WEBVTT

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This is Spacetime Series twenty seven,
Episode seventeen, for broadcast on the seventh

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of February twenty twenty four. Coming
up on Spacetime, confirmation of an ancient

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lake on Mars builds more excitement for
the Perseverance Rovers sample returns a strange new

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type of hypothetical celestial object that might
just be real, and Rocket Lab starts

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off what's promising to be a busy
new year with a successful post of recovery.

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All that and more coming up on
Spacetime. Welcome to Space Time with

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Stuart Gary. If life ever existed
on the Red planet, NASA is Mars

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Perseverance Rovers verification of lake sediments at
the base of Jezro reinforces the hope that

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traces of ancient organisms might well be
found there. A report of the journal

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Science Advances shows that at some point
the crater did fill with water, depositing

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layers of sediment on the crater floor. Now, the lake ultimately shrank,

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and the sediments carried downstream by a
river that fed it ultimately formed an enormous

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delta. As the lake dissipated over
time, these sediments in the crater were

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eroded, forming the geologic features visible
on the surface today. The studies of

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lead author David Page from the University
of California, Los Angeles, says that

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from orbit, we can see a
bunch of different deposits, but we can

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tell for sure if what we're seeing
is their original state, or if we

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actually see the conclusion of a long
geological story. Paige says, to tell

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how these things formed, we need
to see below the surface, and that's

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where the CARSI six World Mass Perseverance
rover comes in. It carries seven scientific

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instruments which have been exploring the fifty
kilometer wide crater, studying its geology and

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atmosphere, and collecting samples ever since
its arrival on Mars back in twenty twenty

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one. It's hoped that Perseverances rock
and soul samples will eventually be brought back

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to Earth by a future sample return
mission that's currently stated for some time between

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twenty twenty nine and twenty thirty as
a joint US European endeavor. Once safely

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in the big laboratories on Earth,
these samples will be carefully studied for evidence

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of past Martian life. It's been
a busy time for Perseverance between me and

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December twenty twenty two, the rover
drove from the crater floor up onto the

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delta itself, a vast expanse of
three billion year old sediments that from orbit

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at least resembles river deltas seen on
Earth. As the rover drove under the

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delta, Perseverances radar image of fired
radar waves downwards at ten centimeter intervals.

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In the process, it measured pulses
being reflected back from depths of around twenty

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tie made us below the surface.
With the radar, scientists can see down

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to the base of the sediments,
revealing the top surface of the buried crater

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floor. Years of research with ground
penetrating radar and testing of Perseverance's radar imager

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on Earth have taught scientists how to
read the structure and composition of the subsurface

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layers from their radar reflections. The
resulting subsurface images show rocklas that can be

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interpreted like a highway road cart.
The crater floor below. The data isn't

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uniformly flat. That suggests a period
of erosion occurred prior to the deposition of

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lake sediments. The radar images also
show these sediments of regular and horizontal just

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like sediments deposited in lakes here on
Earth. The existence of lake sediments has

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been suspected from previous studies, but
this has now been confirmed by this new

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research. A second period of deposition
occurred when fluctuations in the lake level allowed

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the river to deposit a broad delta
that once extended far out into the lake,

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but has now been eroded back closer
to the river's mouth. Paide says

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the changes we'll see preserved in the
rock record are being driven by large scale

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changes in the Martian environment. This
space time still to come, a strange

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new type of hypothetical celestial object that
just might be real, and Rocket Lab

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starts off a busy year in New
Zealand with a successful booster recovery. All

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that and more still to come on
space time. Okay, let's take a

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break in our program for a word
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and on our website. And now
it's back to our show. You're listening

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to Space Time Space Time with Stuart
Garry. One of the more fascinating celestial

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objects theorized but yet to be discovered, is the hypothetical Sinestia, and the

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search continues to try and find them. Planetary scientists Simon Locke from Harvard University

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and Sarah Stewart from the University of
California Davis described the Sinestia as a huge,

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spinning, doughnut shaped mass of hot
vaporized rock formed as planet sized objects

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crash into each other, and Stuart
says that at some point early in its

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history, the Earth itself was likely
Sinestia. Their study which was reported in

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the Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets
looked at how planets can form from a

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series of giant impacts. Our current
theories of planet formation or that rocky planets

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such as the Earth, Mars,
and Venus formed early in the existence of

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our Solar system around four point six
billion years ago. Initially it was coalescing

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gas and dust. Then as these
things built up, small grains, rocks,

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and pebbles started to come along.
That accretion process continued until full sized

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planets like the Earth today with a
result. Now, these collisions, especially

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the big ones, can be so
violent that the resulting bodies are melted and

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partially vaporized, eventually cooling and solidifying
into the roughly spherical planets we see today.

