewer troops, so he needed to avoid direct 390 00:37:35.039 --> 00:37:40.239 confrontrations with Pisaro. He needed to fight a true guerrilla war based on ambush 391 00:37:40.320 --> 00:37:45.480 and hidden run tactics. His goal was to kill small groups of Spanish soldiers, 392 00:37:45.960 --> 00:37:52.239 steal their horses and arms, and incorporate this superior military technology into his 393 00:37:52.360 --> 00:37:58.519 army. If given enough time, I think this might have worked, but 394 00:37:58.599 --> 00:38:04.159 the reality was Mano didn't not have enough time. Not long after the latest 395 00:38:04.199 --> 00:38:08.519 ambush, Francisco Pizaro lit a force of cavalry out of Cusco in pursuit of 396 00:38:08.559 --> 00:38:15.159 Manco inca, Manco was already moving back east. However, catching him would 397 00:38:15.159 --> 00:38:22.320 not be an easy task. As he moved, Manko fired off messengers to 398 00:38:22.360 --> 00:38:27.760 his supporters across the Realm to the south of Cusco, his high priest villac 399 00:38:27.880 --> 00:38:32.360 Umo was still hold up in a mountain. After receiving a message from Manco, 400 00:38:34.000 --> 00:38:39.960 he began organizing resistance and carrying out orders to attack Spaniards anywhere and everywhere. 401 00:38:42.199 --> 00:38:46.400 Frightened and comiendo owners found themselves once more being forced to travel with armed 402 00:38:46.480 --> 00:38:52.840 guards for protection. These people would have to defend for themselves. Francisco and 403 00:38:52.920 --> 00:38:58.800 his men were heading north. They still knew that if they could cut off 404 00:38:58.840 --> 00:39:02.159 the head of the snake, then the entire rebellion would probably melt away. 405 00:39:04.679 --> 00:39:09.440 Gonzalo Pizardo was left behind in Cusco with instructions to begin a campaign of terror 406 00:39:09.480 --> 00:39:14.960 in the region. If this was to be an insurgency, then they would 407 00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:19.800 treat it like one. There would be no distinction made between combat men, 408 00:39:20.199 --> 00:39:23.920 women and children. Everyone was to be treated as an enemy and no one 409 00:39:24.079 --> 00:39:30.599 given any quarter. In April of fifteen thirty nine, as the counter insurgency 410 00:39:30.639 --> 00:39:37.079 in the north continued, Francisco Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarto met in Cusco in order 411 00:39:37.119 --> 00:39:43.639 to discuss their plans for their next steps in the conquest slash reconquest slash reconquest 412 00:39:43.800 --> 00:39:50.559 of Peru. Because of the complications caused by Almagro's execution, Francisco thought it 413 00:39:50.639 --> 00:39:57.199 best that Hernando returned to Spain to exonerate himself. Hernando had too many enemies 414 00:39:57.239 --> 00:40:00.920 by now. Francisco believed who could poison the king's ear and who could turn 415 00:40:00.960 --> 00:40:06.280 the king against Hernando and as a result, the rest of the Pizarro family. 416 00:40:07.880 --> 00:40:13.639 If his brother took with him a newly chronicled written series of events that 417 00:40:13.800 --> 00:40:19.039 featured obviously Hernando as an Indian fighter during a siege and a hero, and 418 00:40:19.280 --> 00:40:24.960 of course, buckets upon buckets of new gold for the king, then Francisco 419 00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:31.320 felt that his brother should be able to successfully plead his innocence. Gonzalo, 420 00:40:31.400 --> 00:40:36.599 by contrast, who was now twenty seven, thought that the plan was terrible. 