WEBVTT

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For your seven billion dollars. Once
there is 90 percent risk on the day

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my SMEs that generate 80 percent give
me 20 minutes of your time and I,

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in return, give you information on
the most relevant issues in foreign trade,

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iscar and customs with a human touch
and let us make a truk,

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a podcast of maga TVs and Mexico
hello to all good afternoon are welcome.

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It' s an honor for me
to be at today' s bartering exclusive

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event of telese maga without Mexico.
I greet you like every Monday and Wednesday,

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and without a doubt today we have
long tablecloths. We have the presence

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of Dr Andrés Roade Ponce and it
is an honor for me to have the

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opportunity to present him today, to
listen to his talk and, if I

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may, Dr Andrés Rode I will
read very briefly to his countenance before giving

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him the microphones, which he knows
is his home and which are his own.

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Dr Andrés Rode Ponce is a graduate
of the Faculty of Law of the

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National Autonomous University of Mexico. He
obtained the degrees of Specialization in Tax Law,

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Specialization in Economic and Corporate Law,
Master of Public Administration and Master of

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Tax and Administrative Law and Doctor of
Law. He was a lawyer for the

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Federal Public Prosecutor' s Office,
head of the Department of Compensated Exchange and

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deputy legal director of the Mexican Institute
of Foreign Trade and Executive Secretary of the

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Commission for the Protection of Foreign Trade
of Mexico during the exercise of the patent

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of customs agent, from which he
voluntarily withdrew. He was president of the

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Association of Aduanal Agents of the Airport
of Mexico City Adam and president of the

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Commission of Honor and Justice of the
Confederation of Associations and Aduanal Agents of the

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Mexican Republic. Karem was president of
the SEASI Center for Customs Research and International

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Trade and the Inter- American Institute
of Borders and Customs. He is a

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university professor of the subject of Tax
Law and Customs Law and an international lecturer,

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author of the Mexican Customs Law Books, customs tax reforms. During the

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Mexican Revolution, the birth of customs
people as a key figure in the development

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of Mexico' s foreign trade,
the establishment of the customs controller in Mexico

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and trade facilitation. President of the
International Academy of Customs Law and clear partner

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of the Prode and Ways firm.
And so without further ado, we welcome

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you, Dr Andrés Rode. It' s nice to have you around and

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the microphones are your welcome. Thank
you very much, Selvia. First of

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all, my thanks to c for
inviting me to join the LC community,

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in which I am very proud.
A cordial greeting to all who see and

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hear us and a very affectionate greeting
to teacher Daniela Martínez and Dr Javier La

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Torre. This time I' m
going to talk about the structure and evolution

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of Mexico' s foreign trade and
if it' s okay with you,

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I' m going to support myself
in a presentation, especially in order to

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give more discipline to my presentation and
to be able to take advantage of these

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minutes that I have the pleasure of
sharing with you. As you know and

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have announced, it is a question
of putting forward the main elements with which

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Mexico' s foreign trade was structured
and structured and how it progressed along the

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way, and here I propose you
to make a very, very rapid and

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generic review of what will be the
fundamentals, all the pillars on which,

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during three hundred years of viceroyalty,
Mexico' s foreign trade was structured.

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And maybe this is just a reminder
of all of this that we' ve

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studied before in our careers. The
first was the monopoly that established the Kingdom

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of Castile and Leon and then Spain
over trade with the Americas. Of course

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it was established that it could only
be traded between three large ports that there

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were in the Spanish domains in what
is today Mexico, Era Puerto Veracruz,

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the Port of Cartagena, these in
the Atlantic and the Port of Callao,

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now very close to Lima, Peru, for trade and on the Spanish side.

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Only trade with Seville was allowed and
then it spread to Cadiz, for

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the reason that Cadiz is the door
to the sea and Seville, as you

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know, is an inland port upstream
of the Guadalquivir. This led to practically

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non- existence and trade. They
date that the monopoly what it caused was

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that there were a couple of ships
that sailed, arrived to Veracruz a year

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a year and of course, the
monopoly established by Spain was of the displeasure,

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of the discontent of the kings of
France and England and the protection of

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the doctrine of the sea in Bear, that is, of the sea owned

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by all the world. They considered
that monopoly to be arbitrary and therefore established

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those of England, which is England, the United Kingdom and France established the

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corsairs and pirates. And this then
made an effort for the Spanish galleons,

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when they came from the Kingdom of
Spain, to leave the Americas, to

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be accompanied by the system of funes, that is, to a ship,

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to a commercial galleon was accompanied by
various warships to face this pillar. This

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pair of pillars were accompanied by another. That of prohibitions. The trade between

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Metropoli and the colonies was not only
little and based on monopoly, but also

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a very intense prohibition was established between
what could be exported and imported from Spain

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and the Americas. That was another
very heavy lead so that the trade entering

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viceroyal was very scarce. I remind
you that it still dates back to the

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early 18th century. Eighteenth century metal
did not arrive more than two ships to

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the port of Veracruz and the port
of Seville. That size was so restricted.

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Another subject that conditioned is that the
presence of the Spaniards in the Kingdom

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the Viceroyalty was clearly with a vocation, a vocation to mining, to precious

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metals. Notice the difference how the
English arrive in the 18th century, in

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what is now North America, most
of their cities are in the ports,

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on the shores of the North Atlantic. The seven colonies developed stuck to the

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sea and, instead, in the
Viceroyalty, the settlements went to the interior

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of the country. Why, because
inside is mining. Then they settled in

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Mexico City, in Tasco, in
what you hear Morelos, in San Luis

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Potosí, in Guanajuato, why,
because there were the mines. And then

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this caused not only that there was
no foreign trade, but that the trade

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was markedly domestic and of products and
products manufactured in the lands of the Viceroyalty,

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in New Spain, in the new
Galicia. On all these issues,

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and this generated the emergence of consulates. The consulates were clusters of chambers of

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commerce of the merchants and very soon
there was a huge dislike of why this

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system favored the consulates of Seville and
Cadiz and greatly harmed the consulates of Mexico

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of New Spain, especially because moreover, the consulates of merchants in New Spain

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were deprived of the eastern trade,
of the trade that existed in the Philippines

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and with China, in such a
way that, there were practically no large

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shops, then the alcabalas arose that
it was to eat the taxes that were

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collected in the transfer, at the
crossing of the goods through the various departments

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of territories in which the new Spain
was divided. That was, under that

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pillar developed. I know it'
s a very generic, very broad approach.

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Each of these themes gives to talk
a lot of time and abound in

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the details of this. The alcabalas
then functioned as exonerations, when they crossed

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goods and there were internal customs,
so that it could not travel. The

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next step or period I would like
to share is that what happened to independent

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Mexico one thousand eight hundred twenty-
one in the nineteenth century. The national

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political system throughout the 19th century was
absolutely a political chaos in the presidents lasted

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a few months, a few weeks, were sustained by arms, so that

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it could be a period of independent
life in Mexico, characterized by political and

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economic chaos. This protectionism was maintained
in the time of the Viceroyal. It

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remained for almost the entire 19th century. The first liberal customs ordinance, i

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e, which reduced taxes and reduced
bans, is considered to be Benito Juárez

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' s one thousand eight hundred seventy- two tariff. It is considered that

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this may be the first liberal indication. But, above all, there was

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so much revolt, then there was
a total absence of national customs control.

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Remember, in one thousand eight hundred
thirty- thirty- nine, thirty and

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I don' t remember the date
right now. There is an attempt by

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Spain to recover the lost territories from
the war of cakes. Then the invasion,

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the invasion in forty- seven,
with the war lasting forty- fifty

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- two, which costs the loss
of half of the national territory. Coming

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out of that, we entered the
liberal civil war against conservatives, in such

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a way that the forces in combat, because the first resort was customs control.

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It is famous as Benito Juárez establishes
the government in Veracruz. From there

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he flees in step from the North
that today has been Juárez, And going

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out into the civil war, comes
the French invasion, the French invasion of

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the sixty- one. Sixty-
seven members of the Government of the Republic

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recovered with Benito Juárez, who later
died during the Government of Juárez and Lerdo.

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There are three coups de Estado de
Porfirio Díaz. Finally, in the

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last time the coup d'état
triumphs in such a way that this convulsive

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century, because it provokes a state
of widespread smuggling, because in addition the

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tariff remained highly restrictive. They are
famous as general generals who were in turn

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casques from some parts of northern Mexico. They established their own free trade area,

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some established their own tariff and the
constitutional system did not allow much either.

