WEBVTT 1 00:00:17.760 --> 00:00:24.199 Hello, and welcome to Western SIEV Episode two hundred and seventy four, Galileo, 2 00:00:24.320 --> 00:00:30.760 Part six. Today will be our last in depth episode on Galileo for 3 00:00:30.800 --> 00:00:36.359 a little while. We will walk right up to Galleo's inquisition, and then 4 00:00:36.600 --> 00:00:42.880 we're going to pull back for a deep look at the Inquisition in general before 5 00:00:43.039 --> 00:00:49.119 proceeding. Now, there's a couple of reasons why I'm going to do that. 6 00:00:50.320 --> 00:00:54.399 One, I think everyone could use a bit of a break from the 7 00:00:54.479 --> 00:00:57.840 history of science at this point. I love the history of science, but 8 00:00:58.679 --> 00:01:03.640 even I will admit it can get a little tedious at times, with discussions 9 00:01:03.760 --> 00:01:11.120 of the tides and how different planets move, and this experiment and that experiment. 10 00:01:12.519 --> 00:01:19.599 Number two. I'm sure you'll all remember quite easily that Galileo runs a 11 00:01:19.640 --> 00:01:26.480 foul of the Inquisition for allegedly advocating Copernicanism. A few wakes away won't cause 12 00:01:26.519 --> 00:01:30.239 you to forget that, and I'm going to remind you anyway, it's not 13 00:01:30.280 --> 00:01:37.400 that big of a deal. Three. Understanding how the Inquisition functions will make 14 00:01:37.480 --> 00:01:44.599 it a lot easier to understand Galileo as a trial. Before we get there, 15 00:01:45.640 --> 00:01:51.719 Galileo needs to publish. He needs to make the claim that's going to 16 00:01:51.719 --> 00:01:59.120 get him into trouble now. Trouble's already been brewing for some time, but 17 00:01:59.400 --> 00:02:06.120 the pot continues to boil today as Galileo is confronted by a new fact that 18 00:02:06.359 --> 00:02:17.240 seemingly disproves ptolome comments. Between August and November sixteen eighteen, Galileo observed three 19 00:02:17.439 --> 00:02:23.240 comments in the night sky. One was visible to the naked eye. In 20 00:02:23.319 --> 00:02:30.360 fact, we are told that Europeans were so fascinated by this new heavenly body 21 00:02:30.000 --> 00:02:35.280 that everyone seemingly was willing to give up a night's sleep to observe it. 22 00:02:36.919 --> 00:02:42.919 Interestingly, Galileo did not devote time to studying these comments, certainly not the 23 00:02:42.919 --> 00:02:47.439 time that he had devoted to other heavenly bodies. The reason is simple. 24 00:02:49.400 --> 00:02:54.599 He was sick. Galleo was ill during the latter half of sixteen eighteen and 25 00:02:54.800 --> 00:03:01.120 was unable to make the observations we might have expected him to. His illness, 26 00:03:01.159 --> 00:03:07.439 of course, was to genuine, but it was also partly political. 27 00:03:07.960 --> 00:03:15.960 It's highly likely that Galileo could sense the growing storm clouds on the horizon emanating 28 00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:22.479 from the general direction of Rome. If he did not observe the commets, 29 00:03:23.520 --> 00:03:27.879 then he would be under no obligation to comment on them, which at the 30 00:03:27.919 --> 00:03:35.800 moment seemed like the smart move. According to traditional astronomy, which held that 31 00:03:35.960 --> 00:03:42.199 change was impossible in the heavens, comets had to be a terrestrial phenomenon, 32 00:03:42.919 --> 00:03:46.960 they had to be located somewhere in the upper atmosphere. According to the new 33 00:03:47.000 --> 00:03:53.919 astronomy, new stars and commets were obviously located in the heavens. They were 34 00:03:53.400 --> 00:03:59.000 until the discovery of sunspots, the crucial evidence in favor of change in the 35 00:03:59.039 --> 00:04:04.680 heavens. The most important work on both of these phenomenon had been done by 36 00:04:04.719 --> 00:04:10.639 Tico Brahe, who had published on the New Star of fifteen seventy two and 37 00:04:10.680 --> 00:04:15.759 the comment of fifteen seventy seven. In both cases, the main argument was 38 00:04:15.800 --> 00:04:23.399 from parallax, the idea that if novas or comets were close to the Earth, 39 00:04:24.360 --> 00:04:29.759 then observers looking at them from different places on the Earth's surface ought to 40 00:04:29.800 --> 00:04:35.480 see them located differently against the backdrop of fixed stars. Galileo had used precisely 41 00:04:35.519 --> 00:04:41.759 this argument in relation to the nova of sixteen oh four. Now you can 42 00:04:41.800 --> 00:04:46.399 see how this works for yourself right now. If you hold up a finger 43 00:04:46.480 --> 00:04:48.600 before your eyes and you look at it first with one eye, and then 44 00:04:48.600 --> 00:04:54.279 with the other. The finger will appear to move against the background of whatever 45 00:04:54.360 --> 00:04:57.959 is in front of you. The closer the finger is to you, you'll 46 00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:02.439 notice the greater the movement. Such measurements can be carried out with the Moon 47 00:05:03.079 --> 00:05:08.360 and can be used to calculate the Moon's distance from the Earth. Since no 48 00:05:08.519 --> 00:05:13.120 parallax could be measured in the case of new stars and comets, they simply 49 00:05:13.480 --> 00:05:20.079 had to be further away. The comets of sixteen eighteen were therefore important for 50 00:05:20.160 --> 00:05:28.680 astronomers, but they were particularly important for Catholics, but they came hard on 51 00:05:28.720 --> 00:05:35.839 the heels of the condemnation of Copernicanism. If Galileo's Copernicanism was false, then 52 00:05:35.839 --> 00:05:42.399 there were two alternatives available, both of which placed the Earth on moving at 53 00:05:42.439 --> 00:05:47.959 the center of a universe of fixed size. Aristotelian Tolomega astronomy, which denied 54 00:05:47.959 --> 00:05:54.639 the possibility of change in the heavens and held that all heavenly objects circled around 55 00:05:54.639 --> 00:06:00.800 the Earth, and the astronomy of Tico Brahe, which recognized the existence of 56 00:06:00.879 --> 00:06:04.759 change in the heavens and held that the planets circled around the Sun, while 57 00:06:04.800 --> 00:06:15.279 the sun circled around the Earth. Every single one of Galileo's astronomical discoveries were 58 00:06:15.319 --> 00:06:20.240 at odds with the teachings of the Aristotelians, though every single one of them 59 00:06:20.279 --> 00:06:27.319 was compatible with the new astronomy of Tikobrie. For the Jesuit scientists in Rome, 60 00:06:27.800 --> 00:06:31.839 who had followed Galileo's discoveries closely and who carried out their own observations with 61 00:06:31.920 --> 00:06:42.279 telescopes, the conclusion was straightforward. Ptolemy was wrong. Their acknowledged leader, 62 00:06:42.600 --> 00:06:47.399 Clavius, had before he died in sixteen twelve, expressed in print the view 63 00:06:47.439 --> 00:06:55.040 that the old cosmology would have to be abandoned. It simply was not compatible 64 00:06:55.720 --> 00:07:01.560 with the evidence. There had to be a new astronom to me. But 65 00:07:01.759 --> 00:07:10.879 Copernicus was now forbidden, and so by elimination that left only Tico Braje. 