WEBVTT 1 00:00:20.039 --> 00:00:27.559 Hello, and welcome to Western Sieve Episode two hundred and forty eight Atahualpa. 2 00:00:29.839 --> 00:00:34.560 Last time we introduced Francisco Pizzaro, the man who will get the credit for 3 00:00:34.640 --> 00:00:40.280 conquering the Inca. We'll see shortly how our narrative is a bit more complicated 4 00:00:40.560 --> 00:00:46.000 than that. This time, I want to walk through the last several decades 5 00:00:46.240 --> 00:00:52.640 of Incan history leading up to Pisado's arrival in fifteen thirty two. As I 6 00:00:52.679 --> 00:00:58.600 mentioned two episodes ago, Incan history is actually a relatively short category. The 7 00:00:58.719 --> 00:01:04.519 empire itself exists for perhaps a century before Cortez's conquest. We talked about the 8 00:01:04.599 --> 00:01:11.159 early history of the Inca before, but this time we're going to slow down 9 00:01:11.400 --> 00:01:25.879 and zoom in. When Francisco Pizzaro returned to the Inca Empire in April of 10 00:01:25.959 --> 00:01:32.040 fifteen thirty two, he found a world turned upside down. Pizzaro would sail 11 00:01:32.120 --> 00:01:37.439 back into the same income port of Tumbez that spring, but what had been 12 00:01:37.439 --> 00:01:42.719 a thriving port city had been reduced to a skeleton of its former self. 13 00:01:45.319 --> 00:01:49.079 The walls had been pulled down, many of the homes lay in ruins. 14 00:01:49.719 --> 00:01:56.640 Almost ninety percent of the population had disappeared. What could have happened Pizarro had 15 00:01:56.680 --> 00:02:00.200 been gone less than half a decade. What could have so utterly destroyed the 16 00:02:00.239 --> 00:02:06.959 Inca in such a short period of time. Bizzaro wandered through the ruins. 17 00:02:07.719 --> 00:02:10.919 He met a few people whom he began to piece together the story of what 18 00:02:12.080 --> 00:02:19.599 happened. From when Bizarro first arrived in Tumbez in fifteen twenty eight, the 19 00:02:19.599 --> 00:02:25.080 Inca Empire was ruled by a powerful emperor named Huaia Kapak. At this particular 20 00:02:25.199 --> 00:02:30.879 moment in their history, the Incas had been carrying out a military campaign in 21 00:02:30.919 --> 00:02:37.520 the area that is now Ecuador. The Incas themselves were a relatively small ethnic 22 00:02:37.599 --> 00:02:40.960 group that hailed from a region far to the south in the Valley of Cusco. 23 00:02:43.240 --> 00:02:47.319 For a two hundred year period, roughly from CE twelve hundred fourteen hundred, 24 00:02:47.719 --> 00:02:53.400 the Inca gradually consolidated their power in the Cusco Basin. As we learned 25 00:02:53.400 --> 00:03:00.560 about previously, they launched a series of campaigns in the area and also intermarried 26 00:03:00.599 --> 00:03:06.400 with their neighbors, slowly developing a small state. Then, beginning in the 27 00:03:06.400 --> 00:03:12.879 early fourteen hundreds, the Incas suddenly launched a series of protracted military campaigns, 28 00:03:12.879 --> 00:03:20.039 conquering tribes across the Andes and along the coast. Their marshal and organizational abilities 29 00:03:20.240 --> 00:03:24.080 were exceptional. For within the space of some sixty years, the Inca had 30 00:03:24.080 --> 00:03:30.240 transformed their tiny kingdom originally measuring I don't know, maybe a hundred miles in 31 00:03:30.360 --> 00:03:37.719 diameter, into an immense empire stretching for thousands of miles. The empires, 32 00:03:37.759 --> 00:03:42.639 stitched together by the Incas, who as an ethnic group numbered no more I 33 00:03:42.639 --> 00:03:46.599 would say than one hundred thousand individuals, was just the latest in a long 34 00:03:46.719 --> 00:03:52.560 series of kingdoms and empires that had arisen and fallen then in the Andes for 35 00:03:52.680 --> 00:03:59.159 more than a thousand years. According to legend, the man who had began 36 00:03:59.360 --> 00:04:03.199 the rapid process of Incan expansion, which as I said, started around fourteen 37 00:04:03.280 --> 00:04:10.960 hundred CE and then end abruptly around fifteen twenty six, started with Emperor Kusi 38 00:04:11.280 --> 00:04:15.920 Yupunki. He is to the Inco what I suppose Robulus is to the Romans, 39 00:04:16.720 --> 00:04:20.839 or I suppose he's a bit more like Alexander the Great. Given that 40 00:04:21.079 --> 00:04:28.959 Kusi Yupunki actually did exist under his rule. At early in the fifteenth century, 41 00:04:29.399 --> 00:04:32.800 the Incas spread their power over the relatively small area of the Valley of 42 00:04:32.879 --> 00:04:40.680 Cusco. From there, the story of Inca domination is driven by conflict. 