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Hello, and welcome to Western Sieve. Episode two hundred and fifty one,

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The Martyr King and the Puppet King. Last week, Pizzaro tried to figure

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out what to do with his newfound
captive, the Inca Emperor Atualpa. Just

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as he hoped. By capturing the
Inca Emperor, Pizzaro had effectively cut the

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head off the Inca military slash political
system. The Incan generals would not order

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their men to attack Pizzaro so long
as he held their emperor captive. This

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bought Pizzarto some desperately needed time.
One of his first actions was to fire

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off a frantic message to Panama for
more men, but that would take time.

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For now he had a captive and
pliant emperor. But how long would

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that last? Today? Otahualpa realizes
that no matter how many rooms of gold

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and silver he gives Pisarto, it
will never be enough. Today, one

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emperor dies a martyr and another takes
his place. Diego de Almagro finally returned

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to Peru in fifteen thirty three with
more men and supplies, both of which

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Pisarto desperately needed. When he arrived, someone told Almagro that the natives would

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not attack him or as men because
Pisarto currently held Atahualpa captive. But there

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was also a message for Almagro to
get to Pizarto as quickly as possible.

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No one knew how long the status
quo was going to last. By now,

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Almagro and Pisarto had been partners for
at least fourteen years. Theirs had

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been a bumpy relationship as of late. When Pisarto returned from Spain to Panama

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in fifteen twenty nine with a royal
license to conquer the Inca Empire, a

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realm that he was authorized to plunder
for a distance of two hundred leagues or

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in that distance nowadays seven hundred miles. He had also returned with the title

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of Governor of Peru. An addition, Pisarto had secured for himself the military

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title of Captain General of Peru.
Yet, in contrast to his own multiple

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titles, Pisarto had brought back just
a single title for his loyal partner Almagro,

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that of Mayor of Tumbez, an
area that we are told covered a

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span of maybe a few square miles, and that now lay desolate and in

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ruins. This was despite the fact
that during their previous voyage, Almagro had

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rescued Pizaro his starving followers on an
island off the coast of Columbia, and

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despite the fact that it had been
al Magro who had raised the funds to

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send Pissaro to Spain in the first
place. Not Surprisingly, Pissaro's partner had

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been furious upon hearing the news that
he had been totally short changed. Pisardo,

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however, still needed al Magro.
He needed his organizational skills, He

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needed his ability to find and enlist
fresh recruits. He needed his capacity to

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do the lion's share of the thousand
and one things that the outfitting and expedition

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of the conquest of the New World
required. Magro, on the other hand,

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had been completely outmaneuvered. It was
Pisardo who had been granted permission to

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conquer Peru, not he, and
even if he refused now to participate,

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there was nothing he could do to
prevent Pissaro from leaving for Peru without him.

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Ultimately, Almagro wanted his own realm
to govern and was furious about the

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turn of events. Pizaro likely had
to use all his bargaining abilities, but

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he finally convinced his partner that if
Almagro continued to help him, then he

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would use his influence to get Charles
the Fifth to grant Almagro his own governorship

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outside the territories Pizzaro currently controlled.
Almagro took it because he really didn't have

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a better option. In the end, he decided to bury the hatchet and

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see if he could make things work. So it was in April fifteen thirty

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three that almagro rode with his men
down into the city of Kajamarica. Pizzaro

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greeted him, briefly, introduced him
to a stunned Attahuallapa, and then took

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him on a tour of the guarded
chamber, steadily filling with gold and silver

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objects. Doubtless, Almagro had to
put on his best poker face in order

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to keep his jaw from falling straight
to the floor. But underneath the otur

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displays of Comrader's ship, tensions between
the two partners remained. Even before Almagro

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had arrived. Pissaro had heard rumors
that his partner might attempt to conquer Peru

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on his own. Almargo made no
such move, however, nor any signs

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of it, nor were such rumors
ever discussed. In truth, Pisaro had

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always and would always consider Almagro his
sidekick, a subordinate Despite their legal partnership,

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to Pissaro, Peru and the titles
that came with conquering Peru were his

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and his alone. He was willing
to share a certain amount of wealth and

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power with Almagro, but Pisaro never
considered his partner his equal. With Amagro's

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arrival, there were now three hundred
Spaniards in Kajamarca. However, these men

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were part of two very distinct groups
based on when they had arrived. The

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one hundred and sixty eight men who
had been with Pissaro from the start were

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forever referred to as the quote men
of Kajamarca Quote, the mythical founders of

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a Spanish Peru. Crucially, these
men were all entitled to a share of

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Atahualpa's ransom. The newcomers were not. The Spaniards who had just arrived would

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receive only a token share of Atahualpa's
treasure. Not everyone was happy about this,

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of course, According to Pedro Pisaro, again, Francisco's cousin quote Amagro

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did not want the unequal division to
be that way, but rather that he

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and his companion Pisaro each take half
of everything, and that to the rest

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of the Spaniards they give a thousand
or at most two thousand pesos each.

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In this however, the marquis behaved
very christianly, for he did not deprive

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anyone of what he merited. Since
this distribution was made among all the Spaniards

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who entered Kajamarca and who took part
in the capture of Atahualpa, nothing was

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given to the who came afterwards end
quote. Of course, one of those

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who quote unquote came afterwards and would
be given next to nothing was Pisado's own

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partner, Diego de Amagro. On
June the thirteenth, fifteen thirty three,

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two Spanish scouts from Cusco arrived alongside
a convoy of two hundred and twenty three

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yama loads of gold and silver.
If each Yama carried an average load of

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fifty pounds of gold, then the
caravan would have added more than eleven thousand

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pounds of gold and silver to Pisado's
hall. Four days later, with tensions

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growing among the Spaniards, and a
room full of gold on his hands,

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Pisardo ordered that the job of melting
and a saying the gold begin. He

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ordered that the silver, which had
already been melted down, be distributed eventually.