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The Constitution of 1, 800 twenty- four states that the power to

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establish governors' customs is already established
in the Constitution of fifty- seven that

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it is the power of the executive
but that, however, the governors had

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powers of supervision over the movement.
Even though the Constitution of fifty- seven

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establishes the prohibition of cabals, the
cabals still last after the Constitution of nine

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hundred and seventeen. In fact,
the Constitution of one thousand eight hundred and

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fifty- seven establishes its elimination.
The Constitution was being postponed from time to

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time to extend this term of pleasure, so that article one hundred and seventeen

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of the Constitution still prohibits governors from
establishing the channel. That is the state

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that keeps Mexico' s foreign trade
and entering the 20th century and perhaps already

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past with the Government of the Revolution, with the government emanating from the Revolution

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of nine hundred and ten. We
entered a period of protectionism aimed at replacing

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imports, that is, generating an
industrial base, generating capitalism, generating an

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economy of substitutions, creating services and
their pillars. Up to a thousand nine

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hundred and eighty- six, I
could basically enunciate them the way it'

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s on the screen. First,
import and export required import permission and the

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entire tariff that at the time was
about fifteen thousand trachelar positions was subject to

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import permission from the Trade Secretariat called
so. At that time the average import

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tax was between one hundred and one
hundred and twenty percent. The recordable basis

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that we have today for certain,
that is the customs value and that the

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value in Adam is the transaction value
and that the transaction value is the actually

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off price to pay adjusted in terms
that are available with incrementable or decrementable,

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as they are called today. And
at the end of all that, it

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did not operate that, but it
operated official import prices, that is,

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the Trade Secretariat said what was the
value to which the tariff was to be

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applied, which in reality was an
extremely fixed tariff going to it. And

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to make that cake, because there
was, from the year nineteen hundred and

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eighty- two, the widespread control
of changes that, in very simple terms,

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is that those who export have to
hand over the currencies to the Bank

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of Mexico and those who import have
to go to buy them from the Bank

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in Mexico and, obviously, the
protection lies in differentiated rates of exchange.

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While the export, the dollar or
the currency can be bought by central ship

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to one for that same, one
to import it, can sell it in

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one, five, one, twenty, so that the differential acts as a

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restriction and barriers were not clerical,
they were not enforceable up to the point

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of entry, but were then enforceable, for example, the requirements of preferences

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of national suppliers in public purchases and
the performance requirements that we call them as

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requirements of national content. This scheme
was in force from thirty- five forty,

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formally until the year eighty- six, and the answer itself worked.

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Yes, yes, much of the
industrial sector and the Mexican industrial areas and

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zones were generated by this scheme.
However, in the middle of the 20th

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century of the eighty- sixth framework
eighty- six, because it is the

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year in which Mexico subscribes to its
accession to the International Treaty, not the

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so- called arraceles General Agreement on
State Guarantees and Trade, which we all

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know by its acronym in English cran
In that year we signed it and,

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therefore, it could be thought that
there it begins what is now called the

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neoliberal era, that is, the
structure of Mexican free trade based on a

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liberal scheme begins with the subscription,
as I say, of the gat Delga

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of one thousand nine hundred forty-
seven, although a few years after eighty

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- six and as a result of
the multilateral round of trade negotiations initiated in

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Rol in Uruguay, it led in
the year of ninety- four to the

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establishment of the World Trade Organization.
Therefore, the end of the period of

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provincial application of the GAT COAREN and
the entry into force of the GAT of

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nine hundred and ninety- four.
There I say you mark the flag.

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Although Mexico had begun a few years
earlier, at eighty- six years ago,

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there, from eighty- three eighty- four, Mexico had already begun

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unilateral liberalization, it had already begun
to liberalize the textile and household goods market.

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But finally, starting in the 1990s, Mexico began a period of negotiation

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of free trade agreements, first with
Chile and then with the most emblematic of

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them all that it was free trade
of North America, the telecal or as

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it is known in English, the
NAFRA, very fast, we negotiated it,

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very fast. It entered into force
and Mexico not only accompanies it in

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the multilateral aspect, but also integrates
it into a regional bloc. Remember,

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we' re going to see him. Right now that Mexico, the GAD

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contemplates the global multilateral system of foreign
trade, but the same home allows the

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creation of regional blocs through free trade
zones or Sabunera unions. Therefore, Mexico,

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in these new platforms or new columns
of its foreign trade, decides that

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a great column is the cat,
the second great column where it will sit

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its entire structure, its foreign trade
is the telecan and other free trade agreements

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it concludes with Central America, with
Europe, with Costa Rica, with Panama

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and with a number of countries.
The third column is the subscription of promotion

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and protection treaties. There' s
just some investment. Today we have learned

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that the way to increase trade is
through enabling private, domestic and foreign investment,

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and that foreign investment, in a
positive circle, generates more trade.

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Investment generates more trade, general trade, more investment. That' s the

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third column. And the fourth pillar
is Mexico' s accession to the Organization

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00:22:33.000 --> 00:22:38.240
for Economic Cooperation and Development, which, of course, was known as the

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Paris Club, when they were only
from fifteen countries. Some call him.

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I don' t know if it' s derogatory for the Rich Club.

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00:22:51.279 --> 00:23:00.440
What is true is the organization that
groups together the countries that represent the highest

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00:23:00.440 --> 00:23:04.079
degree of economic development and those that
want to achieve it. It therefore draws

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00:23:04.079 --> 00:23:11.319
out many directives of a not only
commercial, but also economic and tax nature.

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And Mexico under that new pillar,
starting perhaps more intensely from the last

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design of the twentieth century that allows
it to inaugurate, start the twenty-

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00:23:29.680 --> 00:23:34.519
first century with a new platform.
The question and it says good. When

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00:23:34.599 --> 00:23:41.799
he entered, he entered the gat
because it was important, because the gat

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00:23:41.880 --> 00:23:48.480
had a beginning and had many obligations. The great objective, the great principle

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00:23:48.880 --> 00:23:55.160
is free trade, to say that
the laws of the economy govern them the

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market and then the won not only
has principles, but has a uses in

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00:24:00.599 --> 00:24:07.039
charge of the countries. The principle
of trade liberalization has obligations on countries to

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00:24:07.279 --> 00:24:15.720
prohibit the establishment of non- tariff
measures. The Treaty calls them non-

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00:24:15.319 --> 00:24:21.759
tariff measures. We, in Mexican
legislation, group them under the term of

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00:24:21.839 --> 00:24:27.880
non- tariff restrictions or regulations.
It provides for no prohibition, but for

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00:24:27.960 --> 00:24:37.720
the progressive, negotiated and consolidated elimination
of import taxes. One very important thing

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00:24:37.799 --> 00:24:44.400
that is often overlooked is the freedom
of transit set out in article five,

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since the interest of all those who
are listening to us is that, as

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an obligation for the principle of liberalization, countries commit themselves in article seven to

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00:24:56.000 --> 00:25:03.759
apply the principles of gauging. Another
principle is non- discrimination and obligations.

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00:25:04.240 --> 00:25:10.160
One of the most important is known
as the most- favoured- nation clause,

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00:25:10.759 --> 00:25:15.039
which is so important that it is
in article one of the gat that

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00:25:15.119 --> 00:25:19.920
the preferential treatment given to it by
one country by the products of another country

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00:25:21.039 --> 00:25:26.119
is obliged to be granted to the
same products from all the cat member countries.

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00:25:26.880 --> 00:25:32.599
One author says that this most-
favoured- nation clause amounts to a

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00:25:32.759 --> 00:25:40.720
global free- trade area. Equal
national treatment, i e the most-

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00:25:40.839 --> 00:25:48.039
favoured- nation clause, prevents discrimination
against suppliers and equal national treatment prevents discrimination

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00:25:48.559 --> 00:25:56.799
between imported and domestic products. Of
course, they undertake to abolish the requirements

234
00:25:56.839 --> 00:26:03.880
for implementation, i e national content. The principle of reciprocity consists in the

235
00:26:03.960 --> 00:26:11.079
obligation to negotiate through mutual advantages.
The principle of fair trade implies not granting

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00:26:11.200 --> 00:26:17.680
or not committing cesleal foreign trade practices
which in the forty- seventh year had

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00:26:17.799 --> 00:26:22.480
basically been thought to be export and
mastery subsidies. And, of course,

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00:26:22.519 --> 00:26:27.920
to the principle of dispute settlement,
consistent that when the gat member countries have

239
00:26:29.000 --> 00:26:36.160
a different one, they submit it
to the POEMC dispute settlement bodies. This

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00:26:36.960 --> 00:26:44.640
very generically is enunciated of what Mexico
forced itself to fulfill in the cat and

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00:26:45.079 --> 00:26:53.039
remember you two principles. One that
the Constitution says that the international treaties signed

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00:26:53.079 --> 00:27:00.319
by Mexico are supreme law assembly and
second, that the Cordia has said the

243
00:27:00.480 --> 00:27:07.079
treaties are above the laws and the
Vienna Convention. The Treaty of Treaties says

244
00:27:07.400 --> 00:27:14.720
two things PATA is to be Vanda
means treaties must be complied with and another

245
00:27:14.880 --> 00:27:19.440
very important provision says that national law
cannot be an excuse for breaching an international

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00:27:19.599 --> 00:27:27.000
treaty. This is the new scaffolding, the new structure with which Mexico begins

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00:27:27.119 --> 00:27:36.480
the twenty- first century of its
international trade. This scheme of the forty

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00:27:37.119 --> 00:27:40.960
- seven cat and I say forty- seven, although it came into force

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00:27:41.000 --> 00:27:47.839
forty- eight and from the other
world remembers that it is the first International

250
00:27:47.960 --> 00:27:52.480
Treaty after the end of the Second
World War. And the question is it

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00:27:53.119 --> 00:27:59.480
worked and the answer did work.
For the world. Take this graph that

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00:27:59.559 --> 00:28:03.319
what gives is the volume of inter- world trade, but measured in volume,

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00:28:03.880 --> 00:28:10.240
not in dollars, why, because
the dollar might be needed indexed to

254
00:28:10.279 --> 00:28:18.640
dollars. What date this is volume. If you see a steady growth at

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00:28:18.839 --> 00:28:26.279
some point, already to the right, the growth is exponential and rises of

256
00:28:26.400 --> 00:28:32.319
greater intensity. It has three falls
and you see it around seventy- three

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00:28:32.359 --> 00:28:37.599
seventy- four a slight fall.
You, who know world history well,

258
00:28:37.559 --> 00:28:42.400
will be able to associate it with
some event in the year two thousand seven,

259
00:28:42.880 --> 00:28:48.559
two thousand eight two thousand nine has
another fall in the year two thousand

260
00:28:48.680 --> 00:28:52.839
twenty has another fall. You will
associate him immediately. What happens in the

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00:28:52.880 --> 00:28:57.720
world in the two thousand eight nine, which caused trade to fall and what

262
00:28:57.799 --> 00:29:03.200
happens in the twenty, which caused
it to fall again. But look there.