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Lock and Stewart were especially interested in
collisions between spinning objects. See a

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rotating object is angular momentum, and
this needs to be considered in a collision.

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I guess it's sort of like a
skater spinning on ice. If the

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skater extends their arms, it'll slow
their rate of spin, and if they

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want to spin faster, they hold
their arms close to their body. But

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throughout this process the angular momentum remains
the same. Now, consider two skaters

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turning on ice. If they catch
hold of each other, the angular momentum

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of each adds together, so their
total angular momentum must be the same.

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Like in Stewart modeled what happens when
the ice skaters are instead Earth sized rocky

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planets colliding with these large objects having
both high energy and high angular momentum.

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The authors found that over a range
of high temperatures and high angular momentum,

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planet sized bodies could form a new, much larger structure, an indented disk,

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much like a red blood cell or
a doughnut with a center filled in.

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This object would be mostly vaporized rock
with no liquid or solid surface.

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They've decided to name this new object
from sin meaning together, and Hestia,

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the Greek goddess of architecture and structures. The key to a Sinestius formation would

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be that some of the structure's material
needs to actually go into orbit. See

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in a spinning solid sphere, every
point from the core of the surface is

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rotating at the same rate. But
in a giant impact, the material of

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the planet can become malten or gaseous
and expand in volume. Now, if

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the object gets big enough and is
moving fast enough, parts of the object

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pass the velocity needed to keep a
satellite in orbit, and that's when it

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forms a huge, disc shaped sinestia. Now, previous theories have suggested that

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giant impacts of my course that's to
form a disk of solid or molten materials

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surrounding the planet, But for the
same massive planet, a sinestia would be

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much larger than a solid planet with
a disc. Stuart says most planets likely

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experienced collisions that could form a sinestia
at some point during formation. For an

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object like the Earth, a sinestia
wouldn't last a long time, perhaps just

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one hundred years or so before it
lost enough heat to can dense back into

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a solid object. But sinestia is
formed from larger, hotter objects such as

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gas giants or stars, who potentially
last much longer. And when you think

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about it, the sinestia structure also
offers new ways to think about how the

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Moon was formed. Earth's moon is
remarkably similar to the Earth and composition,

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and most current theories about how the
Moon formed involved the giant impact theory,

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where around four and a half billion
years ago, there was a massive collision

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between the early proto Earth and a
small Mars sized object about a third the

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size of the Earth, which scientists
of dubbed THEA. This impact would have

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melted birth bodies into a giant mag
moration, and some of this material was

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ejected into space, eventually orbiting around
the body and cooling in accreting to form

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the Moon. But the authors say
such an impact could have instead formed the

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sinestia in which the Earth and Moon
birth condensed. The problem is no one's

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yet observed the sinestia directly, that
they might be found in other solar systems.

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We've just got to keep looking.
I'm antually scientist Simon O'Toole, who

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wasn't involved in the study. It's
an interesting idea and a new type of

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planetary object to look for. So
basically it's this kind of body that you

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get immediately after the collision between two
planets as we currently understand them, two

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planet sized objects. So part of
this is driven by the formation how the

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Earth Moon form. The basic ideas
that you had two planet three science objects

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that collided. They've done some theoretical
calculations where they've done all these They based

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collided two planet three mass objects together
and to see what would happen, and

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one of the outcome seems to be
that you get rather than getting to an

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Earth and a moon like we have, is you get sort of this very

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large doughnut of hot vaporized rock that
is sort of spinning around, very very

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large, much bigger than say the
actual two planets, because you've got this

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said vaporized rock in a sort of
Astronomers would probably call it a taurus,

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which is really a fancy name for
a doughnut, and you'd have some central

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region which was more dense, and
then this vaporized sort of this cloud of

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material going around in a donut shape
around the outside, and it probably doesn't

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have a very long life span,
probably on the hundreds of the order of

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hundreds of years before it either disperses
away into space or condenses into something like

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the moon. So it sort of
fits in a little bit with the trends

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like you could imagine as a transition
period between two Earth sized planets and an

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Earth and a moon. You know, angular momentum is the key here in

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these sorts of situations. We don't
really understand angular menums very well in my

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opinion, So it's a very very
interesting idea. This Sinestia idea. I'm

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not really keen on the name Sinestia, but you know, it is what

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it is. But I like the
concepts that it could happen. The one

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key part here is this is very
very theoretical. No one has observed anything

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that looks like this, and that's
in part because it's very very difficult because

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the scale here is still only a
little bit larger than a planet, maybe

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out to the orbit of the Moon
or a bit beyond. So it's very

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very difficult to observe this kind of
thing. Is really just a fat ring.

