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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
Episode one hundred and fifty three, for

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broadcast on the twenty second of December
twenty twenty three. Coming up on Spacetime,

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a new mission for NASA's a Cyrus
Rex spacecraft, the discovery of a

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planet too big for its son,
and Hallie's comment reaches its Aphelian. All

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that and more coming up on Spacetime
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.

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After completing its initial seven years sample
return mission to the asteroid Banu, NASA's

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A Cyrus Rex spacecraft is moving on
with a new mission to study the asteroid

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Apophus. Now renamed a Cyrus Apofus
Explorer or a Cyrus APEX for short,

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a spacecraft will intercept the Pofae in
five and a half years from now.

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The half a kilometer white asteroid nine
nine nine forty two Apofas has long been

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a posted job for hazardous near Earth
objects, and appropriately so. The name

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Apofus was that of the ancient Egyptian
god of chaos. In fact, NASA

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once classified Apofus as the potential Earth
impact. That was until more detailed observations

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of its orbit was able to rule
that out. Still on April thirteenth,

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twenty twenty nine, Apofus will swoop
past the Earth at some seven point four

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to two kilomets per second. Now, it won't impact our planet, but

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it will get awfully close, skimming
just thirty five thousand, seven hundred kilometers

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above the ground. Now, to
put that in perspective, that's closer than

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the orbits of many satellites. In
fact, during the twenty twenty nine close

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approach, the mountain sized space rock
will be visible to observers in Europe,

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Africa, and Western Asia without the
need of a telescope of binoculars. It

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will be the closest encounter of an
asteroid of this size in recorded history.

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It'll be as bright as magnitude three
point one and easily visible with the unaided

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eye from rural and darker suburban areas. Calculations suggest that were it to directly

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impact the Earth, the released energy
would equate to about one thousand, seven

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hundred and seventeen megatons of TNT.
Now by comparison the impact that created Meteor

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Crater in Arizona fifty thousand years ago
and the Tunguska of Vet in Siberia in

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nineteen oh eight were each estimated to
have only been between three and ten megatons,

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and the biggest hydrogen bomb ever exploded, the Soviet Union's Bomber, was

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some fifty seven megatons. The shockwave
from that blast circled the Earth at least

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three times. The exact effects of
any impact with Apophus will be based on

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the asteroid's composition and its location and
angle of impact. Still, it's safe

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to say that any impact would decimate
an area thousands of square kilometis cross,

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creating an impact crater or and five
kilometers wide, and triggering major tsunamis,

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seismic activity, volcanic activity, and
major climate changing debris clouds. It wouldn't

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be enough to destroy the planet,
but it could destroy a small country.

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The earthquake within a radius of ten
kilometers of ground zero could reach six point

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five on the Richter scale, with
wind speeds exceeding seven hundred and ninety meters

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per second. And although an impact
in twenty twenty nine has now been ruled

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out, Apofus will have other close
encounters with the Earth, and each of

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those encounters will change the asteroid's trajectory
ever so slightly. So it's important for

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astronomers to study Apofus and know as
much about it as possible, and so,

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just twenty minutes after dropping off its
BNUS sample return capsule above Earth the

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atmosphere on September the twenty fourth,
is Cyrus Rex spacecraft fired up its thrusters

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to place it on a new course
to rendezvous with Apofus in twenty twenty nine,

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just as the Pofus makes its own
close approach to Earth. A Cyrus

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Rex deputy principle, investigated Delachastina from
the University of Arizona, who is now

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the principal investigator for the Asius APEX
mission, says that by April the second,

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twenty twenty nine, the spacecraft's cameras
will begin collecting data as it approaches

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the Apopus asteroid. Of course,
the asteroid will also be closely observed by

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Earth based telescopes, but in the
hours following closest approach, Apofus will appear

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too near the Sun in the sky
to be observed by Earth based optical telescopes.

