WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:04.960 This is Spacetime Series twenty six, episode sixty two, for broadcast on the 2 00:00:05.040 --> 00:00:10.679 twenty fourth of May twenty twenty three. Coming up on Spacetime, Saturn get 3 00:00:10.759 --> 00:00:16.239 sixty two new moons, discovery of a wild Martian river on the Red planet, 4 00:00:16.960 --> 00:00:22.559 and astronomers develop a better way of finding black holes or that are more. 5 00:00:22.640 --> 00:00:47.439 Coming up on Spacetime Welcome to Spacetime with Stewart Garry, Astronomers have discovered 6 00:00:47.479 --> 00:00:53.000 another sixty two moons orbiting the ringed ward of Saturn. The work catapots the 7 00:00:53.119 --> 00:00:57.399 Attorney System back into first place as the planet with the most number of known 8 00:00:57.479 --> 00:01:02.560 moons now totaling one hundred and forty five. That compares to Jupiter, which 9 00:01:02.600 --> 00:01:07.200 is ninety five known moons. Over the past two decades, Satin surroundings have 10 00:01:07.359 --> 00:01:14.599 been repeatedly examined for tiny moons with increasing sensitivity. The latest study used a 11 00:01:14.719 --> 00:01:19.200 technique known as shift in stack in order to find fainter and the small at 12 00:01:19.239 --> 00:01:23.280 Saturnian moons. The same method has been used before to search for moons around 13 00:01:23.319 --> 00:01:29.280 Neptune and Uranus, but never before for Satin. It works by shifting a 14 00:01:29.319 --> 00:01:33.280 set of sequential images at the rate at which the Moon's moving across the sky. 15 00:01:34.040 --> 00:01:38.920 The results enhanced the Moon's signal when all the datas combined and stacked together, 16 00:01:38.280 --> 00:01:42.599 allowing moons that were simply too faint to be seen in individual images to 17 00:01:42.680 --> 00:01:48.879 become visible in the stacked image. The images were taken using the Canada France 18 00:01:48.920 --> 00:01:53.040 Hawaii Telescope, a type of mona k in Hawaii, between twenty nineteen and 19 00:01:53.079 --> 00:01:57.719 twenty twenty one. By shifting and stacking many sequential images taken during three hour 20 00:01:57.799 --> 00:02:01.480 spans a stripe, them as were able to detect moons around Satin down to 21 00:02:01.560 --> 00:02:07.280 just two and a half kilometers in diameter, not bad when they're quite literally 22 00:02:07.400 --> 00:02:12.960 billions of kilometers away. The original discoveries were made in twenty nineteen, uncovering 23 00:02:13.000 --> 00:02:16.960 the moons in a meticulous search of the deep imaging acquired that year. But 24 00:02:17.120 --> 00:02:22.080 just finally, an object close to Satin the sky doesn't necessarily mean it's the 25 00:02:22.199 --> 00:02:25.759 Moon. It could simply be a passing asteroid. To be absolutely sure, 26 00:02:25.919 --> 00:02:30.560 the objects need to be tracked for several years in order to be certain that 27 00:02:30.599 --> 00:02:36.759 they are really orbiting the planet. After painstakingly matching objects detected on different nights 28 00:02:36.800 --> 00:02:40.479 over two years, the authors managed to track down sixty three objects, thus 29 00:02:40.520 --> 00:02:46.120 confirming them as new moons. Now. One of these new moons, designated 30 00:02:46.280 --> 00:02:50.560 S twenty nineteen S one, was announced back in twenty twenty one, with 31 00:02:50.680 --> 00:02:53.639 the rest being announced over the last couple of weeks. Now, all of 32 00:02:53.639 --> 00:02:59.159 these new moons belong to a class known as irregular moons. These are thoughts 33 00:02:59.199 --> 00:03:02.599 will initially been being captured by Saturn from their original host planet long ago. 34 00:03:04.360 --> 00:03:08.840 Compared to regular moons, irregular moons are characterized by their large, elliptical and 35 00:03:08.919 --> 00:03:15.400 inclined orbits. The number of known Saturnian irregular moons has now doubled to one 36 00:03:15.479 --> 00:03:19.520 hundred and twenty one, with fifty eight previously known before the search began. 