43 00:04:41.959 --> 00:04:46.079 According to the Inca oral history, in the early fifteenth century, the kingdom 44 00:04:46.120 --> 00:04:49.439 of the Chunkas, which lay in the central Andes region to the west of 45 00:04:49.519 --> 00:04:56.360 Cusco, decided that they wanted the fertile valleys controlled by the tiny kingdom of 46 00:04:56.399 --> 00:05:01.040 the Incas. Marshaling an army, the Chunkas began and marching east, determined 47 00:05:01.079 --> 00:05:09.040 to annex the Inca's kingdom and thus expand their own. Victory seemed imiment because 48 00:05:09.040 --> 00:05:13.600 the Incas just didn't have the same number of people and their resources were far 49 00:05:13.720 --> 00:05:19.639 inferior. The Inca king at the throne at the time was verywall Kaca Inca, 50 00:05:19.959 --> 00:05:24.879 and he was pretty old. Rather than fight, he chose to flee 51 00:05:24.920 --> 00:05:30.399 the capital, holling up in a fortress and basically abandoning his kingdom. When 52 00:05:30.480 --> 00:05:31.879 one of his sons, however, and this is where we get to him, 53 00:05:32.360 --> 00:05:39.480 Kusi Upunky, seized the initiative. He made alliances with nearby ethnic groups, 54 00:05:40.040 --> 00:05:45.920 he raised the army. He marched out to definantly meet the Chunkas in 55 00:05:45.959 --> 00:05:50.959 the fierce battle that ensued, the Incas decisively defeated the Chunkas, an event 56 00:05:51.040 --> 00:06:00.120 that had once loomed as an imminent disaster was transformed into an overwhelming victory. 57 00:06:00.160 --> 00:06:04.240 After deposing his father, Kusi Upanki decided to adopt a new name, Pasha 58 00:06:04.279 --> 00:06:12.319 Kuti or literally earth shaker Pasha Kuti, which is how the sources referred to 59 00:06:12.399 --> 00:06:16.399 him, and so how I will going forward. He began a major restructuring 60 00:06:16.600 --> 00:06:21.560 of the Inca kingdom, laying out new thoroughfares in the capital city of Kusco 61 00:06:23.319 --> 00:06:30.079 for the pounds of tribute he expected to flow in Patcha Kuti. Next, 62 00:06:30.519 --> 00:06:34.720 quote turned his attention to the people, seeing that they were not sufficient lands 63 00:06:34.759 --> 00:06:39.759 for sewing. So as to sustain them, he went round the city at 64 00:06:39.800 --> 00:06:45.079 a distance of four leagues from it. Considering the valley's situation and villages, 65 00:06:46.319 --> 00:06:50.720 he depopulated all that were within two leagues of the city. The lands of 66 00:06:50.800 --> 00:06:57.279 depopulated villages were given to the city and its inhabitants, and the deprived people 67 00:06:57.519 --> 00:07:02.000 were settled in other parts. The citizens of Couscoe were well satisfied with the 68 00:07:02.079 --> 00:07:08.240 arrangement, for they were given what cost little, and thus he made friends 69 00:07:08.240 --> 00:07:15.319 by presents taken from others end quote. Patchakuti was the first income king to 70 00:07:15.439 --> 00:07:20.319 begin seizing large swaths of land from his neighbors and adding it to the growing 71 00:07:20.360 --> 00:07:28.639 income kingdom. He understood something that no one else seems to have. He 72 00:07:28.759 --> 00:07:32.759 who controls the land and the labor the means of production. I guess if 73 00:07:32.759 --> 00:07:40.560 you're a Marxist, then he is the one with the power. Rating was 74 00:07:40.639 --> 00:07:47.439 fine, but it wasn't permanent. To build something lasting, you had to 75 00:07:47.439 --> 00:07:55.319 control the land