421 00:40:37.519 --> 00:40:39.880 It would be best for Hernando to remain in Peru, he argued, 422 00:40:40.280 --> 00:40:45.559 and if necessary, for him to just wait here, lance and sword at 423 00:40:45.559 --> 00:40:50.800 the ready in Spain, Hernando could be at the mercy of his enemies and 424 00:40:50.880 --> 00:40:55.039 with none of his family there to help him. Hernando, however, answered 425 00:40:55.119 --> 00:40:59.679 ankrily, saying that Gonzalo was just a boy and didn't know the king. 426 00:41:00.639 --> 00:41:04.679 In any case, Hernando had already made up his mind, so none of 427 00:41:04.719 --> 00:41:08.159 this really mattered. He would return to Spain and he would meet with the 428 00:41:08.239 --> 00:41:14.880 King. Then, once the issue of Almagro's execution had been taken care of, 429 00:41:15.360 --> 00:41:19.599 he would go ahead and petition the king for additional favors. In other 430 00:41:19.639 --> 00:41:24.079 words, Hernando took a very rosy view of the situation. On the day 431 00:41:24.079 --> 00:41:30.960 of his departure, Francisco, Gonzalo and a small group of conquistadors accompanied Hernando 432 00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:34.320 a short way out of town and then dismounted from their horses to say good 433 00:41:34.360 --> 00:41:40.320 bye. Hernando embraced both of his brothers before taking pains to warn Francisco about 434 00:41:40.320 --> 00:41:45.960 the potential danger of Amagro's followers, those who had gone with the now dead 435 00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:50.840 governor of Chile and who had fought against the Pisardos, and who were still 436 00:41:50.920 --> 00:41:57.599 bitter and destitute. According to Pedro Pisaro quote, Hernando Pisardo, on taking 437 00:41:57.679 --> 00:42:01.000 leave of his brother the Marquis, said to him, you know that I 438 00:42:01.039 --> 00:42:05.800 am going to Spain, and that, besides God, that we're all depending 439 00:42:05.840 --> 00:42:10.159 on you. I say this because those from Chile are behaving very disrespectfully. 440 00:42:10.199 --> 00:42:14.760 If I weren't going away, there would be nothing to fear, and he 441 00:42:14.840 --> 00:42:17.239 told the truth, because they were very afraid of him. Make friends with 442 00:42:17.280 --> 00:42:21.639 them and give them something to eat to those who wish it. But do 443 00:42:21.679 --> 00:42:25.840 not allow even ten of those who want nothing to gather together within fifty leagues 444 00:42:27.079 --> 00:42:30.559 from wherever you are, for if you do, they're bound to kill you. 445 00:42:31.440 --> 00:42:37.480 Ernando Pizzaro send these words, allowed we all heard them, and embracing 446 00:42:37.480 --> 00:42:43.800 the marquis, he set off and went away. Quote. One thing that 447 00:42:43.920 --> 00:42:47.360 all the brothers agreed upon before Hernando's departure was that Manko Inca had to be 448 00:42:47.400 --> 00:42:55.119 exterminated. Shortly thereafter, Gonzalo began organizing another expedition with the goal of finding 449 00:42:55.239 --> 00:43:01.639 and killing the rebel emperor. Three hundred Spaniards immediately volunteered for the expedition, 450 00:43:02.039 --> 00:43:08.880 both cavalry and infantry. This time, Paulu would go along and give the 451 00:43:09.079 --> 00:43:16.000 expedition at least the veneer of legitimacy from Inca eyes. Paulu was desperate to 452 00:43:16.039 --> 00:43:22.199 see Manko Inga dead. So long as he lived there was a chance that 453 00:43:22.320 --> 00:43:28.360 Paulu could be supplanted, but if Manko died, then Paulu was the Spaniards 454 00:43:28.599 --> 00:43:35.960 last chance at a puppet emperor. So in April fifteen thirty nine, after 455 00:43:36.079 --> 00:43:40.960 Hanano departed, the expedition at last set out. Before long, the Spaniards 456 00:43:40.960 --> 00:43:45.199 were descending the mountains and following their native guides into the dark, twisting world 457 00:43:45.199 --> 00:43:51.280 of the Amazon. For them, the experience must have been like visiting an 458 00:43:51.280 --> 00:43:58.119 alien planet. The impressive heat and humidity caused the men to sweat profusely through 459 00:43:58.159 --> 00:44:02.519 their armor. The dead vegetation meant that they could not see perhaps more than 460 00:44:02.880 --> 00:44:09.239 five yards in any direction. It was dark, it smelt of decay, 461 00:44:09.320 --> 00:44:16.159 and strange sounds echoed all around them. Plus there was not a question of 462 00:44:16.280 --> 00:44:22.800 if they would be attacked, but when they would be attacked. One Jesuit 463 00:44:22.920 --> 00:44:29.920 priest wrote as follows quote. Those who live in the Amazon eat human flesh. 464 00:44:29.960 --> 00:44:34.519 They are fiercer than tigers. Have neither God nor law, nor know 465 00:44:34.639 --> 00:44:39.280 what virtue is. They have no idols nor likenesses of them. They worship 466 00:44:39.440 --> 00:44:45.159 the devil when he represents himself in the form of some animal or serpent and 467 00:44:45.280 --> 00:44:49.800 speaks to them. If they make a prisoner in war, you know that 468 00:44:49.840 --> 00:44:53.159 he is oblebeion of low rank. They quarter him and give the quarters to 469 00:44:53.199 --> 00:44:59.159 their friends and servants to eat or to sell in the meat market. But 470 00:44:59.239 --> 00:45:02.480 if he is of nobal rank, the chiefs gather with their wives and children, 471 00:45:04.000 --> 00:45:07.880 and like ministers of the devil, they strip him, tie him alive 472 00:45:07.960 --> 00:45:10.840 to a stake, cut him into pieces with flint knives and razors, so 473 00:45:10.920 --> 00:45:15.599 as not to dismember him, but to remove the meat from the fleshiest parts 474 00:45:15.599 --> 00:45:19.760 of the calves, thighs, bucks, and fleshy parts of the arm. 475 00:45:19.920 --> 00:45:23.360 Men and women sprinkle themselves with the blood, and they all devour the flesh 476 00:45:23.480 --> 00:45:28.679 very rapidly, without cooking it or roasting it thoroughly, or even chewing it. 477 00:45:29.039 --> 00:45:32.239 They swallow it in mouthfuls, so that the wretched victim seize himself eaten 478 00:45:32.280 --> 00:45:38.480 alive. Quote. Walking single file, the Spaniards arrived at a canyon through 479 00:45:38.519 --> 00:45:45.480 which two streams flowed. Crossing over the two bridges that had been recently constructed. 480 00:45:45.840 --> 00:45:50.000 They now emerged into a clearing that had high bluffs on either side and 481 00:45:50.119 --> 00:45:54.360 was filled with the sound of rushing water. Pedro Pissaro later recalled, when 482 00:45:54.400 --> 00:45:59.400 some Spaniards had crossed the bridge, the Indians who were hidden hurled down many 483 00:45:59.480 --> 00:46:04.519 boulders the mountains above These boulders are huge stones that they throw from above, 484 00:46:04.800 --> 00:46:09.000 and which come rolling down with great fury. These boulders carried away three Spaniards, 485 00:46:09.039 --> 00:46:14.360 smashing them into bits and knocking them into the river. Those Spaniards, 486 00:46:14.440 --> 00:46:17.639 who had already gone ahead into the forest found many Indian archers who began to 487 00:46:17.639 --> 00:46:21.800 shoot arrows at them and to wound them. And had they not found a 488 00:46:21.920 --> 00:46:24.400 narrow path from which they threw themselves into the river, they would have all 489 00:46:24.440 --> 00:46:28.519 been killed. But they could not come to grips with the Indians, who 490 00:46:28.519 --> 00:46:34.440 were hidden among the