66 00:07:11.439 --> 00:07:17.399 The reason was so straightforward that the Jesuit scientists were convinced that even Galileo would 67 00:07:17.399 --> 00:07:24.879 adopt it. Interestingly, then, in sixteen nineteen, Galileo co authored a 68 00:07:24.920 --> 00:07:30.279 pamphlet essentially defending the Aristotelian view on comets. Many of his friends and supporters 69 00:07:30.319 --> 00:07:38.000 were shocked. They shouldn't have been Galleo's argument was never a complete defense of 70 00:07:38.040 --> 00:07:45.040 Aristotle. It was much more nuanced than that. Galileo accepted Aristotle's claim that 71 00:07:45.160 --> 00:07:49.839 comments were far away, that they inhabited the upper atmosphere, but he rejected 72 00:07:49.879 --> 00:07:57.680 Aristotle's assertion that comments were burning fires. He believed that they were visual distortions, 73 00:07:58.000 --> 00:08:03.639 like rainbows. Galileo's arguments were stronger than Aristotle's, but they still had 74 00:08:03.680 --> 00:08:07.800 major flaws. For example, rainbow's move when we move, that's because they're 75 00:08:07.879 --> 00:08:11.839 quite close to us. The comets don't, so how could they be like 76 00:08:11.959 --> 00:08:20.920 rainbows. Some historians actually believe Galileo is simply being provocative here. Given Galileo's 77 00:08:20.920 --> 00:08:26.279 preference for theory, I'm not so sure. It seems likely here that what 78 00:08:26.399 --> 00:08:35.200 Galileo was doing was not attacking Aristotle. He was attacking Tico Brahe. Brahe 79 00:08:35.279 --> 00:08:39.759 believed that comets were much closer to Earth than Copernicus. Galileo was firmly on 80 00:08:39.799 --> 00:08:46.799 Copernicus's side, Hence his argument was in truth directed at Brahe, not Aristotle. 81 00:08:48.240 --> 00:08:52.639 Galileo and his main opponent, a gentleman by the name of Oracio Grassi, 82 00:08:54.480 --> 00:09:01.200 continued to openly debate the matter However, neither Anne had any thing significant 83 00:09:01.200 --> 00:09:07.039 to say. Though still the debate is significant for two reasons, First because 84 00:09:07.039 --> 00:09:11.120 it tells us something important about Galileo, and second because it provoked him to 85 00:09:11.159 --> 00:09:20.519 publish The Essayer, which is his most extended discussion of scientific methodology. So 86 00:09:20.639 --> 00:09:26.559 what does it tell us about Galileo? There was nothing in the Astronomical Balance, 87 00:09:26.679 --> 00:09:33.279 which was written in response to Galleo's position on the Comments, that might 88 00:09:33.360 --> 00:09:37.919 have been expected to offend Galileo. Galileo was the one who picked the fight 89 00:09:37.960 --> 00:09:43.679 in the first place, and here his attitude is probably typical of many brilliant 90 00:09:43.679 --> 00:09:50.279 people. You simply could not abide anyone less brilliant than he. Most of 91 00:09:50.320 --> 00:09:54.559 his colleagues, Galileo felt, could not keep up with him intellectually, so 92 00:09:54.600 --> 00:10:01.519 there was little point in arguing with them. But they is the more important 93 00:10:01.600 --> 00:10:11.080 point here First and foremost, this book contains Galileo's clearest exposition on the role 94 00:10:11.120 --> 00:10:18.639 of facts in scientific argument. Prior to the seventeenth century, it was sufficient 95 00:10:18.159 --> 00:10:24.480 to accumulate stacks of works by learned authorities to prove your case. Whoever had 96 00:10:24.480 --> 00:10:33.759 the bigger stack one. Galileo thought this was nonsense. He rejected all the 97 00:10:33.799 --> 00:10:39.360 authority of the ancients in favor of his own experience and the facts derived therefrom 98 00:10:39.879 --> 00:10:48.240 In other words, what Galileo's really doing here is redefining what we call evidence. 99 00:10:48.600 --> 00:10:54.639 And the key was the telescope. With it, Galileo could see much 100 00:10:54.720 --> 00:11:03.000 more than Aristotle or Ptolomy. So there was just wasn't worth as much as 101 00:11:03.000 --> 00:11:09.559 Galileo's observations. It wasn't their fault, per se, it just had terrible 102 00:11:09.679 --> 00:11:18.759 technology. The second major assertion Galleo makes is that philosophy is not fiction. 103 00:11:20.840 --> 00:11:28.759 It's something that we must discover by reading the Book of Nature. Quoting Galileo, 104 00:11:28.840 --> 00:11:33.480 here, philosophy is written in this very great book which always lies open 105 00:11:33.519 --> 00:11:39.720 before our eyes, I mean the universe. But one cannot understand it unless 106 00:11:39.759 --> 00:11:46.279 one first learns to understand the language and recognize the characters in which it's written. 107 00:11:48.279 --> 00:11:52.960 It is written in a mathematical language, and the characters are triangles, 108 00:11:52.559 --> 00:12:01.080 circles, and other geometrical figures. Without these means, it is humanly impossible 109 00:12:01.559 --> 00:12:07.639 to understand a word of it. Without these, there is only clueless scrabbling 110 00:12:07.679 --> 00:12:13.919 around in a dark labyrinth. End quote. This is perhaps the most famous 111 00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:22.200 passage in all of Galileo, and it represents a firm commitment to the realist 112 00:12:22.320 --> 00:12:28.840 theory of knowledge. The Essayer was not without its controversy, though in it 113 00:12:28.919 --> 00:12:35.519 Galileo espoused a clearly atomist view of the universe. But if atoms are fixed 114 00:12:35.039 --> 00:12:43.480 and do not magically change, then transubstantiation cannot be. And that really mattered 115 00:12:43.519 --> 00:12:52.080 in the seventeenth century because transsubstantiation, the sort of magical transformation of the bread 116 00:12:52.120 --> 00:12:56.679 and the wine during the Catholic Mass into the body and blood of Christ, 117 00:12:56.960 --> 00:13:05.159 had become a major dividing point between Protestants and Catholics, and of course, 118 00:13:05.480 --> 00:13:11.360 as a result, the Essayer was denounced by the Inquisition. And that gives 119 00:13:11.440 --> 00:13:20.440 us to a fundamental question. If Galileo had been banned from advocating Copernicanism, 120 00:13:20.399 --> 00:13:26.000 why did he seem to do so now, or at the very least, 121 00:13:26.639 --> 00:13:33.480 why did he argue against Aristotle and Ticobrie, which was tantamount to advocating Copernicanism. 