and the peasantry that lived on it. This is precisely what 76 00:07:55.399 --> 00:08:03.319 Patchakuti set out to do. Turning toward the south, Patcha Kuti led his 77 00:08:03.439 --> 00:08:09.759 armies six hundred miles beyond the present Incan boundaries, marching past Lake Titicaca and 78 00:08:09.839 --> 00:08:16.480 then down through today what is Bolivia and northern Chile. Patcha Kuti's conquests, 79 00:08:16.519 --> 00:08:22.920 plus those of his son Tupacinca, eventually culminated in the destruction of the old 80 00:08:24.000 --> 00:08:30.199 Chimu Empire. Within a single lifetime, Patchakuti and his son would dominate an 81 00:08:30.199 --> 00:08:37.840 empire stretching more than fourteen hundred miles north to south, the longest continuous north 82 00:08:37.879 --> 00:08:46.000 south empire in the history of the world. Pachacuti called his empire Tawa Tinsiu, 83 00:08:46.679 --> 00:08:52.480 or the four Parts United as an asside. While many histories use the 84 00:08:52.559 --> 00:08:58.000 name Tawa Tinsiu to refer to the Incan Empire, I will not. I'm 85 00:08:58.080 --> 00:09:03.639 simply not good enough at pronunciation to hit that one consistently, so I'm not 86 00:09:03.679 --> 00:09:07.279 going to try it. This episode is going to be challenging enough as it 87 00:09:07.399 --> 00:09:15.240 is, so I'll use Inca Empire or occasionally Peru to refer to the geographic 88 00:09:15.320 --> 00:09:22.879 region in question. Moving on, Patchakuti divided his empire into four quadrants, 89 00:09:22.879 --> 00:09:28.679 with Cusco at the exact center. He called these quadrants sou use, which 90 00:09:28.720 --> 00:09:37.679 we can imagine the sort of large provinces. Pachacuti's son Tupac Inca also succeeded 91 00:09:37.679 --> 00:09:41.440 in extending the Inca Empire farther east to the edges of the Amazon Jungle. 92 00:09:43.480 --> 00:09:48.559 He then went south, just like his father, marching another seven hundred miles 93 00:09:48.600 --> 00:09:54.360 deeper into Chile past modern day Santiago. By the time his son Juanna Kappac 94 00:09:54.440 --> 00:10:01.159 took the throne, the empire had reached its zenith. By now an elite 95 00:10:01.159 --> 00:10:07.159 ethnic corps of perhaps one hundred thousand Inca ruled over a heterogynous population of over 96 00:10:07.399 --> 00:10:13.799 ten million souls. Hence, the Inca's revolutionary rise to power occurred in just 97 00:10:13.879 --> 00:10:20.519 two generations. It would be as if the Roman Empire had been built between 98 00:10:20.600 --> 00:10:28.000 say ADBC and one CE in combination by Julius and then Augustus Caesar. That 99 00:10:28.480 --> 00:10:35.840 is the kind of rapid expansion we're talking about here. Soon after subjugating most 100 00:10:35.879 --> 00:10:39.879 of what we now know as Ecuador, however, Juanna Kapec began to hear 101 00:10:39.919 --> 00:10:46.120 strange reports of a new danger confronting his empire, one that was far deadlier 102 00:10:46.279 --> 00:10:54.879 than any rebellion. These native runners or choskis arrived breathlessly at court one day 103 00:10:54.000 --> 00:10:58.759 to report that a sickness had appeared in the north, a terrible one, 104 00:10:58.360 --> 00:11:05.440 a devasting one. The afflicted people first developed frightful skin eruptions all over their 105 00:11:05.480 --> 00:11:11.639 bodies, then sickened and died even worse, the messengers reported it appeared that 106 00:11:11.720 --> 00:11:16.879 the sickness was now spreading towards Quito, where Juanna Kapec and his royal rits 107 00:11:16.919 --> 00:11:22.399 Knew were residing. The descriptions were gruesome enough to cause the emperor to immediately 108 00:11:22.440 --> 00:11:28.159 seclude himself and begin to fast, hoping to avoid contact with the mysterious plague. 