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We are in the nation's longest running, nationally syndicated ready to talk show
on computers and technology. Everyone, welcome back into the program. I hope
that you're doing well and you are ready for today's show, because today on
the program we have of course Ralph Bond. You can set your clock to
it. Every Friday, we of course have ralphon to talk all about science
and tech trends. And you know that's that takes a lot of different forms
of a lot of different stories. But ladies, gentlemen, today is going
to be a very fun episode because we're gonna have a bit more focus,
I know, focus on this program. Who would have thought. Now,
with that being said, computer America dot com, that's real point to everything
our show notes and of course the show notes said Ralph, of course types
up. He makes sure to really cover everything. He really covers everything in
there and includes links to any stories anything like that. Ladies, gentlemen,
you know, if you're commuting, if you're driving, don't worry. Everything
will be in the show notes and those are very easy to find either at
our site or at Ralph's site where we have a link to that as well.
So with all that being said, lady and gentlemen, let's go ahead
and just bring Ralph on and start the programs. It's always a lot of
fun. So welcome back onto the program, Ralph Bond. He is our
science and Technology Trends correspondent, and Ralph, welcome back onto the program.
How you doing. Hey, I'm doing great, Happy Friday. And this
week Ben and I are going to talk about four medical miracles made possible by
incredible science and research. Yeah, you know, these were very very far
out there away from what we normally come around the program, and it's you
know, it's definitely going to be a lot of fun. High minded,
I guess could be you could describe some of these because a lot of them
have to do with the brain. But yes, but ladies and gentlemen,
Ralph, why don't you go ahead and tell the new folks out there what
it is that we try to do on our segments. Yeah, Ben,
if you're a listener who's new to the show, welcome, it's great to
have you. What I do, I'm an aggregator of science and tech news
features I find by monitoring a host of online news outlets, and I look
for important stories that kind of don't capture mainstream press attention because the news cycle
is so consumed with so many things like the debt ceiling and stuff like that.
A lot of these great stories just don't get the attention I think they
deserve. And I'm always on the lookout for news that gives a glimpse into
where we're headed in robotics, medical technology, sustainable energy technology, transportation,
advances, space research, physics, you name it. Anything's a candidate for
us to talk about. And what I do with each news item is present
the essential points and in a digestible form, and we do that with what
we call the show Notes, which you can get at Computer America dot Com
and we try to get this as easy as possible, but we also provide
links and images and so forth. And what I do is I don't write
these stories. I report on these stories, but there are times when I
add little educational side notes. So that's why the show notes are so important
to come out and check and see. And with that said, hey again,
we've got some great medical technology advancements to report this week. Yeah,
and I'm rolling forward to that. So he's gentlemen again Computer America dot Com
and Ralph. I think with that we could just start with with story number
one. Yes, this is like science fiction, but it's not well very
immediately kind of brings to mind the brain slug from Futurama if anyone remembers,
you know, kind of the brain slug. So yeah, yes, oh
gosh, yes you're right. Excel headline Here is tiny robot injected in the
skull, spreads its tentacles to monitor the brain. Sounds scary, but it's
really wonderful. This comes from New Scientist dot com, a story by Jeremy
Sue. And again we have the link pictures in all the good stuff here
in the show notes. So first though, to fully appreciate the significance of
this development, we need to set the stage with some background information. What
we're going to talk about is an alternative for how electrodes are deployed on the
surface of the brain. Electrodes that generate electrical impulses, of course, to
stimulate the brain, are used for a variety of purposes, including controlling abnormal
brain activity or adjust for chemical and bounces within the brain that cause various conditions.
Now, inserting electrodes is typically done by opening an invasive hole in the
skull through which electrodes or leads can be inserted, so it's usually a fairly
major surgery process. So with that set here's the big news. To offer
a much less invasive alternative to opening a relatively large hole in the skull,
Scientists at the Federal Polytechnic School in Switzerland have developed a miniature soft robot that
can be inserted through a tiny hole in the skull. You can immediately see
why this is so great now. Once inserted, the tiny bot can deploy
six sensor filled legs on the surface of the brain, and these legs can
be deployed within the very limited space between the skull and the brain. That's
a space of only one millimeter, a gap of only one millimeter. Get
out your rulers and check that out. That's tiny. A version a version
of this soft robot has been successfully tested in a miniature pig and could be
scaled up for human testing in the futures. The researchers report, and the
researchers design the robot's legs to gently expand to avoid putting too much pressure on
the brain strains sensors like straining your arms or legs or whatever. Right,
strained sensors embedded in each leg convey information about when the robot legs are fully
deployed. This can be done without the need for additional cameras or external sensors.