37 00:03:20.280 --> 00:03:23.560 Now, irregular moons tend to clump together in orbital groups based on the tilt 38 00:03:23.599 --> 00:03:29.360 of their orbits. In the Saturnian system, there are three such groups, 39 00:03:29.520 --> 00:03:34.599 whose names are drawn from different mythologies. There's the Inuit group, the Gaelic 40 00:03:34.639 --> 00:03:38.840 group, and the much more populated Norse group, and all the new moons 41 00:03:38.879 --> 00:03:42.759 fall into one of these three known categories, with the Norse group again being 42 00:03:42.759 --> 00:03:46.159 the most populated among the new moons. These three groups are thought to be 43 00:03:46.199 --> 00:03:51.319 the result of collisions where the current moons in the group are remnants of one 44 00:03:51.400 --> 00:03:57.159 or more earlier collisions involving the originally captured moons. The authors have suggested that 45 00:03:57.199 --> 00:04:00.759 the large number of smaller moons in retrograde orbit is the result of a relatively 46 00:04:00.879 --> 00:04:05.400 recent list in astronomical terms, but really sometime over the last one hundred million 47 00:04:05.479 --> 00:04:11.400 years or so, fairly recent disruption of a moderately sized irregular moon that's now 48 00:04:11.520 --> 00:04:15.800 been broken down into many fragments that are all cataloged in the Norse group this 49 00:04:16.480 --> 00:04:23.079 space time still to come, discovery of a wild Martian river on the Red 50 00:04:23.199 --> 00:04:29.040 planet, and astronomers just got a better way of finding black holes. All 51 00:04:29.079 --> 00:04:48.879 that are more still to come on spacetime. New evidence discovered in rocks is 52 00:04:49.000 --> 00:04:56.000 leading scientists to rethink what water environments look like on ancient Mars. The new 53 00:04:56.040 --> 00:05:00.800 images taken by nassa's Mars Perseverance Rover show sig answer what was once a wild 54 00:05:01.000 --> 00:05:06.160 river raging across the Martian landscape, a river that was deeper and faster moving 55 00:05:06.240 --> 00:05:11.600 than scientists had ever seen evidence for on the Red planet in the past. 56 00:05:12.399 --> 00:05:16.000 This river was part of a network of waterways that flowed into jesuro Crater, 57 00:05:16.240 --> 00:05:20.480 the area the six wild car sized rob has been exploring since landing on the 58 00:05:20.519 --> 00:05:27.240 Red planet more than two years ago. Understanding these water environments could help scientists 59 00:05:27.279 --> 00:05:30.560 in the rivers to seek outsides of ancient microbi or life that may have been 60 00:05:30.680 --> 00:05:35.959 preserved in the Martian rock. Perseverance is exploring the top layer of a fan 61 00:05:36.040 --> 00:05:41.879 shaped pile of sedimentary rock that stands about two hundred and fifty meters tall and 62 00:05:42.000 --> 00:05:48.480 features curving layers suggestive of flowing water. It's a geologically fossilized ancient river delta. 63 00:05:48.759 --> 00:05:53.639 One question sitist need an answer to is whether the water in this river 64 00:05:53.959 --> 00:05:59.560 flowed in relatively shallow streams closer to White NASA's Curiosity rover has found evidence for 65 00:06:00.079 --> 00:06:04.839 gell Crater or whether this was a more powerful river system. Stitched together from 66 00:06:04.920 --> 00:06:12.199 hundreds of images captured by Perseverance's mass Caamze instrument, the tunumusics created by NASA 67 00:06:12.360 --> 00:06:18.040 tend to suggest the latter, revealing coarse river sediment grains and cobbles libby ives 68 00:06:18.079 --> 00:06:24.160 from NASA's Jeopropulsion Laboratory. In passing into California, says these indicate a high 69 00:06:24.279 --> 00:06:30.199 energy river that's moving swiftly and transporting lots of sediment and debris downstream. The 70 00:06:30.319 --> 00:06:32.720 more powerful the flow of the water, the more easily it can move large 71 00:06:32.720 --> 00:06:38.319 pieces of material. Ives, who has a background in stating Earth rivers, 72 00:06:38.399 --> 00:06:43.319 has spent the last six months analyzing images of Martian rivers on the red planet's 73 00:06:43.319 --> 00:06:47.319 surface. Years ago. Site has noticed a series of curving bands of layered 74 00:06:47.399 --> 00:06:53.199 rock within just Row Crater, which they dubbed the curvy linear Unit. They 75 00:06:53.199 --> 00:06:57.759 could clearly see these layers from space, but they're only now able to see 76 00:06:57.800 --> 00:07:02.839 them up close thanks to persevere One location within the curvy linear unit, nicknamed 77 00:07:02.879 --> 00:07:08.639 Shrinkle Haven, is likely to have been formed by powerfully flowing water, but 78 00:07:08.879 --> 00:07:15.319 Maskemseas detailed images have left scientists debating exactly what kind of flow we're talking about. 