109 00:11:28.679 --> 00:11:33.919 It was already too late. According to one chronicler, Juanna Kopeck soon 110 00:11:33.120 --> 00:11:37.559 quote fell ill, and the illness took his reason and understanding and gave him 111 00:11:37.559 --> 00:11:43.440 a skin irritation like leprosy that greatly weakened him. When the nobles saw him 112 00:11:43.440 --> 00:11:46.000 so far gone, they came to him. It seemed to them that he 113 00:11:46.039 --> 00:11:48.960 had come a little to his senses, and they asked him to name a 114 00:11:50.039 --> 00:11:52.639 lord, since he was at the end of his days. The stricken emperor 115 00:11:52.799 --> 00:11:58.840 told his nobles that his son, Nina Kyush should inherit the empire. Ironically, 116 00:11:58.360 --> 00:12:03.799 as Juanna Kopac lay dying from this strange infection that the Inca could not 117 00:12:03.919 --> 00:12:09.679 comprehend, some other news reached him. A large sailing ship had been sighted 118 00:12:09.720 --> 00:12:15.200 off the coast of Tambez. Though delirious, yuan A Kopeck listened intently as 119 00:12:15.200 --> 00:12:18.399 his nobles told him about the men with pale skin and beards who had landed 120 00:12:18.440 --> 00:12:22.679 there. They also told them about their strange tools, one that seemed to 121 00:12:22.720 --> 00:12:28.399 produce both smoke and thunder. They were talking about harquebuses, and this was 122 00:12:28.759 --> 00:12:35.000 Pizarro's second expedition of fifteen twenty six to fifteen twenty eight. Not that it 123 00:12:35.080 --> 00:12:41.279 mattered, Quanna Kopeck had smallpox and people knew nothing about it or how to 124 00:12:41.320 --> 00:12:48.440 treat it. A plague of smallpox tends to follow the cunquistadors as they go. 125 00:12:50.480 --> 00:12:54.799 One followed in the wake of Cortes's expedition to Mexico. Consider the following 126 00:12:54.799 --> 00:13:01.600 account from a sixteenth century Spanish historian quote. It was a dreadful illness, 127 00:13:01.639 --> 00:13:05.360 and many people died of it. No one could walk, They could only 128 00:13:05.440 --> 00:13:09.039 lie stretched on their beds. No one could move, not even able to 129 00:13:09.039 --> 00:13:13.279 turn their heads. One could not lie face down, or lie on the 130 00:13:13.320 --> 00:13:18.320 back, nor turn from one side to another. When they did move, 131 00:13:18.799 --> 00:13:26.080 they screamed in pain. End quote from Mexico. The devastating plague moved southward. 132 00:13:26.440 --> 00:13:31.639 Interestingly, as the plague gained momentum, it was transmitted from the indigenous 133 00:13:31.639 --> 00:13:39.600 communities to indigenous communities by indigenous peoples, not from Europeans. The Europeans were 134 00:13:39.600 --> 00:13:43.840 the ones who made the initial contact. They were the proverbial patient zero in 135 00:13:43.879 --> 00:13:48.679 this case. But once they started the disease, it spread and moved out 136 00:13:48.720 --> 00:13:56.440 in all directions like falling dominoes. Sadly, often infected people were fleeing from 137 00:13:56.440 --> 00:14:03.279 the Spaniards and infected new communities before they died. If you are on the 138 00:14:03.279 --> 00:14:07.559 indigenous side of the equation, then this just looks like the worst timing ever. 139 00:14:07.720 --> 00:14:13.240 Civilizations that might have stood a chance against the Spaniards were decimated before they 140 00:14:13.320 --> 00:14:16.559 even got a chance. If you're on the Spanish side of the ledger, 141 00:14:16.600 --> 00:14:22.720 well, but I guess it's just convenient. The plague does most of your 142 00:14:22.759 --> 00:14:30.000 work for you. Sometime around fifteen twenty seven, small pox reached the edge 143 00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:33.759 of the Inca Empire. Roughly two years later, as Pizarro traveled back to 144 00:14:33.799 --> 00:14:39.000 Spain to get permission for a conquest. Little could he have known that the 145 00:14:39.039 --> 00:14:45.080 conquest of Peru was already underway. Small Pox would kill more Inca than he 146 00:14:45.159 --> 00:14:50.960 ever would plus in the end, it would set off a succession crisis that 147 00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:54.039 would leave the Incan Empire ripe for the plucking by the time Pisaro got back. 148 00:14:56.440 --> 00:15:01.120 So as Pizaro sailed