122 00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:41.480 I think the answer is that Galileo was in too deep, had gone 123 00:13:41.519 --> 00:13:46.080 so far in the Starry Messager, that trying to pull back now simply wasn't 124 00:13:46.159 --> 00:13:52.519 going to happen. Galileo was determined not to be his father. He would 125 00:13:52.519 --> 00:13:58.840 not die of failure. He knew the truth, and he was willing to 126 00:13:58.879 --> 00:14:05.000 fight for it, at least for now. Late in sixteen twenty two, 127 00:14:05.279 --> 00:14:09.759 after he had sent the manuscript of the Essayer off to Rome to be printed, 128 00:14:09.399 --> 00:14:15.639 Galileo began to revise his Discourse on the Tides. It seemed he was 129 00:14:15.679 --> 00:14:20.039 preparing to reopen the question of Copernicanism, despite the fact that he had been 130 00:14:20.039 --> 00:14:28.840 forbidden to do so. What made him think that circumstances had changed? True, 131 00:14:28.240 --> 00:14:33.519 his major opponent the first time around, Cardinal Berrami, had died the 132 00:14:33.600 --> 00:14:43.720 year before, so maybe Galileo assumed that animosity died with him. Even so, 133 00:14:43.000 --> 00:14:50.000 Galileo surely knew there was no prospect of publishing or even circulating a manuscript 134 00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:54.200 in defense of Copernicanism in Italy under the present circumstances, So what would be 135 00:14:54.200 --> 00:15:00.799 the point of updating his discourse on the Tides? We have is a puzzle, 136 00:15:01.279 --> 00:15:05.559 and unfortunately there's a missing piece. Fortunately, it's not too difficult to 137 00:15:05.600 --> 00:15:11.519 discover a piece that fits that enables us to make sense of Galileo's behavior in 138 00:15:11.559 --> 00:15:18.559 sixteen thirty three, leon A Laqui published a book on the intellectual life in 139 00:15:18.679 --> 00:15:24.519 Rome titled The Urban Bees. While the herbs in question is Rome, the 140 00:15:24.559 --> 00:15:26.759 title is also a pun. It's a reference to Pope Urban the eighth, 141 00:15:28.440 --> 00:15:33.960 the bee binging the symbol of the Babarini family, and in it we find 142 00:15:33.960 --> 00:15:39.039 the following passage quote, the French have a high opinion of Galileo, that 143 00:15:39.240 --> 00:15:43.679 some of them have come to Italy with the sole purpose of meeting with him. 144 00:15:43.840 --> 00:15:48.519 Indeed, I have learned from a reliable source that a person called Did'ati, 145 00:15:48.840 --> 00:15:52.240 of noble birth, known for his science and his virtue, hurriedly came 146 00:15:52.320 --> 00:15:58.559 from France to Florence for this sole reason, and that having spent the whole 147 00:15:58.600 --> 00:16:03.279 of thirteen days talking to Galileo about various mysteries of nature in order to satisfy 148 00:16:03.279 --> 00:16:08.639 his intellectual curiosity. Judging that he was, as far as he was concerned, 149 00:16:08.639 --> 00:16:12.720 seeing Italy at Galileo's side was all the Italy he needed to see, 150 00:16:14.559 --> 00:16:18.120 he returned to France, dropping all his other business and traveling in long stages 151 00:16:18.279 --> 00:16:26.120 end quote. Diodotti had written to Galileo in sixteen twenty asking if he had 152 00:16:26.159 --> 00:16:33.559 plans for publication and offering him help to get around any quote unquote local obstacles. 153 00:16:33.360 --> 00:16:40.600 News of the conbination of Copernicanism was now beginning to circulate among French intellectuals. 154 00:16:41.480 --> 00:16:45.080 Galileo replied, making it clear that he was prevented from publishing. The 155 00:16:45.120 --> 00:16:51.840 surviving correspondence would seem to suggest that there was no further contact between Galileo and 156 00:16:51.840 --> 00:16:56.759 Didati for five years, but it seems unlikely that matters were allowed to rest 157 00:16:56.799 --> 00:17:03.839 there. How she reports, it's exactly what one would expect a semi clandestine 158 00:17:03.960 --> 00:17:11.640 vision by Diodati to discuss the probabilities of publishing abroad. Essentially, what do 159 00:17:11.799 --> 00:17:18.240 that they brought with him was news of different individuals publishing abroad under both pseudonyms 160 00:17:18.480 --> 00:17:26.839 and in different ways that avoided contacting the ire of the Inquisition. He was 161 00:17:26.880 --> 00:17:33.200 providing Galileo with a model, a way to publish his findings without creating further 162 00:17:33.319 --> 00:17:41.720 controversy. Now, if Galileo had gone in that direction, there's every possibility 163 00:17:41.000 --> 00:17:47.319 that he never would have come into contact at the Inquisition again, But as 164 00:17:47.319 --> 00:17:53.079 we're about to see, he doesn't, and why he doesn't doesn't have anything 165 00:17:53.160 --> 00:18:00.079 to do with a lack of strategic sense. On August sixth, sixteen twenty 166 00:18:00.160 --> 00:18:07.599 three, Mafeo Babrini, a Florentine, was elected Pope Urban the eighth. 167 00:18:07.440 --> 00:18:14.400 He would be the pope during Galileo's inquisition battles. In October of that year, 168 00:18:14.960 --> 00:18:18.400 Galileo's work The Essayer was also published. As soon as the book was 169 00:18:18.480 --> 00:18:23.000 printed, a local secretary to the pope began reading it to him at meal 170 00:18:23.039 --> 00:18:30.559 times. This was, as Galileo would later recognize a quote marvelous combination of 171 00:18:30.640 --> 00:18:34.279 circumstances end quote. But to take full advantage of it, he needed to 172 00:18:34.279 --> 00:18:40.960 come to Rome. Yet Galileo delayed. The weather was bad, he was 173 00:18:41.079 --> 00:18:45.400 ill, He had to arrange for his orphan nephews to enter monasteries. We 174 00:18:45.440 --> 00:18:51.000 can imagine, though, that after the experiences of sixteen sixteen, he was 175 00:18:51.079 --> 00:18:55.559 reluctant to revisit the scene of his defeat. When he finally set out in 176 00:18:55.599 --> 00:19:00.279 April of sixteen twenty four, he delayed his arrival further, staying two weeks 177 00:19:00.319 --> 00:19:06.559 with his friend and patron Rico Sessi. It was during this visit that Galileo 178 00:19:06.599 --> 00:19:11.480 performed the only experiment of which