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Welcome aboard. It's Steve here with
another episode of Astronomy Daily. It's the

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fifteenth of April twenty twenty four.
Poda. I mean to be a whole

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Steve gun't clue. Oh, and
it's good to have you with us again.

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And I hope you all fared well
in the eclipse. But I've I've

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got to tell you, I'm pretty
pretty disappointed. Maybe he listened to our

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warning. Oh well, lots of
people didn't listen to our warning. Isn't

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that right, hallie? And didn't
we warn you about protecting your eyes?

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Oh, we sure did. The
most searched item on Google the day after

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the eclipse was exactly what we didn't
want to see. Is you the impression

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these days that a lot of people
just think they know best and they don't

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listen to the experts. Yes,
The most searched for item on Google the

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day following the eclipse was my eyes
hurt. According to Google Trends, The

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search term my eyes hurt peaked in
the United States during and just after the

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eclipse. This fellow on Reddit damaged
his eyes in the nineties when he looked

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at an eclipse. Yes, he
says, I'll fess up way back in

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the nineties when I was a kid, we made the shadow boxes, but

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I just had to see it with
my own eyes. Just after a very

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brief couple of seconds, he says, I felt this insane, intense searing

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in my eyes and I saw a
crazy array of colors. Yes, that

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was my optic nerve getting fried.
Anyway. Yeah, every optometrist is like,

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what is this scarring on your eyes? And I tell them it's from

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the eclipse, and they actually go
and look it up. Story as kids

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don't look at the eclipse unprotected.
Well that's his story. That's terrible,

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and just a short one from last
week. They interviewed a local eye doctor

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on the radio last week and he
talked about the patients that he's seen following

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past eclipses, damage ranging from a
light sunburn on the retina. Can you

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imagine to permanent dark spots in the
central vision and unfortunately the part that helps

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best with driving. Now, I
just can't imagine what that must be like.

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Just wow, I'm lucky I can
see in multiple wavelengths and don't have

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this kind of issue. Oh,
I guess there's a lot to be said

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for being an AI these days.
But anyway, a little education goes a

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long way. Oh watch it,
helly, you use the E word.

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I don't think they like that.
Well, he could be right. So

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what's happening today? Then? Well
I've got a little something from our friends

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at Space Force. Oh great,
I'll have to dig up the music again,

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won't I? Oh you bet.
We can't do a Space Force story

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without the Space Force theme. I've
got a cute story about a tiny hopping

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robot designed to explore asteroids. You'll
dig that one, won't. Oh?

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Oh, of course, anything to
do with asteroids and robots. Yes,

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I'm an instant fan. And listeners
might recall rumors of a surfboard like object

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being photographed orbiting the Moon recently.
Oh I heard that? What have you

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heard? I've got the answer.
Oh I'm glad someone has. And finally

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some news about SpaceX and Starship and
some future plans for the Moon. SpaceX

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always interesting, always pushing forward.
And have also got a couple of interesting

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articles. Well, so, without
any more skylarking, let's go. This

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is trying to the podcast. The
space Hopper program was first launched too and

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a half years ago as a student
research project at ETH Zurich University in Switzerland,

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and recently researchers tested the Hopping robot
in a simulated zero gravity environment during

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a European Space Agency parabolic flight.
According to a statement from the university,

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the robot consists of a triangular body
with an articulated leg at each corner.

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Each of these three legs has a
knee and a hip joint, allowing the

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robot to push off from a surface
kick to propel itself through space and control

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it its landing within a designated area. Space Hopper is designed specifically to explore

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relatively small celestial bodies, such as
asteroids and moons, where there is little

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to no gravity. Asteroids are thought
to contain valuable mineral resources that could be

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of use to humankind in the future. Researchers said in the statement, the

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exploration of these bodies could also give
us insights into our universe's formation. However,

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exploring these types of celestial bodies can
be challenging. In an environment with

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almost no gravity, there is basically
no traction between a spacecraft's wheels and the

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surface it drives across. There is
barely any atmosphere for a spacecraft to fly

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through. If there is one at
all. That's why space Hopper instead performs

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brief hops to move upwards and sideways. The recent parabolic flight allowed the researchers

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to simulate the low gravity conditions in
which space Hopper may one day be deployed.