263
00:29:03.279 --> 00:29:08.400
You can appreciate what analysts call the
UV effect how trade falls, but

264
00:29:08.440 --> 00:29:17.400
very quickly it is composed. The
idea of this film shows that these rules

265
00:29:17.440 --> 00:29:22.920
of the game did work. There
are even times when trade grew more than

266
00:29:23.119 --> 00:29:32.279
production, but how it grew.
And this film comes from fifty- three

267
00:29:32.359 --> 00:29:40.319
divides. The first columns are exports, the last columns are imports. And

268
00:29:40.319 --> 00:29:47.359
I want to reflect on how the
cake of world trade was distributed and I

269
00:29:47.400 --> 00:29:56.440
took two prototypic dates seventy- three
and two thousand twenty- one that two

270
00:29:56.559 --> 00:30:00.519
thousand twenty- two is in similar
this year. How much of that weight

271
00:30:00.519 --> 00:30:04.279
touched, of that cake, how
much America took to the impo and to

272
00:30:04.480 --> 00:30:12.480
the espo and was approximately seventeen percent. Think about how 21 North America has

273
00:30:12.640 --> 00:30:19.200
lost export markets. It is left
alone with the 12th point seven Europe.

274
00:30:19.200 --> 00:30:25.880
In seventy- three he kept half
of the cake fifty point nine to the

275
00:30:26.240 --> 00:30:32.400
spous and fifty- three point three
to the in In twenty- one of

276
00:30:32.559 --> 00:30:37.160
fifty- nine he lost he went
to thirty- six point nine and fifty

277
00:30:37.799 --> 00:30:45.440
- three to the empo. Lower
thirty- six point four. Don'

278
00:30:45.440 --> 00:30:51.039
t go ahead, in trials,
because if we just look at this sheet,

279
00:30:51.640 --> 00:30:56.359
we might think that Europe is losing
world trade to these are blocs.

280
00:30:57.079 --> 00:31:02.440
Asia had the splint song in seventy- three fourteen point nine, and today

281
00:31:03.039 --> 00:31:08.240
it nearly triples that number thirty-
six, point three. At the impo

282
00:31:08.400 --> 00:31:12.240
he was fourteen nine and today he
is thirty- three, point four.

283
00:31:12.960 --> 00:31:18.640
I was telling you I might be
thinking that Europe is losing market. If

284
00:31:18.720 --> 00:31:27.000
we look at the next sheet,
perhaps we will change our mind to say

285
00:31:27.039 --> 00:31:33.599
how much of Europe' s international
or foreign trade is trade among them twenty

286
00:31:33.599 --> 00:31:37.680
- seven, almost seventy percent.
In other words, what Europe has been

287
00:31:37.720 --> 00:31:45.559
doing is changing suppliers from outside the
European Union to suppliers within the European Union

288
00:31:45.599 --> 00:31:52.240
and look at how its intra-
European trade has been growing to the same

289
00:31:52.640 --> 00:32:00.880
extent almost sixty percent of Asian trade
is among them one thousand North America.

290
00:32:01.039 --> 00:32:08.119
Surprisingly, it is the fact that
it burns down why, because for twenty

291
00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:15.799
years we have had a trade a
normative basis with the trade of the telecan

292
00:32:15.960 --> 00:32:23.079
Since two thousand two, any product
comes from the United States subject to tax

293
00:32:23.079 --> 00:32:32.640
and yet the intra- American trade
is only thirty percent. The President,

294
00:32:32.720 --> 00:32:39.039
at the 10th TEMEC summit of leaders, invited the President. He called him

295
00:32:39.160 --> 00:32:45.039
with called import substitution, which is
not accurate, because replacing imports is replacing

296
00:32:45.240 --> 00:32:52.559
a foreign supplier with a national,
which he means, is replacing suppliers within

297
00:32:52.720 --> 00:33:04.400
and increasing trade within North America.
I believe that the data is representative and

298
00:33:04.519 --> 00:33:09.519
I think it well justifies the measure. How our trade grew. I asked

299
00:33:09.640 --> 00:33:15.000
them about the trade balances. What
you' re going to see from now

300
00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:17.440
on. I' m not saying. Nejil says so, says the World

301
00:33:17.519 --> 00:33:22.680
Bank. That' s what the
SAD management report says. Well the eighty

302
00:33:22.920 --> 00:33:28.680
- five, which was the last
year outside the GAD our foreign trade,

303
00:33:29.279 --> 00:33:35.000
time if espos were just thirty-
five thousand thirty- six billion dollars.

304
00:33:37.359 --> 00:33:43.519
Last year, Mexico’ s foreign
trade was one trillion$ 180 billion and

305
00:33:43.559 --> 00:33:50.000
two billion dollars. The billion not
the billion gringo, but the billion Mexican,

306
00:33:50.079 --> 00:33:54.759
that is, a million million.
What can you see from that foil?

307
00:33:55.200 --> 00:34:00.960
First, you can see the volume, volume and or and logistical problems.

308
00:34:01.000 --> 00:34:07.440
Say yes. If customs crossed one
million one hundred and eighty- two

309
00:34:07.559 --> 00:34:14.119
billion dollars and each container costs on
average the goods it brings inside the container,

310
00:34:14.800 --> 00:34:21.880
we might think it is worth twenty
thousand fifteen thousand dollars, how many

311
00:34:21.920 --> 00:34:27.320
containers had to cross the Mexican borders
and savannahs. Second fact you can see

312
00:34:27.360 --> 00:34:34.599
there is that seventy percent of Mexican
exports were oily. Think about it.

313
00:34:34.840 --> 00:34:42.400
Today, barely five percent of Mexican
exports are oil. Another important fact that

314
00:34:42.480 --> 00:34:51.280
you can see there that of the
six hundred and four billion imports, five

315
00:34:51.320 --> 00:35:00.079
hundred and five hundred and twenty forty- five billion are of imports of industrialists,

316
00:35:00.760 --> 00:35:05.199
you come and their intermediate, For
below comes the breakdown of goods and

317
00:35:05.280 --> 00:35:09.960
their intermediate, And you come of
capital are five hundred and ten five hundred

318
00:35:10.039 --> 00:35:19.000
twenty billion dollars of industrial imports.
If you add up the import of goods

319
00:35:19.159 --> 00:35:22.760
and their intermediate, that is,
inputs for industry and you come from capital,

320
00:35:22.960 --> 00:35:28.280
it will give you that there are
five hundred thirty billion, that is,

321
00:35:28.800 --> 00:35:35.239
the Mexican industrial sector is self-
sustaining. It generates five hundred thirty

322
00:35:35.360 --> 00:35:39.760
billion dollars of impo, but generates
five hundred thirty- eight billion expo,

323
00:35:40.320 --> 00:35:47.840
that is, it generates a superabit
more than eight billion. If we even

324
00:35:47.880 --> 00:35:53.960
compare with agricultural goods and the industry
derived from livestock, etc, and mining

325
00:35:54.039 --> 00:36:00.559
fishing, they will also realize that
the primary sector is also contributing with super

326
00:36:00.639 --> 00:36:09.320
skillful and trade balance. From where
comes the deficit of twenty- six thousand

327
00:36:09.559 --> 00:36:17.519
four hundred and twenty- two million, that is, our cheese of a

328
00:36:17.559 --> 00:36:23.199
surplus, industrial and agricultural and fishing
balance becomes a liability, a deficit.

329
00:36:24.000 --> 00:36:30.280
And the question is fifteen ate the
deficit. I' m going to give

330
00:36:30.400 --> 00:36:37.000
you a hint and reserve you for
the questions to say see where it says

331
00:36:37.000 --> 00:36:44.199
consumer goods. Last year, consumption
came to eighty thousand four hundred and thirteen

332
00:36:44.199 --> 00:36:49.679
million. You, who are at
home in your office, put the trade

333
00:36:49.760 --> 00:36:53.559
balance of Mexico in two thousand twenty- one and you will tell them that

334
00:36:53.559 --> 00:37:00.239
a year earlier, the import of
consumer goods was fifty- five thousand,

335
00:37:00.559 --> 00:37:07.760
that is, consumer goods from one
year to the next increased by more than

336
00:37:07.840 --> 00:37:15.599
twenty- five billion dollars. Yes, who bought so much, what we

337
00:37:16.440 --> 00:37:23.280
' re buying that the balance of
consumer goods grew twenty- seven billion dollars

338
00:37:23.320 --> 00:37:30.400
from year to year. If you
see the trade balance that Ineji published a

339
00:37:30.480 --> 00:37:37.440
few days ago in January September,
it seems that consumer goods can close this

340
00:37:37.480 --> 00:37:45.360
year by$ 90 billion. I
mean, who' s importing that scheme.