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Well, I'd say that the rings
are more likely the debris left over

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from the formation of the planet's moon. So the planet itself formed at the

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center, and then there's a whole
lot of other material around the outside,

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and then it gradually accreted into the
various moons, and then there were any

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sort of leftover material went into the
rings. All of course, Saturn is

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a little bit different because it's in
fact fed a geyza from one of its

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moons and the rings are continuously being
renewed. But certainly, yeah, I

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think that any ring structure is quite
different to this, because there even if

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you had a collision. Although I
think when we've looked at comets and that

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sort of thing that has collided into
Jupiter run into Jupiter, they've basically been

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just destroyed completely. But that's because
you have a very large thing with a

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very very small thing, whereas in
this scenario you're looking at Earth's five objects,

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you're looking at something like Mars and
something like Earth that sort of ballpark

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colliding and they're very rocky. So
the I think that has a big impact

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on the outcome. So this really
means that the existence of a Seinesia would

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depend very much upon which eventual model
of planetary formation turns out to be correct.

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Yeah, it does, it does. I mean I sort of feel

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like the various models of planet formation
probably occur, just depends on their initial

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conditions. So that's a hunch.
I wouldn't call that a you know,

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backed up by anything, but my
hunch is that they both will work in

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the right scenario. The two models
are planetry accretion model is basically where the

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star m at the center of a
very large cloud of gas and any other

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material, rock, whatever, and
it forms. You have this very large

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collapse of material, and then you
get the nuclear emission same of your star,

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and then any material left over starts
rotating around that star, starts orbiting

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it, and then eventually you get
little impacts and collisions. But the bits

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of material there, the rock and
gas and ice and whatever, collide and

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stick together, and gradually crete become
larger and larger, and they as they

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become larger, they attract more material, and so they eventually become what you

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would call planetesimals or a small planet, and they get bigger and bigger and

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bigger. And in the case of
gas giants, the idea is you might

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have some dense core of material,
but then you get gas that just gets

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sort of drawn to it and it
creeds onto that. In the case of

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the terrestrial planets, the rocky planet, it's dust, rock and maybe ice

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and that kind of thing, but
the ice is obviously going to be vaporized,

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and so you just have this molten
thing because they say collide. As

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all of the bits and pieces collide, they get very very hot, and

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so that sort of does feed into
this sinesteria idea in the sense that you

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have these two hot things that collide
and then they view out this large amount

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of what vaporized rock The other model
is the gravitational instability model of planet formation,

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and that's much more where rather than
the accretion you have, it forms

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it's a little bit more like star
formation. You get regions of high density

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that sort of collapse in on themselves. And I think that my personal Once

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again, it's more a hunch,
but I think that that might match brown

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dwarfs a little bit batter. Yeah, the latest evidence we're getting from jets

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coming out of brown dwarfs almost a
light year on indicate that the that model

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may well be correct, at least
for brown dwarfs sort of fill that gap

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between the largest planets and the smaller
stars. Yeah, and so, and

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that actually changes our ideas of a
brown You know, if something like Jupiter

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a failed star or a failed brown
dwarf, because if it formed through an

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accretion mechanism rather than gravitational instability,
then it's probably more just a large,

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a very large planet, whereas a
Brown Dworf that formed potentially by the gravitational

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instability is much more like a failed
star. That's doctor Simon o'till from Acquarie

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University, And this is space time
still to come. Rocket Labs starts off

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what looks like a busy year with
a successful booster recovery, and later in

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the science report, a computer human
interface chip has been successfully planted in the

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human volunteer's brain. All that and
more still to come on Space Time rocket

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Lab has started the new year off
with a successful Electron launch and booster recovery.