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A video taken during the flight shows
space Hopper kicking each of its three

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legs and coordinated movements to stay lifted
during periods of zero gravity, which occurred

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about thirty times per flight for about
twenty to twenty five seconds each. The

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LRO, which has been orbiting the
Moon for fifteen years, captured several images

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of the Korea Aerospace Research Institute's dan
Yuri Lunar Orbiter as the two spacecraft,

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traveling in nearly parallel orbits, zoomed
past each other in opposite directions during three

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orbits between March fifth and March six. According to a statement from NASA,

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dan Yuri, the Republic of Korea's
first moon explorer, has been in lunar

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orbit since December twenty twenty two.
At the time the photos were taken,

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dan Yuri was orbiting below the LRO, which was flying fifty miles eighty kilometers

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above the Moon's surface. Relative velocities
between the two spacecraft were about seven thousand,

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two hundred miles per hour eleven thousand, five hundred kilometers per hour,

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NASA officials said, making it challenging
for the lro's narrow angle camera to hone

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in on dan Yuri. The lro's
camera exposure time was roughly zero point three

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three eight milliseconds, causing dan Yuri
to appear smeared across the image and stretched

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ten times its size as it traveled
swiftly in the opposite direction of the LRO.

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The LRO operations team at NASA's Goddard
Space Flight Center in Green Belt,

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Maryland needed exquisite timing in pointing LROC
to the right place at the right time

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to catch a glimpse of dan Yuri, NASA officials said in a statement.

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NASA's LRO had three opportunities to snap
photos of dan Uri during close flybys.

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For the first snapshot, LRO was
three miles five kilometers above dan Yuri and

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oriented down forty three degrees from its
typical position looking down at the lunar surface.

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In capturing the orbiter with its new
positioning, dan Yury appeared sort like

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a disc shaped streak. Across the
middle of the image. SpaceX's Starship,

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the largest rocket in the world,
will get even bigger as the company continues

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to target Mars missions in the future. Elon Musk, the billionaire founder of

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SpaceX, told employees on April fourth, that Starship will eventually be as tall

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as five hundred feet one hundred and
fifty meters, roughly twenty percent higher than

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the massive system aboard the super Heavy
rocket right now. What's more, advances

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in reusability will have each launch cost
roughly three million dollars each, Musk predicted.

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That's less than a third of what
a much smaller Falcon one rocket launch

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cost in two thousand four. When
inflation is taken into account. The figure

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two decades ago was five point nine
million dollars, according to NBC, which

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is roughly nine point five million dollars
in twenty twenty four dollars. These are

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sort of unthinkable numbers, Musk said
in a Starship update released publicly April sixth,

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roughly one month after the third and
last test flight to date. Nobody

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ever thought that this was possible.
But we're not breaking any physics to achieve

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this, so this is within the
bounds without breaking physics. We can do

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this. Musk tends to deliver Starship
updates at least once a year to highlight

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progress the company is making toward its
long term plans of settling Mars. Indeed,

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the last year has seen three Starship
launches, so there has been progress

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made recently. Musk didn't, however, address delays in launching Starship that have

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contributed to pushing back the launch date
for the first moon landing under the NASA

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lad Artemis program. SpaceX was named
the vendor for the Artemis three landing mission

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that until recently was set for twenty
twenty five. In January, NASA elected

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to hold the launch date another year
to twenty twenty six due to a range

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of technical issues. Aside from Starship
not being ready, the agency wants many

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successful launches before approving it for astronaut
flights. Artemis three was also delayed due

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to slow progress on space suits and
problems with the missions or I in spacecraft,

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among other factors. However, Musk's
words about Artemis to employees focused on

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Starship's future capabilities orbiting the Earth and
refilling its tanks, both of which have

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yet to be proven on its three
test flights. He also envisions of Moon

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Base Alpha that would include ships specialized
for going to and from the Moon,

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meaning there would be no heat shield
or flaps due to the lack of atmosphere.

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SpaceX is by far the most active
launching entity on Earth, and Musk

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forecasts the company will send roughly ninety
percent of orbital mass aloft this year,

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compared to China's six percent, the
second largest entity. Starship's next and fourth

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space flight attempt, expected to take
place in May, aims to have the

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first stage of super heavy land on
essentially a virtual tower in the Gulf of

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Mexico, Musk said. Overall,
Musk plans for multiple Starship launches to take

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place this year and suggest SpaceX will
build an additional six spacecraft by the end

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of twenty twenty four. A new
rocket factory for the company should be available

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in twenty twenty five, which would
make production even faster. And that's all

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from me today, Back to you
Steve. Astronomy with Steve and Halle Space

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Space Science and Astronomy, and as
always, thank you for joining us on

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00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:26,919
this Monday edition of Astronomy Daily,
where we offer just a few of the

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stories from the now famous Astronomy Daily
newsletter, which you can receive in your

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00:10:31,879 --> 00:10:35,559
email each day, just like Hallie
and I do. To do that,

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00:10:35,919 --> 00:10:43,519
just visit our new url Astronomy Daily
dot io and place your email address in

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the slot provided, and just like
that, you'll be receiving all the latest

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00:10:46,240 --> 00:10:52,080
news about science, space, science
and astronomy from around the world as it's

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00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:54,799
happening. What could be better than
that. Not only that, you can

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00:10:54,919 --> 00:11:01,480
interact with us at Facebook at Space
Nuts podcast group. That's our parent podcast

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00:11:01,639 --> 00:11:05,720
if you don't know, with Andrew
Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson, and also

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00:11:05,840 --> 00:11:13,480
on ex formerly Twitter by visiting at
astro Daily hod So see you there.