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During a four month period from March
to July fifteen thirty three, the

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Spaniards fed more than forty thousand pounds
of sake, grid inca, gold,

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and silver into the furnaces. Roughly
half of the Spaniards washed this process with

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mounting joy, while the other half
with mounting envy. Pound after pound of

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the finest objects crafted by the empire's
craftsmen were fed into the fires. Gold

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and silver, statues, jewelry,
platings, vessels, ornaments, and other

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works of art, all reduced to
formless red hot puddles, and then poured

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into steaming molds to make ingots.
Today, ink and objects of gold and

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silver are supremely rare, almost all
having disappeared nearly five hundred years ago into

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the furnaces of Kajamarca. The amount
that the one hundred and sixty eight men

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of Kajamarca stood to gain from the
endeavor was staggering. Each horseman received one

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hundred and eighty pounds of silver at
ninety pounds of twenty two and a half

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carrot gold. One pound of gold
presented two years of a common sailor's salary

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loss. The gold alone, not
counting the silver, amounted to one hundred

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and eighty years worth of wages all
in one go. The foot soldiers got

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about half that amount. The one
hundred and sixty eight Spaniards who arrived with

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Pizzaro were now richer than they ever
could have imagined. Francisco Pizzaro was just

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getting started. He had no intention
of retiring. Pizzaro had come to Peru

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not to retire. He had come
to create a feudal kingdom for himself and

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his progeny. Immediately after Pizaro distributed
the gold and silver, he allowed the

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gonquistadors with families back in Spain to
return to their wives and their children,

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but the rest he ordered to remain
because he was far from finished. One

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of those slated to return to Spain
briefly was Hernan, though Pizzaro his brother,

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Hernando did not have a family.
But Pisarto needed someone to escort the

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royal fifth back to King Charles,
and he picked his brother as the man

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to do it. Frankly, he
didn't trust anyone else with twenty percent of

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Vatahualpa was gold. King Charles,
by the way, really comes out of

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this looking like the smartest guy on
the block. He did nothing more than

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sign a few documents, and for
that minimal amount of effort, he now

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found himself richer by five thousand,
two hundred pounds of silver and two thousand,

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six hundred pounds of gold. Sadly, all of this would be fed

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into a new furnace to fund Spain's
pointless Italian and soon religious wars. As

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he none do. Pesaro and the
small group of departing Spaniards prepared to leave.

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Many of the conquistadors who were staying
behind hurriedly wrote letters to send them.

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The only surviving letter from the group
was written by one of Francisco Pisato's

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pages, Gaspart Garatte, a young
Basque in his early twenties from northern Spain.

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Like his compatriots, Gaspar was eager
to tell his family the surprising news

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of his recent good fortune. It's
an interesting letter, so I'm going to

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read it in its entirety. Quote
to my sorely missed father. It must

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be about three years ago that I
got a letter from you in which you

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asked me to send some money.
God knows how. Sorry. I was

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not to have anything to send to
you then, because if I had had

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anything, then there wouldn't have been
any need for you to write. I've

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always tried to do the right thing, but there wasn't any possibility till now.

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I'm sending you two hundred and thirteen
pesos two point one pounds of good

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gold in a bar with an honorable
man from Saint Sebastian and Seville. He'll

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have it turned into coin and then
bring it to you. I'd send you

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more, except he's taking money for
other people and he couldn't take more.

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His name is Pedro d'anandel. I
know him, and he's the kind of

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person who will get the money to
you. So that's why I asked him

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to do me a favor and take
you the money. I'll tell you something

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of my life since I came to
these parts. You must know how we

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got some news how Governor Francisco Pisaro
was coming to be governor of this kingdom

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of newcast Stile, and so hearing
this news, and having few prospects in

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Nicaragua, we came to this district
where there's more gold and silver and iron

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than m Biscay, and more sheep
yamas than in the province of Sauria,

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and more supplies of all kind of
provisions and fine clothing, and lords among

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them, just one of them rules
over five hundred leagues today, that's one

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thousand, seven hundred and fifty miles. We have him, he's talking about

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Atahualpa in our power and with him
prisoner. A man can go by himself

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five hundred leagues without getting killed.
Instead, they give you whatever you need

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and carry you on their shoulders in
the litter. We took this lord by

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a miracle of God, because our
forces wouldn't be enough to take him,

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nor to do what we did,
but God gave us the victory miraculously over

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him. You must know that we
came here with Governor Francisco Pizarto, to

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this land of this lord, where
he had sixty thousand warriors, and there

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were one hundred and sixty Spaniards with
the governor, and we thought our lives

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were finished because there was such a
horde of them. And even then the

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native women were making fun of us
and saying they were sorry for us because

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we were going to get killed.
But afterward their bad thoughts turned out opposite.

