1
00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:04,320
This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
Episode one hundred and fifty three, for

2
00:00:04,440 --> 00:00:09,240
broadcast on the twenty second of December
twenty twenty three. Coming up on Spacetime,

3
00:00:09,839 --> 00:00:14,320
a new mission for NASA's a Cyrus
Rex spacecraft, the discovery of a

4
00:00:14,359 --> 00:00:20,280
planet too big for its son,
and Hallie's comment reaches its Aphelian. All

5
00:00:20,320 --> 00:00:34,719
that and more coming up on Spacetime
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.

6
00:00:43,840 --> 00:00:48,840
After completing its initial seven years sample
return mission to the asteroid Banu, NASA's

7
00:00:48,880 --> 00:00:53,320
A Cyrus Rex spacecraft is moving on
with a new mission to study the asteroid

8
00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:59,119
Apophus. Now renamed a Cyrus Apofus
Explorer or a Cyrus APEX for short,

9
00:00:59,200 --> 00:01:02,759
a spacecraft will intercept the Pofae in
five and a half years from now.

10
00:01:03,520 --> 00:01:07,519
The half a kilometer white asteroid nine
nine nine forty two Apofas has long been

11
00:01:07,560 --> 00:01:12,519
a posted job for hazardous near Earth
objects, and appropriately so. The name

12
00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:18,159
Apofus was that of the ancient Egyptian
god of chaos. In fact, NASA

13
00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:23,920
once classified Apofus as the potential Earth
impact. That was until more detailed observations

14
00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:26,879
of its orbit was able to rule
that out. Still on April thirteenth,

15
00:01:26,920 --> 00:01:32,239
twenty twenty nine, Apofus will swoop
past the Earth at some seven point four

16
00:01:32,239 --> 00:01:36,640
to two kilomets per second. Now, it won't impact our planet, but

17
00:01:36,719 --> 00:01:42,000
it will get awfully close, skimming
just thirty five thousand, seven hundred kilometers

18
00:01:42,040 --> 00:01:46,280
above the ground. Now, to
put that in perspective, that's closer than

19
00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:49,719
the orbits of many satellites. In
fact, during the twenty twenty nine close

20
00:01:49,760 --> 00:01:53,920
approach, the mountain sized space rock
will be visible to observers in Europe,

21
00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:59,439
Africa, and Western Asia without the
need of a telescope of binoculars. It

22
00:01:59,439 --> 00:02:04,040
will be the closest encounter of an
asteroid of this size in recorded history.

23
00:02:04,439 --> 00:02:08,159
It'll be as bright as magnitude three
point one and easily visible with the unaided

24
00:02:08,199 --> 00:02:14,800
eye from rural and darker suburban areas. Calculations suggest that were it to directly

25
00:02:14,840 --> 00:02:17,639
impact the Earth, the released energy
would equate to about one thousand, seven

26
00:02:17,759 --> 00:02:23,800
hundred and seventeen megatons of TNT.
Now by comparison the impact that created Meteor

27
00:02:23,879 --> 00:02:29,400
Crater in Arizona fifty thousand years ago
and the Tunguska of Vet in Siberia in

28
00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:32,680
nineteen oh eight were each estimated to
have only been between three and ten megatons,

29
00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:38,919
and the biggest hydrogen bomb ever exploded, the Soviet Union's Bomber, was

30
00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:43,719
some fifty seven megatons. The shockwave
from that blast circled the Earth at least

31
00:02:43,800 --> 00:02:47,599
three times. The exact effects of
any impact with Apophus will be based on

32
00:02:47,639 --> 00:02:53,439
the asteroid's composition and its location and
angle of impact. Still, it's safe

33
00:02:53,520 --> 00:02:58,400
to say that any impact would decimate
an area thousands of square kilometis cross,

34
00:02:58,520 --> 00:03:02,639
creating an impact crater or and five
kilometers wide, and triggering major tsunamis,

35
00:03:02,879 --> 00:03:09,479
seismic activity, volcanic activity, and
major climate changing debris clouds. It wouldn't

36
00:03:09,479 --> 00:03:13,719
be enough to destroy the planet,
but it could destroy a small country.