we have an eyewitness account. One day they 179 00:19:11.480 --> 00:19:14.880 went out on a boat ride on a local lake. While riding on the 180 00:19:14.880 --> 00:19:18.160 boat, which was powered by oars, Galileo asked his friend if he had 181 00:19:18.160 --> 00:19:21.599 anything heavy with him. His friend said, yes, he did, a 182 00:19:21.640 --> 00:19:25.359 lock and key, which at the time would have been quite bulky. Galileo 183 00:19:25.480 --> 00:19:29.680 took the lock and key from him tossed it up in the air. We 184 00:19:29.759 --> 00:19:34.759 know from his friend's later recollections that he was immediately distraught. He assumed that 185 00:19:34.839 --> 00:19:40.039 the lock and key was gone forever, that the boat would continue to move 186 00:19:40.079 --> 00:19:42.640 forward, but the lock and key would go backwards. Of course, it 187 00:19:42.680 --> 00:19:48.319 didn't. Landed right back in Galileo's hand, and thus, with a simple 188 00:19:48.359 --> 00:19:53.839 experiment, Galileo had shown how objects don't lose their motion when affected in another 189 00:19:53.920 --> 00:20:00.680 direction. Now, getting back to the much more important issue at hand, 190 00:20:02.240 --> 00:20:08.480 Pope Urban laid down two conditions for any publication of Copernicanism. First, it 191 00:20:08.559 --> 00:20:15.920 had to be presented as an arguable theory with arguments for and against. Second, 192 00:20:15.519 --> 00:20:21.000 Galileo had to concede that there were limits, profound limits when it came 193 00:20:21.039 --> 00:20:26.839 to human knowledge of scientific questions. In the end, all Urban wanted was 194 00:20:26.880 --> 00:20:33.440 another a sayer and so Galileo retreated into isolation to write. He wanted to 195 00:20:33.440 --> 00:20:38.319 give him one, but he also desperately wanted to defend Copernicanism. He began 196 00:20:38.480 --> 00:20:44.240 then writing a series of letters that analyzed the Copernican system of the universe and 197 00:20:44.279 --> 00:20:49.319 the Ptolemaic Some may ask, well, why not Tko Brahe's system. Well, 198 00:20:49.359 --> 00:20:53.880 Galileo believed because he had proven that Venus orbits the Sun, no one 199 00:20:53.960 --> 00:21:00.640 could take Brahe seriously anymore. Galileo viewed the Taikan, which is Tico Brahe's 200 00:21:00.640 --> 00:21:07.359 system, as an adaptation of the Ptolemaic system. Tico had done little more 201 00:21:07.440 --> 00:21:14.960 than adopt Aristotle's physics while following Copernicus's astronomy. Galileo believed all this was nonsense. 202 00:21:15.880 --> 00:21:19.000 But of course there's something worth pointing out here. Galileo had a telescope. 203 00:21:19.680 --> 00:21:26.240 Tico Brahe did not. This innovation, not Galileo, was really what 204 00:21:26.400 --> 00:21:33.519 had shown Brahe to be mistaken. Galileo did not need to waste more ink 205 00:21:33.640 --> 00:21:38.599 proving the matter. Galileo wanted to push the topic forward, not go over 206 00:21:38.680 --> 00:21:45.039 old territory. He was now pressing the claim that the universe was spectacularly large. 207 00:21:47.319 --> 00:21:52.000 This was dangerous territory. The Church held that the Earth had to be 208 00:21:52.079 --> 00:21:57.240 the center of the universe because Christ has visited Earth. If the universe was 209 00:21:57.279 --> 00:22:03.640 populated by innumerable inhabited planets, well then there might be innumerable Jesus Christs. 210 00:22:03.519 --> 00:22:11.680 That the Church asserted was impossible. Galileo was on thin ice, indeed, 211 00:22:11.880 --> 00:22:18.640 But then by sixteen twenty eight his work had ground to a standstill. This 212 00:22:18.799 --> 00:22:23.759 was supposed to be his great opus on the Copernican and Ptolemaic systems, yet 213 00:22:23.839 --> 00:22:30.880 it was not finished. But why Well to answer that question, we need 214 00:22:30.920 --> 00:22:37.000 to remember that Galileo was a real person, not a painting, not some 215 00:22:37.200 --> 00:22:41.519 name in a history book. He had real world relationships to deal with, 216 00:22:41.119 --> 00:22:48.759 and those were taking the prime position in his life at that moment. Sometime 217 00:22:48.880 --> 00:22:56.039 in sixteen twenty seven, Galileo encouraged his nephew to marry Anna di Cosimo di 218 00:22:56.200 --> 00:23:02.880 Khalidi. Well, this might not seem like anything of any importance. Consider 219 00:23:02.920 --> 00:23:08.759 this, Galileo paid for Anna the bride's wedding dress and held the wedding in 220 00:23:08.799 --> 00:23:18.720 his home. But why why pay for some random person's wedding dress. The 221 00:23:18.799 --> 00:23:26.000 answer is that Anna wasn't random at all, she was Galileo's illegitimate daughter. 222 00:23:26.400 --> 00:23:33.519 This seems more likely the case after the wedding, when Galileo subsequently took responsibility 223 00:23:33.880 --> 00:23:38.759 for Anna's daughter. In fact, he treated his grandchild just like all the 224 00:23:38.799 --> 00:23:45.039 others. But this was just one piece of family drama that Galileo was dealing 225 00:23:45.079 --> 00:23:52.039 with. Galileo's younger brother, Michelangelo, had always been a bit of a 226 00:23:52.119 --> 00:23:59.240 disappointment. Sometime in August of sixteen twenty eight, just as Galileo was struggling 227 00:23:59.279 --> 00:24:03.039 to write, Michalangelo returned to Florence to get his wife and children and take 228 00:24:03.079 --> 00:24:08.839 them away. Galileo had been supporting them and told his brother that his family 229 00:24:08.880 --> 00:24:15.680 was better off staying here. The two brothers parted on bad terms, and 230 00:24:15.759 --> 00:24:22.359 Michelangelo died shortly thereafter, on January the third, sixteen thirty one. But 231 00:24:22.400 --> 00:24:27.640 there's more to the story, more headaches. If you ask Galileo, you 232 00:24:27.680 --> 00:24:33.960 see, Michelangelo had a son, and back in sixteen twenty eight, his 233 00:24:34.119 --> 00:24:41.039 son, Vincenzo, got into trouble in Rome. It seemed like, unfortunately, 234 00:24:41.160 --> 00:24:45.680 Vincenzo was a bit of a chip off the old block. His father 235 00:24:45.839 --> 00:24:51.440 had been a great disappointment and he was prepared to also become a great disappointment. 