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Give my greetings to Catalina and my
brothers and sisters, my uncle and

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his daughters, especially the older one, and also to my cousins and to

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the rest of my relatives. I
really want to tell them hello from me,

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and that I greatly wished to see
them, and pleasing God, I'll

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be there soon. The only thing
I want to ask you is to do

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good for the souls of my mother
and all my relatives. If God's let

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me get there, I'll do it
thoroughly myself. I suppose there is nothing

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more to write at present, except
that I'm praying to our Lord Jesus Christ

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to let me see you before I
die. From Casumarca in the Kingdom of

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New Castile July the twentieth, fifteen
thirty three. Your son Gaspar, the

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writer of that letter, however,
would never see Spain again. He died

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fighting in Peru four months after handing
the letter and a bar of gold to

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his friend. As Attahuelpa watched,
Hernando Pisaro prepared to depart for Spain,

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he fell into despair. Atahuelpa had
been close to Hernando Ernando Pizardo may have

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been arrogant and the least liked of
the Pisaro clan, but he had been

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a good friend and ally to the
Inca emperor. With Hernando gone, Atahuelpa

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no doubt pondered what would become of
him. According to legend, Atahualpa begged

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Hernando to take him with him to
Spain. He said that if Hernando left

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him in Peru alone, then those
left with him would surely put him to

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death. We have no way of
knowing if this exchange ever happened, but

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if it did, it was a
prescient moment. Rumors now began to swell

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that Atahualpa had sent a secret message
to one of his generals to come and

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rescue him. A local chief even
told Pisaro that an Incan army was already

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on its way south quote and that
all these men are marching under a great

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commander called Loomi Nibi, and are
very close to hear. They will come

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by night and will attack this camp, setting it entirely on fire. The

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first person they will attempt to will
kill will be you. Azaro, and

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they will release their lord Atahualpa from
his prison. Two hundred thousand such warriors

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are marching from Quito, along with
thirty thousand Caribs who eat human flesh and

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quote. Gizzarro immediately ordered that a
permanent guard be mounted around the city,

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and then he went to confront Atahualpa. Atahualpa looked at him and said,

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calmly, quote, it is true
that if any warriors were coming, they

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would be marching here from Quito on
my orders. Find out whether it is

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true, and if true, you
have me in your power and you can

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execute me. End quote. According
to one eye witness, quote, he

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said all this without betraying any sign
of anxiety. And he said many other

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brilliant things that a quick witted man
would make surely during his capture. The

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Spaniards who heard them were amazed to
see so much wisdom in a barbarian end

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quote. Nota wlpas argued, didn't
do him any good. Pissaro wasn't taking

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any chances. He ordered a large
chain fastened around Attahuapa's neck going forward,

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and immediately the Spanish camp began debating
the emperor's future. One group wanted to

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execute Attahuapa immediately, Pissaro and another
group wanted to keep him alive like a

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hung jury. The Spaniards were unable
to agree on whether Attahuapa had been sending

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out secret messages or had been telling
the truth. Thus, they couldn't agree

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on whether they should execute the Inca
lord or spare his life. In order

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to address their most immediate threats,
Pissaro decided to send Hernando de Soto with

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00:17:41.839 --> 00:17:45.200
four horsemen to ride north and investigate. If they found no native army,

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that it was possible that Attahuappa had
been telling the truth. But if,

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on the other hand, they found
an army, then one thing was certain.

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Before the Spaniards died Atahualpa, would
dard de Soto and his men had

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00:18:00.160 --> 00:18:06.160
galloped off. The rest of the
Spaniards were just waiting nervously Pisado when his

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captains meanwhile unanimously agreed on one point. Their next step would be to march

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south and seize Cusco, the capital
of the empire and the wealthiest and the

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grandest of its cities. But with
Cusco some six hundred miles to the south

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and the Inca road leading there apparently
crossing over some of the roughest terrain in

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the world. Pisaro and his captains
word that they would not be able to

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prevent Attahuapa from being rescued by Inca
troops during the journey. Their isolated Spanish

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force would be much more vulnerable while
traveling, and they would inevitably find themselves

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exposed amid unknown terrain. According to
three Spaniards who had helped loot Cusco,

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in fact, there were probably a
thousand places where Pisaro's force could be successfully

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00:18:48.400 --> 00:18:56.720
ambushed along the way if Ottawapa was
rescued, that the emperor would easily galvanize

215
00:18:56.720 --> 00:19:02.599
the entire country to rise up against
them. That very evening, after dinner,

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00:19:03.000 --> 00:19:07.559
a Nicaraguan servant, a native from
Peru, arrived bearing a message.

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00:19:07.480 --> 00:19:15.000
In fact, a large army had
been spotted advancing towards Cajamarca, only eleven

218
00:19:15.039 --> 00:19:18.839
miles away. Pisaro rose and began
questioning the servant, who must have spoke

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00:19:18.920 --> 00:19:25.079
some basic Spanish. The servant described
in great detail what he had seen,

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00:19:25.160 --> 00:19:30.079
and it became obvious that there was
a threat. Pizzaro quickly sent word to

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00:19:30.119 --> 00:19:36.240
his men to prepare themselves for battle. By now, the tide and the

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support of Atahuelpa had turned. With
a sudden and frightening threat of an impending

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00:19:41.119 --> 00:19:44.400
attack, it didn't take long for
those would gather to make a decision.