37
00:03:14,199 --> 00:03:17,199
The earthquake within a radius of ten
kilometers of ground zero could reach six point

38
00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:22,240
five on the Richter scale, with
wind speeds exceeding seven hundred and ninety meters

39
00:03:22,280 --> 00:03:25,800
per second. And although an impact
in twenty twenty nine has now been ruled

40
00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:30,599
out, Apofus will have other close
encounters with the Earth, and each of

41
00:03:30,639 --> 00:03:36,240
those encounters will change the asteroid's trajectory
ever so slightly. So it's important for

42
00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:39,840
astronomers to study Apofus and know as
much about it as possible, and so,

43
00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:44,960
just twenty minutes after dropping off its
BNUS sample return capsule above Earth the

44
00:03:44,960 --> 00:03:49,759
atmosphere on September the twenty fourth,
is Cyrus Rex spacecraft fired up its thrusters

45
00:03:49,879 --> 00:03:53,960
to place it on a new course
to rendezvous with Apofus in twenty twenty nine,

46
00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:58,199
just as the Pofus makes its own
close approach to Earth. A Cyrus

47
00:03:58,199 --> 00:04:02,319
Rex deputy principle, investigated Delachastina from
the University of Arizona, who is now

48
00:04:02,360 --> 00:04:06,680
the principal investigator for the Asius APEX
mission, says that by April the second,

49
00:04:06,719 --> 00:04:12,439
twenty twenty nine, the spacecraft's cameras
will begin collecting data as it approaches

50
00:04:12,479 --> 00:04:16,040
the Apopus asteroid. Of course,
the asteroid will also be closely observed by

51
00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:21,160
Earth based telescopes, but in the
hours following closest approach, Apofus will appear

52
00:04:21,199 --> 00:04:26,600
too near the Sun in the sky
to be observed by Earth based optical telescopes.

53
00:04:27,199 --> 00:04:30,680
This means that any changes triggered by
its close encounter with the Earth will

54
00:04:30,720 --> 00:04:36,040
be best detected by a spacecraft,
and that's where Asius Rex now a cyrus

55
00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:41,800
Apex comes in. The spacecraft will
catch up with the asteroid on April thirteenth,

56
00:04:41,959 --> 00:04:45,879
just as Apofas swips past the Earth. Scientists will then spend the next

57
00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:49,160
eighteen months studding the asteroid in detail. They will also disturb material on the

58
00:04:49,199 --> 00:04:56,079
asteroid's surface with the spacecraft in order
to reveal what lies underneath. Delaicastina says

59
00:04:56,079 --> 00:04:59,600
that even after the chance of a
twenty twenty nine impact with Earth was finally

60
00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:02,600
ruled, there was still the possibility
that the encounter with the Earth could change

61
00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:08,000
the asteroid's trajectory, placing it on
a collision course with the planet exactly seven

62
00:05:08,079 --> 00:05:13,680
years later in twenty thirty six.
Luckily, following further observations combined with new

63
00:05:13,720 --> 00:05:16,680
computer modeling, a p office now
doesn't appear to pose a significant risk to

64
00:05:16,720 --> 00:05:19,920
Earth, at least not for the
next one hundred years or so. So

65
00:05:20,079 --> 00:05:25,279
what do we know about the asteroids
so far? Well, it's Estonia or

66
00:05:25,399 --> 00:05:29,519
S type asteroid, made up of
silicate materials and nickel iron, and that

67
00:05:29,560 --> 00:05:32,720
makes it different from the C type
asteroid. A cyrus Rex first targeted with

68
00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:39,600
Bernu, which is rich in carbonaceous
material Apofus was likely formed following the collision

69
00:05:39,639 --> 00:05:43,839
of its parent body with another asteroid, in the main asteroid built between Mars

70
00:05:43,879 --> 00:05:48,680
and Jupiter. The twenty twenty nine
close approach allows scientists to study Apothas's interactions

71
00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:55,079
with near Earth gravitational forces, specifically
tidal forces, which could disturb the surface

72
00:05:55,240 --> 00:06:00,160
to reveal what lies beneath. De
la Gastinas says Apoffas gets close enough to

73
00:06:00,199 --> 00:06:04,000
the Earth so that the planet's gravitational
tidal forces will impact the asteroid, causing

74
00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:10,079
some surface activities such as landslides or
particle ejections, which could create a comet

75
00:06:10,240 --> 00:06:14,600
like tail. Also, we know
that tidal forces and the accumulation of rubble

76
00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:18,120
pile material are foundational processes which could
play a role in the formation of new

77
00:06:18,160 --> 00:06:24,480
planets, and so these observations could
inform planetary scientists how we get from debris

78
00:06:24,519 --> 00:06:29,480
in the early Solar System to full
blown planets. Science's best guess for now

79
00:06:29,639 --> 00:06:33,120
is that Apofus is just a rubble
pile asteroid. Ultimately, the team helps

80
00:06:33,160 --> 00:06:40,000
to understand the asteroids evolution and characteristics, including Apotheser's material strength and density.