for Spain, he had no idea that the advanced 149 00:15:01.120 --> 00:15:05.200 guard of his conquest was already making quick work of the Inca and their political 150 00:15:05.279 --> 00:15:11.159 organization. Like virtually every kingdom in Europe at the time, the Incan Empire 151 00:15:11.279 --> 00:15:18.000 was a hereditary monarchy in which power passed ideally from father to son. In 152 00:15:18.039 --> 00:15:24.039 the strictest terms, there wasn't much different between the political organizations of Peru and 153 00:15:24.159 --> 00:15:31.080 England in fifteen hundred. The main difference was that Inca kings had many wives 154 00:15:31.440 --> 00:15:37.399 and did not recognize primogeniture, the idea that the eldest inherits the throne. 155 00:15:37.320 --> 00:15:41.039 To an extent, this made them a lot more like the Ottomans, perhaps 156 00:15:41.039 --> 00:15:46.440 the pre eminent power in Europe at the time. A good Incan king groomed 157 00:15:46.440 --> 00:15:54.360 his successors like all good kings and queens throughout history. Juanna Kappak, however, 158 00:15:54.799 --> 00:16:00.120 did not get such a luxury. There was only one thing worse in 159 00:16:00.159 --> 00:16:04.519 the ink and succession system than leaving no heir at all, and that was 160 00:16:04.559 --> 00:16:11.200 to hastily name one at the last moment. This is precisely what hu Wanna 161 00:16:11.279 --> 00:16:17.200 Coppack did, though I don't think we can blame him, as infectious diseases 162 00:16:17.679 --> 00:16:21.840 had not been a thing until about ten years before his death, at least 163 00:16:22.200 --> 00:16:27.840 not in the world. He knew Juanna Copack had two sons that could logically 164 00:16:29.159 --> 00:16:33.480 be argued, we're in line for the throne. Of course, he had 165 00:16:33.559 --> 00:16:40.639 others, but none that could be reasonably inferred as potential successors. He named 166 00:16:40.679 --> 00:16:45.080 one first son, as we indicated. Unfortunately, he died of the plague 167 00:16:45.679 --> 00:16:49.159 before you want a compack, so Huana Copack had to turn around and go 168 00:16:49.279 --> 00:16:57.240 to Plan B. This brought him down to two potential successors, Huascar and 169 00:16:57.360 --> 00:17:03.720 Otahualpa. Both young men were in their mid twenties. They were half brothers, 170 00:17:04.160 --> 00:17:11.000 meaning in this case that they had different mothers. Juanna Kapak decided to 171 00:17:11.079 --> 00:17:18.000 name Huscar his successor. Huascar was named emperor in Cusco, while his other 172 00:17:18.079 --> 00:17:25.000 brother, Atahualpa remained close to where the emperor was in Quito. Note today 173 00:17:25.079 --> 00:17:30.759 Quito is the capital of Ecuador. Now, of the two, Atahualpa was 174 00:17:30.880 --> 00:17:36.000 clearly more qualified. He had always taken a keen interest in military affairs, 175 00:17:36.759 --> 00:17:41.240 was sober, and seemed to consider different angles of each problem that presented itself. 176 00:17:44.039 --> 00:17:47.839 Uscar, on the other hand, had little to no interest in military 177 00:17:47.839 --> 00:17:52.960 affairs, drank to excess, commonly slept with married women and then killed their 178 00:17:53.039 --> 00:17:59.640 husbands. If they complained. If you're asking me, well, why did 179 00:17:59.680 --> 00:18:07.799 huan Kapak pick Uscar, then sadly we have no idea. Though Atahualpa and 180 00:18:07.920 --> 00:18:11.960 Uscars shared the same father, they belonged to completely different royal descent groups, 181 00:18:12.039 --> 00:18:18.319 or Panaqua's as they were called. Atahualpa, through his mother, belonged to 182 00:18:18.319 --> 00:18:22.920 the descent group known as hattun Ayoula, while Huescar belonged through his mother to 183 00:18:22.960 --> 00:18:29.119 the group known as quapak Ayoula. Both of these descent groups were competitive with 184 00:18:29.160 --> 00:18:33.039 one another, having struggled for supremacy and power now for over several generations, 185 00:18:34.240 --> 00:18:41.599 and as royal successions often provided