341
00:37:46.400 --> 00:37:52.440
More importantly, Mexico went from an
oil or agricultural economy to an industrial

342
00:37:52.440 --> 00:38:00.519
economy. That' s what this
reflects. Mexico is today an industrial economy,

343
00:38:01.519 --> 00:38:09.480
but this is the half- full
and half- empty glass. What

344
00:38:09.519 --> 00:38:15.800
is the ratio of gross domestic product
to Mexican foreign trade and for a few

345
00:38:15.880 --> 00:38:22.119
years, about 80 per cent of
gross domestic product is generated by foreign trade.

346
00:38:24.119 --> 00:38:30.320
Many of you may see a glass
half full, but others may see

347
00:38:30.360 --> 00:38:38.400
a glass half empty to say what
happens if Mexican foreign trade is subject to

348
00:38:38.440 --> 00:38:45.079
some incidence, some damage, a
global shock, another accident, another industrial

349
00:38:45.280 --> 00:38:53.920
accident, another major physical catastrophe,
geopo, geologic geoló. There are the

350
00:38:53.960 --> 00:39:02.039
great upheavals of which the WTO is
another pandemic. If you look at the

351
00:39:02.119 --> 00:39:07.599
national production of PIFs, what measures
is what the country produces in a year.

352
00:39:07.719 --> 00:39:15.280
Eighty percent is foreign trade. It
gives them a contrast data only to

353
00:39:15.679 --> 00:39:22.280
provoke the. The Brazil Brazil dialogue, the relation of its gross domestic product

354
00:39:22.400 --> 00:39:28.800
to foreign trade does not arrive.
It' s barely thirty percent. Look

355
00:39:30.159 --> 00:39:34.800
how bad Brazil is. No.
Brazil has a pif of fifty percent more

356
00:39:34.920 --> 00:39:39.760
than Mexico. This one. Here' s a tip. I, in

357
00:39:39.880 --> 00:39:45.920
positive terms, would ask myself Andrés
hear what you see in Mexico not neglecting

358
00:39:45.920 --> 00:39:50.880
its foreign trade. Of course,
but it requires an industrial policy that promotes

359
00:39:50.920 --> 00:39:57.039
the internal market. Mexico must have
an industrial policy that promotes the domestic market

360
00:39:57.119 --> 00:40:02.760
and not just the market. We
are clear about the area of the country

361
00:40:02.840 --> 00:40:07.800
that should be promoted, which is
from Mexico City to the south, south

362
00:40:07.480 --> 00:40:14.559
- east of Mexico, where there
is work before workers, water, natural

363
00:40:14.559 --> 00:40:20.880
resources, connections, etc. That
is the virtue of the three or four

364
00:40:21.079 --> 00:40:28.199
major anchor projects of this administration.
The francismic train, the two- mouth

365
00:40:28.280 --> 00:40:34.760
refinery, the Mayan train and all
that is aimed at generating anchor projects that

366
00:40:34.880 --> 00:40:38.880
can generate, as well as how
tesla worked in the north of this side,

367
00:40:39.079 --> 00:40:47.639
may be following what duana we have
to know what customs we need.

368
00:40:49.199 --> 00:40:53.400
Well, there may be several methods
of evaluation. I can evaluate by collection,

369
00:40:54.119 --> 00:41:00.320
I can value by fallicilitation, I
can evaluate by your ability to combat

370
00:41:00.320 --> 00:41:04.159
sleal practices. I had it there
and I took it off because if I

371
00:41:04.239 --> 00:41:08.760
don' t run out of time
and I say well, let' s

372
00:41:08.760 --> 00:41:15.000
evaluate the first raise. That is
the behavior in the left column millions of

373
00:41:15.079 --> 00:41:22.239
dollars, in the right column,
is millions of pesos the red line is

374
00:41:22.320 --> 00:41:30.639
collection. The blue line is imports, not just a quick look. It

375
00:41:30.719 --> 00:41:36.960
shows us that the collection volume is
marked by the import volume, perhaps with

376
00:41:40.199 --> 00:41:49.079
some variables. For example, the
pandemic broke global supply chains, broke Joseph

377
00:41:49.840 --> 00:41:55.440
Justin Time to return to Justin Kase. One of the great challenges and demands

378
00:41:55.480 --> 00:42:00.159
that the Mexican economy has right now
are wineries. This made that what is

379
00:42:00.239 --> 00:42:05.519
imported must be imported over the next
three years. It mattered in the next

380
00:42:05.599 --> 00:42:09.840
three months. Freight supply chains were
broken, freight increased to significant levels.

381
00:42:13.320 --> 00:42:16.800
Freight, as you know, is
part of the recordable base and a number

382
00:42:16.920 --> 00:42:23.760
of elements that could contribute. But
there it shows me that the result of

383
00:42:23.800 --> 00:42:30.360
the excellent collection that the Mexican woman
had is due to two things. One

384
00:42:30.440 --> 00:42:38.719
is the substantial increase in imports,
which of course operates very favourably, and

385
00:42:38.760 --> 00:42:44.840
the other is the ninety- four
percent of the revenue you see. There

386
00:42:45.679 --> 00:42:52.639
it is, say, the reports
of the tax management system mark that today

387
00:42:52.960 --> 00:43:00.360
the import tax does not represent even
five percent of what customs charge. To

388
00:43:00.360 --> 00:43:07.760
say, we have customs that are
collecting VAT, YEBS and san if I

389
00:43:07.000 --> 00:43:12.039
evaluate it for trade facilitation is enough. That' s not what I'

390
00:43:12.039 --> 00:43:15.039
m saying. I' m the
salt management report, and I' m

391
00:43:15.039 --> 00:43:20.079
not saying that either. I'
m the World Bank report. You target

392
00:43:20.360 --> 00:43:24.960
the World Bank' s performance index
and it' s going to give you

393
00:43:25.039 --> 00:43:30.679
the performance indexes of customs around the
world. I chose three from Mexico,

394
00:43:30.960 --> 00:43:35.960
Canada and the United States. Zero' s all the way down, it

395
00:43:36.000 --> 00:43:38.599
means they' re going really bad
and five' s all the way up

396
00:43:38.599 --> 00:43:42.280
means they' re going really well. That' s the rang where Canadian

397
00:43:42.320 --> 00:43:46.639
customs move, the rang where Mexican
customs move, and the rank where Mexican

398
00:43:46.840 --> 00:43:54.079
customs move. If you can see
the, our partners, our partners'

399
00:43:54.199 --> 00:43:59.519
saunas move in the range of three, five, four and we' re

400
00:43:59.440 --> 00:44:05.840
on the rand of two, five
and we' re going down. If

401
00:44:05.920 --> 00:44:10.599
you see from the middle of the
last six years, the trend, the

402
00:44:10.719 --> 00:44:19.559
World Bank evaluation tends to reduce ratings. The ratings And that' s more,

403
00:44:21.079 --> 00:44:23.920
I don' t know the reason
for analysis, because they are the

404
00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:34.719
years when most money has been spent
on devices and non- intrusive equipment on

405
00:44:34.880 --> 00:44:38.119
software devices, where it is said
that it takes eight seconds to cross customs.

406
00:44:39.519 --> 00:44:50.920
This is the performance index, the
potential to integrate further integration, and

407
00:44:51.079 --> 00:44:57.119
to achieve greater economic integration. I
think they' re very favorable. I

408
00:44:57.239 --> 00:45:01.280
think that the President, the Obsobrator, is right for a number of reasons.

409
00:45:04.800 --> 00:45:09.559
First, because the gap of asymmetries
of the US economy with the Mexican

410
00:45:09.639 --> 00:45:15.239
economy has narrowed and is marked by
the volume of trade it has in Mexico.

411
00:45:16.320 --> 00:45:24.719
Mexico' s volume of U S
trade is impressive. We always rank

412
00:45:24.760 --> 00:45:29.039
between one and two with China and
other countries, so that is representative.

413
00:45:31.199 --> 00:45:36.880
And the other, that the make- up industry ceased to be a maquiladora,

414
00:45:37.480 --> 00:45:43.559
where it was said that what Mexico
exported rarely passed from four three percent

415
00:45:43.639 --> 00:45:50.400
of national content. Today, studies
by more recognized government analysts outside the government

416
00:45:50.480 --> 00:45:57.559
indicate that the national content of Mexican
exports is thirty- five. Upstairs there

417
00:45:58.480 --> 00:46:02.719
is a very important fact, which
is the ner Shorin. The reserves that

418
00:46:02.880 --> 00:46:10.199
Mexico has in lithium and other strategic
raw materials. The tesla effect in such

419
00:46:10.239 --> 00:46:17.199
a way that all of this suggests
that Mexico' s trade of one billion

420
00:46:17.280 --> 00:46:22.360
one hundred and eighty- two billion
can make it in two a couple of

421
00:46:23.000 --> 00:46:28.000
years, Mexico is in a billion
and a half. In a billion and

422
00:46:28.039 --> 00:46:36.679
a half, and that will generate
great demands for normative renewal of processes,

423
00:46:36.880 --> 00:46:45.559
but also for the provision of highly
prepared human resources. This I want to

424
00:46:45.599 --> 00:46:51.519
surprise you again my books that always
egemptilize the people of my office, Luis,

425
00:46:51.639 --> 00:46:57.280
my assistant, puts to remind you
that knowledge does not enter by blutut,

426
00:46:58.480 --> 00:47:04.159
but you have to read. There' s my data for everyone who

427
00:47:04.199 --> 00:47:08.119
wants to write me in all sorts
of context. I hope, Lvia,

428
00:47:08.320 --> 00:47:16.199
it did not take long and,
of course, I remain for the consideration