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This means that any changes triggered by
its close encounter with the Earth will

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be best detected by a spacecraft,
and that's where Asius Rex now a cyrus

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Apex comes in. The spacecraft will
catch up with the asteroid on April thirteenth,

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just as Apofas swips past the Earth. Scientists will then spend the next

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eighteen months studding the asteroid in detail. They will also disturb material on the

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asteroid's surface with the spacecraft in order
to reveal what lies underneath. Delaicastina says

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that even after the chance of a
twenty twenty nine impact with Earth was finally

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ruled, there was still the possibility
that the encounter with the Earth could change

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the asteroid's trajectory, placing it on
a collision course with the planet exactly seven

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years later in twenty thirty six.
Luckily, following further observations combined with new

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computer modeling, a p office now
doesn't appear to pose a significant risk to

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Earth, at least not for the
next one hundred years or so. So

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what do we know about the asteroids
so far? Well, it's Estonia or

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S type asteroid, made up of
silicate materials and nickel iron, and that

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makes it different from the C type
asteroid. A cyrus Rex first targeted with

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Bernu, which is rich in carbonaceous
material Apofus was likely formed following the collision

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of its parent body with another asteroid, in the main asteroid built between Mars

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and Jupiter. The twenty twenty nine
close approach allows scientists to study Apothas's interactions

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with near Earth gravitational forces, specifically
tidal forces, which could disturb the surface

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to reveal what lies beneath. De
la Gastinas says Apoffas gets close enough to

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the Earth so that the planet's gravitational
tidal forces will impact the asteroid, causing

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some surface activities such as landslides or
particle ejections, which could create a comet

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like tail. Also, we know
that tidal forces and the accumulation of rubble

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pile material are foundational processes which could
play a role in the formation of new

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planets, and so these observations could
inform planetary scientists how we get from debris

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in the early Solar System to full
blown planets. Science's best guess for now

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is that Apofus is just a rubble
pile asteroid. Ultimately, the team helps

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to understand the asteroids evolution and characteristics, including Apotheser's material strength and density.

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What they learn will help inform planetary
defense researchers, especially because most of the

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potentially hazardous asteroids near the Earth are
also S types, just like apophas.

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Scientists have learned a lot about C
type asteroids like banub thanks to the asiris

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Rex mission, and now as the
cyrus Apex, the spacecraft will answer even

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more questions about S type asteroids.
Getting up close and personal with these asteroids

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provides unique opportunities for planetary scientists.
Currently, scientific understanding of our solar system's

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formation is heavily informed by meteorites,
which are pieces of other celestial bodies that

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have fallen onto the Earth. Asteroids
are the primary parent bodies of meteorites,

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but are usually observed from so far
away they appear only as points of light

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in the sky that reveal little about
their global properties or surface variability. The

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assyris Rex Science Instruments package were specifically
designed to connect our understanding of meteorites to

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their parent asteroids or comets by placing
meteorite scale rocks into geological context. And

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of course, there are a lot
of these vagabonds floating around in space,

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be they meteoroids, asteroids, or
comets. As this report from Massa TV

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explains what's the difference between asteroids,
commas, and meteors. They're all planetary

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objects orbiting the Sun. An asteroid
is a small, rocky object, and

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when seen in a telescope, it
appears as a point of light. Most

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asteroids are found in a ring between
the orbit of Mars and Jupiter called the

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asteroid belt. Some asteroids are around, some are elongated, and some even

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have a satellite. A comet also
orbits the Sun, but unlike an asteroid,

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is composed of ice and dust,
so when a comet gets closed to

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the Sun, it's ice and dust
content start to favorize, so when seeing

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a telescope, a comet appears fuzzy
and or has a tail. So what's

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a meteor Well, let's start with
a meteoroid. A meteoroid is a small

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piece of asteroid or a comet,
typically peppal size, but could be a

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little smaller or a little larger,
and often created from a collision. When

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a meteoroid gets close to the Earth, an enersty or atmosphere is called the

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meteor and a media enersty or the
atmosphere at a very high speed, so

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it burns up and produces a streak
of light called a shooting star. So

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if you have seen a shooting star, you like this on meteor and if

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a meteor survives to burn and lands
on the ground, it's called a meteorite.