79 00:07:15.800 --> 00:07:18.600 Are we talking about a big river like the Mississippi, which winds and 80 00:07:18.759 --> 00:07:24.920 snakes its way across the landscape, or are we talking about braided rivers like 81 00:07:25.079 --> 00:07:30.240 Nebraska's Plate, which forms small islands of sedimentary sandbars. When viewed from the 82 00:07:30.279 --> 00:07:35.439 ground, the curved layers appear arranged in rows that ripple out across the landscape. 83 00:07:35.920 --> 00:07:40.639 They therefore could be the remnants of river banks that shifted over time, 84 00:07:40.959 --> 00:07:45.519 or the remnants of sandbars that formed in the river. These layers will very 85 00:07:45.600 --> 00:07:49.600 much taller in the past. Sinus suspect that after these piles of sediment turned 86 00:07:49.600 --> 00:07:56.199 to rock, there were sandblasted by wind over the eons and eventually carved down 87 00:07:56.240 --> 00:08:00.920 to their present size, the wind acting like a scalpel cutting the tops of 88 00:08:01.040 --> 00:08:05.160 these deposits. Now, scientists do see deposits like this on Earth, but 89 00:08:05.240 --> 00:08:07.639 they've never been as well exposed as what they are on Mars because here are 90 00:08:07.639 --> 00:08:13.160 on Earth, they're of course covered with vegetation and that hides the layers. 91 00:08:13.160 --> 00:08:18.399 Second mersey captured by Perseverance shows a second location that's also part of the Curvey 92 00:08:18.399 --> 00:08:22.480 Illinear unit, and he's located about four hundred and fifty meters from Shrinkle Haven. 93 00:08:22.199 --> 00:08:28.519 Called Pine Stand. It's an isolated hill bearing sedimentary layers that curves skyward, 94 00:08:28.680 --> 00:08:33.480 some as high as twenty meters. Sidists think these tall layers may also 95 00:08:33.679 --> 00:08:39.600 being formed by powerful river flows, although they're exploring other explanations as well. 96 00:08:39.120 --> 00:08:43.360 I have says these layers are enormously tall for rivers on Earth, but at 97 00:08:43.399 --> 00:08:48.000 the same time, the most common way to create these land forms would be 98 00:08:48.039 --> 00:08:52.919 a river. The STATIS authors are continuing to examine mass camas these images for 99 00:08:52.039 --> 00:08:58.240 additional clues. They're also peering below the surface using the ground penetrating radar instrument 100 00:08:58.320 --> 00:09:03.519 on Persevere called rim FACTS, which is short for Radar Imager for Mars subsurface 101 00:09:03.639 --> 00:09:09.039 experiments. What they learned from both instruments will contribute to an ever expanding body 102 00:09:09.039 --> 00:09:16.360 of knowledge about Mars's ancient watery past. What's exciting here is that we've entered 103 00:09:16.399 --> 00:09:20.080 a new phase of Gesro's history, and it's the first time we're seeing environments 104 00:09:20.080 --> 00:09:24.799 like this on Mars. Of course, a key objective of Perseverance's mission on 105 00:09:24.960 --> 00:09:31.639 Mars is astrobiology, including the search for science of ancient microbial life. Scientists 106 00:09:31.639 --> 00:09:35.519 believe that if evidence of past life is likely to be found on Mars, 107 00:09:35.519 --> 00:09:41.039 places like this ancient river delta is where scientists should be looking. As it 108 00:09:41.159 --> 00:09:46.600 traverses the fan, Perseverance will characterize the geology and past climate of Mars, 109 00:09:46.840 --> 00:09:50.679 having the way for human exploration on the Red planet. And of course it's 110 00:09:50.720 --> 00:09:56.000 also the first mission to collect install Mars samples for eventual return to Worth. 