That's an important point. And by the way, a side note here.
A strain sensor in its generic definition, a strain sensor measures the relative
change in length of a component or structure under stress. So they've got a
version of a strained sensor. Barn me and each of the six legs of
this device. Now, one of the researchers noted, there's actually a really
large surface area on the brain that you can reach with this little bot without
doing a large craniotomy. And I've got a little side note here with a
link about what is a craniotomy. But if you're watching us, if you're
viewing our presentation today, scroll down and look at that little illustration of a
skull with a craniotomy. Yikes, it is a serious procedure. Again,
with the entire time you've been doing the story, Ralph, it's like you've
been saying, you know, a small hole in the skull, and it's
like, that's very relative, because there's there seems like no hole that is
too small to be in the skull. Yes, and then and then of
course you come out with craneotomy, and that is a large hole in the
skull. Yes, yes, yes, exactly. So that's again why this
story is so important. It's a wonderful breakthrough. So the soft robot,
to give you a feel for this, is two centimeters that's zero point eight
inches long, and its legs are primarily made from flexible silicone polymer. The
legs resemble curved flower petals, and again you need to see the image to
get this. They resemble curved flower petals spiraling around the central body of the
robot, and when fully extended, they cover a diameter of four centimeters about
one point six inches. Again, you can see how small this is.
Each leg. Each leg contains electrodes for monitoring brain activities. We said before,
Now, according to the research team, the legs could be lengthened to
eight or ten centimeters that's three to four inches in future prototypes without having to
increase the size of the hole cut in the skull. How about that.
The robot was tested on a plastic and hydrogel model of the brain initially,
but researchers also showed how they could deploy a straight version of the soft robotic
legs. So let's be honest and clear, they're talking about not the full
robot, but one of its tentacles or pedals or arms if you will,
into the brain of a pig about well, this thing was about fifteen millimeters
long about zero point six inches long, into the brain of a mini pig
in a demonstration inside the live animal, the soft robots electrodes recorded brain activity
patterns as the researchers electrically stimulated the mini pig snout or a little mini pig.
Okay, all of this is said, here's the key takeaway and by
the way, even before I give the concluding takeaway, this story is a
good example, folks, of the trends part of what I do. Remember,
you know, science and technology trends correspond. If that's my thing.
This isn't ready to come to market, This isn't ready for full deployment.
This is glimmer of hope, early research. Okay, so keep that in
mind. But here's the key takeaway. With that said, if this tiny
new robot proves safe and effective in humans, it could eventually help monitor and
even treat patients who experience epileptic seizures or other neurological disorders. How about that.
Yeah, And it really you know, kind of brings to mind,
not just optimists, but but neuralink, which is of course Elon musk system
where you know, he's he's been testing on pigs as well. I don't
know what is about the pig and the human brain, but they're so similar
for testing pers But you know, I'm sure that this type of technology offers
the same promises that neuralink has been going forward, which is, you know,
helping those that are you know, maybe locked inside their bodies, maybe
those who don't have complete function of of of limbs and stuff and or just
need constant monitoring for seizures. Like you said, Uh, there there's a
lot of I guess medical conditions rough that you know, you can't really solve
without physically getting in there. And you know, this super noninvasive stuff is
way more preferable than some of the science fiction movies of yesteryear that had them
you know, just like the top half of their skull removed, you know,
I e. Frankenstein. So yeah, very cool though, and very
uh uh. I actually looked at the sciencests what while you were doing the
article, and you know, he's uh, it's kind of fun to see
that his research for the past ten years was in like um, you know,
uh, nonreactive adhesives for the human body, and then you move it
into uh, you know, flexible robotic appendages that could sense things. And
you know, this is like ten years of his career has built up to
this moment, and it's been fun to kind of see you know, his
pathway. So very very cool story though, And Ben, that's a good
comment because there's so much behind every one of these stories than what we're going
to be able to share today. So friends, again, the show notes
have the links. If you want to dig deeper and explore and learn more,
please come out to computer America dot com get those show notes. Always
more to learn, and you don't even need a robotic squid to help you.