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00:19:45.839 --> 00:19:51.960
Atahuelpa had to be put to death. The last thing to do was to

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00:19:51.960 --> 00:19:56.240
get the reluctant Pizarro, who found
himself no longer able to support his earlier

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view that they were better off Withoutahuelba
alive on their side. An entire native

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00:20:00.599 --> 00:20:07.240
army could not be marching against them
with at Atahuelpa having ordered it. Zarro

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00:20:07.400 --> 00:20:11.440
came to this conclusion on his own, and since Attahuelpa had committed treason,

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00:20:11.799 --> 00:20:17.480
at least according to the Spaniard's way
of thinking, Zaro finally gave the order

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00:20:17.480 --> 00:20:22.960
that the Inca emperor quote should die
by burning unless he be converted to Christianity

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00:20:22.000 --> 00:20:27.200
end quote. And so the son
of Juanna Kappak, who had fought to

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gain the Inca throne for years before
the Spaniards arrived, was quickly informed of

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the Spaniard's decision. Not surprisingly,
he was devastated. Quote. Attahuelpa wept

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00:20:41.240 --> 00:20:44.839
openly and said they shouldn't kill him, for there wasn't one Indian in the

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country would make trouble without his command, and since they had him prisoner,

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what were they afraid of? End
quote. Atahualpa tried without success to convince

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his captors that the empire would devolve
into chaos if he were executed, and

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00:21:00.200 --> 00:21:03.400
so at the well, but try
to last ditch effort to save his life.

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Quote. If they were going to
do it, kill him for gold

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00:21:08.000 --> 00:21:12.000
or silver, then he would give
them twice what he had already commanded.

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00:21:12.200 --> 00:21:19.160
End quote. But this time the
gold didn't even seem to register. At

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00:21:19.160 --> 00:21:25.079
this point, the Spaniards were so
terrified of this alleged army they were acting

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00:21:25.400 --> 00:21:30.480
on cruise control. According to Pedro
Pizaro, quote, I saw the governor

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00:21:30.839 --> 00:21:36.640
that his Francisco Pizzaro weep from sorrow
at being able to grant him his life,

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00:21:37.240 --> 00:21:41.079
but he feared the consequences and risk
to the country if he were released.

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00:21:41.279 --> 00:21:45.519
Quote. Bizarro, however, along
with the rest of the Spanish leaders,

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00:21:45.839 --> 00:21:51.079
were now convinced about one thing.
If a native army was less than

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eleven miles outside of town, then
that army could launch an attack the very

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00:21:55.920 --> 00:22:00.519
evening. Thus, in terms of
keeping their hostage from falling into enemy hands,

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00:22:00.519 --> 00:22:04.359
there was no time to lose.
Atahualpa had to be put to death

251
00:22:06.160 --> 00:22:11.039
immediately. The sun was just beginning
to set on Saturday, July twenty sixth,

252
00:22:11.160 --> 00:22:15.920
fifteen thirty three, when the Emperor
of the Inca Atahuapa, was led

253
00:22:15.960 --> 00:22:22.880
out to the main square of Kajamarca, Missus Spaniards surrounded him and sounded the

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trumpet and began reading out allowed the
charges against the emperor. Atahualpa was tied

255
00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:33.359
to a stake that had just been
impaled into the ground. A bunch of

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00:22:33.680 --> 00:22:38.359
natives came out to watch, and
for the ordinary native inhabitant, watching the

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00:22:38.400 --> 00:22:44.319
Spaniards prepare for the execution of their
lord and God was probably as frightening as

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knowing that the sun was about to
disappear. The Incas, after all,

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00:22:48.359 --> 00:22:52.279
believed that their history was a succession
of ages, divided from one to another

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00:22:52.640 --> 00:22:59.400
by a cataclysmic event. This had
begun with the very formation of the Inca

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00:22:59.400 --> 00:23:03.279
Empire. Now, as the natives
watched their lord Attahuelppa being tied to a

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00:23:03.359 --> 00:23:08.039
stake, many believed that this part
of the world, this epoch, was

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00:23:08.319 --> 00:23:15.200
in fact coming to an end.
According to Patro Pissarro, who again gives

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00:23:15.279 --> 00:23:19.039
us most of our information about this
period. Quote. When he Atahualpa was

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00:23:19.079 --> 00:23:22.519
taken out to be killed, all
the native people who were on the square,

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00:23:22.920 --> 00:23:27.039
and there were many prostrated themselves on
the ground, letting themselves fall to

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the earth like drunken men, and
quote. Some of the Spaniards began gathering

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wood, while others began stacking in
in preparation for a fire. Around Attahuelpa's

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feet. The Dominican friar spoke to
the emperor through one of the interpreters.

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00:23:44.359 --> 00:23:48.440
Quote. He instructed him in the
things of our Christian faith, telling him

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00:23:48.480 --> 00:23:52.039
that God had wished him to die
for the sins he had committed in the

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world, and that he should repent
of them, and that God would pardon

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him if he did. It is, of course, impossible to know if

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00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.480
Walpa actually understood any of the things
that were being said to him. No

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00:24:04.480 --> 00:24:10.319
doubt, though Atahualpa was distressed by
all this. He had done everything that

276
00:24:10.359 --> 00:24:15.119
the strangers had asked for, yet
now some unfriendly man in a dark robe

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00:24:15.559 --> 00:24:21.400
was threatening him with death by fire
if he didn't accept the invaders one and

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00:24:21.559 --> 00:24:26.720
only God, whom the invader is
called Dios from this point on, it

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00:24:26.799 --> 00:24:33.079
seems like Atahualpa had made peace with
his fate. His concern was now only

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00:24:33.119 --> 00:24:37.599
with his two small sons, which
he had left in Quito, and which

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00:24:37.599 --> 00:24:44.880
were for the moment safe. At
one point he suggested friend sis Gopisaro take