111 00:09:56.799 --> 00:10:03.039 Subsequent NASA missions, in cooperation with the European Space Agency, will send SPACECRAFTOMAS 112 00:10:03.080 --> 00:10:07.080 to collect these sealed samples and then return them to Earth for in depth analysis 113 00:10:07.960 --> 00:10:15.279 this space time still to come. Astronomers just got a better way of finding 114 00:10:15.320 --> 00:10:35.279 black holes. All that are more still to come on space time. One 115 00:10:35.279 --> 00:10:39.399 of the big problems about black holes is not knowing where they are. After 116 00:10:39.440 --> 00:10:43.559 all, they're black, and so is the rest of space around them. 117 00:10:43.639 --> 00:10:46.879 That makes them really hard to see. It's a bit like sitting next to 118 00:10:46.960 --> 00:10:50.000 an invisible bomb, which only appears when it's too late to stop it or 119 00:10:50.200 --> 00:10:54.519 move away. But that's the thing about black holes. Their gravity is so 120 00:10:54.720 --> 00:11:00.399 strong nothing not even like can escape, and so they only make their presents 121 00:11:00.440 --> 00:11:05.840 clear when they start feeding. Then material begins falling into the black hole, 122 00:11:05.399 --> 00:11:11.600 and this material releases vast amounts of energy as it's ripped apart of the subatomic 123 00:11:11.720 --> 00:11:16.240 level, before disappearing beyond the monsters of that horizon, a sort of point 124 00:11:16.240 --> 00:11:22.039 of no return beyond which escape is impossible. The quite invisible black holes will 125 00:11:22.039 --> 00:11:26.120 remain a problem, but astronomers have now developed a new way of detecting the 126 00:11:26.159 --> 00:11:30.440 active ones those that are feeding, and the new method they've come up with 127 00:11:30.639 --> 00:11:35.039 not only points them out, but can also measure how much food they're sacking 128 00:11:35.120 --> 00:11:39.399 in Most, if not all, galaxies are thought to contain supermassive black holes 129 00:11:39.399 --> 00:11:46.279 at their centers, but not all supermassive black holes are feeding. Sagittarius a 130 00:11:46.440 --> 00:11:48.919 star is the supermassive black hole at the center of our own galaxy, the 131 00:11:48.960 --> 00:11:54.039 Milky Way. It's around four point three million times the mass of our Sun, 132 00:11:54.240 --> 00:11:58.600 and it's located at twenty seven thousand light years away, and importantly, 133 00:12:00.200 --> 00:12:05.799 it appears to be quiet, at least at the moment. Still, massive 134 00:12:05.919 --> 00:12:11.039 cone shaped gamma ray clouds known as fermi bubbles stretch out tens of thousands of 135 00:12:11.159 --> 00:12:15.759 light years above and below the center of the galaxies, disc clear evidence of 136 00:12:15.879 --> 00:12:20.960 past meals consumed by Sagittaries A star. The new technique which the astronomers have 137 00:12:22.039 --> 00:12:26.840 come up with can determine if super massive black holes are feeding in distant galaxies, 138 00:12:26.200 --> 00:12:31.919 and it can be applied to literally into galaxies across the sky. Until 139 00:12:31.000 --> 00:12:37.240 now, identifying feeding black holes has been challenging, with astronomers having to specifically 140 00:12:37.360 --> 00:12:43.360 look for them individually, using complex methods unique to individual types of telescopes radio 141 00:12:43.440 --> 00:12:48.120 optical, X ray and gamma ray. Instead, this new technique works on 142 00:12:48.200 --> 00:12:52.960 typical telescope observations that already exist for millions of galaxies. One of the studies 143 00:12:54.000 --> 00:12:58.440 authors, Sabine Blasted from the University of Western Australian Nerd of the International Center 144 00:12:58.480 --> 00:13:03.200 of Radio strongly your research, says the new tea eglows scientists to search large 145 00:13:03.279 --> 00:13:07.639 numbers of galaxies at once and learn about their central black holes. I am 146 00:13:07.679 --> 00:13:11.840 doctor Sabina Belstead. I am a research associate here at AKRA. Black holes 147 00:13:11.840 --> 00:13:16.440 are just one aspect of a galaxy, and they're embedded in the middle. 