So with that being said, story number one, Story number two,
and this is another really cool one because obviously, I think most people at
this point I know someone who's been affected by cancer. And there are many,
many different types of cancer, but some of the most difficult ones to
treat nowadays are of course ones you know that deal with the brain. It's
um you know, when it comes to cancer. You could get in there,
you know, and they do all the time, they take masses out
and stuff like that. But to actually treat the entire body, to treat
the entire system, we've had a really big problem, you know, kind
of breaking that barrier between the blood and the brain and stuff like that.
But Rob's can get more into that with story number two and actually a huge
breakthrough. Yeah, this is quite something. The headline here is chemotherapy drug
or drugs plural can reach the brain and humans for the first time. What
wow. This got this from Northwestern University's online news outlet called Northwestern Now and
it's a story by Marla Paul And in the show notes, if you're watching
us, you can see the one of the researchers holding up this device.
But let's get into this a little bit of background first. So a major
impediment to treating the deadly brain cancer glioblastoma has been that the most potent chemotherapy
drugs can't permeate the blood brain barrier to reach an aggressive brain tumor. And
this is when I stopped and I said, well, wait a minute.
You know they're assuming I'm a medical person who knows what this is. So
what is the blood brain barrier. The blood brain barrier is a microscopic structure
that blocks the vast majority of drugs injected into the circulatory system from reaching the
brain. The blood brain barrier is a crucial immunological feature hope, I'm saying
that right of the human central nervous system. So it's a very important job.
Composed of many types of cells, the blood brain barrier is both a
structural and functional roadblock to microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, various parasites,
you name it, that may be circulating in the bloodstream. That's its job.
But unfortunately it does its job so well. It keeps chemotherapy drugs from
getting to the and I've got a source for this information in the show notes.
By the way, So patients with brain cancer cannot be treated with most
drugs that are otherwise effective for cancer elsewhere in the body, as these do
not cross the blood brain barrier. Okay, So there's yeah, and and
and just you know another side that it kind of works both ways. You
know, you can't really get anything out from the brain through the barrier and
back into the body. So it's not like you have this complete circular loop
like you do and a lot of the body. So like if you just
injected it straight into the brain, you know, whatever chemotherapy drugs that you
inject in there, they're going to stay in there. And that's not you
know to kind of wash them out and wash them away in your body to
kind of process and break it down. Yeah, you know, you can't
just say, oh, we'll just take a needle and get through the blood
and the blood brain barrier. Not so simple. Yeah, No, that's
a that's a very interesting additional point you just raise. That's that's good.
So here's the drum roll and the news. But now a Northwestern University scientists
report results of the first inhuman clinical trial in which they used a novel skull
implantable ultrasound keep that in mind, skull implantable ultrasound device to open the blood
brain barrier and repeatedly ermeiate large critical regions of the human brain to deliver intraveniously
injected chemotherapy drugs. You who let that sink in. That's the big drum
roll, the big deal here. This is the first study to successfully quantify
the effect of ultrasound based blood brain barrier opening to facilitate the deployment of chemotherapy
drugs in the human brain. Opening the blood brain barrier using the new skull
implantable ultrasound device triggered by a sonication process, led to an approximately four to
sixfold increase in drug concentrations in the human brain. That results of this research.
Isn't that something? I mean, wow, four to sixfold increase in
drug concentrations. This is great. Now, in the show notes, I
have a little side note what is sonication? Because again, when I read
these articles, like everybody else, I'm sure listening or are watching us today
you go, yeah, okay, son Yeah, Sonication isn't exactly an everyday
word, so yeah, right, and they kind of assume you know this.
So what I my value add to the show notes? What I had
is doing these little side note research deals. So okay, what is sonication?
Sonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample
for various purposes, such as the extraction of multiple compounds from plants, microalgae,
and seaweeds. Ultrasonic frequencies are usually used, leading to the process also
being known as ultrasonication. And I've got a link in here you can go
read more about it. So it's a generalized technology that's used for a variety
of purpose. Is what the researchers are doing here is saying, hey,
we can use sonication rather an ultrasound to do another kind of function. The
great example of leveraging an existing technology. So scientists observed this increase of four
to sixfold increase in drug concentrations in the human brain by experimenting with two different
powerful chemotherapy drugs. To date, these drugs have not been used to treat
patients with brain cancer because, no surprise, they couldn't cross the blood brain
barrier in normal circumstances. And here's another part of this spin that I just
love. I mean, ah, so far this is like, oh my
gosh, this is so great. It gets better. The four minute procedure
to open the blood brain barrier is performed with the patient awake, and patients
go home. After just a few hours they can go home. The results
show the treatment is safe and well tolerated, with some patients getting up to
six cycles of treatment six waves or six sessions. Okay. In addition,
this is the first study to describe how quickly the blood brain barrier closes after
this sonication process. Most of the blood brain barrier restoration happens in the first
thirty to sixty minutes after sonication. The scientists discovered, well, here we
go. Here's the key kind of bottom line takeaway from this. The findings
will allow optimization of the sequence of drug delivery and ultrasound activation to maximize the
drug penetration into the human brain. The researchers said, wow, Amen,
God be praised. Yeah, it's it's really amazing that they decided to use
sonication. And you know, whatever damage it does, it heals so so
quickly. It's it's really amazing. And then on top of that, um,
I had another point that just completely float in my mind. I'm a
sonication myself, but but it I'm sure it had to do with the oh
yeah, the fact that patients are able to go home after you know,
receiving you know, kind of a brain surgery essentially, well not essentially,
it is brain surgery, and then they get to go home that afternoon.
Ralph, it's really amazing, but also kind of goes to the fact that,
you know, not a lot of pain receptors inside your brain, not
a lot of nerve ends inside your brain, like obviously the nerves go elsewhere
into the body. But you know, Ralph, it like people are always
surprised when they what was that when brain surgery they did a while ago where
they had a violinist who you know, she really wanted to make sure,
you know, she she had like a brain tumor they needed to take it
out. She wanted to make sure that she could still play the violin,
you know, because that was her trained profession, that was her passion.
They had her stay awake play the violin while she was getting brain surgery,
and they actually performed the surgery while she was playing music, and if she
ever stopped or if she you know, kind of messed up in any way,
they knew, Okay, let's not touch that part of the brain.
Let's keep going in a little bit of a different way, so you can
really do you know, the brain is a crazy thing. And but also
this whole story on his own right to be able to you know, better
treat it. That's a that's a huge breakthrough. Oh it is. It's
a big one, a really big one, very very cool. And hey,
a little bit of maybe for your next scrabble competition, sonication. There
you go. You're you're welcome to everyone. So does anyone even play scrabble
anymore? I'm sure they do words with friends. That that's it. So
now story number two, Story number three, And the picture looks a little
grotesque, but also it's like straddling the line between grotesque and like futuristic like
Star Trek style imagery. But yeah, that's that's essentially what they're promising.
Remember Star Trek they have like the you know, the medical technology that was
the light you know, light beams and stuff like that, and yeah,
all that kind of thing, but in real life, it's gonna work a
little bit different, I'm sure, but it's still promising amazing results. Yes,
story number three, and we the whole field of trying to accelerate the
healing of wounds and or as you know Ben from our past shows things like
special adhesives to suture wounds without having to use traditional sutures staples or fred or
whatever. This is a field that's really active in science medical technology research.
So story number three kind of fits in this category. The headline here is
scientists use electricity to make wounds heal three times faster. Wow. This is
from science alert dot com, a story by David Nield, And the picture
is interesting. It is a graphic, it's not a photograph. It's kind
of a graphical image, so to keep that in mind. But it's to
try to show the proof of concept. So here's the story. Scientists have
developed a specially engineered bio chip that uses electricity to heal wounds up to three
times faster than normal. Now, there are some reality qualifiers you're going to
learn about here in a moment. A little background. It's well known that
electric fields can guide the movement of skin cells, nudging them towards the side
of an injury, for instance. In fact, and this is interesting,
In fact, the human body generates an electric field that does this naturally.