236 00:24:52.160 --> 00:24:59.200 Galleo's friend Castelli had been looking after Vincenzo for Galileo, and Castelli was 237 00:24:59.200 --> 00:25:03.599 at the end of his rope. Vincenzo refused to abide by any lessons he 238 00:25:03.640 --> 00:25:07.880 said unless he beat him. Vincenzo wanted to be a musician, just like 239 00:25:07.960 --> 00:25:15.680 his father as well and his grandfather before him. Matters came to a head 240 00:25:15.680 --> 00:25:19.240 when he got into this altercation with his landlord. In a sort of moment 241 00:25:19.319 --> 00:25:27.000 when he forgot himself and forgot where he was Rome, Vincenzo tried to insult 242 00:25:27.039 --> 00:25:30.480 his landlord by telling him, you are a fool. You do nothing but 243 00:25:30.599 --> 00:25:37.400 worship quote painted mosaics end quote. Well, this was of course pure blasphemy, 244 00:25:38.079 --> 00:25:44.359 and one was allowed to worship images of Christ and Mary and all the 245 00:25:44.440 --> 00:25:49.319 rest throughout churches in Italy, so to suggest that those were not representations of 246 00:25:49.359 --> 00:25:55.759 the real deities while that was something indeed, Castelli tried to intervene, but 247 00:25:55.799 --> 00:26:00.640 it was too late. Vincenzo found himself denounced to the inquisition, and though 248 00:26:00.680 --> 00:26:06.160 we do not have all the details, it appears that he was tortured Galileo 249 00:26:06.400 --> 00:26:11.880 was ultimately able to intervene on the part of his nephew and spirit him away, 250 00:26:11.880 --> 00:26:15.119 although the young man who was never a success in life and wound up 251 00:26:15.480 --> 00:26:25.400 dying very young. We don't know exactly what kind of interactions happened between Vincenzo 252 00:26:25.920 --> 00:26:32.839 and Galileo after Galileo got his nephew out of Rome, but based off of 253 00:26:32.880 --> 00:26:38.720 Galileo's later incredible fear of the Inquisition, I think it's safe to assume Vincenzo 254 00:26:38.799 --> 00:26:44.759 told him some pretty awful war stories. We know that it was very common 255 00:26:45.119 --> 00:26:49.480 for the Inquisition to torture those who were not willing to admit their guilt right 256 00:26:49.519 --> 00:26:56.599 away. Vincenzo probably was tortured, and the stories that he heard from his 257 00:26:56.720 --> 00:27:03.000 nephew, Wow. They haunted Galileo until his own interaction with the Inquisition, 258 00:27:03.079 --> 00:27:10.480 and quite frankly, perhaps even beyond. In March of sixteen twenty nine, 259 00:27:10.559 --> 00:27:15.759 Galileo fell seriously ill for the first time he came face to face with the 260 00:27:15.799 --> 00:27:21.759 reality that he might not finish his life's work. Within a few weeks he 261 00:27:21.920 --> 00:27:26.640 was well again, but it was not until October sixteen twenty nine that he 262 00:27:26.720 --> 00:27:32.640 began writing once more. This time, he was encouraged by good news the 263 00:27:32.680 --> 00:27:38.440 appointment of Nicolo Ricardi as Master of the Sacred Palace. The Master of the 264 00:27:38.440 --> 00:27:47.039 Sacred Palace was the Pope's personal theologian. Essentially, he was the person responsible 265 00:27:47.440 --> 00:27:52.319 for censoring books or for giving them the green light, and Ricardi had written 266 00:27:52.359 --> 00:28:00.240 words of praise for Galileo's essayer years earlier. If Galileo was ever to get 267 00:28:00.599 --> 00:28:07.839 a work on Copernicus through the Vatican, now was the time. Galileo had 268 00:28:07.880 --> 00:28:11.000 hoped to finish his manuscript by the spring, but it was not until the 269 00:28:11.039 --> 00:28:18.559 end of January sixteen thirty that he finally finished work on the Dialogue, a 270 00:28:18.599 --> 00:28:23.200 book he first began in fifteen ninety seven. It was just in the nick 271 00:28:23.240 --> 00:28:29.680 of time. His sight was failing, and with cataracts growing in both eyes, 272 00:28:30.200 --> 00:28:33.240 he knew soon he would be unable to read or write at all. 273 00:28:34.640 --> 00:28:38.640 In February, Galleo agreed to travel to Rome to make arrangements for publication, 274 00:28:40.440 --> 00:28:44.839 but he did not leave until April. Galleo arrived in Roma on May the 275 00:28:44.920 --> 00:28:48.759 third and left on June the twenty ninth, sixteen thirty. He met with 276 00:28:48.799 --> 00:28:52.839 the Pope and Ricardi and left with assurances he only needed to make a few 277 00:28:52.880 --> 00:28:59.920 small changes before he could publish. Ideally, Galileo wanted to dedicate the book 278 00:29:00.079 --> 00:29:03.799 to the Pope if his eminence would allow it. Galileo hoped to return to 279 00:29:03.920 --> 00:29:10.039 Rome with an edited manuscript that fall. There were three people Galileo had to 280 00:29:10.079 --> 00:29:15.240 convince in order to obtain permission to publish. First, there was the cardinal 281 00:29:15.240 --> 00:29:19.720 and nephew to the Pope, Francisco Barberini. Babarini had had a long private 282 00:29:19.759 --> 00:29:26.960 conversation with Castelli in February sixteen thirty, in which Castelli had outlined Galileo's theory 283 00:29:26.000 --> 00:29:32.359 of the tides caused by the movement of the Earth. Baberini had had one 284 00:29:32.359 --> 00:29:36.200 objection, if the Earth moved, did that not mean that it was a 285 00:29:36.200 --> 00:29:42.640 new star? And was that not theologically unacceptable? Castelli had reassured him Galileo 286 00:29:42.680 --> 00:29:47.599 would certainly prove that the Earth was not a star, and certainly, after 287 00:29:47.640 --> 00:29:52.039 discussing the matter with Galileo, Castelli did just that. He worked to reassure 288 00:29:52.079 --> 00:29:56.720 Babardini that this argument over whether the Earth was a star was pure semantics and 289 00:29:56.839 --> 00:30:02.559 nothing more. Clearly, Galileo's telescope had shown that no two planets were alike. 290 00:30:03.400 --> 00:30:08.519 Thus the distinction between the Earth and stars was as unnecessary as this distinction 291 00:30:08.640 --> 00:30:14.079 between the Earth and other planets in the universe. He argued, no two 292 00:30:14.079 --> 00:30:19.359 things were exactly alike. The argument appeared to work, but while Babaiini might 293 00:30:19.400 --> 00:30:23.759 have been convinced, it is telling that after Galileo's condemnation, in the years 294 00:30:23.759 --> 00:30:30.000 ahead he would remove any paintings or other representations from his home illustrating a Copernican 295 00:30:30.079 --> 00:30:36.319 universe. His support would prove not to be as strong as Galileo might have 296 00:30:36.359 --> 00:30:42.440 hoped. The second person Galileo had to convince was Rafaelo Viscanti, and the 297 00:30:42.480 --> 00:30:48.599 third was the Pope. These two men had very similar concerns. Really, 298 00:30:49.079 --> 00:30:53.839 all they needed Galileo to do was admit that there was more than one explanation 299 00:30:53.960 --> 00:31:02.039 for things. So long as Galleo made it clear that Copernicanism was one explanation 300 00:31:02.119 --> 00:31:07.759 for the universe, he was fine. Galleo needed to acknowledge that God could 301 00:31:07.839 --> 00:31:15.039 do things beyond human comprehension, which might might and that's underlined make talome write 302 00:31:15.079 --> 00:31:21.480 frankly. Given the context of the early seventeenth century, this doesn't seem like 303 00:31:21.559 --> 00:31:26.720 a big ask. The way that Galileo's book is ultimately laid out is in 304 00:31:26.759 --> 00:31:30.200 a dialogue, which makes sense because the title of it is the Dialogue. 