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You're getting real good at that,
Thanks, Hally. Now that's my bit.

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Nice. Well, it's been a
while since we've heard from these guys.

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Cue the music. On April eleven, military space leaders from eighteen countries

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convened at the invitation of US Space
Force Chief of Space Operations General Saltsman for

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the fourth Annual Space Chiefs Forum in
Colorado Springs. Participants included representatives from Australia,

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Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy,

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Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea,

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Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and of course, the United

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States. As tensions and stakes rise
in the domain of outer space, the

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importance of international cooperation and shared standards
has never been more evident. The annual

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Space Chiefs Forum has become a critical
event for aligning global military strategies regarding space.

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At this year's gathering, discussions centered
on the ever increasing significance of space

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in national defense strategies, the proliferation
of satellites, the rising threat of space

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debris and anti satellite weaponry. The
diversity of nations present with the varying levels

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of space capabilities, from well established
spacefaring nations such as the US and France

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to emerging players like Poland and Finland, underscores a collective push toward forming a

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cohesive global front to tackle challenges in
space. This unity is seen as essential

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for maintaining space as a global commons
befitting all humanity. The forum also tackled

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the controversial topic of space militarization.
With countries like the United States, Russia,

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and China advancing their military capabilities in
space, there is a significant push

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from the international community to establish frameworks
that limit military escalations and ensure that space

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remains free from conflict. Further discussions
enlightened the role of satellites in modern warfare,

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intelligence, and reconnaissance, stressing the
vulnerability of these essential assets and the

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need for robust protective measures. Additionally, the Assembly acknowledged the growing sector of

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private space companies and their role alongside
governmental space agencies in shaping the future of

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outer space activities. By reiterating their
commitment to responsible behaviors in space, the

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nations aim to promote norms and guidelines
that ensure long term sustainability and safety,

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which are increasingly urgent due to the
congested and competitive nature of today's space environment.

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The next Space Chief Forum is anticipated
to delve deeper into these agreements and

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possibly expanding the number of participant nations
and further solidifying the framework for cooperation in

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space defense and exploration initiatives. As
this dialogue evolves, it should pave the

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way for new treaties and ins national
laws governing the military use of space.

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Emphasizing the importance of a unified approach
to space governance, the participating leaders endorsed

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a joint statement asserting the significance of
strengthening alliances due to managing the involving challenges

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and opportunities in space effectively. We
affirm that enhanced cooperation among like minded partners

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is vital to adapt to the rapidly
emerging opportunities and threats in from and to

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space. We have a shared interest
in maintaining the peaceful use of outer space

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and the benefits of man space for
mankind. We will continue working together to

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deter ambiguous, unfriendly or hostile activities
in space. We also emphasize our resolve

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to continue promoting mutually agreed norms and
the responsible behaviors in space, including by

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conducting space activities in a manner that
prioritizes the safety, security, stability,

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and sustainable of the space domain.
They said in the statement in the podcast.

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Now, if you'll like me and
you like a bit of science fiction,

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you will have become aware of the
science fiction TV series The Three Body

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Problem, the latest from the creators
of HBO's Game of Thrones. Now it's

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become the most watched TV show on
Netflix since its debut last month. Based

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on the best selling book trilogy Remembrance
of Earth's Past by Chinese computer engineer and

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author sign Zoo. The three body
Problem introduces viewers to advance concepts in physics

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in service to a suspenseful story involving
investigative police work, international intrigue, and

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the looming threat of a wait for
it, extraterrestrial invasion. Yet, how

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closely does the story of three body
problem adhere to the science that it's based

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on. Well, the very name
of the show comes from the three body

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problem, a mathematical problem in physics
long considered to be unsolvable. Virginia Tech

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physicist George Minnick says the three body
problem is a very famous problem in classical

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and celestial mechanics, which goes back
to Isaac Newton. It involves three celestial

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bodies interacting via the gravitational force,
that is Newton's law of gravity. Unlike

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mathematical predictions of the motions of a
two body system such as Earth Moon or

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Earth Sun, the three body problem
does not have an analytic solution. At

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the end of the nineteenth century,
the great French mathematician Henri Pronchierre's work on

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the three body problem gave birth to
what is known as chaos theory and the

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concept of the butterfly effect. Both
the novels and the Netflix show contain a

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00:17:53,039 --> 00:17:59,079
visualization of the three body problem in
action, a solar system made to three

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sons in erratic orbit around one another. Virginia Tech aerospace engineer and mathematics expert

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Shane Ross discussed the liberties the story
takes with the science that informs it.