So the researchers from the University of Freiburg in Germany set out to amplify this
effect. So I love this part about in our own bodies that we create,
or we generate, an electric field that tries to nudge the cells together
for healing of wounds. Anyway, so the researchers. The base thing is
that these researchers said, hey, can we amplify this? Can we speed
it up? Ding? That's this is what this is about. So while
it might not be used to quickly heal severe injuries, so reality check,
folks, we're not talking about someone who has a terrible laceration or something,
but it could radically reduce the time it takes for small tears and minor lacerations
to recover. For people with chronic wounds that take a long time to heal,
such as elderly patients or those with diabetes or people with poor blood circulation,
recovering quickly from frequent small open cuts could be a literal lifesaver. So
this is very important. Right while it's established electricity can assist in healing,
has said before, the impact of an electric field's strength and direction on the
process has never been well established until now. So the researchers developed a bioelectron
pardon me. The researchers developed a bioelectric electronic rather platform and used it to
grow artificial skin made up of cells called carry routine now sites, I can
never say this, kete ocytes, keratenosites, keratinocytes, thank you, sir,
which are the most common skin self type and crucial for the healing process.
They also compared the application of electric fields on one side of the wound
with alternating fields on both sides of the wound both healthy and I'm gonna have
you say it, ben carotenosites, eric and keratenosites and keratenosites designed to resemble
those, thank you, sir. Designed to resemble. So we're talking about
the artificially created skin cells and the natural skin cells designed to resemble those in
people with diabetes, migrated up to three times faster than skin cells without any
electrical interference. Now, the team discovered that an electrical push from just one
side of the wound proved most effective in repairing the artificial skin. In the
quickest time. So again they found out oh really, you know, activating
one side of the wound was more successful and fortunately none of the cells were
damaged by the electrical fields tested. Huh. The next stage is testing how
all this works on actual wounds in living humans rather than skin cells grown in
the lab. This is another example ben of the trends. This is early
research, that's what we're talking about here. Developing practical applications to make this
practical will rely on translating the cheap, readily available used materials in the experiment
to real world situations. So once again we're talking about an early glimmer of
hope and early research. Yeah, and I'm sure that the paper is much
more de tailed and I'm curious about like how much electricity are they talking about?
How big are these fields? You know, kind of how close do
they have to be because you know, pardon me, you're off. Is
like we already have think like pacemakers that you know, go inside the body
and they and we have articles all the time about how either using the body's
natural chemistry or using the movement can generate electricity through kinetic motion. Blah blah
blah. Ralph I'm curious what if this were to lead to let's say,
bandages, you know, maybe cast or gauze or rap or something like that,
or even just you know, good old band aids, And what if
they had little wiring in them to generate these fields and not only does the
band aid kind of heal, protect and cover and you know, keep away
bacteria and dirt and all that good stuff, but also were to generate these
little, you know fields, these little electrical fields, and then also help
you know, kind of grow it that way, and just by you know,
flexing the bandage or something like that, you would power the field.
I'm wondering if it's like that level or if you really do need to like
you know, plug yourself into the wall to get enough electricity. I don't
know. Well, you make another good point, this early glimmer of whole
research. You're right, what path might it follow? And it's exactly I
think the bandage ideas genius will see. Yeah, there there's uh And and
as always long term motions of the show, I'm sure that you're a lot
like me. It's like, hey, you know, we did a show
you know, eighteen months ago, twelve months ago, ten months ago five
sick you know whatever may bee and all of this ties in together and you
know, starts to build upon each other. And yeah, you know that's
how breakthrough really happens. It's a little incremental kind of uh, you know,
processes. So I gotta say the image itself, which shows a well
obviously the scale isn't really there, but I guess it's like a Petrie dish
with cells and this weird electrical you know, kind of representation a little misleading
because if anything, it should be one of these are pushing out the electrical
field, not both. But yeah, I digress. Either way, very
very cool story in its own right, picture aside, very very cool.
So that's story number three. Story number four, let's go ahead and talk
about probably, well not probably, the opposite's desired effect. Yes, for
a lot of people in America. So starting number four, Yes, yes,
And with that tease, here's the headline. Capsule delivers electrical current.
Here comes electricity again. Capsule delivers electrical current to stomach to stimulate appetite.
Most of us would like to have the opposite to swallow. Okay, but
anyway, this comes from met gadget dot com, a wonderful website story by
Con Hastings, and I've covered many of his stories and past shows. This
guy's a great, great writer, and check it out. We've got also
a video in this case that you can look as well if you have the
show. Notes to help patients with eating disorders or conditions such as a wasting
condition that can occur in cancer patients. Okay, many cancer patients we all
know experiencing chemotherapy will have appetite loss problems, right, so keep that in
mind. This is really very serious. Researchers at MIT good Old might have
developed an electroseutical capsule that is designed to be swallowed and which will deliver a
small electrical current to the stomach wall. Now, little side note on wasting
condition. It's a complex problem. It involves changes in the way our body
uses proteins, carbohydrates, and fat. You may also burn up calories faster
than usual. So the wasting condition is deadly serious, literally serious. Yeah,
and this I got to say so often, especially with like NASA and
stuff like that, But scientists love they're acronyms. And I was just you
know, pulling out the video for people who are watching the video portion.