429
00:47:16.199 --> 00:47:20.920
of all of you, for your
attention is very much English. Man,

430
00:47:20.960 --> 00:47:25.719
on the contrary, my dear Andrés, a very interesting talk where you are

431
00:47:25.800 --> 00:47:31.440
giving us some very important data for
Mexico and what our trade is. Here

432
00:47:31.519 --> 00:47:38.599
' s a question, or there' s one if he was the biggest

433
00:47:38.639 --> 00:47:45.440
builder contributor to the fundraiser. This
means that the government is interested in continuing

434
00:47:45.480 --> 00:47:51.000
to cancel certification and VATEPS to obtain
a greater cash flow. This can be

435
00:47:51.119 --> 00:47:53.000
linked to the publication of today'
s decree, where the ballet certification period

436
00:47:53.079 --> 00:48:00.280
is reduced from three years to one
year. I wanted to see Enrique,

437
00:48:00.679 --> 00:48:07.559
thank you very much for your concept, that we will put a very general

438
00:48:07.559 --> 00:48:12.760
concept. The IMA is a very
important consumption tax, it is a consumption

439
00:48:12.800 --> 00:48:17.480
tax. Therefore, the step that
breaks you through companies must be completely harmless

440
00:48:17.519 --> 00:48:30.199
and must be completely easy, flexible
and economical. What the derner companies have

441
00:48:30.400 --> 00:48:35.559
accumulating value, but that process cannot
be stuck. It is therefore important that

442
00:48:35.679 --> 00:48:40.719
we have that first base. The
tax is a consumer tax. Therefore,

443
00:48:42.000 --> 00:48:46.599
the passage through the companies must be
practically free of charge, because then,

444
00:48:47.760 --> 00:48:52.599
if it is not distorted, the
point two is that the tax, VAT,

445
00:48:53.119 --> 00:48:59.760
import, VAT the import unless it
has been final consumer is an IBA

446
00:48:59.800 --> 00:49:05.280
that is credited in the monthly declaration, that is an advance the importer,

447
00:49:06.320 --> 00:49:10.320
in the expedition pays the VAT,
but in the next monthly declaration it proves

448
00:49:10.320 --> 00:49:20.320
it, it credits it. The
third principle is that, generally the exporter

449
00:49:20.480 --> 00:49:25.119
and we already saw one thing,
that 80 percent of the gross domestic product

450
00:49:25.239 --> 00:49:30.840
is foreign trade, which means that
80 percent of the liba to import is

451
00:49:31.360 --> 00:49:37.119
asked for return, is not credited, according to the rule of three.

452
00:49:38.559 --> 00:49:43.000
If the echo, if 80 percent
of the Mexican economy is foreign trade,

453
00:49:43.480 --> 00:49:52.400
means 80 percent is exported. See
the sheet above we imported$ 500 billion,

454
00:49:53.039 --> 00:49:59.440
$ 600 billion, but we exported
the same figure. It means either

455
00:49:59.880 --> 00:50:06.239
the importer certifies it in the monthly
declaration or asks for the refund. Therefore,

456
00:50:06.519 --> 00:50:10.840
the only going cost is that of
the consumer. Consumer, final consumer.

457
00:50:12.719 --> 00:50:17.199
That' s the subject of the
sat. Some people misbehave, some

458
00:50:17.199 --> 00:50:24.320
people misbehave. Yes, we had
to fight, but it was done the

459
00:50:24.360 --> 00:50:30.840
worst way. The Mexican export sector
was overtaken by one out of three.

460
00:50:30.960 --> 00:50:37.639
Or you get a certification and it
costs you a lot of money to get

461
00:50:37.719 --> 00:50:42.039
that certification, but it also cost
the government. He had to create administrations

462
00:50:42.119 --> 00:50:50.440
within Agase to administer that certification.
Second, or are you bailing out an

463
00:50:50.480 --> 00:50:53.679
eye we' re competing for the
dollar penny? Is he in the world,

464
00:50:54.239 --> 00:50:59.119
are we competing for the penny of
Lord Dollar? And you gave the

465
00:50:59.199 --> 00:51:05.639
exporter the oblia to fight the bad
guys. Get him a certification that costs

466
00:51:05.760 --> 00:51:10.400
ten thousand dollars a year on the
waiters or a bail and the government had

467
00:51:10.559 --> 00:51:16.360
to create and hire staff to manage
that. And the third is that you

468
00:51:16.440 --> 00:51:22.360
pay for it, that you pay
for it, and then the exporter,

469
00:51:22.519 --> 00:51:28.599
who has no financing, takes away
the money and gives it salsa, and

470
00:51:28.679 --> 00:51:34.039
then he has to ask. The
question is from the data where it says

471
00:51:34.079 --> 00:51:39.920
that importation into consumption is increasing bestially. The question is whether those are actually

472
00:51:40.039 --> 00:51:46.280
unlustrial imports that they prefer to pay. To say why I do the temporary,

473
00:51:46.719 --> 00:51:51.199
if I am going to pay VAT, better, I make it definitive.

474
00:51:52.199 --> 00:51:59.760
I pay the final, I do
the export and I ask for the

475
00:51:59.840 --> 00:52:05.360
drug c, but if it'
s always I' m putting the exporter

476
00:52:05.320 --> 00:52:07.480
in a cost chain that Lima shouldn' t have. There' s a

477
00:52:07.480 --> 00:52:10.519
very good document. I recommend it
on the VAT that published the USB.

478
00:52:12.559 --> 00:52:16.000
I highly recommend them. It was
published by the SD And are the principles

479
00:52:16.480 --> 00:52:22.760
of the Libano and is based on
that for the chains of the companies should

480
00:52:22.880 --> 00:52:29.920
not have those costs and we put
into the chain of LIVA the cost of

481
00:52:29.920 --> 00:52:32.719
certification, the cost of the bond
or the cost of paying it. But,

482
00:52:32.760 --> 00:52:37.719
moreover, not only that, but
to renew it and pay a fee,

483
00:52:38.960 --> 00:52:45.199
that is, we require a clear
policy. I hope I have answered

484
00:52:45.320 --> 00:52:49.880
that question and I' m sorry
if that yes, yes, you do

485
00:52:50.000 --> 00:52:52.519
not put us at a very clear
point with regard to Diva, that the

486
00:52:52.559 --> 00:53:01.239
livo pagans are us, the final
consumers, and so they are making it

487
00:53:01.239 --> 00:53:05.239
difficult for exporters to recover. So
to be why, because he was going

488
00:53:05.400 --> 00:53:08.880
what is actually a tax with equivalent
effect, that is, remember that he

489
00:53:09.119 --> 00:53:13.679
was going to have the great principle. I remind you again of this CD

490
00:53:13.719 --> 00:53:19.679
document The great IBA prince is taxation, destiny. Therefore, exporters in the

491
00:53:19.760 --> 00:53:27.800
world did not cause go. Now. The way to make the burden of

492
00:53:27.920 --> 00:53:31.960
the national product' s ira equivalent
is for the imported product to pay for

493
00:53:32.039 --> 00:53:36.800
it to put them on an equal
footing. See how that exception is provided

494
00:53:36.880 --> 00:53:40.920
for in Article 2 of the MAT, say, in my going the United

495
00:53:42.000 --> 00:53:46.440
States complains about that. Why you
complain because the United States has no VAT

496
00:53:47.880 --> 00:53:52.960
and then your exporter is not entitled
to what you paid for sales tax income

497
00:53:53.119 --> 00:54:00.239
tax that they paid in the various
States of the American Union. Our exporter

498
00:54:00.400 --> 00:54:06.400
in the world. The exporter asks
for the refund of all the taxes it

499
00:54:07.360 --> 00:54:09.800
paid that it paid and draws balances
in favor of the United States. Not

500
00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:15.159
native has to go. Then this
your exporter absorbs the cost of state taxes

501
00:54:15.320 --> 00:54:22.719
on sales. The tax that opposes
in the US sound that is going to

502
00:54:22.760 --> 00:54:30.079
be bought anything the FAX that they
call sales tax, but it is not

503
00:54:30.199 --> 00:54:37.639
value added effect. It' s
like you got our old business income tax.

504
00:54:38.679 --> 00:54:45.000
It was cumulative, like the Nativa, cumulative until France invented it in

505
00:54:45.039 --> 00:54:49.239
the' 70s and we put it
in the' 80s. It used to

506
00:54:49.320 --> 00:54:52.159
be very productive. Yes, yes, yes, very, very, very

507
00:54:52.239 --> 00:54:59.719
well, there are others. Well, here' s a colleague, Miguel

508
00:54:59.719 --> 00:55:02.760
Carlos Ramírez, who does something to
us from the story, also from how

509
00:55:02.840 --> 00:55:08.559
customs were handled, how all the
statements are handled, what was done.

510
00:55:09.159 --> 00:55:15.239
It also gives us some points,
some concepts. When the customs code was

511
00:55:15.280 --> 00:55:17.760
used, the tariff is not the
harmonised theme, it was alphanumeric codes,

512
00:55:19.719 --> 00:55:28.199
our rates. Now, speaking of
the Cushi or speaking of the Customs Cooperation

513
00:55:28.239 --> 00:55:31.199
Council, since the Berlin Wall also
tells us no carballido salutes and then also

514
00:55:31.719 --> 00:55:37.880
tells us that the evaluation of the
strongest vanes, good corruption and drug trafficking.