148 00:13:16.919 --> 00:13:20.919 And when you look at a galaxy, it's bright, but you don't necessarily 149 00:13:20.960 --> 00:13:26.000 obviously see the black hole because it is black. We've been looking at pictures 150 00:13:26.000 --> 00:13:30.480 of galaxies in many different wavelengths of light and using that then to have some 151 00:13:30.519 --> 00:13:33.039 really fancy code that we can model this light and pick where a black hole 152 00:13:33.159 --> 00:13:37.320 is. So the type of black hole that we're interested in in our work 153 00:13:37.440 --> 00:13:39.720 is a supermassive black hole in the middle of a galaxy. It's a very 154 00:13:39.840 --> 00:13:43.000 enormous kind of black hole, and in particular, one of the reasons why 155 00:13:43.039 --> 00:13:48.720 we're interested in understanding more about them is because they really change the way a 156 00:13:48.720 --> 00:13:52.000 galaxy looks to us. We're interested in galaxy is because we want to understand 157 00:13:52.240 --> 00:13:56.320 how they have evolved and changed with time. If we don't know enough about 158 00:13:56.320 --> 00:14:01.679 the supermassive black hole inside them, then everything we about galaxies isn't quite right, 159 00:14:01.960 --> 00:14:05.639 and so we need to learn that more carefully to learn about how galaxies 160 00:14:05.639 --> 00:14:09.279 have changed. The most exciting element about this research is the fact that we 161 00:14:09.320 --> 00:14:13.759 can now look at huge samples of galaxies, hundreds of thousands, and even 162 00:14:13.799 --> 00:14:18.360 in the future, millions of galaxies, and without having to do anything separately 163 00:14:18.440 --> 00:14:22.799 to the analysis we've done before. We can now look at all of these 164 00:14:22.840 --> 00:14:28.440 galaxies and with one fell swoop we can understand which of them have mass supermassive 165 00:14:28.440 --> 00:14:31.320 black holes in them that are shining brightly, and which of them don't. 166 00:14:31.200 --> 00:14:35.679 Devils is a survey that has been conducted on the Anglo Australian Telescope in New 167 00:14:35.879 --> 00:14:41.879 Wales. In Australia, we've been using the telescope to collect what is known 168 00:14:41.879 --> 00:14:45.519 as a redshift, so a measure of the distance to a galaxy for about 169 00:14:45.600 --> 00:14:50.039 sixty thousand galaxies and a tiny patch of the sky. These galaxies are some 170 00:14:50.080 --> 00:14:54.679 of them nearby, others they are billions and billions of years in the past, 171 00:14:54.919 --> 00:14:58.279 so they're very very far away. These are the galaxies that we've been 172 00:14:58.279 --> 00:15:03.399 analyzing in this research to analyze how it is that they've changed and how it 173 00:15:03.519 --> 00:15:09.600 is that their supermassive black holes have changed over time. There's currently a telescope 174 00:15:09.600 --> 00:15:15.639 in Chili that is undergoing a renovation. That renovation wants complete will enable new 175 00:15:15.679 --> 00:15:18.919 surveys to begin, bigger and better than we've done before. One of those 176 00:15:20.039 --> 00:15:24.480 will be the Wave Survey, which is looking at galaxies about one point six 177 00:15:24.720 --> 00:15:28.759 million of them. Once we have those data, we will be able to 178 00:15:28.759 --> 00:15:31.320 analyze those millions of galaxies in the same way that we're doing with this study, 179 00:15:31.720 --> 00:15:35.279 and we'll learn more about them on a scale thus far unknown. The 180 00:15:35.399 --> 00:15:41.080 study's co author Jessica Thorne, also from the University of Western Australia's node of 181 00:15:41.120 --> 00:15:45.759 the International Center for Radio Astronomy Research. This is the new technique combines multi 182 00:15:45.840 --> 00:15:50.799 bands of electromagnetic wavelengths from a range of telescopes in order to identify which galaxies 183 00:15:50.879 --> 00:15:56.120 contained feeding supermassive black holes and which are quiet. My name is Jess Thorne. 184 00:15:56.120 --> 00:16:00.720 I'm a PhD student at KWA. Black Holes are some of the darkest 185 00:16:00.759 --> 00:16:03.399 and most elusive objects in the universe. We don't know all that much about 186 00:16:03.440 --> 00:16:08.000 what happens within inside them, but in the centers of most massive galaxies in 187 00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:11.080 the universe, they can be some of the most luminous objects, so they 188 00:16:11.360 --> 00:16:15.320 can suck in stuff from around them, and as they do this, the 189 00:16:15.320 --> 00:16:18.200 stuff gets heated up and becomes super super bright, and in some cases this 190 00:16:18.279 --> 00:16:23.039 can outshine the host galaxy of the black hole. Usually we find these active 191 00:16:23.080 --> 00:16:29.240 galactic nuclei these central black holes by using specialist telescopes