Yes, yeah, you didn't include this in the show notes, but I
did want to include it here, or saying that FLASH is the name of
this capsule, and it's the FLASH stands for Ladies and gentlemen, fluid wicking
capsule for active stimulation and hormone modulation. So FLASH, of course, of
course that's a bit of a stretch, but please go on. Yes,
yes, yes, I didn't include it because it's a mouthful, but I'm
glad it's it's And again that's another example of how the show notes can help
you, folks. You get the link to the video, you learn that
a little additional information. So again, come out to computer America dot com
get today's show notes. Okay, So, the electroceutical capsule device contains an
external electrode that wraps around its exterior. You really need to see the picture
to get this. At small grooves that draw liquid away from the electrode and
help it contact the stomach wall. The technology stimulates endocrine cells in the stomach
lining to secrete more of a hormone called greenland, and that's spelled ghr eli
n so to secrete more of a hormone called greenland, which stimulates appetite and
reduces nausea. Again, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. We all know nausea as
a terrible problem. This not only stimulates appetite that helps to reduce nausea.
Isn't that wonderful. The concept of delivering electricity to the stomach to assist with
gastrointestinal issues was first trialed in patients who experienced slow gastrointestinal motility in the hope
that it would enhance stomach contractions. That's what that fancy word gastrointestinal motility just
means getting the stomach to do its job to push matter through. Right,
So the MI team pardon me, The m I T team tested their hypothesis
in animals, finding that a small electrical current in the stomach did indeed increase
levels of the hormone called greenland. To translate this into something that had clinical
potential, they have now designed the electroceutical capsule small enough to be simply swallowed,
avoiding the need for a surgical procedure. Very important, the MIT team
designed the capsule for maximum contact with the stomach wall. Fluids in the stomach
could interfere with this, so the capsule contains small grooves with hydrophilic coating that
draws the fluid away from the electrode, and hydrophilic means having a tendency to
mix with, dissolving, or be wetted by water. That's the generic definition
of hydrophobic. Yeah, there you go. Okay, And here's a fun
fact. And it's a great example of how researchers cast a very wide net
to get inspiration at how often they turned to nature for their inspirations. So
here's the fun fact. The concept that was behind the development of this swallowable
capsule right, was inspired by the skin of the Australian thorny devil lizard,
which contains tiny grooves that helped draw water towards the lizard's mouth. Of great
stuff, great research all medical today. But I couldn't resist. There's just
so much great medical research going on. I felt we should dedicate one show
to cover four really great and important stories. No, it's really I can
see why why you focus on it, because these are four great stories.
And again, just to you know, kind of cap off the last story.
So Ralph, you think that this is going to be like, you
know, a pill that you swallow and then it stays in there for whatever
until they figure out how to get it out or is this you know,
on the video here they're saying that you take one flash per day or like
one pill. I wonder if this is like a continual like you know,
take it every day for increased appetite for that day. I don't know.
Yeah, yeah, I don't know about that either, But that's that's great.
That video is fun. Yeah, it really is. And actually a
lot of the videos that you included in the show notes, lazy Gelman,
if you want to find out more, hey, they're in the show notes
on our site. They're going to be on the show notes over on Ralph's
site as well. And ladies and gentlemen, there's certainly a lot more to
explore, not just today's show, but all of our shows. So great
stories, Ralph, I especially like the brain ones. You know, such
complex research goes into stories that I hope lady geentlemen that we have made them
a little bit more accessible for you. And yep, so Ralph, until
next week, I want to thank you so much, ladies, geentlemen.
Ralph joins is every single Friday to talk all about great stories. Today was
all medical, but he also does a lot of other fields and he has
a lot of great stories line up for you. So with that being sad
leads and gentlemen until next week, have a great day. Thank you so
much, thank you for tuning in. We'll catch you next time. Bye
bye everyone,