81
00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:45,439
What they learn will help inform planetary
defense researchers, especially because most of the

82
00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:49,079
potentially hazardous asteroids near the Earth are
also S types, just like apophas.

83
00:06:49,759 --> 00:06:54,920
Scientists have learned a lot about C
type asteroids like banub thanks to the asiris

84
00:06:54,920 --> 00:06:59,399
Rex mission, and now as the
cyrus Apex, the spacecraft will answer even

85
00:06:59,439 --> 00:07:03,240
more questions about S type asteroids.
Getting up close and personal with these asteroids

86
00:07:03,319 --> 00:07:10,560
provides unique opportunities for planetary scientists.
Currently, scientific understanding of our solar system's

87
00:07:10,639 --> 00:07:15,720
formation is heavily informed by meteorites,
which are pieces of other celestial bodies that

88
00:07:15,839 --> 00:07:19,920
have fallen onto the Earth. Asteroids
are the primary parent bodies of meteorites,

89
00:07:19,959 --> 00:07:24,959
but are usually observed from so far
away they appear only as points of light

90
00:07:25,000 --> 00:07:30,360
in the sky that reveal little about
their global properties or surface variability. The

91
00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:35,399
assyris Rex Science Instruments package were specifically
designed to connect our understanding of meteorites to

92
00:07:35,519 --> 00:07:42,399
their parent asteroids or comets by placing
meteorite scale rocks into geological context. And

93
00:07:42,519 --> 00:07:46,319
of course, there are a lot
of these vagabonds floating around in space,

94
00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:50,839
be they meteoroids, asteroids, or
comets. As this report from Massa TV

95
00:07:51,120 --> 00:08:01,000
explains what's the difference between asteroids,
commas, and meteors. They're all planetary

96
00:08:01,079 --> 00:08:05,199
objects orbiting the Sun. An asteroid
is a small, rocky object, and

97
00:08:05,279 --> 00:08:07,480
when seen in a telescope, it
appears as a point of light. Most

98
00:08:07,560 --> 00:08:11,959
asteroids are found in a ring between
the orbit of Mars and Jupiter called the

99
00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:16,040
asteroid belt. Some asteroids are around, some are elongated, and some even

100
00:08:16,079 --> 00:08:20,160
have a satellite. A comet also
orbits the Sun, but unlike an asteroid,

101
00:08:20,399 --> 00:08:24,480
is composed of ice and dust,
so when a comet gets closed to

102
00:08:24,519 --> 00:08:28,319
the Sun, it's ice and dust
content start to favorize, so when seeing

103
00:08:28,319 --> 00:08:31,000
a telescope, a comet appears fuzzy
and or has a tail. So what's

104
00:08:31,039 --> 00:08:35,840
a meteor Well, let's start with
a meteoroid. A meteoroid is a small

105
00:08:35,840 --> 00:08:39,000
piece of asteroid or a comet,
typically peppal size, but could be a

106
00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:41,120
little smaller or a little larger,
and often created from a collision. When

107
00:08:41,120 --> 00:08:46,200
a meteoroid gets close to the Earth, an enersty or atmosphere is called the

108
00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:48,720
meteor and a media enersty or the
atmosphere at a very high speed, so

109
00:08:48,759 --> 00:08:52,080
it burns up and produces a streak
of light called a shooting star. So

110
00:08:52,279 --> 00:08:56,200
if you have seen a shooting star, you like this on meteor and if

111
00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:58,960
a meteor survives to burn and lands
on the ground, it's called a meteorite.

112
00:09:00,120 --> 00:09:03,639
So what's the difference between ask for
is commerce and meteors? Well,

113
00:09:03,919 --> 00:09:07,919
asers are rocketing, commerce are icing, and medeas are much smaller and our

114
00:09:07,960 --> 00:09:09,519
thet shooting starts to see up in
the sky. And in that report from

115
00:09:09,600 --> 00:09:16,519
NASA TV, we're from NASA JPL
scientist Ryan Park This space time still to

116
00:09:16,559 --> 00:09:22,279
come, discovery of a planet that's
too big for its own sun and Hallie's

117
00:09:22,360 --> 00:09:26,080
comet reaches a pilion in its journey
through the Solar System. All that and

118
00:09:26,159 --> 00:09:46,519
more still to come on space time. Astronomers have discovered a planet that appears

119
00:09:46,519 --> 00:09:50,840
to be far too massive for its
host. The findings, reported in the

120
00:09:50,879 --> 00:09:56,759
journal Science, calls into question what
was previously understood about planetary formation. The

121
00:09:56,840 --> 00:10:00,879
planet, which has some thirteen point
two times the mass of the Earth,

122
00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:03,639
which makes it a Neptune size object, is on a tight three point seven

123
00:10:03,679 --> 00:10:09,960
earth day orbit around a spectrol type
M red dwarf star cataloged as LHS thirty

124
00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:13,159
one fifty four, which is about
nine times less massive than our Sun.