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So what's the difference between ask for
is commerce and meteors? Well,

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asers are rocketing, commerce are icing, and medeas are much smaller and our

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thet shooting starts to see up in
the sky. And in that report from

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NASA TV, we're from NASA JPL
scientist Ryan Park This space time still to

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come, discovery of a planet that's
too big for its own sun and Hallie's

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comet reaches a pilion in its journey
through the Solar System. All that and

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more still to come on space time. Astronomers have discovered a planet that appears

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to be far too massive for its
host. The findings, reported in the

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journal Science, calls into question what
was previously understood about planetary formation. The

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planet, which has some thirteen point
two times the mass of the Earth,

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which makes it a Neptune size object, is on a tight three point seven

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earth day orbit around a spectrol type
M red dwarf star cataloged as LHS thirty

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one fifty four, which is about
nine times less massive than our Sun.

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The system is located some fifty one
light years away. The mass ratio of

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the newly formed planet with its host
star is more than one hundred times higher

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than the ratio of the Earth compared
to the Sun. The finding has revealed

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what is now the most massive planet
known to orbit close around a red dwarf

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star, the least massive and coolest
of all stars. The discovery goes against

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what current theories would predict from planetary
formation around small stars and marks the first

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time of planet with such a high
mass has been detected at orbiting around such

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a low mass star. One of
the studies authors, silver Raf Mahadevan from

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Penn State University, says the discovery
really drives home the point of just how

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little science understands about the universe.
Ahavan says stars are formed from large class

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of molecular gas and dust. After
the stars formed, gas and dust remains

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as discs of material orbiting around the
newborn star, and this material can automately

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coaliesce to form planets. He says, the planet forming disc around the low

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mass star LHS thirty one fifty four
wasn't expected to have enough material in it

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to form a planet, but it's
clearly out there, and that calls for

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a reexamination of sciences understanding of how
planets and stars form. The authors say

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the heavy planetary core inferred by other
team's measurements would require a larger amount of

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solid material in the planet forming disc
and what current models predict. The study

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also raises questions about prior understandings to
the formation of stars, as the dust

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to mass and dust to gas ratio
of the disc surrounding stars like LHS thirty

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one fifty four when they were very
young and newly formed would need to be

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ten times higher than what was observed
in order to form a planet as massive

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as the one the team discovered this
space time still to come, the famous

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Halley's comet reaches Perihelion in its orbit
around the Sun, and later in the

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science report, archaeologists have uncovered the
oldest known fortified prehistoric settlement in the world.

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All that and more still to come
on space time. On Saturday December,

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the ninth comet P one Halley reached
a Philion, its most distant orbital

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position from the Sun. The moment
of Aphelian placed the fifteen kilometer wide mountain

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of rock and ice, some five
point three billion kilometers or thirty five point

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one four astronomical units from the Sun
and deep within the Kaiper Belt, the

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ring of comets, frozen worlds,
and icy debris which circles the Sun beyond

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the orbit of neptuneeromical unit is the
average distance between the Earth and the Sun

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around one hundred and fifty million kilometers
or eight point three light minutes. Halley's

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comet is now traveling at its slowest
orbital velocity about zero point nine to one

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kilometres per second relative to the Sun, and it's moving in the direction of

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the southern constellation of Hydra, the
sea serpents. The event marks the midpoint

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for the famous comet's eternal journey through
the Solar System, completing each lap around

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the Sun in seventy five earth years. The European Southern Observatory's very large telescope

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last image Comet hal It back in
two thousand and three. Back then,

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it was at a distance of twenty
eight astronomical units. Now, having passed