a spark that unleashed open political warfare. From 186 00:18:41.640 --> 00:18:45.920 the moment that at Hualpa did not show up in Cusco for his father's massive 187 00:18:45.920 --> 00:18:53.799 funeral and for his brother's subsequent coronation, Uscar became suspicious. Uscar's paranoia, 188 00:18:53.880 --> 00:19:00.000 derived probably from Inca history, which was rich with tales of brutal palace coup, 189 00:19:00.119 --> 00:19:04.160 became so acute that he has even said to have murdered some of his 190 00:19:04.240 --> 00:19:11.039 relatives who had accompanied his father's corpse to Cusco, having suspected them of plotting 191 00:19:11.119 --> 00:19:18.799 an insurrection. Us Gar's suspicions finally got the better of him, suspicions that 192 00:19:18.920 --> 00:19:25.000 were often accentuated by the inefficiency of the many messages and counter messages that had 193 00:19:25.039 --> 00:19:29.160 to be carried on between the two brothers over thousands of miles each way by 194 00:19:29.240 --> 00:19:33.359 relay runners. It was just too hard to convince your brother that you weren't 195 00:19:33.359 --> 00:19:37.480 trying to steal the throne when you had to wait weeks to get the message 196 00:19:37.480 --> 00:19:42.319 back. The newly crowned emperor finally decided he would wage a military campaign in 197 00:19:42.440 --> 00:19:48.839 order to settle the question of succession once and for all. His decision to 198 00:19:48.920 --> 00:19:52.759 launch a war, though wasn't well fought out, it immediately put us Gar 199 00:19:52.880 --> 00:20:00.119 at a disadvantage. This is because us Gar's father, hu Wana Coback had 200 00:20:00.160 --> 00:20:04.119 been carrying out extensive military campaigns in the north, so Atahualpa, who is 201 00:20:04.160 --> 00:20:08.680 now in Quito and in the north, had the advantage of being able to 202 00:20:08.680 --> 00:20:15.319 take command of the empire's most seasoned and battle hardened troops. The troops were 203 00:20:15.400 --> 00:20:22.440 led by the emperor's three finest generals, who immediately pledged their support to Atahualpa. 204 00:20:22.680 --> 00:20:27.359 Huscar By contrast, was forced to assemble an army of native conscripts who 205 00:20:27.359 --> 00:20:34.039 had little if any military experience, where Usgar in the south led a largely 206 00:20:34.119 --> 00:20:41.880 untested army. Attahuelpa commanded the imperial army. It was seasoned and it was 207 00:20:41.960 --> 00:20:48.279 good. Nevertheless, Uscar decided to go on the offensive, sending an army 208 00:20:48.359 --> 00:20:52.200 north into what is now Ecuador. The two armies met on the plants of 209 00:20:52.279 --> 00:20:57.440 Moshaka, to the south of Quito. There, the northern army, supervised 210 00:20:57.440 --> 00:21:02.559 by Atahualpa, scored the first victory in what was now a full fledged civil 211 00:21:02.599 --> 00:21:07.640 war. Even in victory, however, Attahuapa's severity with those who dared challenge 212 00:21:07.680 --> 00:21:12.799 him was evident. When the opposing general was captured, he was first tortured 213 00:21:14.119 --> 00:21:18.720 and eventually executed with darts and arrows. Atahualpa then ordered his skull to be 214 00:21:18.759 --> 00:21:23.599 fashioned into a gilded drinking cup, which the Spaniards would note that Atahualpa was 215 00:21:23.640 --> 00:21:30.200 still using four years later. With momentum now on Atahuapa's side, his generals 216 00:21:30.240 --> 00:21:37.720 began a long military advance down the Andes, gradually pushing Huascar's forces further and 217 00:21:37.920 --> 00:21:45.640 further south. After a long series of victories on the part of Atahualpa's forces 218 00:21:45.680 --> 00:21:51.119 and defeats on the part of hus Cars. A final climactic engagement was fought 219 00:21:51.119 --> 00:21:56.640 outside Cusco, during which the emperor himself was captured. As described by the 220 00:21:56.640 --> 00:22:03.400 sixteenth century chronicler Quote, us Gar was badly wounded and his clothing was ripped 221 00:22:03.400 --> 00:22:08.839 to shreds. Since the