like the X ray or 192 00:16:29.240 --> 00:16:33.399 the radio, and using specialist techniques to reduce the data and find these black 193 00:16:33.399 --> 00:16:37.240 holes. We've taken a new technique where we can use existing imaging from multiple 194 00:16:37.240 --> 00:16:42.360 telescopes, combine it altogether, using images of the galaxy in multiple wavelengths, 195 00:16:42.600 --> 00:16:48.080 and use it to identify which galaxies host these active galactic nuclei. This research 196 00:16:48.159 --> 00:16:52.159 is really exciting because generally in the past, to find these active galactic nuclei, 197 00:16:52.360 --> 00:16:55.039 we have to point an X ray telescope by the same patch of sky 198 00:16:55.080 --> 00:16:57.559 for millions of seconds. Whereas this new research will allow us to combine imaging 199 00:16:57.600 --> 00:17:02.480 that already exists and takes much less time to collect. We can piece it 200 00:17:02.519 --> 00:17:06.920 all together to find these active galactic nuclei a lot quicker than previous methods. 201 00:17:07.440 --> 00:17:11.200 This research excites me a lot because these active galactic nuclei can have a huge 202 00:17:11.200 --> 00:17:15.599 impact on their host galaxies. They're sucking in large amount of matter, emitting 203 00:17:15.599 --> 00:17:18.799 a large amount of light, and we expect that this will have a huge 204 00:17:18.839 --> 00:17:22.079 impact on the host galaxy itself. We think that this might lead to a 205 00:17:22.240 --> 00:17:26.279 shutdown of staff formation in the galaxy and can potentially kill all staffmation in their 206 00:17:26.359 --> 00:17:30.440 galaxy. And we can use these to understand what the future of the universe 207 00:17:30.480 --> 00:17:34.319 will be like. That's Jessica Thorn from the University of Western Australia and this 208 00:17:34.759 --> 00:17:53.839 space Time and Time met to take another brief look at some of the other 209 00:17:53.880 --> 00:17:59.920 stories making us in science this week with a science report. A new stay 210 00:18:00.279 --> 00:18:03.400 is measured the extent to which a burn fracture could lead to early death, 211 00:18:04.079 --> 00:18:10.119 and they've created a publicly available tool which doctors and patients can use to calculate 212 00:18:10.160 --> 00:18:14.920 the risk. The findings, reported in the journal E Life, examined data 213 00:18:15.039 --> 00:18:18.799 from over one point six million adults. The authors found that a burn factor 214 00:18:18.920 --> 00:18:22.839 was associated with a loss of one to seven years of life, depending on 215 00:18:22.960 --> 00:18:27.759 gender, age, and burn side. The symetric has now been incorporated into 216 00:18:27.799 --> 00:18:33.640 an online calculator that measures burn fragility in order to help doctors and patients better 217 00:18:33.720 --> 00:18:41.839 understand the true gravity of burn fractures. Scientists have developed a genetically modified variety 218 00:18:41.839 --> 00:18:48.759 of Cavendish bananas designed to help save the world's Cavendish banana production. The new 219 00:18:48.880 --> 00:18:52.759 variety, called QCAV four, has now been submitted for regulatory approval to the 220 00:18:52.799 --> 00:18:59.160 federal government. The QCAV four banana is in fact the first to strange genetically 221 00:18:59.200 --> 00:19:03.200 modified through or should that be herb, to be submitted for assessment. If 222 00:19:03.200 --> 00:19:08.880 approved, it would offer potential safety net against the devastating Panama disease Tropical Race 223 00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:15.480 four, which threatens the world's twenty billion dollar banana industry. QCV four bananas 224 00:19:15.480 --> 00:19:19.440 have been grown in fill trials in the Northern Territory for over six years out 225 00:19:19.480 --> 00:19:26.160 of proven to be highly resistant to Panama disease. Panama disease has already crippled 226 00:19:26.200 --> 00:19:30.720 Cavendish banana production in Asia and has now started to take a foothold in South 227 00:19:30.759 --> 00:19:36.079 America. It already occurs in Australia in both the Northern Territory and Northern Queensland. 