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Aphilion, it's slowly heading back towards
the Sun and the warmth of the inner

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Solar System. Its last encarnter with
the inner planets was way back in nineteen

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eighty six, and its next won't
be until twenty sixty one, thirty eight

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years from now. It's named after
Sir Edmund Howey, who first predicted that

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it was a periodic comet sixteen ninety
after linking a series of cometary sidings in

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the same part of the sky every
seventy five to seventy nine years. Chinese

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astronomers had recorded the same comet a
guest star, as they had described it

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back in four sixty seven BC.
Another appearance of the comet in ten sixty

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six was widely seen as a portent
of doom Yeoman, apparently proving correct when

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King Harold Second was killed in the
Battle of Hastings that same year, and

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that, of course led to the
ascension of William the Conqueror to the throne

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of England. The comet was even
betrayed on the Baya Tapestry, which records

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the entire accession to the throne by
William the Conqueror. For posterity, Halley

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successfully predicted the return of the comet
that now bears his name in seventeen fifty

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eight, though he didn't live long
enough to see it. The designation one

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P on the comet's name indicates that
Hallis was the first periodic comet discovered.

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Periodic comets have all but shorter than
two hundred years. So far, some

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four hundred and seventy two have been
a SA. Unfortunately, the nineteen eighty

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six appearance of Halley's was a complete
dumper for a general public eager to see

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the much anticipated event. It wound
up appearing very low in the south at

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dawn, quickly disappearing in the glare
of the Sun. But both the annual

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Eta Acurates meteor shower in April and
May and the orionids in October are generated

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as the Earth passes through the debrisch
rail left behind by the passage of Haley's

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comet, a tatalizing taste of the
event. As for Comet Halley itself,

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well, it's spending the next few
decades in the direction of the constellations Hydra

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and later Canis Minor, and in
twenty fifty it'll appear to pass in front

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of the bright star Procion. It
will reach Perihelion, its closest orbital position

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to the Sun, on July the
twenty eighth, twenty sixty one. And

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it may even break negative magnitudes in
brightness is seen from the Earth over the

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following months, appearing low in the
northwestern sky after dusk for northern hemisphere observers.

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This is spaced time and time out
to take another brief look at some

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of the other stories making news in
science this week with a science report.

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A new study has confirmed that diet
and air pollution remain among the biggest contributors

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globally to heart disease. A report
on the Global burden of heart disease shows

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that some nineteen point eight million people
died around the world as a result of

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heart disease last year. The report
breaks down death and disability trends from heart

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disease worldwide, regionally, and nationally, and compare statistics from twenty twenty two

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to how Things worth thirty years ago. A report in the Journal of the

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American College of Cardiology claims the schemic
heart disease is the leading cause of heart

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disease related death and high blood pressures
the most impact on day to day quality

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of life. The researchers say the
number one contributed to heart disease related lower

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quality of life is poor diet,
while the number one environmental contributor is ambient

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particular matter air pollution. Archaeologists have
uncovered the oldest known fortified prehistoric settlement in

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the world. Scientists from the Free
University of Berlin made the discovery in a

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remote region of Siberia, saying the
complex defense structures were built by hunter gatherers

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around their settlements some eight thousand years
ago. The findings were reported in the

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journal Antiquity Reshaped Sciences Understanding of Early
human Societies. It charges the idea that

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only with the advent of agriculture would
people who started building permanent settlements with monumental

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architecture and of complex social structures.
The structures concentrated around the settlement of Amna

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are now acknowledged as the northernmost Stone
Age fort in Eurasia. Researchers used radiocarbon

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dating to establish the air of the
site as the oldest known fort in the

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world. The prehistoric inhabitants of the
area caught fish from the nearby Amna River,

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and they hunted elk and reindeer using
bone and stone tip spears. To

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preserve their surplus fish, oil and
meat, they crafted elaborately decorated pottery so

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far ten Stone edge footified sites have
been discovered, each with pit houses and

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surrounded by earthen walls and wooden palisades, suggesting advanced agricultural and defensive capabilities.