515
00:55:40.199 --> 00:55:44.280
Right now. We therefore have to
make a very strong assessment with the

516
00:55:44.519 --> 00:55:50.159
customs authorities. I believe that these
very strong changes that we have had over

517
00:55:50.639 --> 00:55:55.239
the years have come to pervade us
a lot and to stick a lot with

518
00:55:55.239 --> 00:56:00.639
all those controls. Yeah, yeah, I think the drug dealer who'

519
00:56:00.679 --> 00:56:04.039
s come to corrupt us a lot. It is very dangerous all this,

520
00:56:05.280 --> 00:56:12.400
since congratulations, congratulations, excellent talk. Dear Dr Rode says, I think

521
00:56:12.440 --> 00:56:15.800
we' ve had other exports,
so to speak, the brain drain.

522
00:56:15.920 --> 00:56:20.320
You can also make a platform to
consult, I don' t know,

523
00:56:20.719 --> 00:56:25.679
says Francisco Javier Hernández, and so
the customs facilitation, because we will see

524
00:56:25.679 --> 00:56:30.159
all this. A lot of bids. Andrés Hector, I don' t

525
00:56:30.719 --> 00:56:36.159
know if you want to comment on
some things. First of all, congratulate

526
00:56:36.159 --> 00:56:39.039
Dr Andres roy on two things.
From the first for this excellent presentation,

527
00:56:39.119 --> 00:56:46.960
no waste. Thank you very much
for the information, very timely and very

528
00:56:47.000 --> 00:56:53.199
pertinent, and congratulate you on the
recent Congress of the International Academy of Customs

529
00:56:53.239 --> 00:57:00.519
Law in Germany and where Enrique was
present. So many congratulations to donate those

530
00:57:00.320 --> 00:57:07.320
andres events. Something you shared with
me. Sorry you shared us and I

531
00:57:07.320 --> 00:57:13.239
find it very interesting to make a
comment. It is when he makes the

532
00:57:13.280 --> 00:57:17.360
comment related to the time when the
entry of goods to our country was restricted.

533
00:57:19.039 --> 00:57:25.199
We are talking about the age of
protectionism and import substitution. One of

534
00:57:25.239 --> 00:57:32.639
the ways to do this was through
very high tariffs and you link it there

535
00:57:32.920 --> 00:57:42.000
with a comment on a practice that
was given and was smuggling. I have

536
00:57:42.039 --> 00:57:45.559
an import permit. I have a
very high arancon for what I' m

537
00:57:45.639 --> 00:57:50.519
going that way, I' d
better go smuggling and I think this is

538
00:57:50.559 --> 00:57:59.000
important to take into consideration, precisely
because a question was asked regarding the reduction

539
00:57:59.039 --> 00:58:05.079
of the deadline of authorizations for certified
companies, which is dictated the rule so

540
00:58:05.199 --> 00:58:09.360
that authorization, now it is granted
with validity of one year. It may

541
00:58:09.440 --> 00:58:15.519
be double to a, but it
will only be in effect for one year

542
00:58:15.519 --> 00:58:21.400
and that obviously has an impact on
the costs that companies have to maintain certification.

543
00:58:21.920 --> 00:58:25.280
But apart from that, there are
another set of requirements that have been

544
00:58:25.360 --> 00:58:32.280
imposed on the subject of hydrocarbons,
which now you need to have an authorization,

545
00:58:32.880 --> 00:58:37.280
give a warning, give information of
what volume is it, what you

546
00:58:37.360 --> 00:58:39.239
will import it and what you will
import it for and what your consumption is,

547
00:58:39.480 --> 00:58:45.280
since you are. In the end
and in addition, it is in

548
00:58:45.320 --> 00:58:49.960
the specific case of sugar, where
there was a very significant increase in tariff

549
00:58:50.079 --> 00:58:55.280
matters, then we see forgiveness and
in the case of steel materials, which

550
00:58:55.280 --> 00:59:00.760
there was also an increase in tariffs. So, reflecting on that position that

551
00:59:00.880 --> 00:59:05.559
is currently being followed, that tariff
increases and a little more restrictions, we

552
00:59:05.559 --> 00:59:10.840
are not causing us to go back
to the old scheme of what better I

553
00:59:10.840 --> 00:59:17.519
go through the gap that is even
better paved than the fiscal route. Yes,

554
00:59:19.639 --> 00:59:22.760
thank you very much, dear Hector
you were missed in Berlin, thanks

555
00:59:22.880 --> 00:59:29.920
to the referents of the academy and
the people who really study, analyze and

556
00:59:29.960 --> 00:59:37.519
see in depth the Mexican reality,
let us hope that the year that enters

557
00:59:37.639 --> 00:59:43.559
the United Cinemas, in Bangkok,
we will have you and share your knowledge

558
00:59:43.559 --> 00:59:52.840
with us. I think we have
to look at it from various points of

559
00:59:52.840 --> 01:00:02.400
view. Well, while globalization led
to global value chains, value supply chains,

560
01:00:02.599 --> 01:00:09.679
it caused the fall of border barriers
and, of course, caused and

561
01:00:09.800 --> 01:00:15.599
resulted in an increase in volume,
as we saw in the sheet, that

562
01:00:15.639 --> 01:00:22.159
world trade, which grew so exponentially, grew in almost every country in the

563
01:00:22.199 --> 01:00:25.239
world, be it to Guatemala and
India and so on, and bring the

564
01:00:25.360 --> 01:00:34.480
levels as big as this. But
it caused something else. It provoked this

565
01:00:35.119 --> 01:00:44.280
boom was accompanied by terrorist attacks,
by attacks by Atocha, Buenos Aires,

566
01:00:45.039 --> 01:00:47.639
London, and that is to say, new York, that is, terrorism

567
01:00:47.679 --> 01:00:55.000
was mounted in the commercial chains and
there was also an emergence that did not

568
01:00:55.079 --> 01:01:04.800
exist, the international crime. The
international crime arose and then we began to

569
01:01:05.480 --> 01:01:09.639
see how there were international work that
did not exist, for example, that

570
01:01:09.719 --> 01:01:15.679
of dual- use goods. How
through a commodity that has the most naïve

571
01:01:15.760 --> 01:01:21.639
purposes because it serves to be ham
and sausages, it also serves to be

572
01:01:21.960 --> 01:01:28.880
explosives or that small ingredient or device
that serves for laptop also serves to activate

573
01:01:28.880 --> 01:01:37.559
bombs at a distance. And this
rarely some phenomenon of both us and people

574
01:01:37.639 --> 01:01:42.679
from like countries is explained by a
single factor, that is, the trade

575
01:01:42.719 --> 01:01:46.920
grew, it relocated, the fact
ended in the fact it, because it

576
01:01:47.239 --> 01:01:52.840
only rules in Mexico for the chivas
and the tequila hunger. The rest is

577
01:01:52.960 --> 01:01:58.840
the product of globalization. Then,
but also, came the terrorist acts,

578
01:01:58.960 --> 01:02:06.639
came the dual- use deals.
Seeing terrorism, organized crime came. They

579
01:02:06.719 --> 01:02:14.159
got into this and then the governments
had the need not to sacrifice trade,

580
01:02:14.360 --> 01:02:20.320
but neither did national security. There
are two articles. Lately, all the

581
01:02:20.440 --> 01:02:25.639
measures that governments are putting in place
are based on the cat' s article

582
01:02:25.800 --> 01:02:30.920
twenty- one to say remember that
gara establishes obligations and exceptions. And the

583
01:02:30.960 --> 01:02:37.039
twenty- one of the cat says
you can disappoint everything for reasons of national

584
01:02:37.159 --> 01:02:43.239
security and notice how the measures now
in Europe, that we were going there,

585
01:02:44.039 --> 01:02:50.280
because there is also another new discipline
environment, environment, And then come

586
01:02:50.280 --> 01:02:54.800
the carbon taxes, where you will
pay hector, import taxes with carbon certificates.

587
01:02:55.960 --> 01:03:00.079
And there' s another topic,
because there' s also the fish

588
01:03:00.119 --> 01:03:01.599
and there' s the fountains and
it' s right now. We are

589
01:03:01.639 --> 01:03:07.639
suffering from the problem of environmental change. How a typhoon changes from two to

590
01:03:07.760 --> 01:03:15.199
five eight hours in four hours.
And there comes another issue as important as

591
01:03:15.199 --> 01:03:21.480
that, such as gender, gender
equity and all these new disciplines that we

592
01:03:21.519 --> 01:03:27.079
didn' t have the strength of
countries, but let' s not be

593
01:03:27.079 --> 01:03:35.039
naive either. The industrialists are still
looking for ways to establish protective measures and

594
01:03:35.039 --> 01:03:37.920
we have treaties. Everyone has treaties
where they forbid taxing and putting up barriers

595
01:03:38.039 --> 01:03:47.599
and then we start playing very complicated
games. Today who is dedicated to customs

596
01:03:47.639 --> 01:03:52.440
and commerce plays a very complicated game. At the same time, you have

597
01:03:52.440 --> 01:03:59.239
to export, but you have to
circumvent like these stepy chase races these obstacle

598
01:03:59.239 --> 01:04:03.079
races. And the trader doesn'
t think the trader dislikes these obstacle races

599
01:04:03.159 --> 01:04:10.480
the more obstacles his product jumps.
It has greater value, of course,

600
01:04:10.840 --> 01:04:15.760
it has greater value. And then
the view said here, Don Carlos Ramírez,

601
01:04:15.280 --> 01:04:20.480
say, you criticized for socimite.
I showed him a sheet where customs

602
01:04:20.559 --> 01:04:28.280
performance is flunked in Mexico. World
Bank retests the performance of onero in Mexico

603
01:04:28.320 --> 01:04:34.360
and tells you it leads to the
fall of a piano. Saying hears now

604
01:04:34.639 --> 01:04:39.039
perhaps the question is to say,
hey, Andrew and why not evaluate so

605
01:04:39.599 --> 01:04:44.800
badly World Bank, among other reasons
why you said, Hector, say hey

606
01:04:44.800 --> 01:04:51.199
I want to export. I'
m putting certification requirements on you to libar

607
01:04:51.239 --> 01:05:00.000
and I' m putting standards requirements
on you, specialized customs requirements. Resis.