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00:24:44.920 --> 00:24:49.079
responsibility for them himself. Not Tahalpa
said that he was entrusting his children to

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00:24:49.119 --> 00:24:53.839
the governor, But the friar advised
him to forget his wives and children and

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00:24:53.960 --> 00:24:57.400
to die like a Christian, and
that if he wanted to become one,

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00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:04.359
that he must receive the holy baptismal
water. But Otahwapa wept greatly and continued

286
00:25:04.359 --> 00:25:08.920
to insist that his children be cared, for indicating their heights with his hand

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00:25:10.319 --> 00:25:14.240
and making it clear through his gestures
that they were small, but that he

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00:25:14.279 --> 00:25:18.799
was leaving them unprotected in Quito.
Yet the father continued to try to induce

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00:25:18.880 --> 00:25:22.799
him to convert to Christianity and to
forget his children, telling him that Governor

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00:25:22.799 --> 00:25:26.359
Pisado would look after them, would
treat them as his own end quote.

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00:25:26.680 --> 00:25:32.920
But ultimately Ottawappa agreed to convert to
Christianity, whether he did this out of

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00:25:32.920 --> 00:25:37.079
true religious conviction to save himself from
being burned alive, or save his children,

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00:25:37.759 --> 00:25:44.160
or even some combination of those factors
cannot say. As the sky began

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00:25:44.160 --> 00:25:48.559
to turn red from the setting sun, several Spaniards fastened around Ottawappa's neck a

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00:25:48.599 --> 00:25:52.759
groat, a type of rope attached
to a stick that could be turned like

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00:25:52.799 --> 00:25:56.160
a wheel, tightening the loop until
the blood supplied to the coronid arteries was

297
00:25:56.200 --> 00:26:03.559
cut off to the brain. As
they began intoning the last rites wanted,

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00:26:03.599 --> 00:26:08.160
the Spaniards began to twist the stick, the rope slowly tightening around Attahualpa's neck.

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00:26:10.319 --> 00:26:12.559
For those of you who may be
surprised by this, the conversion to

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00:26:12.640 --> 00:26:18.480
Christianity was never to save Atahualpa's life, was just to change the manner of

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00:26:18.480 --> 00:26:23.880
the execution. Finally, the emperor's
eyes began to bulge, and the solitary

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00:26:23.960 --> 00:26:30.519
vein in his forehead rose inflamed by
the final rays of the sun. A

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00:26:30.640 --> 00:26:36.559
notary present wrote as follows, with
these last words, and with the Spaniards

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00:26:36.599 --> 00:26:41.599
who surrounded him, saying a credo
for his soul, he Atahualpa was strangled.

305
00:26:41.519 --> 00:26:45.440
May God receive him in heaven,
for he died repenting of his sins

306
00:26:45.960 --> 00:26:51.200
and in the true faith of a
Christian. After he had been strangled in

307
00:26:51.240 --> 00:26:56.000
this way and the sentence executed,
some fire was thrown on him to burn

308
00:26:56.160 --> 00:27:00.799
part of his clothing and flesh.
Latin night. Because he died late in

309
00:27:00.799 --> 00:27:07.000
the afternoon, his body was left
in the square so that everyone could learn

310
00:27:07.000 --> 00:27:12.000
of his death. Another notary wrote, he died on Saturday, at the

311
00:27:12.039 --> 00:27:18.039
same hour that he was taken prisoner
and defeated eight months earlier. Some said

312
00:27:18.039 --> 00:27:21.880
it was for his sins that he
died on the same day, Saturday and

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00:27:22.039 --> 00:27:29.680
same hour that he was seized.
So ended the life of Atahualpa, the

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00:27:29.839 --> 00:27:34.319
thirty one year old lord of the
Incas, the first Inca emperor over one

315
00:27:34.400 --> 00:27:40.200
hundred years, who had not only
failed to expand the empire, but who

316
00:27:40.200 --> 00:27:45.720
had instead presided over the beginning of
its collapse for the second time in less

317
00:27:45.720 --> 00:27:52.319
than a decade. Beginning with Juanna
Kappa's death by smallpox, the Inca Empire

318
00:27:52.759 --> 00:27:57.400
was suddenly without a ruler. Governors, administrators, generals, and accountants still

319
00:27:57.400 --> 00:28:03.279
busied themselves with their daily tasks,
but now there was no one to give

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00:28:03.279 --> 00:28:08.039
them orders. And from this moment
forward, the Inca empire was essentially paralyzed.

321
00:28:11.839 --> 00:28:17.240
With Outahualpa dead, the Spaniards immediately
readied themselves for an attack, which

322
00:28:17.279 --> 00:28:21.960
they believed was imminent. But as
night turned to mourning, and as the

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00:28:22.000 --> 00:28:27.720
sun rose once more into the sky, no attack came reprieved for the moment.

324
00:28:29.119 --> 00:28:33.359
From the immediate necessity to fight,
the Spaniards now found themselves confronted with

325
00:28:33.400 --> 00:28:37.759
a more mundane problem. What do
you do with out ahuap As corpse?