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The discovery challenges the traditional view that
permanent settlements accompanied by defensive structures only emerged

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with farming societies, thus disproving the
notion that agriculture and animal husbandry were prerequisites

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for societal complexity. A new study
is found that cats loved to play fetch

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with their owners, especially if they're
in charge. The findings published of the

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journal's Scientific Reports, are based on
a survey of one thousand catterners as cats

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like to play fetch in order to
find out more about feline behavior. The

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researchers say less than forty percent of
the cat's favorite objects to play fetch with

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were actually cat toys, with a
majority preferring random household objects such as crumpled

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paper and hairtyes. They say the
cats were also more likely to keep playing

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longer if they were the ones who
initiated the play with their owners. They

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say, responding to your cat's attempts
to play fetch with you could help the

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two of you bond. Meg and
Michael's been spotted wearing a new bit of

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pseudoscience, an anti stress patch.
Although at first glance it appears to look

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like a sticker attached to her wrist, it has since been revealed to be

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a four dollar gadget designed to send
calming signals to her brain. The forty

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three year old Duchess of Drama raised
eyebrows when pictured near Mighty Seat her home

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wearing the mysterious blue patch. The
company that make the so called biosignal processing

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disc claims its products are clinically proven
to reduce stress and improve sleep, but

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Tim Mindhem from a Strange Skeptic,
says there's actually no real scientific proof to

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support that claim. There's been photographs
around of her having a little sticker,

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if you like, stuck with her
arm. I think it was in her

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particular case. Basically, it's a
what's called a biosignal processing disc. That

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sounds yeah, it was a clinically
proven to reduce stress and improved sleep.

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Whenever people say clinically proven, you
have to say where and are they?

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And I approached many people selling little
products like this to say, you say

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it's clinical proven, can you supply
the results? Or where was it proven,

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and they rarely can. It's a
term that just used trial results then

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often no results because no clinical trials, but they say it is, and

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clinically proven sounds like a good thing
you said in ads all the time.

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Clinically proven. Be very careful about
clinically proven. Okay, everything's supposed to

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give you the equivalent of two hours
restless sleep in twenty minutes, just by

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having this sticker on you, which
includes I think has includes a Tesla coil

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and all the usual sort of energy
distributing products, et cetera that are supposed

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to sort of improve your actually make
you relax more than take away the stress.

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I'm sure Magan Michael's understoding a lot
of stress lately. It sounds like

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something when a writer should be selling. I really don't know why people see

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celebrities as the arbiter of good sense
when it comes to medical treatment. So

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00:21:15.880 --> 00:21:19.839
it's anything probably why someone who's just
famous for being famous should be a particular

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00:21:19.960 --> 00:21:23.759
guide in your lifestyle. And I'm
not quite sure what Megan Michael's qualifications for

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00:21:23.839 --> 00:21:29.839
saying that's certainly no scientific qualifications.
Is an actress not to put actresses down

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00:21:29.839 --> 00:21:33.240
the probably they do their job,
but she's only a second tier actors.

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Then you get a sportsman like Novak
Djokovic who has a range of products that

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he actually half owns the company manufacturing, which he has spouses, and he's

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got things. He's seen to have
things stuck to his chest, et cetera.