608
01:05:00.320 --> 01:05:04.480
In the sports card we enter,
we do not enter, we leave,

609
01:05:05.119 --> 01:05:09.559
we do not leave the cf DEIS
said to see me, the system.

610
01:05:11.559 --> 01:05:17.480
We have, by the way,
that we live global chains of balch

611
01:05:17.559 --> 01:05:24.840
Ok and we have the truth that
when one commodity enters under emex in one

612
01:05:24.840 --> 01:05:29.880
company in the country, it moves
to another, to another because we are

613
01:05:30.079 --> 01:05:33.840
not importing input, we are importing
processes. Mexico is not port, Insumos

614
01:05:33.960 --> 01:05:41.039
exports processes, but we carry the
worst education system. Every time a process

615
01:05:41.559 --> 01:05:45.320
goes to another process, another process, we have to do and pediments of

616
01:05:45.400 --> 01:05:49.360
five or one. I don'
t know what they' re called transfer,

617
01:05:50.159 --> 01:05:57.519
and then we' re recharging because
a product went from this company to

618
01:05:57.639 --> 01:06:00.320
this company and they pass five companies
all from one group. Remember one thing.

619
01:06:00.800 --> 01:06:06.320
World trade is monopolized trade. Eighty- five percent of world trade is

620
01:06:06.440 --> 01:06:15.719
intra- company trade without companies.
So, when you pass this merchandise to

621
01:06:16.199 --> 01:06:20.039
this maquiladora and this one, and
this one and this one, they'

622
01:06:20.039 --> 01:06:28.519
re all part of the business group
and we put them to do pediments b

623
01:06:28.280 --> 01:06:34.039
one after another. I think the
latest statistic is that the virtual pediments were

624
01:06:34.119 --> 01:06:43.159
fifty percent of the experiments to say
and this of course, because that'

625
01:06:43.239 --> 01:06:45.199
s what it marks, because the
five go as it already misqualifies, the

626
01:06:45.280 --> 01:06:49.280
duanero system. Saying hears, but
I' m also going to be critical

627
01:06:49.360 --> 01:06:56.679
so that don Carlos doesn' t
give him satisfaction to educate them to tell

628
01:06:56.719 --> 01:07:02.880
them what we' re spending money
on, on appliances, on x-

629
01:07:03.119 --> 01:07:06.679
rays on veins, we have to
tell ourselves what we have to spend on

630
01:07:06.679 --> 01:07:12.119
customs personnel. Every time he leaves. Every time a Mexican customs officer is

631
01:07:12.119 --> 01:07:15.400
seen, whoever' s in the
office, whoever' s upstairs, leaves,

632
01:07:15.639 --> 01:07:24.199
a library burns. Every time you
let a Mexican customs officer go,

633
01:07:24.760 --> 01:07:29.320
a library burns because we all know
there' s no product, no history.

634
01:07:30.400 --> 01:07:34.639
Man. Mexico is one of the
few countries that doesn' t have

635
01:07:34.679 --> 01:07:40.159
a national training school You remember,
Hector, you were in all those efforts.

636
01:07:40.239 --> 01:07:44.199
In the nineties, you don'
t remember the attempts of the University

637
01:07:44.559 --> 01:07:48.960
of Wood and the Institute of Foreign
Trade that you worked, that changed.

638
01:07:49.079 --> 01:07:55.199
I wanted to, but if I
was to be andres, that project got

639
01:07:55.199 --> 01:08:00.280
frustrated. On the 11th of September
of the two thousand one, the thousand

640
01:08:00.440 --> 01:08:04.559
changed, they changed our priorities in
a very important way. Right now,

641
01:08:04.760 --> 01:08:11.960
there are two research priorities. They' re dogs and they' re machines.

642
01:08:12.320 --> 01:08:15.480
They' re dogs and they'
re machines. Say, and the

643
01:08:15.519 --> 01:08:19.439
Bank result I don' t say. I stress, I stress, but

644
01:08:19.479 --> 01:08:24.319
from the middle of the six-
year period, for here, the World

645
01:08:24.319 --> 01:08:27.720
Bank evaluation is bad. It'
s ma and if you take him,

646
01:08:27.840 --> 01:08:33.640
you add that the Governor of Texas
closes the borders, but closes it because

647
01:08:33.640 --> 01:08:36.760
they cross the trailers loaded with migrants. I target them with shopping and industrial

648
01:08:36.840 --> 01:08:43.760
policy in Mexico is well focused.
It' s southeastern Mexico. But the

649
01:08:43.800 --> 01:08:48.920
south- east of Mexico has a
problem, migration and the great migration in

650
01:08:49.000 --> 01:08:54.680
the terms in which it is happening
today I saw the news that a cardena

651
01:08:54.760 --> 01:09:00.359
of twenty- five thousand people had
gone and passed through a small town of

652
01:09:00.359 --> 01:09:05.640
Chiapas, Oaxaca and it will reach
the border, There, to Juarez,

653
01:09:05.720 --> 01:09:12.199
to Tijuana, to Nogales, And
they are human beings that need attention,

654
01:09:12.920 --> 01:09:18.279
but that also cause problems to other
human beings. And in Mexico we have

655
01:09:18.640 --> 01:09:24.039
no border. We have to say
Customs in the south. I mean,

656
01:09:24.640 --> 01:09:28.399
this whole game now has worked for
us in the ros parts. Yeah,

657
01:09:29.079 --> 01:09:33.199
yeah, I think it' s
worked out for us how much people who

658
01:09:33.560 --> 01:09:38.359
have jobs have for foreign trade.
The kids who are studying foreign trade and

659
01:09:38.439 --> 01:09:43.439
have trained him there is the generation
of employment. But there' s another

660
01:09:43.439 --> 01:09:46.640
fact, too. You have to
generate as an internal market. Internal market.

661
01:09:46.760 --> 01:09:53.039
Mexico needs domestic market, It needs
a demand for domestic production for the

662
01:09:53.039 --> 01:09:59.960
domestic market. Tragedies such as Acapulco
can be engines to generate internal merchandise.

663
01:10:00.560 --> 01:10:06.159
That is, there are whole areas
of Mexico that do not have a single

664
01:10:06.159 --> 01:10:14.560
industrial plant. To Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas Yucatán. No. No.

665
01:10:14.840 --> 01:10:16.119
And no. And if there'
s no industry, there' s no

666
01:10:16.119 --> 01:10:23.159
value. They add right. True
Andres really is a subject of much reflection.

667
01:10:24.279 --> 01:10:27.560
This isn' t much to do. There' s a lot of

668
01:10:27.560 --> 01:10:31.840
tare to be. Two andrés hearsay
taking advantage of your reflection. Notice that

669
01:10:31.920 --> 01:10:36.600
there is something that I, when
I have the opportunity, notice and it

670
01:10:36.640 --> 01:10:41.920
is the subject of valuation, so
you pointed out that somehow it explains why

671
01:10:42.439 --> 01:10:45.479
of the increase in diva. You
are absolutely right, but I say that

672
01:10:45.520 --> 01:10:50.119
it is a matter of concern for
companies in a compliance strip, because you

673
01:10:50.399 --> 01:10:57.199
rightly observe that international trade transactions seventy- five percent are made related companies and

674
01:10:57.520 --> 01:11:02.319
then enter, as set out in
the legislation and the Value Convention, is

675
01:11:02.359 --> 01:11:06.920
not acceptable, the recordable basis to
declare, certain conditions have to be met

676
01:11:08.600 --> 01:11:20.800
and then companies should be concerned,
because that issue is very serious. Or

677
01:11:21.640 --> 01:11:26.520
what I forgive enriches nothing more to
take advantage of Andrew' s comment.

678
01:11:26.560 --> 01:11:30.479
The Texas issue has just been published
as you rightly comment on the September trade

679
01:11:30.520 --> 01:11:38.640
and the September export fell. And
one explanation is because of the obstacle Mexican

680
01:11:38.760 --> 01:11:47.119
exporters have in Texas six point five
percent export growth. It' s brutal

681
01:11:47.159 --> 01:11:54.199
the figures that you drive four forty- fifty billion a month you apply to

682
01:11:54.239 --> 01:11:59.159
it six percent and it' s
a world of money. Yeah, yeah,

683
01:11:59.279 --> 01:12:03.079
yeah. Lose more one thing,
the state import tax. If you

684
01:12:03.159 --> 01:12:09.199
stay in the state, if it' s state taxation, if you enter,

685
01:12:09.560 --> 01:12:12.600
if you don' t enter by
tile, you' re going to

686
01:12:13.399 --> 01:12:16.159
divert Arizona, New Mexico, Florida
and then the state government of Texas is

687
01:12:16.159 --> 01:12:18.479
left with no revenue. It'
s a bullet in the leg. That

688
01:12:18.560 --> 01:12:26.439
doesn' t shoot Look at the
interconnecting already in our economies. This one

689
01:12:26.560 --> 01:12:29.800
and of course, the subject of
the go has. He' s got

690
01:12:29.880 --> 01:12:35.359
to be neutral. Abso for companies. It must be neutral, because finally

691
01:12:35.399 --> 01:12:42.359
they can tell you to see the
big bucks collected in customs eighty- seven

692
01:12:42.439 --> 01:12:48.239
ninety percent went and how much you
returned him. It' s a point.