125
00:10:13,799 --> 00:10:18,399
The system is located some fifty one
light years away. The mass ratio of

126
00:10:18,440 --> 00:10:22,639
the newly formed planet with its host
star is more than one hundred times higher

127
00:10:22,679 --> 00:10:26,639
than the ratio of the Earth compared
to the Sun. The finding has revealed

128
00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:31,840
what is now the most massive planet
known to orbit close around a red dwarf

129
00:10:31,879 --> 00:10:35,879
star, the least massive and coolest
of all stars. The discovery goes against

130
00:10:35,919 --> 00:10:41,279
what current theories would predict from planetary
formation around small stars and marks the first

131
00:10:41,320 --> 00:10:45,919
time of planet with such a high
mass has been detected at orbiting around such

132
00:10:45,919 --> 00:10:50,039
a low mass star. One of
the studies authors, silver Raf Mahadevan from

133
00:10:50,080 --> 00:10:54,559
Penn State University, says the discovery
really drives home the point of just how

134
00:10:54,639 --> 00:11:00,320
little science understands about the universe.
Ahavan says stars are formed from large class

135
00:11:00,360 --> 00:11:05,519
of molecular gas and dust. After
the stars formed, gas and dust remains

136
00:11:05,559 --> 00:11:09,120
as discs of material orbiting around the
newborn star, and this material can automately

137
00:11:09,159 --> 00:11:13,679
coaliesce to form planets. He says, the planet forming disc around the low

138
00:11:13,720 --> 00:11:18,799
mass star LHS thirty one fifty four
wasn't expected to have enough material in it

139
00:11:18,879 --> 00:11:24,159
to form a planet, but it's
clearly out there, and that calls for

140
00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:28,799
a reexamination of sciences understanding of how
planets and stars form. The authors say

141
00:11:28,840 --> 00:11:33,759
the heavy planetary core inferred by other
team's measurements would require a larger amount of

142
00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:39,720
solid material in the planet forming disc
and what current models predict. The study

143
00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:43,440
also raises questions about prior understandings to
the formation of stars, as the dust

144
00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:48,679
to mass and dust to gas ratio
of the disc surrounding stars like LHS thirty

145
00:11:48,679 --> 00:11:52,240
one fifty four when they were very
young and newly formed would need to be

146
00:11:52,360 --> 00:11:56,679
ten times higher than what was observed
in order to form a planet as massive

147
00:11:56,799 --> 00:12:01,799
as the one the team discovered this
space time still to come, the famous

148
00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:07,240
Halley's comet reaches Perihelion in its orbit
around the Sun, and later in the

149
00:12:07,279 --> 00:12:13,399
science report, archaeologists have uncovered the
oldest known fortified prehistoric settlement in the world.

150
00:12:13,720 --> 00:12:33,039
All that and more still to come
on space time. On Saturday December,

151
00:12:33,080 --> 00:12:37,519
the ninth comet P one Halley reached
a Philion, its most distant orbital

152
00:12:37,559 --> 00:12:43,799
position from the Sun. The moment
of Aphelian placed the fifteen kilometer wide mountain

153
00:12:43,840 --> 00:12:48,519
of rock and ice, some five
point three billion kilometers or thirty five point

154
00:12:48,559 --> 00:12:52,360
one four astronomical units from the Sun
and deep within the Kaiper Belt, the

155
00:12:52,480 --> 00:12:56,840
ring of comets, frozen worlds,
and icy debris which circles the Sun beyond

156
00:12:56,879 --> 00:13:03,159
the orbit of neptuneeromical unit is the
average distance between the Earth and the Sun

157
00:13:03,320 --> 00:13:07,279
around one hundred and fifty million kilometers
or eight point three light minutes. Halley's

158
00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:13,159
comet is now traveling at its slowest
orbital velocity about zero point nine to one

159
00:13:13,279 --> 00:13:16,279
kilometres per second relative to the Sun, and it's moving in the direction of