326
00:28:40.000 --> 00:28:45.039
Everyone agreed you couldn't just leave the
ink emperor lying on the square, not

327
00:28:45.160 --> 00:28:48.359
Tahualpa had been revered as a god, after all, and the natives continued

328
00:28:48.400 --> 00:28:55.160
to prostrate themselves on the square.
Distraught, bizarre finally decided that the sooner

329
00:28:55.160 --> 00:28:59.880
they got rid of the corpse the
better. After a brief ceremony, otahualpas

330
00:29:00.039 --> 00:29:04.799
if blackened body was interred in a
hastily dug hole. A few days after

331
00:29:04.799 --> 00:29:11.400
Ottahuappa's burial, Spanish sentries finally sighted
had Anno de Soto and his horsemen coming

332
00:29:11.440 --> 00:29:18.799
back from reconnoitering. Unaware of what
had happened in their absence, and assuming

333
00:29:18.839 --> 00:29:22.599
that Ottahuapa was still alive, Desto
rode back in a flourish and dismounted in

334
00:29:22.599 --> 00:29:29.680
the square. He immediately hurried off
in search of Pissaro. DeSoto must have

335
00:29:29.759 --> 00:29:33.839
wondered at the somber mood when he
got back, and finding DeSoto wearing quote

336
00:29:34.079 --> 00:29:40.279
a large felt hat on his head
as if for mourning end quote, presumably

337
00:29:40.599 --> 00:29:45.400
looking about in vain for Anta Huapa. DeSoto quickly informed Pissaro that he and

338
00:29:45.440 --> 00:29:59.880
his men had found nothing. The
rumors of the army were false. Atahualpa

339
00:30:00.920 --> 00:30:10.000
had been telling the truth. Pizzaro
responded, mournfully, catching Tosto completely by

340
00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:15.680
surprise. According to those present,
Pizzaro quietly said, I see now that

341
00:30:15.759 --> 00:30:22.960
I have been deceived. Pizzaro then
told DeSoto that they had strangled Atahualpa a

342
00:30:22.960 --> 00:30:29.000
few days earlier, after news reports
had arrived at approaching Inca army. Obviously,

343
00:30:29.079 --> 00:30:36.079
he said those were parts had been
false. DeSoto was also deeply disappointed

344
00:30:36.400 --> 00:30:41.000
by otahu help his death, and
an emotional DeSoto quickly told Pizzaro that it

345
00:30:41.000 --> 00:30:45.440
would have been much better to send
that Twalpa to Spain, and that he

346
00:30:45.519 --> 00:30:49.920
himself would have gladly escorted him there. He had killed the emperor for no

347
00:30:51.079 --> 00:30:56.160
reason. No justifiable reason at all, DeSoto said. He then turned on

348
00:30:56.200 --> 00:31:03.000
his heels and left the room.
News about Tahuapa's death slowly began to make

349
00:31:03.039 --> 00:31:08.839
its way northward from Peru across the
Isthmus of Panama, eventually via a ship

350
00:31:10.559 --> 00:31:18.680
to Spain. Meanwhile, Pisaro and
Amagro had more closer matters to deal with.

351
00:31:21.079 --> 00:31:27.039
They're roughly three hundred Spaniards readied themselves
for another major military campaign. Azzaro's

352
00:31:27.039 --> 00:31:32.400
plan was to begin a bold military
thrust southward along the rugged spine of the

353
00:31:32.440 --> 00:31:37.880
Andes. No longer protected by a
hostage emperor that they could count on to

354
00:31:37.960 --> 00:31:41.519
keep the native armies at bay,
they would now be forced to entrust their

355
00:31:41.519 --> 00:31:48.119
fates to their lances, swords to
their solitary god. Yet capturing Outahuallpa had

356
00:31:48.119 --> 00:31:52.680
been the equivalent of seizing the brain
or command center of the empire, than

357
00:31:52.720 --> 00:31:57.680
Pissaro was now determined to fight his
way southward in order to capture its heart,

358
00:31:59.519 --> 00:32:05.119
the legend every city of Cuzco.
He also knew, though, that

359
00:32:05.200 --> 00:32:13.119
another inca army lurked somewhere to his
rear. How those dative armies would behave,

360
00:32:14.079 --> 00:32:28.279
How the commanding generals would now move
no one could predict. Bizzaro and

361
00:32:28.359 --> 00:32:31.799
his men spent the next three months
working their way south. The three hundred

362
00:32:31.839 --> 00:32:37.279
conquistadors were now joined by a larger
retinue of native slaves from what is today

363
00:32:37.480 --> 00:32:45.160
Nicaragua, some African slaves, and
local natives. Together they all worked to

364
00:32:45.200 --> 00:32:49.559
move Ottawhelpa's treasure to the coast,
from whence it could be transported to Panama

365
00:32:49.640 --> 00:32:53.680
and ultimately back to Spain. Before
he and his Spaniards had left Kajamarca,

366
00:32:53.759 --> 00:32:59.720
however, Bizarro had decided to crown
the eldest surviving brother of the emperor,

367
00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:06.799
on a kapak A royal prince called
Tupac Hulapa his arrow, hope that by

368
00:33:06.839 --> 00:33:10.480
doing so he would be able to
continue controlling the Inca aristocracy and hence the

369
00:33:10.519 --> 00:33:15.880
empire, much as he had done
without Hualpa. The new Inca Emperor's reign,

370
00:33:15.920 --> 00:33:22.039
however, was short lived. Within
two months, Tupac Lupa sickened and

371
00:33:22.079 --> 00:33:27.720
died. A disappointed Bizarro had him
hastily buried, and once again the Inca

372
00:33:27.759 --> 00:33:34.319
Empire was without a ruler. Still, there was some good news. His

373
00:33:34.559 --> 00:33:37.759
arrow and his men had been able
to gain a rough idea at least of

374
00:33:37.799 --> 00:33:44.799
where the existing Inca armies were deployed, invaluable information for the still relatively tiny

375
00:33:44.839 --> 00:33:50.440
group of foreigners. Essentially, they
learned that there were three Inca armies in

376
00:33:50.440 --> 00:33:54.319
the field, one to the north
in what is today Ecuador with thirty thousand

377
00:33:54.319 --> 00:34:00.519
troops, another in Central Peru numbered
around thirty five thou and and a third

378
00:34:00.839 --> 00:34:08.280
in Cusco thirty thousand strong. The
army in Central Peru Pizzaro quickly dealt with.