trees. The Spaniards had blundered into a trap. According 491 00:46:34.440 --> 00:46:39.280 to the report of Titukutsi quote, my father Manko Inca heard from the spies 492 00:46:39.559 --> 00:46:44.440 he had stationed on the roads, how Gonzalo Pisato and many others were coming 493 00:46:44.480 --> 00:46:46.679 after them, and that three of his own brothers were coming with them. 494 00:46:47.119 --> 00:46:52.440 And he Manko went there and found I don't know how many Spaniards, because 495 00:46:52.440 --> 00:46:54.599 the forest was so thick you couldn't count them. And he fought with them 496 00:46:54.639 --> 00:47:00.599 fiercely on the banks of the river and those bridges that the Spaniards had crossed 497 00:47:00.599 --> 00:47:06.079 it turned out, had recently been built by Mankoes warriors in order to purposely 498 00:47:06.079 --> 00:47:08.800 divert the Spaniards from the normal trail and lead them into the area where they 499 00:47:08.800 --> 00:47:14.719 could be crushed by falling rocks. It was the ambush by boulder technique that 500 00:47:14.880 --> 00:47:19.519 was the same that had been used by Manco's great General Quiso. However, 501 00:47:19.840 --> 00:47:24.760 Manko's warriors bunkled the job and had released the boulders too soon. The ambush 502 00:47:24.840 --> 00:47:30.159 nevertheless caused the long Spanish and Inca column to stop dead in its tracks. 503 00:47:30.920 --> 00:47:35.039 After fierce fighting throughout the day, and with the Spaniards hardly able to see 504 00:47:35.079 --> 00:47:38.440 the attackers, so well did the native Amazonians use the forest to hide in. 505 00:47:39.039 --> 00:47:45.320 The Spaniards finally retreated That night, Gonzalo and his men retrace their steps 506 00:47:45.320 --> 00:47:49.159 by torchlight back to where they had left their horses in order to regroup and 507 00:47:49.199 --> 00:47:54.079 decide what to do. Demoralized by their recent casualties and by the shadowy Indians 508 00:47:54.119 --> 00:47:59.519 who could let loose volleys of arrows yet who could scarcely be seen, the 509 00:47:59.559 --> 00:48:05.559 Spaniard sent to Cousco for reinforcements. Now, at this point, all that 510 00:48:05.599 --> 00:48:12.719 really stands between Manko and the Spanish army pursuing him was a single canyon blocked 511 00:48:12.719 --> 00:48:17.199 by a large stone outcropping that formed a natural barricade. The Incas got a 512 00:48:17.280 --> 00:48:21.719 round said barricade with ladders, which of course, they had now removed. 513 00:48:22.679 --> 00:48:27.480 In addition, Mano had ordered a stone wall with windows be erected on the 514 00:48:27.519 --> 00:48:34.000 top of said outcropping, making the defense more formidable. With hundreds of armed 515 00:48:34.000 --> 00:48:37.800 Spaniards now only a little more than a dozen miles from his capital, and 516 00:48:37.880 --> 00:48:42.360 according to his spies, with more Spanish reinforcements gathering in Cusco, those are 517 00:48:42.360 --> 00:48:45.400 the ones Gonzalo sent for. He had to find a way to destroy his 518 00:48:45.519 --> 00:48:49.480 enemies, or else make life so difficult that they had to give up and 519 00:48:49.519 --> 00:48:54.119 return to the Andes. Gonzalo Pizzaro soon decided to mount a frontal attack against 520 00:48:54.119 --> 00:48:59.000 the barricade, sending a force ahead with orders to seize it. As the 521 00:48:59.039 --> 00:49:02.840 Spaniards began to scramble up the stone outcrop and reach the wall, Manko choose 522 00:49:02.920 --> 00:49:09.239 this right moment, however, to reveal his latest military innovation. Loud explosions 523 00:49:09.239 --> 00:49:15.000 suddenly erupted, and blasts of smoke issued from the perforations in the wall