305 00:31:30.759 --> 00:31:37.519 It's a fictional dialogue between Copernicus, Aristotle, and Ptolome. These men present 306 00:31:37.599 --> 00:31:42.559 their different arguments for how the universe is situated and discuss the merits of each. 307 00:31:44.759 --> 00:31:49.599 However, there's a fourth voice in the book. Throughout the margins, 308 00:31:51.000 --> 00:31:59.960 Galileo writes helpful notes for the reader. These notes are essentially Galileo speaking, 309 00:32:00.359 --> 00:32:06.640 even if he doesn't use his own voice, and Galileo speaking is firmly in 310 00:32:06.680 --> 00:32:13.839 Copernicus's corner. The book that Galileo took to Rome in sixteen thirty was identical 311 00:32:13.880 --> 00:32:19.079 to that which was ultimately published. Hence, when Galileo put it to the 312 00:32:19.119 --> 00:32:22.680 press, he had to have known that he was not respecting the Pope's wish 313 00:32:23.200 --> 00:32:30.400 that he explained Copernicanism as the one explanation for the universe. After all, 314 00:32:30.799 --> 00:32:36.559 he kept in the argument about the tides, and the sole purpose of that 315 00:32:36.759 --> 00:32:44.119 argument was to proclaim Copernicanism as the only possible account for the structure of the 316 00:32:44.160 --> 00:32:52.279 heavens. Nevertheless, By the time Galileo left Florence, both Ricardi and Visconti 317 00:32:52.640 --> 00:32:58.839 had read the book and were determined not to stand in its way. Unfortunately, 318 00:32:59.319 --> 00:33:04.480 Galileo's luck did not hold. On August, the First PRINCESSI, who 319 00:33:04.519 --> 00:33:09.200 I mentioned earlier, one of Galileo's biggest supporters, died. Had he lived, 320 00:33:10.160 --> 00:33:16.480 what followed might not have happened. Geopolitical events were also turning against Galileo. 321 00:33:17.519 --> 00:33:22.279 On July the sixteenth, Spain took Mantua from France in one of those 322 00:33:22.759 --> 00:33:30.039 never ending Italian wars between the two great powers were still Sweden had just invaded 323 00:33:30.119 --> 00:33:36.119 Germany this is during the Thirty Years War, and would soon ally itself with 324 00:33:36.200 --> 00:33:42.799 France, despite Sweden being a Protestant country. Hope Urban's position in all this 325 00:33:43.000 --> 00:33:47.599 was an unenviable one. He had spent crucial years as the Pope's representative in 326 00:33:47.680 --> 00:33:52.920 France, where he had formed connections that continued to shape his thinking. Moreover, 327 00:33:53.480 --> 00:33:58.920 France was the only power that could counterbalance Spain, and if Spain gained 328 00:33:59.000 --> 00:34:04.759 undisputed control over the Italian peninsula, the Papacy would lose all of its freedom. 329 00:34:05.440 --> 00:34:10.079 Urban was thus consistently pro French, but the Thirty Years War had begun 330 00:34:10.119 --> 00:34:16.000 in sixteen eighteen, and in June of sixteen thirty Sweden, encouraged by France, 331 00:34:16.679 --> 00:34:21.880 entered the war against the Habsburgs. If the Pope was an ally of 332 00:34:21.920 --> 00:34:25.880 France, then he was also an ally of the Protestants and an enemy of 333 00:34:25.960 --> 00:34:30.320 Catholicism. This was not a comfortable position for Pope Urban to be in, 334 00:34:31.639 --> 00:34:37.480 nor was this good news for Galileo. Florence, like the Pope, wanted 335 00:34:37.480 --> 00:34:43.159 to avoid the irreversible choice between the two sides. But if the Pope was 336 00:34:43.519 --> 00:34:47.719 instinctively and consistently leaning towards France, then the grand Dukes of Tuscany were, 337 00:34:49.000 --> 00:34:53.400 when the chips were down, allies of the Spanish. Indeed, in sixteen 338 00:34:53.480 --> 00:34:59.800 thirty two, two princes of the Medici family, Francisco and Medeas, were 339 00:34:59.840 --> 00:35:06.559 in Germany fighting the Protestants. In sixteen twenty four. Urban had been proud 340 00:35:06.599 --> 00:35:13.440 of his Florentine origins and surrounded himself with fellow Florentines. Now he began to 341 00:35:13.519 --> 00:35:19.239 worry that their loyalties were divided. Rumors circulating in sixteen thirty that he had 342 00:35:19.280 --> 00:35:25.079 fallen out with his secretary Galileo and Urban were now potentially on opposite sides of 343 00:35:25.119 --> 00:35:30.920 a pan European conflict. In sixteen thirty, there were bitter divisions in Rome 344 00:35:30.960 --> 00:35:35.840 between the supporters of France and Spain, the two sides coming to blows in 345 00:35:35.880 --> 00:35:39.199 the streets. The Spanish were putting pressure on the Pope by every means. 346 00:35:39.199 --> 00:35:44.800 At their disposal early in sixteen thirty, they managed, at least for a 347 00:35:44.840 --> 00:35:50.519 moment, to persuade Pope Urban and Francisco Babarini to stop meeting with someone who 348 00:35:50.559 --> 00:35:54.480 was a known enemy of Spain. When Galileo arrived in Rome, there were 349 00:35:54.559 --> 00:35:59.599 rumors that he and this same person, who happened to be the greatest astrologers 350 00:35:59.639 --> 00:36:04.119 of the day, had predicted that the Pope would die that summer. It 351 00:36:04.199 --> 00:36:07.639 was reported that Spanish cardinals were setting out from Spain on the long journey to 352 00:36:07.719 --> 00:36:12.400 Rome in order to arrive in good time for the conclave that would elect the 353 00:36:12.440 --> 00:36:16.000 next Pope. The Spanish, in fact, were behaving as though Urban were 354 00:36:16.039 --> 00:36:22.199 already dead. As for the French, their cardinals also felt obliged to start 355 00:36:22.239 --> 00:36:27.199 towards Rome, fearing that a new pope would otherwise be elected in their absence. 