160
00:13:16,320 --> 00:13:22,159
the southern constellation of Hydra, the
sea serpents. The event marks the midpoint

161
00:13:22,279 --> 00:13:26,080
for the famous comet's eternal journey through
the Solar System, completing each lap around

162
00:13:26,120 --> 00:13:31,679
the Sun in seventy five earth years. The European Southern Observatory's very large telescope

163
00:13:31,759 --> 00:13:35,639
last image Comet hal It back in
two thousand and three. Back then,

164
00:13:35,679 --> 00:13:39,799
it was at a distance of twenty
eight astronomical units. Now, having passed

165
00:13:39,799 --> 00:13:45,039
Aphilion, it's slowly heading back towards
the Sun and the warmth of the inner

166
00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:48,559
Solar System. Its last encarnter with
the inner planets was way back in nineteen

167
00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:52,799
eighty six, and its next won't
be until twenty sixty one, thirty eight

168
00:13:52,879 --> 00:13:58,039
years from now. It's named after
Sir Edmund Howey, who first predicted that

169
00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:01,919
it was a periodic comet sixteen ninety
after linking a series of cometary sidings in

170
00:14:01,960 --> 00:14:07,519
the same part of the sky every
seventy five to seventy nine years. Chinese

171
00:14:07,559 --> 00:14:11,399
astronomers had recorded the same comet a
guest star, as they had described it

172
00:14:11,559 --> 00:14:16,799
back in four sixty seven BC.
Another appearance of the comet in ten sixty

173
00:14:16,879 --> 00:14:22,000
six was widely seen as a portent
of doom Yeoman, apparently proving correct when

174
00:14:22,039 --> 00:14:26,000
King Harold Second was killed in the
Battle of Hastings that same year, and

175
00:14:26,039 --> 00:14:30,200
that, of course led to the
ascension of William the Conqueror to the throne

176
00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:33,919
of England. The comet was even
betrayed on the Baya Tapestry, which records

177
00:14:33,960 --> 00:14:39,720
the entire accession to the throne by
William the Conqueror. For posterity, Halley

178
00:14:39,840 --> 00:14:43,519
successfully predicted the return of the comet
that now bears his name in seventeen fifty

179
00:14:43,559 --> 00:14:48,679
eight, though he didn't live long
enough to see it. The designation one

180
00:14:48,840 --> 00:14:52,360
P on the comet's name indicates that
Hallis was the first periodic comet discovered.

181
00:14:52,960 --> 00:14:58,399
Periodic comets have all but shorter than
two hundred years. So far, some

182
00:14:58,440 --> 00:15:01,799
four hundred and seventy two have been
a SA. Unfortunately, the nineteen eighty

183
00:15:01,799 --> 00:15:07,279
six appearance of Halley's was a complete
dumper for a general public eager to see

184
00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:11,360
the much anticipated event. It wound
up appearing very low in the south at

185
00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:16,960
dawn, quickly disappearing in the glare
of the Sun. But both the annual

186
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:22,039
Eta Acurates meteor shower in April and
May and the orionids in October are generated

187
00:15:22,039 --> 00:15:26,039
as the Earth passes through the debrisch
rail left behind by the passage of Haley's

188
00:15:26,080 --> 00:15:30,600
comet, a tatalizing taste of the
event. As for Comet Halley itself,

189
00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:33,600
well, it's spending the next few
decades in the direction of the constellations Hydra

190
00:15:33,759 --> 00:15:39,080
and later Canis Minor, and in
twenty fifty it'll appear to pass in front

191
00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:43,159
of the bright star Procion. It
will reach Perihelion, its closest orbital position

192
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:48,200
to the Sun, on July the
twenty eighth, twenty sixty one. And

193
00:15:48,279 --> 00:15:52,600
it may even break negative magnitudes in
brightness is seen from the Earth over the

194
00:15:52,639 --> 00:15:58,039
following months, appearing low in the
northwestern sky after dusk for northern hemisphere observers.

195
00:15:58,919 --> 00:16:18,120
This is spaced time and time out
to take another brief look at some

196
00:16:18,159 --> 00:16:21,720
of the other stories making news in
science this week with a science report.