228 00:19:36.680 --> 00:19:41.720 QCV four is a Cavendish grand name banana which has been bioengineered with a 229 00:19:41.799 --> 00:19:45.680 single gene r GA two from the world Southeast Asian banana. Mind you, 230 00:19:45.920 --> 00:19:52.079 normal Cavendish bananas already contained the same gene, but it lies dormant, and 231 00:19:52.160 --> 00:19:56.519 the aim of this exercise has been to develop a variety that gets the gene 232 00:19:56.640 --> 00:20:00.640 to do its thing, and that's important. It was Cavendish bananas account for 233 00:20:00.799 --> 00:20:07.880 ninety seven percent of all global banana production. Well, it seems artificial intelligence 234 00:20:07.920 --> 00:20:15.440 has taken another step towards its eventual Skynet like takeover of human civilization, with 235 00:20:15.559 --> 00:20:21.200 researchers finding that humans tend to be more empathetic towards AIS if they seem to 236 00:20:21.319 --> 00:20:26.599 disclose personal information. A report in the journal Class One showed how researchers instructive 237 00:20:26.599 --> 00:20:30.839 participants to have a text based chat with an online AI at to play at 238 00:20:30.880 --> 00:20:37.559 a scenario between two co workers. In each conversation, the AI appeared to 239 00:20:37.640 --> 00:20:42.599 self disclose either highly work relevant personal information, less relevant information about a hobby, 240 00:20:42.799 --> 00:20:47.599 or no personal information at all. So I had to say that compared 241 00:20:47.599 --> 00:20:51.960 with the less relevant sharing or no sharing at all, bots that chatted about 242 00:20:51.960 --> 00:20:56.920 themselves and work end up getting far or empathy from human participants. Meanwhile, 243 00:20:57.000 --> 00:21:03.920 after earlier passing its medical licensing exam with sixty percent accuracy and scoring two hundred 244 00:21:03.039 --> 00:21:07.400 ninety seven on its Legal Buyer exam, which would have been enough to be 245 00:21:07.480 --> 00:21:11.240 admitted to practice law in most American states, the chat GPT four AI has 246 00:21:11.240 --> 00:21:18.279 now successfully passed its Radiological Board exam. A report in the journal Radiology says 247 00:21:18.519 --> 00:21:23.079 chat GPT four managed to exceed the passing threshold with a score of eighty one 248 00:21:23.200 --> 00:21:30.480 percent, showcasing significant improvements, especially in a higher order thinking questions. Apple 249 00:21:30.519 --> 00:21:37.200 has rolled at its emergency SOS satellite link feature the iPhone fourteen users in Australia, 250 00:21:37.319 --> 00:21:41.119 New Zealand. The new feature has only been available up to now for 251 00:21:41.200 --> 00:21:45.359 devices in North America and Europe. With the details were joined by technology editor 252 00:21:45.440 --> 00:21:51.400 Alek Sahara of rout from Tech Advice Start Life. Yeah, it's the Emergency 253 00:21:51.799 --> 00:21:56.000 SOS VIA satellite. A lift has now arrived in Australia and New Zealand the 254 00:21:56.160 --> 00:22:00.599 en It is exclusive to the four iPhone fourteen models, the Phone fourteen, 255 00:22:00.759 --> 00:22:04.119 the Plus, the Pro and the Pro Max. And it's been about only 256 00:22:04.119 --> 00:22:08.000 about eight months. I mean I was actually in Hawaii at the Qualcom conference 257 00:22:08.319 --> 00:22:12.519 on the day that Apple made the capability available in the US, and I 258 00:22:12.559 --> 00:22:15.599 was testing it out there, and when they made it available in Australia, 259 00:22:15.720 --> 00:22:19.039 I was able to immediately go outside, hold my phone to the sky, 260 00:22:19.200 --> 00:22:22.880 go into the settings though to the Emergency SOS section. Scroll down to the 261 00:22:22.920 --> 00:22:27.920 bottom and try the Emergency SOS VIS Satellite demo, which takes you through a 262 00:22:27.960 --> 00:22:33.440 simulated experience. However, it does actually connect you to a real satellite and 263 00:22:33.640 --> 00:22:36.519 you have to hold the phone to the sky. It's asked me to turn 264 00:22:36.599 --> 00:22:40.079 left or turn rise, and the satellites are moving obviously very quickly overhead. 