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The four of its kind mission was
launched from Rocket Labs Launch Complex one

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on the Mahaia Peninsula of New Zealand's
North Island. On board the eighteen meter

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tour launcher were four situational Awheness satellites
for Spire Global. They're designed to monitor

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what's an increasingly congested area of Nearer
Space from a five round and thirty kilometer

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a high orbit. Because pwer they
have to us is green. Stage one

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in Stage two tanks or press per
flight, have clunge and burridges enabled ten

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nine, eight, seven, six, five, four three two one,

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and we have the topic. Electron
has successfully lifted off from Rocket Labs Launch

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Complex one with its Spire and north
Star payload the rocket. It's on its

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way to lower orbit with those four
satellites on board. Now t plus forty

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seconds into flight, Electron has begun
its pitch over moving up and on an

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angle to head away from the launch
pad and out over the ocean. Now

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all is looking nominal so far as
the rocket approaches maxque. The moment in

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a scent when Electron experiences the maximum
amount of aerodynamic pressure, spersonic approach and

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nextqueue clear. Nextqueue. The rocket
is now sixteen kilometers in nulstitude and moving

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at over two thousand kilometers an hour. Next up for Electron is MIKO our

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main engine cutoff quickly followed by stage
separation and the startup of the Rutherford engine

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on that second stage to continue the
mission to orbit. The nine engines of

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the first stage will throttle down and
then shut off just before the first and

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second stages separate from each other.
When that happens, the second stage with

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the Spire satellites will maintain its orbital
trajectory and continue on with the mission,

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while the first stage of Electron will
begin its reorientation maneuver to position itself for

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the return journey to Ears. Now
these four events happen in quick succession and

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are coming up shortly fifteen seconds to
staging into Bernard detechnod MECO confirmed that's confirmation

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00:19:56.200 --> 00:20:00.119
of Migo stage stuff and Rutherford engine
ignition on stage two. Stage two propulsion

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nominal faring jettison succeeded. That was
the call for faring jettison on the second

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stage. That means Electron's nose cone
has successfully split apart and fallen away,

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and we do this in preparation for
deploying the kickstage with its satellites and to

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get rid of the dead weight of
the fairing. Now that we are through

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Earth's atmosphere, electrons Stage one trajectory
is on its way to the highest point

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of its momentum arc and once it
reaches this apergy, the stage's trajectory line

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should start to come down as its
altitude begins to drop to that movement of

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the booster as it redirects to come
back to Earth bottom heavy that way,

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the engines bear the brunt of the
re entry forces rather than shredding the carbon

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composite at the top of the stage. The stage will move quickly as it

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is pulled back to Earth by gravity, and at its peak, the first

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stage will reach around eight times the
speed of sound and generate so much friction

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that we could see a red orange
glow from the heat as it descends.

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It is t plus four minutes and
thirty three seconds into the mission and electrons

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second stage, carrying today's payloads remains
on course for paload deployment within the hour.

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Now that second stage is clocking speeds
up more than ten thousand kilometers an

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hour, having now passed one hundred
and seventy four kilometers in altitude for electrons

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first stage on its return journey back
to Earth. We have had the stage

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reach its apergy, flip into its
atmosphere re entry position, and begin dropping

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in altitude as it speeds up on
its homeward bound trajectory. It will travel

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this way for a few minutes before
its droke and main parachutes are deployed to

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help slow it down a little different
than what you're used to from our previous

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launches, but this is due to
the implementation of beast or our electrical arc

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suppression system, which ensures all electronics
on board can function nominally, the addition

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of a nitrogen tank that maintains pressure
within this stage. We're now listening to

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hear the call from mission control for
a battery hot swap. This hot swap

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maneuver will allow the continuous energy supply
to the Rutherford Engines electric pumps which deliver

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fuel to the engine's combustion chamber at
extremely high pressure. Hot swop successful a

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00:21:55.680 --> 00:21:59.880
good call from mission control. Electrons
second stage has completed the battery hot swap.

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00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.319
The second stage is maintaining its momentum
at more than fifteen thousand kilometers an

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00:22:04.359 --> 00:22:08.160
hour now past two hundred kilometers in
altitude, and we are currently at T

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plus six minutes thirty nine seconds into
the mission. And the next critical milestone

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we are tracking is the deployment of
the drug chuote on electrons. First stage

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AFTS has safe confirmed drugue deploy We
have the drogue parachute. It has been

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deployed from that first stage of electron. We heard that call from mission control,

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so that seems like a nominal drug
chute deployed since we haven't heard anything

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00:22:30.440 --> 00:22:34.079
different from our operators. That means
we'll move next to the main parachute deploy

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00:22:34.200 --> 00:22:40.720
coming up in around thirty seconds.
Main parachute deploying HVB Bettery discharge holding nomenal