197
00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:26,399
A new study has confirmed that diet
and air pollution remain among the biggest contributors

198
00:16:26,440 --> 00:16:32,759
globally to heart disease. A report
on the Global burden of heart disease shows

199
00:16:32,799 --> 00:16:37,159
that some nineteen point eight million people
died around the world as a result of

200
00:16:37,159 --> 00:16:41,559
heart disease last year. The report
breaks down death and disability trends from heart

201
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:48,039
disease worldwide, regionally, and nationally, and compare statistics from twenty twenty two

202
00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:51,919
to how Things worth thirty years ago. A report in the Journal of the

203
00:16:51,919 --> 00:16:56,080
American College of Cardiology claims the schemic
heart disease is the leading cause of heart

204
00:16:56,120 --> 00:17:02,080
disease related death and high blood pressures
the most impact on day to day quality

205
00:17:02,120 --> 00:17:06,960
of life. The researchers say the
number one contributed to heart disease related lower

206
00:17:07,039 --> 00:17:11,839
quality of life is poor diet,
while the number one environmental contributor is ambient

207
00:17:11,839 --> 00:17:18,640
particular matter air pollution. Archaeologists have
uncovered the oldest known fortified prehistoric settlement in

208
00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:23,279
the world. Scientists from the Free
University of Berlin made the discovery in a

209
00:17:23,319 --> 00:17:29,160
remote region of Siberia, saying the
complex defense structures were built by hunter gatherers

210
00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:33,119
around their settlements some eight thousand years
ago. The findings were reported in the

211
00:17:33,160 --> 00:17:40,920
journal Antiquity Reshaped Sciences Understanding of Early
human Societies. It charges the idea that

212
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:45,200
only with the advent of agriculture would
people who started building permanent settlements with monumental

213
00:17:45,279 --> 00:17:52,799
architecture and of complex social structures.
The structures concentrated around the settlement of Amna

214
00:17:52,880 --> 00:17:57,799
are now acknowledged as the northernmost Stone
Age fort in Eurasia. Researchers used radiocarbon

215
00:17:57,880 --> 00:18:02,720
dating to establish the air of the
site as the oldest known fort in the

216
00:18:02,759 --> 00:18:07,960
world. The prehistoric inhabitants of the
area caught fish from the nearby Amna River,

217
00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:12,079
and they hunted elk and reindeer using
bone and stone tip spears. To

218
00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:18,559
preserve their surplus fish, oil and
meat, they crafted elaborately decorated pottery so

219
00:18:18,680 --> 00:18:22,279
far ten Stone edge footified sites have
been discovered, each with pit houses and

220
00:18:22,359 --> 00:18:29,640
surrounded by earthen walls and wooden palisades, suggesting advanced agricultural and defensive capabilities.

221
00:18:30,319 --> 00:18:36,559
The discovery challenges the traditional view that
permanent settlements accompanied by defensive structures only emerged

222
00:18:36,599 --> 00:18:42,319
with farming societies, thus disproving the
notion that agriculture and animal husbandry were prerequisites

223
00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:48,880
for societal complexity. A new study
is found that cats loved to play fetch

224
00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:53,240
with their owners, especially if they're
in charge. The findings published of the

225
00:18:53,279 --> 00:18:57,960
journal's Scientific Reports, are based on
a survey of one thousand catterners as cats

226
00:18:59,079 --> 00:19:03,400
like to play fetch in order to
find out more about feline behavior. The

227
00:19:03,440 --> 00:19:07,759
researchers say less than forty percent of
the cat's favorite objects to play fetch with

228
00:19:07,920 --> 00:19:12,079
were actually cat toys, with a
majority preferring random household objects such as crumpled

229
00:19:12,119 --> 00:19:17,119
paper and hairtyes. They say the
cats were also more likely to keep playing

230
00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:21,240
longer if they were the ones who
initiated the play with their owners. They

231
00:19:21,279 --> 00:19:23,799
say, responding to your cat's attempts
to play fetch with you could help the

232
00:19:23,839 --> 00:19:29,799
two of you bond. Meg and
Michael's been spotted wearing a new bit of

233
00:19:29,839 --> 00:19:33,839
pseudoscience, an anti stress patch.
Although at first glance it appears to look

234
00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:37,799
like a sticker attached to her wrist, it has since been revealed to be

235
00:19:37,839 --> 00:19:41,799
a four dollar gadget designed to send
calming signals to her brain. The forty

236
00:19:41,799 --> 00:19:47,319
three year old Duchess of Drama raised
eyebrows when pictured near Mighty Seat her home

237
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:52,799
wearing the mysterious blue patch. The
company that make the so called biosignal processing

238
00:19:52,920 --> 00:19:57,119
disc claims its products are clinically proven
to reduce stress and improve sleep, but

239
00:19:57,279 --> 00:20:03,240
Tim Mindhem from a Strange Skeptic,
says there's actually no real scientific proof to

240
00:20:03,319 --> 00:20:07,119
support that claim. There's been photographs
around of her having a little sticker,

241
00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:10,680
if you like, stuck with her
arm. I think it was in her

242
00:20:10,720 --> 00:20:15,039
particular case. Basically, it's a
what's called a biosignal processing disc. That

243
00:20:15,039 --> 00:20:19,440
sounds yeah, it was a clinically
proven to reduce stress and improved sleep.