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Again which create energy and send energy
through your body, but in his

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00:21:49.160 --> 00:21:53.359
case that makes him more sprightly rather
than makeson got to sleep. So Brock

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00:21:53.440 --> 00:21:59.119
do the same thing in Australia years
ago with some sort of catalytic energizer in

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00:21:59.160 --> 00:22:03.440
his car. Racing car driver had
a polarizer, that's it, which was

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00:22:03.440 --> 00:22:07.440
supposed to stick to the fuel line
and improve your fuel the energy coming out

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00:22:07.440 --> 00:22:10.160
of the fuel. It didn't.
It was quite a sad situation for someone

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00:22:10.240 --> 00:22:12.000
who fall with this sort of thing. He definitely went into a New age

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00:22:12.039 --> 00:22:15.480
belief system. But he claimed that
anyone else who tested it didn't do it

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properly, that it had to be
fitted by him with a little little box

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with nothing in it. Really.
Yeah, they just planted around your fuel

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00:22:23.839 --> 00:22:27.160
line and were supposed to improve the
if it's a full efficiency, there's no

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00:22:27.240 --> 00:22:30.319
indication that it did that, and
people who tested it anyway. So sports,

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00:22:30.359 --> 00:22:33.599
yeah, I know that Jacob keeps
pushing particular treatments like this, the

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00:22:33.680 --> 00:22:37.519
sort of magical stickers and things.
And they've been around. I mean they

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00:22:37.599 --> 00:22:41.160
used to have the wrist bands,
you know, the power balance with too,

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00:22:41.279 --> 00:22:45.359
where you'd see these big lotches on
them. You've still seen cupping around

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00:22:45.359 --> 00:22:48.599
and are still sort of used,
and they believe that actually was a big

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00:22:48.599 --> 00:22:51.200
health to them. I mean,
sports people aren't superstitious. So a lot

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00:22:51.200 --> 00:22:53.680
of superstitions are wear the right color
underwear. But that's not looking at technology

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00:22:53.759 --> 00:22:57.000
they can sell. Okay, it's
their habits and if it makes them feel

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00:22:57.039 --> 00:23:00.680
good, fine, it makes them
more comfortable and more confident, they can

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00:23:00.720 --> 00:23:03.640
relax, et cetera. Fine,
but they're not selling a product of sticker

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00:23:03.200 --> 00:23:07.440
that does nothing. And these things
do nothing. They use a lot of

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00:23:07.759 --> 00:23:11.680
gibberish, a lot of science is
sounding words, and these things can cost

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00:23:11.920 --> 00:23:15.160
hundreds and thousands of dollars. I
mean, they don't come cheap, and

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00:23:15.200 --> 00:23:18.759
of course the old beliefs have the
more a cost, the better it must

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00:23:18.759 --> 00:23:21.920
be. But it doesn't work that
way with these particular things. Production of

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00:23:22.039 --> 00:23:26.000
energy and a tiny tesla coil to
produce certain frequencies, and they throw in

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00:23:26.039 --> 00:23:32.319
lots of medical terminology, the particular
products gamma iman a good triic acid.

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00:23:32.920 --> 00:23:36.119
It does sound scientific, so that
must be true. Science must be right.

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00:23:36.160 --> 00:23:38.279
And people go that's as far as
they go in the investigations of these

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00:23:38.279 --> 00:23:41.680
things, and say will sound science, And Megan Markele wears it, so

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00:23:42.119 --> 00:23:45.240
it must be working, and we
need to get a story. You're always

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00:23:45.240 --> 00:23:48.640
going to get some scientists who will
endorse it, and other scientists are says

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00:23:48.680 --> 00:23:52.680
rubbish. But I mean you've got
to just be very careful as who is

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00:23:52.759 --> 00:23:56.039
endorsing it. From a health point
of view, maybe there's a placebo effect.

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00:23:56.079 --> 00:23:57.559
Maybe that does make you feel better
if you stick it on, if

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00:23:57.599 --> 00:24:00.920
you're so influenced by it, it's
not going to do any proper medical treatments.

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00:24:00.960 --> 00:24:04.319
It's not going to necessarily improve your
play outside of your own confident.

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00:24:04.440 --> 00:24:26.799
That's timendum from Australian Skeptics, and
that's the show for now. Spacetime is

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00:24:26.799 --> 00:24:30.799
available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday
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