directly 524 00:49:15.039 --> 00:49:21.159 before the attackers. Spanish prisoners apparently had shown Manko's warriors how to fire his 525 00:49:21.199 --> 00:49:27.719 stockpile of captured harkabuses seized from Spaniards. It was for this reason that Manko 526 00:49:27.760 --> 00:49:30.719 had left the small openings in the wall on top of the barricade. After 527 00:49:30.800 --> 00:49:36.559 the stunt Spaniards had retreated and then began to examine the wall carefully, they 528 00:49:36.559 --> 00:49:40.480 could see the barrels of the harquebuses manufactured in Spain, drawing direct lines of 529 00:49:40.559 --> 00:49:49.440 fire on them. While surprising, Manko's innovation was hardly decisive, and after 530 00:49:49.559 --> 00:49:53.760 days of skirmishing, the stalemate between the two sides simply wore on. The 531 00:49:53.800 --> 00:49:59.920 Spanish were unable to break through Manko's stone wall, but with reinforcements from Coup, 532 00:50:00.159 --> 00:50:05.679 Gonzalo decided he would try something a little more innovative. He had half 533 00:50:05.679 --> 00:50:08.599 of his men conduct a faint. They peppered the defenders with a series of 534 00:50:08.639 --> 00:50:15.239 half hearted but constant attacks. Then the other half of his men snuck around 535 00:50:15.280 --> 00:50:19.400 the outcrapping and scaled the canyon edge so as to get to the heights above. 536 00:50:20.719 --> 00:50:23.440 As the Natives focused on defending their position from the men below, They 537 00:50:23.480 --> 00:50:30.480 suddenly found themselves under attack from crossbow men and hark abuses from above. Forced 538 00:50:30.480 --> 00:50:35.960 to retreat, Manko again made the painful decision to withdraw from his most recent 539 00:50:36.039 --> 00:50:42.880 capital. Gonzalo and his troops followed the stone causeway until they reached Kabamba, 540 00:50:43.079 --> 00:50:46.519 until now a city that they had only heard about in legend. It stretched 541 00:50:46.519 --> 00:50:51.239 out about a mile before them in a forest clearing, but it was totally 542 00:50:51.280 --> 00:50:57.079 deserted. So in July fifteen thirty nine, Gonzalo gave up his latest chase 543 00:50:57.079 --> 00:51:02.320 for Manko and returned to Cousco, exhausted. Upon hearing the news, Frenziesco 544 00:51:02.360 --> 00:51:07.800 Pizarto decided to return to the coast, to Los Reyes and continue the work 545 00:51:07.800 --> 00:51:12.599 of building his capital on the sea. Pisaro believed this time it was really 546 00:51:12.639 --> 00:51:16.639 over. Manco Inca had been chased from yet another jungle capital. It was 547 00:51:16.679 --> 00:51:22.679 over. The great rebellion was at an end. But Pizarto's troubles were not. 548 00:51:22.079 --> 00:51:27.559 Of course, Just as it seemed he had beaten the enemy from without, 549 00:51:28.679 --> 00:51:32.400 word reached him that he had a new enemy, one from within. 550 00:51:36.199 --> 00:51:37.480 If you've enjoyed the show, check out the links in the show notes. 551 00:51:37.480 --> 00:51:42.480 I've got links to the website there with additional content. If you'd like add 552 00:51:42.519 --> 00:51:45.599 free versions of the show for one dollar a month, you can get those 553 00:51:45.599 --> 00:51:50.400 on the Patreon feed. Or if you'd like to enjoy the whole episode over 554 00:51:50.519 --> 00:51:53.719 again, from the very beginning, Ancient Babylonia and so on and so forth, 555 00:51:54.199 --> 00:51:59.719 check out a free seven day trial of Western Sieve two point zero. 556 00:52:00.199 --> 00:52:02.199 It's got way better audio quality and a lot more depth than the first time 557 00:52:02.239 --> 00:52:06.760 I tried it. Three seven day trial just click the link.