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00:22:40.839 --> 00:22:45.039
another grade color from mission control.
The main parachute on electrons first stage has

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00:22:45.079 --> 00:22:48.599
successfully deployed. This means the booster's
pace will have slowed down significantly and should

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00:22:48.599 --> 00:22:52.640
now be drifting gently towards the ocean. It's expected to take around ten minutes

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00:22:52.640 --> 00:22:56.880
for the booster to reach the water
surface, but will keep the comms channels

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00:22:56.960 --> 00:23:00.799
up from mission control to share updates
as they come through burnout to Techno God

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00:23:02.720 --> 00:23:04.640
twenty six seconds from maining. Now
back to the primary mission, and we

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00:23:04.720 --> 00:23:08.880
are coming up on the final few
seconds of Stage two engine burn We will

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then have second engine cutoff or seacoat, which shuts down the engine ahead of

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00:23:14.400 --> 00:23:17.880
the kickstage separating for its phasing orbit
of Earth, and we're listening out for

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those events now. Seek confirmed TISTE
ceparation confirmed. Great news from mission control.

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00:23:23.359 --> 00:23:27.920
With that second stage engine cold and
the kickstage separated, we are now

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00:23:27.960 --> 00:23:32.839
in the final stages of this four
of a kind mission. The kickstage and

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00:23:32.960 --> 00:23:37.240
Spire and North Star satellites are now
in a coast phase around Earth. After

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00:23:37.319 --> 00:23:41.319
that elliptical orbit of Earth is complete, then the kickstages engine will light up

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00:23:41.400 --> 00:23:45.799
to set the stage and the satellites
on a circular orbit before payload deployment.

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00:23:45.880 --> 00:23:48.440
The four of a Kind mission was
the forty third launch of the Electron rocket,

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00:23:48.519 --> 00:23:52.640
which is so far successfully placed one
hundred and seventy six satellites into orbit

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00:23:52.759 --> 00:23:57.480
since their first flight back in twenty
seventeen. Twenty twenty four looks like being

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a busy year for Rocketline. They've
announced an ambitious launch schedule, with more

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00:24:03.119 --> 00:24:07.799
flights than any previous year. The
impressive manifest includes launches from both New Zealand

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00:24:07.880 --> 00:24:12.839
and the United States. Among the
many payloads will be new packages for NASA

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00:24:14.119 --> 00:24:19.240
hypersonic technology tests and block launches for
satellite operators such as Black Sky, Sinspective,

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00:24:19.359 --> 00:24:23.519
and Keenness. In order to achieve
its program, rocket Lab wants to

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start recovering and refurbishing previously used rocket
launches. Consequently, the Electron first stage

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00:24:30.759 --> 00:24:33.960
booster used for the for Va Kind
mission was recovered from the sea by rocket

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00:24:34.039 --> 00:24:38.440
Lab following the core stages parachute guided
return to the surface and splashed down.

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00:24:38.599 --> 00:24:44.400
The latest on recovery is that all
is continuing as planned for Electrons first stage

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00:24:44.440 --> 00:24:48.039
and its slow descend to the ocean. Our recovery crew are on standby and

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00:24:48.079 --> 00:24:51.759
the recovery zone waiting for that splashdown
before they can move in and get to

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00:24:51.839 --> 00:24:56.480
work. Confirmed Stage one splash down
Electrons first stage has just successfully splashed down

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00:24:56.559 --> 00:25:00.680
in the ocean after its return journey
from space. The Electron recovery team are

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00:25:00.759 --> 00:25:04.240
making their way to the stage in
the water. They're about ten minutes or

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00:25:04.279 --> 00:25:08.720
so out. They'll complete safety checks
and an initial assessment of the stages conditioned

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00:25:08.799 --> 00:25:14.519
before they attempt to bring it on
deck of the recovery ship. Recovery vessels

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00:25:14.519 --> 00:25:18.720
inbound approximately twelve minutes and they have
eyes on the stage in the water.

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00:25:18.400 --> 00:25:22.440
We also have a solid telemetry feed
from the stage as well and a further

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00:25:22.559 --> 00:25:26.759
update on Stage one. Stage one
altitude is zero and speeder is also zero

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00:25:27.519 --> 00:25:33.079
and Stage one is safe. Both
tanks are depressurized. Recovery vessels still inbound.