379
00:34:09.159 --> 00:34:15.079
Even before leaving Kaja Marca, he
had decapitated the Central Army by luring

380
00:34:15.079 --> 00:34:22.639
its general Chachumichi to visit the imprisoned
Anti Hualpa. After seizing Chachumichi, Bizarro

381
00:34:22.760 --> 00:34:28.119
decided to bring the imprisoned Inca general
along on his journey. Pissarro had grown

382
00:34:28.119 --> 00:34:30.840
suspicious, however, that the general
might be able to incite local natives to

383
00:34:30.880 --> 00:34:37.280
attack, and had thus earned the
man at the stake. This meant now

384
00:34:37.639 --> 00:34:43.599
that only the army in Cuscoup,
commanded by General Kiskis, stood between the

385
00:34:43.599 --> 00:34:50.599
Spaniards and their goal of capturing the
capital of the Inca Empire. In November

386
00:34:50.679 --> 00:34:55.000
fifteen thirty three, the Army of
the Spaniards was now only a day's march

387
00:34:55.039 --> 00:35:00.679
from Cusco. Here they encountered a
seventeen year old, boyish looking Native who

388
00:35:00.679 --> 00:35:06.800
wore a yellow tunic and who was
accompanied by a group of incannobles. His

389
00:35:07.000 --> 00:35:10.480
Arrow's interpreters soon learned the young native
was the son of the Emperor Juanna Kappak,

390
00:35:12.079 --> 00:35:15.440
and thus was of royal descent.
Bizarrow also learned that the teenage boy's

391
00:35:15.480 --> 00:35:21.039
name was Manco Inca, and that
although he was the brother of both Attahualpa

392
00:35:21.079 --> 00:35:25.199
and Uscar, he was also one
of the very few survivors of us Car's

393
00:35:25.480 --> 00:35:32.280
royal lineage. As Bissarro and as
Captains listened to their interpreter translating, young

394
00:35:32.320 --> 00:35:37.559
prince explained how he'd been living as
a fugitive and spent much of the previous

395
00:35:37.639 --> 00:35:43.360
year quote fleeing constantly from Atahualpa's men
so they would not kill him. He

396
00:35:43.400 --> 00:35:47.480
came so alone in a vanity looked
like a common Indian end quote. Bizarrow

397
00:35:47.559 --> 00:35:53.400
quickly realized not only was Manko Inca
a possible heir to the throne, but

398
00:35:53.519 --> 00:36:00.400
that the royal prince also belonged to
Inca's Cuzco faction. Precisely faction that Pissarro

399
00:36:00.519 --> 00:36:07.440
wished to be perceiving as allying himself
with. Since Pizarro had already executed Atahualpa,

400
00:36:08.159 --> 00:36:12.920
nothing could be better than for him
to arrive in Cusco with a member

401
00:36:12.960 --> 00:36:17.559
of the same faction that had suffered
under Atahualpa. Pissarro and his troops could

402
00:36:17.599 --> 00:36:22.719
thus position themselves as liberators, that
perception, they hoped, would forestall any

403
00:36:22.760 --> 00:36:29.039
native resistance from developing. According to
one chronicler, Quotum Manko Inca said to

404
00:36:29.079 --> 00:36:31.559
the governor that he would help him
all that he could in order to rid

405
00:36:31.599 --> 00:36:37.400
the land of those from Quito,
which Atahualpa's faction, for they were her

406
00:36:37.519 --> 00:36:40.679
enemies and they hated him. Manko
was the man to whom, by law

407
00:36:42.199 --> 00:36:46.360
came all that province, and whose
chief it wanted for its lord. When

408
00:36:46.400 --> 00:36:51.519
he came to see Pissaro, he
came by way of the mountains, avoiding

409
00:36:51.519 --> 00:36:55.119
the roads for fear of those from
Quito. Pissarro was happy to receive him

410
00:36:55.119 --> 00:36:59.400
and told him a lot of what
you say pleases me, including a great

411
00:36:59.400 --> 00:37:01.719
desire to be of these men from
Quito. You should know that I have

412
00:37:01.760 --> 00:37:06.880
come for no other purpose than to
prevent them from doing you harm, to

413
00:37:06.960 --> 00:37:09.639
free you from your slavery to them. And you can be sure that I'm

414
00:37:09.679 --> 00:37:14.480
not coming here for my own benefit, but knowing the injuries they were inflicting

415
00:37:14.519 --> 00:37:17.360
on you, I wanted to come
and rectify and undo them, as my

416
00:37:17.480 --> 00:37:21.840
Lord the Emperor commanded me to do. You can thus be sure that I

417
00:37:21.920 --> 00:37:23.960
will do everything I can to help
you, and then I will also do

418
00:37:24.000 --> 00:37:30.840
the same to liberate the people of
Cusco from this tyranny. The Governor Pizzaro

419
00:37:30.360 --> 00:37:35.400
made these big promises to Manko Inca
in order to please him so that he

420
00:37:35.519 --> 00:37:40.039
Pissaro, might get news of how
things were going elsewhere. The chief Manko

421
00:37:40.079 --> 00:37:45.719
Inca was marvelously satisfied, as were
those who had come with him. Quote.