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There are no known configurations of the
three massive stars that could maintain an erratic

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orbit. Ross said there was a
big breakthrough about twenty years ago when a

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figure eight solution of the three body
problem was discovered, in which three equal

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sized stars chase each other around a
figure H shaped course. In fact,

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six and zero makes reference to this
in his books. Building on that development,

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other mathematicians found other solutions, but
in each case the movement is not

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chaotic. Ross elaborated, it's even
more unlikely that a fourth body, a

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planet that would be in orbit around
this system of three stars, however erratically,

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it would either collide with one or
be ejected from the system. The

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situation in the book would therefore be
a solution to the four body problem,

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which presumably didn't have quite the right
ring to it as a title. Furthermore,

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a stable climate is unlikely even on
an earth like planet. At last

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count, there are at least a
one hundred independent factors that are required to

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create an earth like planet that supports
life as we know it. Ross said,

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we have been fortunate to have had
about ten thousand years of the most

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stable climate in Earth's history, which
makes us think that climate stability is the

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norm, when in fact it's the
exception. It's a likely no coincidence that

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this has corresponded with the rise of
advanced human civilization. Listen to podcast and

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here's some latest news about the Artemis
two Orion spacecraft, which starts testing ahead

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of the Moon mission with astronauts in
twenty twenty five. The Orion spacecraft for

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Artimus two is slated to fly around
the Moon with four astronauts no earlier than

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September twenty five, but first engineers
with as NASA want to make sure it

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is ready for the job of course
testing in a vacuum changer at NASA's Kennedy

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Space Center began Wednesday, April tend
to assess ryan for electro magnetic interference and

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electro magnetic compatibility, NASA officials wrote
in a statement. The aim is to

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make sure the spacecraft can continue working
well amid these fields, both spacecraft generated

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and space generated ahead of the big
launch day. The four Artemis two astronauts

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who fly around the Moon aboard Ryan
are NASA Commander Reid Wiseman, NASA pilot

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Victor Glover, who will become the
first black person to leave Low Earth orbit

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or LEEO, NASA mission specialist Christina
Kosh, the first woman to go beyond

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LEO, and Canadian Space Agency mission
specialist Jeremy Hansen, the first non American

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to achieve the feat. Their spacecraft
now at Kennedy Neil Armstrong's Operations and Checkout

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building is inside a chamber with a
lot of Moon heritage. It was used

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to test environmental and life support systems
on lunar and command modules during the Apollo

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program that brought nine astronaut crews to
the Moon between nineteen sixty eight and nineteen

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seventy two. Yes I was the
NASA officials wrote there are multiple altitude chambers

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available at Kennedy. Ryan is in
the West Chamber, which was upgraded to

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test the spacecraft in a vacuum environment
that simulates up to an altitude of two

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one hundred and fifty thousand feet that
seventy six point two kilometers, NASA told

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US technicians hoisted Ryan into that chamber
on April four using a newly installed thirty

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ton crane in the building, which
can move the stacked Orion crew and service

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modules into the chamber, manipulate the
lid of the chamber, and carefully transfer

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the spacecraft in the building's high bay. While Orion spacecraft have flown to space

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twice before, this mission will be
the first with astronauts on board. It

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will also test new systems such as
life support. A spacecraft model's previous journey

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where the Artemis one uncrewed mission to
lunar orbit late in twenty two and a

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brief trip to Earth orbit in twenty
fourteen, Artemus two's Orion has more work

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in store. After the altitude chamber, it will next be sent to another

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zone called Final Assembly and Systems Testing
in the same Kennedy Space Center building.

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Then more altitude testing will happen to
conduct tests that simulates as close as possible

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the conditions in the vacuum of deep
space. As a rote, these altitude

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tests could begin as soon as the
summer, and I would like to thank

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Elizabeth Howe, a staff writer from
a spaceflight on space dot Com for those

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words. Thank you, Elizabeth.
Well done, And just like that,

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another episode comes to a grinding halt. Well, yes, it's certainly the

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end of the episode. Thank you, Hallie, and thank you everybody for

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joining us today. I really hope
you got something out of today's mixed bag

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of stories. It's always hard to
choose which ones to present to you.

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There are so many, it's hard
to choose which to feature. Well,

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that's why I depend on you so
much, halle Well, someone has to

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work around here. I mean,
making coffee isn't exactly rocket science. It's

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too If you just get the steam
a little bit too hot, then that's

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like the whole grinds it gets its
cactus. Besides, your coffee machine has

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the weirdest accent. Really, I
think it's the Toorio, but he's wearing

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a Bravil batch. Something isn't right
there. Wow, my coffee machine.

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Hey, that's what you got from
all that? We need to talk Wow

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on that note, see you next
week, folks, see you skywatchers the

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popcast. It would be a high
stave downclude