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00:25:33.279 --> 00:25:37.960
Recovery vessel is switching to retrieval operations
preparation confirm visual on the stage and

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00:25:37.039 --> 00:25:41.440
then it's floating well. Curry cardlass
he to schedule to a nettle and this

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00:25:41.599 --> 00:25:45.119
is recovery. We have visual confirmation
stage is intact and floating heavily, and

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00:25:45.240 --> 00:25:49.640
from here our recovery team will hoist
the stage on board the recovery vessel ready

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00:25:49.680 --> 00:25:53.200
for the trip back to our production
facility and maybe, just maybe it might

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00:25:53.519 --> 00:25:57.400
just get a second trip to space
a Wes Spain. We have had a

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00:25:57.640 --> 00:26:03.160
perfect mission so far, delivered today's
payloads to a five hundred and thirty kilometer

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00:26:03.359 --> 00:26:08.279
lower orbit, its smooth operations for
electron recovery as as ours electron cleared the

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00:26:08.319 --> 00:26:12.599
pad at launched Complex one at nineteen
thirty four New Zealand local time and sawed

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00:26:12.759 --> 00:26:19.160
cleanly through its first launch milestones that's
max q MIKO stage separation and second stage

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00:26:19.200 --> 00:26:23.559
ignition, and shortly after that the
rocket completed a successful battery hot swap for

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00:26:23.640 --> 00:26:27.880
its Stage two engine before the Rutherford
shut down as planned for kickstage separation.

335
00:26:29.079 --> 00:26:30.960
While all of that was going on, we have of course had a secondary

336
00:26:32.039 --> 00:26:36.440
mission underway to bring electrons first stage
back to Earth from space. After a

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00:26:36.519 --> 00:26:40.240
clean separation of the first stage after
Migo, the booster had a great return

338
00:26:40.359 --> 00:26:45.559
journey through its atmosphere, with successful
operation of its onboard reaction control thrusters to

339
00:26:45.680 --> 00:26:49.119
correct the stage's return trajectory. Falling
fast, the first stage hit peak speeds

340
00:26:49.160 --> 00:26:53.400
of about eight times the speed of
sound and some intensely high temperatures from atmospheric

341
00:26:53.480 --> 00:26:59.240
drag. Having survived that hard and
fast journey, we had successful deployment of

342
00:26:59.359 --> 00:27:03.720
the first day pages two parachutes to
help slow Electron down to just ten meters

343
00:27:03.799 --> 00:27:07.279
per second. Electron has since successfully
splashed down, and our team are deep

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00:27:07.359 --> 00:27:11.960
in recovery mode to pull that booster
out of the water and up on deck.

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00:27:11.119 --> 00:27:15.240
Once it is on board, they'll
de salt the vehicle as much as

346
00:27:15.279 --> 00:27:18.519
they can to preserve the stage for
its trip home to land and to the

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00:27:18.599 --> 00:27:22.400
factory. Right now that we are
just seconds away from Curey Engines shut down

348
00:27:22.480 --> 00:27:26.079
on Electrons kickstage and the beginning of
the payload deployment process. Currie Engine cut

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00:27:26.079 --> 00:27:32.519
off confirmed after two five fine thirty
one point two kilometers five fine twenty nine

350
00:27:32.519 --> 00:27:37.519
point eight kilometers inclination of ninety seven
point four line zero requests good Colm's permission

351
00:27:37.559 --> 00:27:41.480
control. There that Carrie Engine has
shut down ahead of payload deployment in the

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00:27:41.559 --> 00:27:47.839
next thirty seconds. Payload one on
Payload two deployment confirmed. There we go.

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00:27:48.000 --> 00:27:52.200
The first two of four Lemur satellites
have been deployed from the kickstage.

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00:27:52.319 --> 00:27:56.079
Let's keep a closer out for the
second deployment milestone, sending the last two

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00:27:56.160 --> 00:28:00.880
satellites for this mission. After work
in LEO Payload three M payload for deployment

356
00:28:00.920 --> 00:28:06.240
confirmed that was mission control would the
good news, we have successfully deployed all

357
00:28:06.400 --> 00:28:10.079
four of Spire and All Star satellites
to orbit, and with that we have

358
00:28:10.200 --> 00:28:15.240
completed the primary mission for our forty
third electronic launch. Rocket Lab's also been

359
00:28:15.279 --> 00:28:18.799
experimenting with using helicopters to try and
catch these boosters on their way down while

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00:28:18.799 --> 00:28:22.160
they're still in the air, but
that's proving to be far more difficult than