356 00:36:28.320 --> 00:36:32.320 Urban, who took astrology seriously was profoundly alarmed. He couldn't sleep at 357 00:36:32.400 --> 00:36:36.760 night, and he had all the birds and the papal gardens killed because the 358 00:36:36.840 --> 00:36:42.920 dawn chorus woke him from his fitful slumbers. While this moment of astrological history 359 00:36:43.039 --> 00:36:45.880 might not seem important, it turned out to have a lot to do with 360 00:36:45.920 --> 00:36:50.679 Galileo. In the end, Galileo didn't have anything to do with this prediction 361 00:36:50.800 --> 00:36:54.639 about the Pope's death, but it turned out that someone else close to him 362 00:36:54.639 --> 00:37:00.400 did. The man was the name of Orazio Morandi. He was the abbot 363 00:37:00.480 --> 00:37:07.199 of a nearby monastery, and he was arrested that August and tortured. On 364 00:37:07.239 --> 00:37:10.360 the seventh of November sixteen thirty, he was found dead in his prison cell. 365 00:37:10.840 --> 00:37:15.920 Some say that he had been poisoned. The problem was that the two 366 00:37:16.239 --> 00:37:21.880 Galileo and Morandi had known each other since sixteen eleven and been very close. 367 00:37:22.320 --> 00:37:24.760 Morandi, in fact, was trying to use his influence in order to get 368 00:37:24.800 --> 00:37:32.639 Galileo's book published. This now was incredibly problematic. Urban was anxious and suspicious 369 00:37:32.679 --> 00:37:37.320 of anyone who had been close to Morandi. Galileo, who had been on 370 00:37:37.360 --> 00:37:40.880 his way to Rome in an effort to try to get the book published there 371 00:37:42.440 --> 00:37:47.320 now received advice from Castelli to reverse course. Galileo, who had anxiously followed 372 00:37:47.519 --> 00:37:52.320 the affairs surrounding Morandi, could not but agree. The book, he decided, 373 00:37:52.599 --> 00:37:58.039 would not be able to be published in Rome after all. But at 374 00:37:58.039 --> 00:38:00.960 the moment Galileos certainly had plenty of imports things to worry about. The wife 375 00:38:00.960 --> 00:38:05.320 of the Florentine ambassador in Rome, who was also a good friend of Galileo's 376 00:38:05.760 --> 00:38:09.400 and who could not be thought to represent the Florentine government, entered into negotiations 377 00:38:09.559 --> 00:38:15.199 with Ricardi on Galileo's behalf. At first he demanded that the final text of 378 00:38:15.239 --> 00:38:17.599 the book be sent to him, but then he agreed to sign off on 379 00:38:17.639 --> 00:38:22.440 the book on two conditions. He had to see the beginning and the end, 380 00:38:22.719 --> 00:38:25.360 and the book must be reviewed in its entirety by a censor in Florence. 381 00:38:27.039 --> 00:38:30.199 He was happy for Galileo to suggest whoever he wanted. Now, if 382 00:38:30.239 --> 00:38:35.800 the book was going to be published in Florence, then full responsibility should have 383 00:38:35.880 --> 00:38:39.320 been transferred to the Florentine censors, and Galileo should not have been allowed to 384 00:38:39.400 --> 00:38:46.119 choose the censor. Galileo chose was a Dominican, Giacantos Stefani, and he 385 00:38:46.320 --> 00:38:51.880 chose well. According to Galileo, Stefani wept as he read the manuscript, 386 00:38:52.239 --> 00:38:55.159 so touched he was by Galileo's obedient submission to the requirements of the church. 387 00:38:57.400 --> 00:39:00.960 Ricardi, on the other hand, began to get cold feet. He was 388 00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:04.239 coming to think that Stefani was the wrong man for the job, and kept 389 00:39:04.280 --> 00:39:07.480 stalling when asked to give the final approval to the beginning and end of the 390 00:39:07.480 --> 00:39:13.079 book, evidently regretting the concessions he had made. In March sixteen thirty one, 391 00:39:13.519 --> 00:39:17.039 Galileo asked the Grand Duke to intervene and put the ambassador himself to work 392 00:39:17.079 --> 00:39:22.920 on his behalf. His life, Galleo complained, was slipping away, and 393 00:39:22.960 --> 00:39:25.400 he was, he frankly confessed, in a state of anxiety, and had 394 00:39:25.440 --> 00:39:30.559 been forced to take to his bed. He could neither eat nor sleep. 395 00:39:30.079 --> 00:39:35.119 He felt as if he was lost on an ocean without any prospect of making 396 00:39:35.239 --> 00:39:38.880 landfall. Galleo, of course, had never seen an ocean, but to 397 00:39:38.880 --> 00:39:44.920 make matters worse, he had become convinced that his intellectual prowess was fading away, 398 00:39:45.800 --> 00:39:50.920 and so the Grand Duke instructed the ambassador himself to come to Galleo's aid, 399 00:39:51.639 --> 00:39:54.840 and Ricardi agreed to write a memo to the Florentine Inquisitor explaining what the 400 00:39:54.880 --> 00:40:00.960 pope wanted. But the biggest problem was that Galileo's views were not popular with 401 00:40:00.039 --> 00:40:06.599 those in charge, especially the Babenini family. Rather, Galleo himself, frankly, 402 00:40:06.800 --> 00:40:12.079 was not popular. The shift and official attitude towards Galileo that Castellini had 403 00:40:12.079 --> 00:40:15.239 predicted the previous August was the underlying reason for a lot of his difficulties. 404 00:40:16.360 --> 00:40:21.039 This was also a bad moment for the Medici to try to exert influence in 405 00:40:21.119 --> 00:40:25.039 Rome. Between sixteen twenty five and sixteen thirty one, Urban had, in 406 00:40:25.079 --> 00:40:30.199 a series of steps, annexed the Duchy of Urbino to the Papal States. 407 00:40:30.719 --> 00:40:32.880 The heir to the last Duke, who died on the twenty third of April 408 00:40:32.920 --> 00:40:38.239 sixteen thirty one, was Vittoria del Rovre, who was betrothed to Ferdinando the 409 00:40:38.280 --> 00:40:45.559 Second in Medici. And annexing Urbino, Urban was thus demonstrating complete disregard for 410 00:40:45.639 --> 00:40:52.159 the wishes of the Florentine government. Nonetheless, Galleo, through his intermediaries continued 411 00:40:52.239 --> 00:40:57.199 to put pressure on Ricardi, and eventually, on the nineteenth of July, 412 00:40:57.679 --> 00:41:00.639 after Ricardi and the full weight of the Duke's authority had been brought to bear, 413 00:41:01.559 --> 00:41:07.360 there was the revisions that he required to make to the preface. Meanwhile, 414 00:41:07.559 --> 00:41:12.159 printing had already begun. Riccardi was not going to have any opportunity to 415 00:41:12.199 --> 00:41:15.360 have second thoughts. When the dialogue came out, many people were kind of 416 00:41:15.360 --> 00:41:19.840 interested to pick up a copy, and one of the people who was interested 417 00:41:19.880 --> 00:41:24.840 to read what he did was a Jesuit opponent. This Jesuit opponent, when 418 00:41:24.840 --> 00:41:29.840 the book appeared in sixteen thirty two, couldn't help but notice that a lot 419 00:41:29.880 --> 00:41:34.960 of the arguments about sun spots were very similar