693
01:12:48.359 --> 01:12:51.199
That' s a very important point, not that many people don'

694
01:12:51.319 --> 01:12:56.159
t know. If people think they
collect a billion of them all went away

695
01:12:56.279 --> 01:13:01.680
and you already have it here to
but don' t negotiate it' s

696
01:13:01.760 --> 01:13:05.239
that' s very important. Claro
sees the annual management report of the SA

697
01:13:05.880 --> 01:13:13.199
the amounts it returns from ivan iva. It' s a lot of money

698
01:13:13.600 --> 01:13:17.399
in the Grieban and the play is
that if you don' t give me

699
01:13:18.399 --> 01:13:21.840
back fast, then there' s
public funding. For the companies. When

700
01:13:21.920 --> 01:13:27.880
companies, as we know, have
credit problems in Mexico and the other,

701
01:13:28.279 --> 01:13:32.119
I provoked them and they didn'
t fall to say why it' s

702
01:13:32.119 --> 01:13:41.000
falling, why it' s importing
so much consumer goods of itself, why

703
01:13:41.119 --> 01:13:43.039
we' re not producing the good
of this consumption. Two thousand twenty-

704
01:13:43.479 --> 01:13:47.439
one were fifty- five billion and
twenty- two were eighty billion. I

705
01:13:47.479 --> 01:13:53.960
mean, we buy more consumption in
a single year, twenty- five thousand.

706
01:13:54.439 --> 01:13:59.840
The amount of the trade deficit matches, coincides and says good and went

707
01:14:00.520 --> 01:14:05.000
in there. I can think of
Chinese cars. But good may be among

708
01:14:05.119 --> 01:14:10.319
others, but another one you'
re right. One is that, but

709
01:14:10.920 --> 01:14:14.920
what would be the cause? And
notice that what is sold as a good

710
01:14:15.000 --> 01:14:18.319
thing can be a bad thing the
exchange rate of the peso with the dollar.

711
01:14:19.399 --> 01:14:24.520
Oh, sure, of course,
you' re absolutely right. It

712
01:14:24.600 --> 01:14:27.680
' s cheaper to buy abroad than
to buy here. I' m right.

713
01:14:28.199 --> 01:14:30.600
If the jacker no longer has an
incentive. The exporter every time he

714
01:14:30.640 --> 01:14:38.520
is exporting or receiving less weights,
of course, then say well what colloquially

715
01:14:38.640 --> 01:14:43.640
they say hears which parent the weight
costs buy more, who is super weight.

716
01:14:44.640 --> 01:14:48.680
Superweight is incentivizing import purchase and on
the other hand may be affecting this

717
01:14:48.720 --> 01:14:55.920
sale is because that is export.
Of course, he' s not affecting

718
01:14:56.079 --> 01:15:00.119
you because our export trade is usually
not foreign exchange trade. That is,

719
01:15:00.640 --> 01:15:06.800
if seventy- five eighty percent is
intra- company trade, it means that

720
01:15:06.880 --> 01:15:15.600
it is accounting trade there is no
foreign exchange handling and then the other factor

721
01:15:15.600 --> 01:15:21.239
comes in, transfer prices. And
then you say I' m andres why

722
01:15:21.399 --> 01:15:26.920
the SAR doesn' t handle the
same rules for the import tax base,

723
01:15:27.479 --> 01:15:32.560
for the base records the income tax
deductibles. For one reason, you dropped

724
01:15:32.680 --> 01:15:36.760
the import tax to zero and left
the same rate. But on the rent,

725
01:15:38.079 --> 01:15:42.479
that is, if I raise the
bar, if I hold in New

726
01:15:42.840 --> 01:15:49.000
in Holland or Germany, I raise
the value to the Mexican imports of my

727
01:15:49.119 --> 01:15:56.840
subsidiary in Mexico did not pay taxes. And then, why are they called

728
01:15:56.920 --> 01:16:02.880
transfer prices, because they transfer useful
in the form of prices? And then

729
01:16:04.119 --> 01:16:12.239
the famous transfer prices? So,
the tax area of all countries. That

730
01:16:12.319 --> 01:16:15.039
' s not proper. Mexico is
all over the world and then they say

731
01:16:15.159 --> 01:16:18.880
there won' t be a stop. And then a Korean who sells you

732
01:16:18.960 --> 01:16:25.520
comes in and says you' re
not undervaluing, not my king, the

733
01:16:25.680 --> 01:16:34.279
consolidated or concentrated market is overvaluing.
So the one who overvalues makes it appear

734
01:16:34.359 --> 01:16:40.439
that the Chinese, the Korean who
is importing at real value, seems to

735
01:16:40.479 --> 01:16:45.119
be selling to musician say he hears
why this sells, why the Chinese car

736
01:16:45.199 --> 01:16:48.640
handle is sold in a dollar.
If you were lazy in selling to ten,

737
01:16:53.520 --> 01:16:59.319
look. What is extremely complicated today
is to analyze and operate Mexico'

738
01:16:59.439 --> 01:17:03.279
s foreign trade. And what do
I say about the tariff classification, where

739
01:17:03.319 --> 01:17:10.640
Henry is king, where Henry is
what the Marquis of Kyoto is. Thank

740
01:17:10.640 --> 01:17:17.239
you, no, no, well, congratulations, many congratulations. It was

741
01:17:17.319 --> 01:17:25.159
a very productive talk, very illustrating
and you leave us a topic to reflect

742
01:17:26.239 --> 01:17:29.199
on, enough to reflect and think
a little bit more. I think there

743
01:17:29.479 --> 01:17:30.680
' s a lot to study and
there' s a lot to learn.

744
01:17:31.159 --> 01:17:35.880
And all the people who are involved
in domestic trade and foreign trade have to

745
01:17:36.439 --> 01:17:42.640
learn a lot. There' s
still a lot to learn, there'

746
01:17:42.720 --> 01:17:45.439
s a lot to be trained in
all this. My dear Henry, in

747
01:17:45.479 --> 01:17:50.000
the' 80s and' 90s we
did not know of rules of origin.

748
01:17:51.239 --> 01:17:57.640
The first rules of origin were ninety- four. Yeah, yeah, yeah,

749
01:17:57.720 --> 01:18:01.800
yeah, when we had antin and
preference. If we didn' t

750
01:18:01.920 --> 01:18:05.960
have the slightest idea what rules were, yeah, don' t start,

751
01:18:06.359 --> 01:18:09.880
we' re gonna kill with our
feet. This looks who comes in and

752
01:18:09.960 --> 01:18:13.840
says I' m in wise is
the one who knows the least. Then

753
01:18:14.039 --> 01:18:16.359
I think I' m going through
it. I get up to the top

754
01:18:16.479 --> 01:18:19.079
of the line and I' m
the one who knows the least. Don

755
01:18:19.279 --> 01:18:24.279
' t believe it. You'
ve taught us a lot, and we

756
01:18:24.279 --> 01:18:28.239
' ve learned a lot of timbre. We appreciate you very much and thank

757
01:18:28.359 --> 01:18:32.399
you for this talk. Thank you, congratulations for all people, excellent master,

758
01:18:33.520 --> 01:18:36.479
thank you for all bartering you,
thank you for everything. Thank you

759
01:18:36.479 --> 01:18:42.840
very much. Well, Isai,
we have a recon here for Andres.

760
01:18:44.039 --> 01:18:48.319
Give the present. Let' s
do a barter and FTA associated with you,

761
01:18:50.039 --> 01:18:54.920
the magazine gives the recognition to Dr
Andrés Robo de Ponce for bartering in

762
01:18:55.039 --> 01:18:59.079
politics, in virtual conversation with the
theme of structure and evolution of international trade.

763
01:19:00.520 --> 01:19:03.760
Today, 30 October of the two
thousand twenty- three signs our seo

764
01:19:03.920 --> 01:19:14.560
Doctor Tavio de la Torre and our
teacher Director General, Daniela Martínez. We

765
01:19:14.640 --> 01:19:16.760
' ve reached the end of today' s barter. Thank you so much

766
01:19:16.760 --> 01:19:19.000
for joining us. This was let' s do a barter over there.

767
01:19:19.079 --> 01:19:23.760
They' re an event of telc
magas and Mexico. If you liked this

768
01:19:23.840 --> 01:19:29.039
talk, don' t forget to
share each event with your contacts so that

769
01:19:29.119 --> 01:19:32.880
we continue to spread knowledge and stay
up to date. They find all our

770
01:19:32.920 --> 01:19:39.840
talks through our online education platform,
entering www tlc plus Mexico com MX in

771
01:19:40.000 --> 01:19:45.880
the course section, where you can
see them again at no cost. If

772
01:19:45.960 --> 01:19:48.920
you are interested in any specific topic, send us a message through social networks

773
01:19:48.960 --> 01:19:54.199
of teles magas in Mexico and we
will look for an expert who can clarify

774
01:19:54.199 --> 01:19:56.119
your doubts. This was let'
s barter.