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they thought. This is Space time, and time now for another brief look

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00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:47.400
at some of the other stories making
news in science this week with the Science

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00:28:47.519 --> 00:28:52.240
Report, A new study claims that
men who improve their fitness could be reducing

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their risk of getting prostate cancer.
The findings are reported in the British Journal

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00:28:57.400 --> 00:29:02.160
of Sports Medicine. Looked at the
incidents of prostate cancer in a group of

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00:29:02.240 --> 00:29:06.920
fifty seven, six hundred and fifty
two men whose cardio respiratory fitness has been

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00:29:06.960 --> 00:29:11.839
tested using a stationary cycle at least
twice over an average follow up of nearly

368
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seven years. The authors found those
whose fitness that improved by three percent or

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00:29:17.200 --> 00:29:22.160
more per year with thirty five percent
less likely to develop prostate cancer than those

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00:29:22.200 --> 00:29:26.160
whose fitness declined over time. Right
now, there's little research on how one's

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00:29:26.240 --> 00:29:32.440
fitness over time impacts one's risk of
prostate cancer. And while this study was

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purely observational and therefore can't prove that
fitness levels cause or change prostate cancer risk,

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00:29:37.839 --> 00:29:41.839
the researchers said that their results at
least suggest that working on your fitness

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could help improve your odds anyway it
certainly couldn't hurt. Scientists have produced the

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00:29:49.039 --> 00:29:56.319
most comprehensive and complete catch genome assembly
ever achieved, in the process providing fundamental

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00:29:56.400 --> 00:30:00.519
information on the fee line blueprint.
The detailed DNA sequence, which has been

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00:30:00.599 --> 00:30:06.319
reported in the journal Nature, highlights
distinct genetic changes and will be a crucial

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00:30:06.440 --> 00:30:12.599
tool for researchers investigating feline diseases and
characteristics. Interestingly, the study identified fewer

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00:30:12.720 --> 00:30:18.400
segmental duplications, that is, duplicated
blocks of genomic DNA incats compared to other

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mammal groups. These insights are crucial
for those studying feline diseases, behavior,

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00:30:25.440 --> 00:30:30.720
and conservation. A new study is
found that small dog breeds such as Chihuahuas

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00:30:30.759 --> 00:30:36.559
and Pomeranians are likely to have less
risk of developing cancer than bigger breeds.

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00:30:37.200 --> 00:30:41.200
The findings were reported in the Journal
of the Raw Society. Open Science found

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00:30:41.240 --> 00:30:45.359
that larger breeds tend to have higher
cancer risks, although the risk drops in

385
00:30:45.440 --> 00:30:48.920
the largest breeds because they tend to
have shorter lifespans and so simply may not

386
00:30:49.039 --> 00:30:53.720
be living long enough to develop cancer. The study also found that some dog

387
00:30:53.839 --> 00:30:59.319
breeds, such as the flat coated
Retriever, the Scottish Terrier, Burmese mountain

388
00:30:59.400 --> 00:31:03.480
dogs, and the ball massif at
cancer risks above what you'd expect for a

389
00:31:03.559 --> 00:31:07.440
bit of their size. Interestingly,
the study also found that inbreeding whish own

390
00:31:07.480 --> 00:31:11.920
to shortened dog's lifespans, but in
general did not increase the cancer risk.

391
00:31:14.720 --> 00:31:19.000
Elon Musk has confirmed that his neuralin
company has for the first time, successfully

392
00:31:19.119 --> 00:31:25.559
implanted a computer human interface chip into
the brain of a human volunteer. The

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00:31:25.720 --> 00:31:30.000
US Food and Drug Administration gave permission
for the company to undertake the procedure,

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00:31:30.160 --> 00:31:33.279
or what's called a wireless brain computer
interface, in order to evaluate both the

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00:31:33.359 --> 00:31:38.119
safety of the implant and the procedure, which uses a surgical robot. The

396
00:31:38.240 --> 00:31:42.960
study will assess the functionality of the
interface, which enables people with quadriplegia or

397
00:31:44.039 --> 00:31:48.839
paralysis of all four limbs to control
a computer, cursor or keyboard with just

398
00:31:48.000 --> 00:31:55.200
their thoughts. The implant's ultrafying threads
helped transmit signals in a participant sprain.