244
00:20:19,920 --> 00:20:25,400
Whenever people say clinically proven, you
have to say where and are they?

245
00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:27,759
And I approached many people selling little
products like this to say, you say

246
00:20:27,759 --> 00:20:32,920
it's clinical proven, can you supply
the results? Or where was it proven,

247
00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:37,240
and they rarely can. It's a
term that just used trial results then

248
00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:42,680
often no results because no clinical trials, but they say it is, and

249
00:20:42,759 --> 00:20:45,960
clinically proven sounds like a good thing
you said in ads all the time.

250
00:20:47,039 --> 00:20:49,680
Clinically proven. Be very careful about
clinically proven. Okay, everything's supposed to

251
00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:53,119
give you the equivalent of two hours
restless sleep in twenty minutes, just by

252
00:20:53,160 --> 00:20:56,720
having this sticker on you, which
includes I think has includes a Tesla coil

253
00:20:56,880 --> 00:21:02,799
and all the usual sort of energy
distributing products, et cetera that are supposed

254
00:21:02,839 --> 00:21:06,880
to sort of improve your actually make
you relax more than take away the stress.

255
00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:10,200
I'm sure Magan Michael's understoding a lot
of stress lately. It sounds like

256
00:21:10,279 --> 00:21:12,480
something when a writer should be selling. I really don't know why people see

257
00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:15,680
celebrities as the arbiter of good sense
when it comes to medical treatment. So

258
00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:19,839
it's anything probably why someone who's just
famous for being famous should be a particular

259
00:21:19,960 --> 00:21:23,759
guide in your lifestyle. And I'm
not quite sure what Megan Michael's qualifications for

260
00:21:23,839 --> 00:21:29,839
saying that's certainly no scientific qualifications.
Is an actress not to put actresses down

261
00:21:29,839 --> 00:21:33,240
the probably they do their job,
but she's only a second tier actors.

262
00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:38,759
Then you get a sportsman like Novak
Djokovic who has a range of products that

263
00:21:38,759 --> 00:21:42,880
he actually half owns the company manufacturing, which he has spouses, and he's

264
00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:45,640
got things. He's seen to have
things stuck to his chest, et cetera.

265
00:21:45,839 --> 00:21:49,079
Again which create energy and send energy
through your body, but in his

266
00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:53,359
case that makes him more sprightly rather
than makeson got to sleep. So Brock

267
00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:59,119
do the same thing in Australia years
ago with some sort of catalytic energizer in

268
00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:03,440
his car. Racing car driver had
a polarizer, that's it, which was

269
00:22:03,440 --> 00:22:07,440
supposed to stick to the fuel line
and improve your fuel the energy coming out

270
00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:10,160
of the fuel. It didn't.
It was quite a sad situation for someone

271
00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:12,000
who fall with this sort of thing. He definitely went into a New age

272
00:22:12,039 --> 00:22:15,480
belief system. But he claimed that
anyone else who tested it didn't do it

273
00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:18,480
properly, that it had to be
fitted by him with a little little box

274
00:22:18,519 --> 00:22:23,839
with nothing in it. Really.
Yeah, they just planted around your fuel

275
00:22:23,839 --> 00:22:27,160
line and were supposed to improve the
if it's a full efficiency, there's no

276
00:22:27,240 --> 00:22:30,319
indication that it did that, and
people who tested it anyway. So sports,

277
00:22:30,359 --> 00:22:33,599
yeah, I know that Jacob keeps
pushing particular treatments like this, the

278
00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:37,519
sort of magical stickers and things.
And they've been around. I mean they

279
00:22:37,599 --> 00:22:41,160
used to have the wrist bands,
you know, the power balance with too,

280
00:22:41,279 --> 00:22:45,359
where you'd see these big lotches on
them. You've still seen cupping around

281
00:22:45,359 --> 00:22:48,599
and are still sort of used,
and they believe that actually was a big

282
00:22:48,599 --> 00:22:51,200
health to them. I mean,
sports people aren't superstitious. So a lot

283
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:53,680
of superstitions are wear the right color
underwear. But that's not looking at technology