265 00:22:40.160 --> 00:22:42.440 It can take some minutes for the connection, but it within a couple of 266 00:22:42.480 --> 00:22:47.720 minutes I was connected. And then it is using a series of pre determined 267 00:22:47.799 --> 00:22:52.240 questions and it compresses the text by three times to make sure that the message 268 00:22:52.240 --> 00:22:56.079 can be set as quickly as possible, and already at a stated lives of 269 00:22:56.160 --> 00:22:59.680 the twelve countries that it is apparently available, so no doubt we will be 270 00:22:59.720 --> 00:23:03.000 here very soon. That it has also saved lives in Australia and New Zealand 271 00:23:03.039 --> 00:23:07.960 because as soon as you're in an area where there's no mobile reception, some 272 00:23:07.039 --> 00:23:11.839 people I didn't note we're commenting, oh, I've seen my phone saying no 273 00:23:11.960 --> 00:23:14.559 service, but I was still able to get a call through to Triple O. 274 00:23:14.839 --> 00:23:18.839 And that's because Telstra, the biggest carrier in Australia, has one point 275 00:23:18.880 --> 00:23:22.319 two million square kilometers of additional coverage compared to its competitors. So even if 276 00:23:22.319 --> 00:23:26.799 you're on one of the other phone providers, or you're on a mobile virtual 277 00:23:26.960 --> 00:23:30.920 never operator that operates on Telstra's wholesale network, you may still be a range 278 00:23:30.960 --> 00:23:33.480 of Telstra's entire network, in which case the Tripolo call will go through. 279 00:23:33.519 --> 00:23:37.480 But when you're not in any coverage area at all, you're staff and as 280 00:23:37.480 --> 00:23:41.759 somebody drives by. So it's really a wonderful thing that undertook them eight months 281 00:23:41.759 --> 00:23:45.119 to bring it to the Southern Hemisphere, which is very impressive. And we 282 00:23:45.160 --> 00:23:49.160 did have Qualcom announced at CES in January that they would have a pole to 283 00:23:49.279 --> 00:23:53.359 pole service that would know Qualcom satellite that would be available next year. I'm 284 00:23:53.359 --> 00:23:56.359 all later this year, but I'm sure that by the time that Qualcom service 285 00:23:56.400 --> 00:24:00.480 will launch, Apples will also most likely cover pole to pole and it will 286 00:24:00.519 --> 00:24:04.240 signal the new era of being able to connect de vice headlight's just using your 287 00:24:04.240 --> 00:24:10.319 phone and eventually your phone will deliver phone calls and browsing and all the restlans. 288 00:24:10.319 --> 00:24:12.720 For the time being, it's just text, yeah, but it's also 289 00:24:12.839 --> 00:24:17.799 the ability for your friends and family to track you with your permission using the 290 00:24:17.839 --> 00:24:19.480 find my service. So you're if you're in the Blue Mountains in Australia, 291 00:24:19.519 --> 00:24:23.000 for example, you're in the outback somewhere and you aren't able to be connected 292 00:24:23.039 --> 00:24:26.480 to a Wi Fi or three G, four G or five G network, 293 00:24:26.559 --> 00:24:30.720 then you can still be tracked by satellite, which is quite incredible. System 294 00:24:30.960 --> 00:24:34.279 replace the EPERB or not really. They do not replace the EPERBS, which 295 00:24:34.319 --> 00:24:40.359 goes for Emergency position indicating radio beacons, and they also don't replace a traditional 296 00:24:40.519 --> 00:24:42.839 satellite phones which cost about a thousand dollars to buy. You also have these 297 00:24:42.880 --> 00:24:48.279 personal locator beacons as well. I did have a company either be saying hey 298 00:24:48.400 --> 00:24:52.559 we sell at Australia, a brand of personal located beacons is recording that they 299 00:24:52.680 --> 00:24:56.759 have a seven year battery. Live though for the true adventurer, just relying 300 00:24:56.799 --> 00:24:59.759 on your iPhone is probably not going to be enough. You're going to want 301 00:24:59.799 --> 00:25:04.480 to have You're gonna want to have a satellite Vegan. That's Alexahara Royd from 302 00:25:04.559 --> 00:25:26.240 Tech Advice, Start Live and that's the show for now. Spacetime is available 303 00:25:26.279 --> 00:25:30.279 every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts, iTunes, Stitcher, Google 304 00:25:30.359 --> 00:25:37.119 podcast pocket Casts, Spotify a Cast, Amazon Music, Bytes dot Com, 305 00:25:37.240 --> 00:25:42.160 SoundCloud YouTube, your favorite podcast download provider, and from Spacetime with Stewart Gary 306 00:25:42.279 --> 00:25:48.519 dot com. 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