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00:31:56.000 --> 00:32:00.000
The unique procedure uses a robot to
surgically implant the brain computer the interface into

400
00:32:00.079 --> 00:32:05.519
a region of the brain which controls
the intention to move. Mask says the

401
00:32:05.559 --> 00:32:10.720
initial results so promising neuron spike detection. Spikes are activities in neurons, the

402
00:32:10.839 --> 00:32:15.279
cells which use electrical and chemical signals
to send information around the brain and throughout

403
00:32:15.359 --> 00:32:21.440
the body. Well. The details
were joined by technology editor Alexharov Rout from

404
00:32:21.519 --> 00:32:27.480
tech Advice Start Life. NEURALLYNK is
his company that is creating a robotically implanted

405
00:32:27.640 --> 00:32:31.079
brain control interface and it's very precisely
implanted into the brain. And Elon Musk

406
00:32:31.359 --> 00:32:36.880
was implanting these implants into chimpanzees before
there was a scandal where one of them

407
00:32:37.000 --> 00:32:40.039
died. But originally this was designed
for people who are quadriplegic, paraplegic,

408
00:32:40.240 --> 00:32:44.359
have some sort of injuries that come
with their links, and this will give

409
00:32:44.440 --> 00:32:47.200
them effectively the ability to use the
foot, they can type things, they

410
00:32:47.279 --> 00:32:52.759
can control my well, bone control
devices and for somebody who's locked in syndrome

411
00:32:52.960 --> 00:32:54.960
or you need this sort of technology. It's obviously going to be a real

412
00:32:55.039 --> 00:32:59.960
life saper. Now will people misuse
it and want to do what Bradley could

413
00:33:00.039 --> 00:33:02.319
we did in the movie Limitless and
take some sort of a drug. In

414
00:33:02.400 --> 00:33:07.799
this case, it's an infantable people
technology that will improve their dexterity and their

415
00:33:07.880 --> 00:33:12.279
memory and their processing power. Into
the future, all of that will be

416
00:33:12.480 --> 00:33:15.519
the bionic man, the cyberman,
you know, transhumanism, Yeah, but

417
00:33:15.559 --> 00:33:20.519
also the transhumanism movement where every human
will be connected and connected to some sort

418
00:33:20.559 --> 00:33:22.000
of high mind. I mean,
all of that is possible. Obviously,

419
00:33:22.079 --> 00:33:29.480
we don't want any of the bad
things that that could entail just at the

420
00:33:29.559 --> 00:33:31.680
moment. Of course, it's just
for those people who can't be helped in

421
00:33:31.759 --> 00:33:37.079
any other way. And the news
is that the very first human implanted device

422
00:33:37.279 --> 00:33:39.559
has successfully taken place. Look,
I'm sure there's going to be more of

423
00:33:39.640 --> 00:33:44.279
these sorts of trials, more results. We will see people on stage who

424
00:33:44.279 --> 00:33:46.720
will be you know, thinking or
controlling devices just with the power of thought

425
00:33:46.720 --> 00:33:50.799
alone. And it's interesting to think
that you know, human kind of had

426
00:33:50.880 --> 00:33:53.279
the concept of telekinesis, and of
course we have the idea of the force

427
00:33:53.400 --> 00:33:57.640
and most kids would have you tried
reaching out for the fourth I know when

428
00:33:57.640 --> 00:34:00.079
I was watching Star Wars, I
try to reach out. May have done

429
00:34:00.119 --> 00:34:04.920
it too, you know, Yes, unfortunately nothing ever happens. Ever,

430
00:34:05.440 --> 00:34:09.480
no, these you're looking for so
really quite annointing shame. But one day

431
00:34:09.679 --> 00:34:14.400
this may be something that technology allows
you. Just looks. The idea of

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00:34:14.679 --> 00:34:19.360
humans merging with technology has been around
for millennia. I guess it's been happening

433
00:34:19.639 --> 00:34:23.000
slowly over the last fifty years,
and this is just the next step it

434
00:34:23.119 --> 00:34:25.639
is. And twenty of people have
pacemakers. So look, this is still

435
00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:30.360
nat technologies very early days. Yet
we only have the official word from you

436
00:34:30.480 --> 00:34:36.199
or must first input has been successful. There's still years decades of development to

437
00:34:36.280 --> 00:34:39.199
come. But one day getting a
chipping your brain or body may become utterly

438
00:34:39.320 --> 00:34:44.039
routine and we may not even think
twice about it. That's Alex Saharavroyd from

439
00:34:44.159 --> 00:35:04.280
Tech Advice, Start Life, and
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