to a previous book written in 420 00:41:35.039 --> 00:41:40.400 sixteen thirty called or Ascenes Rose. In fact, modern historians, and I 421 00:41:40.519 --> 00:41:45.639 have to be honest here, have all concluded that there simply is no way, 422 00:41:46.079 --> 00:41:52.920 given the almost exact similarity between the two arguments, that Galileo came up 423 00:41:52.960 --> 00:41:57.599 with it on his own. Frankly, it seems likely that as Galileo was 424 00:41:57.639 --> 00:42:00.920 writing his book, he had a copy of Verses Rose next to him as 425 00:42:00.920 --> 00:42:07.519 he was doing so, So what I have to say is unfortunately for many 426 00:42:07.559 --> 00:42:10.679 Galleo flans out of there, one of the biggest components of the dialogue was 427 00:42:12.400 --> 00:42:19.599 entirely plagiarized. Perhaps the most radical arguments in the Dialogue are directed at undermining 428 00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:24.119 providentialist assumptions. We have no way of knowing, Galleo insists, whether the 429 00:42:24.239 --> 00:42:30.559 universe exists for our sake, for quite different purposes, or whether much of 430 00:42:30.559 --> 00:42:35.440 the universe serves no purpose at all. We have no way of judging whether 431 00:42:35.480 --> 00:42:38.760 it be thought of as large or small, assuming as it is not it 432 00:42:38.800 --> 00:42:45.679 may be finite. More remarkably still, Galileo's arguments preceeded by considering the theoretical 433 00:42:45.719 --> 00:42:52.280 possibility of non terrestrial life. Here, Galileo argues through an intermediary that there 434 00:42:52.320 --> 00:42:57.079 might be life on the Moon, although if it is, we can be 435 00:42:57.119 --> 00:43:00.079 sure that it's nothing like life on Earth. Quote. I am certain that 436 00:43:00.159 --> 00:43:05.280 a person born and raised in a huge forest, among wild beasts and birds, 437 00:43:05.679 --> 00:43:08.360 and knowing nothing of the watery element, would never be able to frame 438 00:43:08.400 --> 00:43:15.159 in his imagination another world existing in nature different from his, filled with animals 439 00:43:15.360 --> 00:43:20.280 which could travel without legs or fast beating wings, and not upon its surface 440 00:43:20.320 --> 00:43:23.760 alone like beasts upon the earth, but everywhere within its depths, and not 441 00:43:23.880 --> 00:43:29.320 moving, but stopping motionless wherever they pleased, a thing which birds in the 442 00:43:29.320 --> 00:43:34.280 air cannot do. And that men lived there too, and build palaces and 443 00:43:34.400 --> 00:43:38.480 cities, and traveled with such ease that without tiring themselves at all, they 444 00:43:38.519 --> 00:43:43.719 could proceed to far countries, with their families and households and whole cities. 445 00:43:44.679 --> 00:43:46.559 Now, as I say, I am sure that such a man could not, 446 00:43:47.079 --> 00:43:53.320 even with the liveliest of imagination, ever picture himself fish, ocean ships, 447 00:43:53.480 --> 00:44:01.239 fleets, and armadas. Our understanding, therefore, Galileo insists, is 448 00:44:01.360 --> 00:44:07.480 just limited, and is limited by our immediate experience. Even our imagination can 449 00:44:07.519 --> 00:44:14.039 work only upon the material that's provided by experience. It follows that we cannot 450 00:44:14.079 --> 00:44:19.480 possibly judge the purpose served by the universe. What could we possibly know about 451 00:44:19.519 --> 00:44:23.159 the purpose of the celestial bodies? He would write, quote, it is 452 00:44:23.280 --> 00:44:30.119 great folly for us terrestrials to want to be arbitrators of the sizes and regulators 453 00:44:30.159 --> 00:44:35.320 of local dispositions, we, being quite ignorant of all their affairs and interests, 454 00:44:35.840 --> 00:44:39.280 end quote in place of a universe with humanity at its center, a 455 00:44:39.440 --> 00:44:45.519 universe made to serve humanity's purpose, a universe designed to make possible humanity salvation. 456 00:44:46.280 --> 00:44:54.599 Galileo offers a mysterious universe whose purposes are unknown, whose size is unfathomable, 457 00:44:55.159 --> 00:45:00.920 and which may contain other things quite different from our selves. We are 458 00:45:00.960 --> 00:45:06.960 not simply terrestrials. The Moon may be uninhabited, but you do not have 459 00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:12.599 to force the text to find in it elements of heresy. Around other stars, 460 00:45:13.119 --> 00:45:17.000 Galileo rites, there may be other planets and other worlds which make the 461 00:45:17.039 --> 00:45:22.519 mistake of thinking that they are at the center of everything, and that their 462 00:45:22.599 --> 00:45:30.239 experiences are the true measure of reality. Ultimately, in writing the dialogue, 463 00:45:30.800 --> 00:45:39.159 Galileo ignored Urban's requests. He did not posit Copernicanism as one of several options. 464 00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:45.880 He posited Copernicanism as the option, and he removed the Earth from the 465 00:45:45.920 --> 00:45:53.360 center of the universe, both from a geographic situation as much as he also 466 00:45:53.440 --> 00:46:02.599 did from a theological standpoint. He had written his own death warrant. Now, 467 00:46:02.639 --> 00:46:07.760 as I mentioned, we are going to come back to Galileo's infamous trial 468 00:46:07.840 --> 00:46:09.400 with the Inquisition. In fact, his trial is probably one of the most 469 00:46:09.440 --> 00:46:15.559 famous of any trials that the Inquisition would hold certainly one of the most that 470 00:46:15.599 --> 00:46:21.199 we have the most resources for, I'll put it that way. But we're 471 00:46:21.199 --> 00:46:25.199 going to take some time to really understand the Inquisition. So starting next week, 472 00:46:25.360 --> 00:46:29.480 I'm going to turn back the clock a little bit to the fourteenth and 473 00:46:29.519 --> 00:46:34.719 fifteenth centuries and analyze the origins of the Inquisition, because, as you may 474 00:46:34.719 --> 00:46:38.800 be surprised to find out, the Inquisition was quite old as an institution when 475 00:46:38.840 --> 00:46:45.440 it met Galileo, and some of the gene was already coming off now. 476 00:46:45.599 --> 00:46:49.840 In the meantime, if you're interested in additional content, just check out the 477 00:46:49.880 --> 00:46:52.320 website or any of the links in the show notes to Western CIV. Two 478 00:46:52.360 --> 00:46:55.840 point zero or the ad free versions of the show. Those are all there, 479 00:46:55.880 --> 00:47:06.519 and there's always free trials a