284
00:22:53,759 --> 00:22:57,000
they can sell. Okay, it's
their habits and if it makes them feel

285
00:22:57,039 --> 00:23:00,680
good, fine, it makes them
more comfortable and more confident, they can

286
00:23:00,720 --> 00:23:03,640
relax, et cetera. Fine,
but they're not selling a product of sticker

287
00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:07,440
that does nothing. And these things
do nothing. They use a lot of

288
00:23:07,759 --> 00:23:11,680
gibberish, a lot of science is
sounding words, and these things can cost

289
00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:15,160
hundreds and thousands of dollars. I
mean, they don't come cheap, and

290
00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:18,759
of course the old beliefs have the
more a cost, the better it must

291
00:23:18,759 --> 00:23:21,920
be. But it doesn't work that
way with these particular things. Production of

292
00:23:22,039 --> 00:23:26,000
energy and a tiny tesla coil to
produce certain frequencies, and they throw in

293
00:23:26,039 --> 00:23:32,319
lots of medical terminology, the particular
products gamma iman a good triic acid.

294
00:23:32,920 --> 00:23:36,119
It does sound scientific, so that
must be true. Science must be right.

295
00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:38,279
And people go that's as far as
they go in the investigations of these

296
00:23:38,279 --> 00:23:41,680
things, and say will sound science, And Megan Markele wears it, so

297
00:23:42,119 --> 00:23:45,240
it must be working, and we
need to get a story. You're always

298
00:23:45,240 --> 00:23:48,640
going to get some scientists who will
endorse it, and other scientists are says

299
00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:52,680
rubbish. But I mean you've got
to just be very careful as who is

300
00:23:52,759 --> 00:23:56,039
endorsing it. From a health point
of view, maybe there's a placebo effect.

301
00:23:56,079 --> 00:23:57,559
Maybe that does make you feel better
if you stick it on, if

302
00:23:57,599 --> 00:24:00,920
you're so influenced by it, it's
not going to do any proper medical treatments.

303
00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:04,319
It's not going to necessarily improve your
play outside of your own confident.

304
00:24:04,440 --> 00:24:26,799
That's timendum from Australian Skeptics, and
that's the show for now. Spacetime is

305
00:24:26,799 --> 00:24:30,799
available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday
through Apple Podcasts, iTunes, Stitcher,

306
00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:37,599
Google Podcasts, poker Casts, Spotify, Acast, Amazon Music bytes, dot

307
00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:42,279
Com, SoundCloud, YouTube, your
favorite podcast download provider and from space Time

308
00:24:42,359 --> 00:24:48,640
with Stuart Gary dot com. Space
Time's also broadcast through the National Science Foundation,

309
00:24:48,799 --> 00:24:52,799
on Science Own Radio and on both
iHeartRadio and tune In Radio. And

310
00:24:52,839 --> 00:24:56,400
you can help to support our show
by visiting the space Time Store for a

311
00:24:56,519 --> 00:25:02,759
range of promotional merchandising goodies, or
by becoming a Spacetime Patron, which gives

312
00:25:02,799 --> 00:25:06,640
you access to triple episode commercial free
versions of the show, as well as

313
00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:10,759
lots of bonnus audio content which doesn't
go to air, access to our exclusive

314
00:25:10,799 --> 00:25:15,319
Facebook group, and other rewards.
Just go to space Time with Steward Gary

315
00:25:15,359 --> 00:25:18,359
dot com for full details, and
if you want more space Time, please

316
00:25:18,440 --> 00:25:22,359
check out our blog or you'll find
all the stuff we couldn't fit in the

317
00:25:22,359 --> 00:25:26,559
show, as well as heaps of
images, news stories, loads of videos

318
00:25:26,559 --> 00:25:30,559
and things on the whereby find interesting
or amusing. Just go to space Time

319
00:25:30,599 --> 00:25:34,319
with Steward Gary dot tumbler dot com. That's all one word, and that's

320
00:25:34,359 --> 00:25:38,440
Tumbler without the E. You can
also follow us through at Stuart Gary on

321
00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:44,599
Twitter, at space Time with Steward
Gary on Instagram, through our Spacetime YouTube

322
00:25:44,680 --> 00:25:48,119
channel, add on Facebook. Just
go to Facebook dot com forward slash space

323
00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:52,640
Time with Stuart Gary. You've been
listening to Space Time with Stuard Gary.

324
00:25:53,279 --> 00:26:00,680
This has been another quality podcast production
from bytes dot com