wounds were not life threatening, Atahualpa's general did not 222 00:22:08.920 --> 00:22:12.759 allow him to be treated. When daylight came and it was found that none 223 00:22:12.799 --> 00:22:18.119 of us Gar's men had escaped, these troops enjoyed us Gar's loot. The 224 00:22:18.160 --> 00:22:22.960 tunic Uscar war was removed, and he was dressed in another from one of 225 00:22:22.000 --> 00:22:27.079 his Indians who was dead on the field. Us Gar's tunic, his golden 226 00:22:27.119 --> 00:22:32.880 axe and helmet also gold with the shield and gold trappings, his feathers, 227 00:22:33.000 --> 00:22:37.720 and war insignias he had were sent all to Atahualpa. This was done in 228 00:22:37.880 --> 00:22:42.519 us Gar's presence, as the generals wanted Atahualpa to have the honor as their 229 00:22:42.559 --> 00:22:48.119 lord of treading upon the things and signs of enemies who had been subjective end 230 00:22:48.160 --> 00:22:56.319 Quote. Atahuapa's northern army now marched triumphant into Cusco. The aftermath of the 231 00:22:56.359 --> 00:23:02.480 Incas Civil War was as predictable as it was. Within a very short time, 232 00:23:02.799 --> 00:23:07.559 inc And soldiers rounded up us Cars, various wives and children. Officials 233 00:23:07.640 --> 00:23:11.440 quote ordered that each and every one of them learned the charges against him or 234 00:23:11.519 --> 00:23:17.319 her. Each and everyone was told why they were to die end quote, 235 00:23:18.480 --> 00:23:23.519 and then Attahuelpa's general's executed us Car's entire familial line. He's still alive, 236 00:23:23.599 --> 00:23:26.319 by the way, at this point, He'll be kicking around for the next 237 00:23:26.359 --> 00:23:33.359 few episodes. This act would be a horrifying end in and of itself, 238 00:23:33.079 --> 00:23:37.039 But I think in this case what makes it even worse is in hindsight, 239 00:23:37.519 --> 00:23:45.440 how unbelievably pointless it was. While all this bloodshed was going on, Attahuelpa 240 00:23:45.559 --> 00:23:52.039 himself wasn't in Cusco. In fact, he was in Kajamarca in the far 241 00:23:52.119 --> 00:23:59.119 northern reaches of Peru on the border with Ecuador. News of us Gar's defeat 242 00:23:59.279 --> 00:24:03.920 and capture made its way to the new undisputed emperor through more than three hundred 243 00:24:04.000 --> 00:24:08.000 royal choskis. These are the relay runners, and it took over five days. 244 00:24:10.440 --> 00:24:14.839 When the news reached Atahualpa, he was overjoyed all was right with the 245 00:24:14.960 --> 00:24:21.319 universe. He had fought for and won his birthright. He planned to march 246 00:24:21.359 --> 00:24:27.480 straight to Cusco for a triumphal parade. However, he had one little issue 247 00:24:27.519 --> 00:24:33.880 to deal with. First. Chatsky runners had brought the emperor another piece of 248 00:24:33.000 --> 00:24:40.960 news. There was a small band of unusual foreigners that was at that very 249 00:24:41.000 --> 00:24:48.759 moment making its way toward Atahualpa through the andes. Some of these strangers rode 250 00:24:48.880 --> 00:24:55.039 large animals. The income messengers had no word for the royal Knots carried by 251 00:24:55.039 --> 00:24:59.559 the messengers indicated that there were only one hundred and sixty eight of these strangers 252 00:25:00.160 --> 00:25:04.839 Atahualpa. In a decision he would later regret, and that's quite the understatement, 253 00:25:06.960 --> 00:25:11.319 decided he would go and see these one hundred and sixty eight men who 254 00:25:11.400 --> 00:25:19.720 rode these strange beasts. Next week on te Hualpa meets Pizzato and Worlds Collide. 255 00:25:22.279 --> 00:25:25.119 If you've enjoyed the episode, we've got all the usual links in the 256 00:25:25.160 --> 00:25:29.799 show notes, you can check out a free trial of Western CIV. Two 257 00:25:29.880 --> 00:25:33.640 point zero. You could become a patron and help support the show so we 258 00:25:33.680 --> 00:25:38.240 can keep doing what we do, and of course. 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