422
00:37:46.559 --> 00:37:51.800
Pizarro hoped that by allying himself with
the young income prince, he could

423
00:37:51.800 --> 00:37:57.199
fool the Cusco faction into believing his
only real interest was in placing those who

424
00:37:57.199 --> 00:38:01.719
had been oppressed by Atahualpa back into
power. But before he could install Manko

425
00:38:01.960 --> 00:38:09.199
as the new emperor, Pizzaro had
to capture Cuzco. Manko told Pizzaro that

426
00:38:09.239 --> 00:38:14.639
the Inca general in charge there intended
to burn the city to the ground rather

427
00:38:14.679 --> 00:38:19.880
than watch it fall into Spanish hands. This news touched a nerve with Pizarro.

428
00:38:21.360 --> 00:38:25.800
He knew full well that the only
knock against Hernan Cortes was his inability

429
00:38:27.119 --> 00:38:32.119
to take control of tenusht Klan.
Cortes had been forced to destroy his jewel

430
00:38:32.159 --> 00:38:37.559
of a capital city in order to
win his war against the Mexica. Pizzaro

431
00:38:37.679 --> 00:38:43.679
desperately wanted to avoid that fate,
so he dispatched his twenty three year old

432
00:38:43.679 --> 00:38:49.000
brother, Juan Pisaro, and Hernando
de Soto with forty horsemen in an effort

433
00:38:49.280 --> 00:38:53.840
to prevent the burning of the capital. After eighteen months of war in Peru,

434
00:38:54.280 --> 00:39:00.360
the Spanish were now supremely confident.
The attrician rates of the native banished

435
00:39:00.360 --> 00:39:05.559
troops had thus far been decidedly in
the spaniards favor. Beginning with the capture

436
00:39:05.599 --> 00:39:09.199
of Atahualpa. The Inca had lost
more than eight thousand warriors, many high

437
00:39:09.280 --> 00:39:15.119
ranking nobles, one of their three
key generals, and obviously their emperor.

438
00:39:15.440 --> 00:39:22.840
The Spaniards, by contrast, had
thus far lost one African slave, though

439
00:39:22.920 --> 00:39:27.400
relatively few in number, The Spaniards
possessed a number of advantages over the Inca.

440
00:39:27.440 --> 00:39:32.599
In terms of military technology, perhaps
their greatest monopoly was on horses animals.

441
00:39:32.880 --> 00:39:38.000
They could carry a fully armored Spaniard
and outrun the fastest native. These

442
00:39:38.000 --> 00:39:44.760
were the mobile tanks of conquest.
They also provided a high platform from which

443
00:39:44.760 --> 00:39:49.960
the Spaniards could use their twelve foot
metal tipped lance and strike downward with their

444
00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:57.679
swords. Bizarro's conquisadors also potessed gunpowder, a limited number of cannon, an

445
00:39:57.719 --> 00:40:04.119
assortment of harquebuses. In terms of
their ability to defend themselves, the spaniards

446
00:40:04.119 --> 00:40:08.000
superior armor protected them from just about
anything that the Inca could throw at them.

447
00:40:09.159 --> 00:40:15.800
We have the following account from Atahuallpa's
nephew, who described just how difficult

448
00:40:15.840 --> 00:40:22.159
it was from the Inca perspective to
do any damage to these automatons. Quote,

449
00:40:22.199 --> 00:40:25.280
they seemed like Verrocas, which is
the name we give in ancient times

450
00:40:25.280 --> 00:40:30.920
to the creator of all things.
And they the Incas named those people whom

451
00:40:30.920 --> 00:40:35.599
they had seen in this way in
part because they were very different in clothing

452
00:40:35.599 --> 00:40:40.599
and appearance, and also because they
rode giant animals which had feet of silver.

453
00:40:42.679 --> 00:40:45.599
And they said this because of the
shining of the horseshoes. They called

454
00:40:45.639 --> 00:40:52.480
them verrochas because of their excellent appearance
and because of the great differences there were

455
00:40:52.519 --> 00:40:57.840
amongst them. Some had black beards, others red ones because they saw them

456
00:40:57.840 --> 00:41:04.360
eat off silver plates and as they
could produce thunder from heaven duote. Besides

457
00:41:04.400 --> 00:41:08.440
their arms and armor, the Spaniards
possessed other advantages over the Inca. They

458
00:41:08.440 --> 00:41:15.199
could effectively communicate by writing, They
had access to a slow but still useful

459
00:41:15.239 --> 00:41:22.400
international trade network. Plus they had
recent battle experience fighting the Moors the Riconquista.

460
00:41:22.719 --> 00:41:27.159
It's hardly one generation old. Plus, though they did not realize it,

461
00:41:27.800 --> 00:41:30.719
the Spanish had a more deadly weapon
on their side than horses and steel.

462
00:41:31.719 --> 00:41:38.239
Smallpox. Only five years before the
Inca Empire had been united and strong.

463
00:41:39.480 --> 00:41:45.159
Smallpox not only devastated the Inca population, but it also triggered the civil

464
00:41:45.159 --> 00:41:49.559
War Bizzarro was able to take advantage
of upon his arrival, in which he

465
00:41:49.599 --> 00:41:54.320
hoped to use to his advantage.
Again, it's worth noting at this point,

466
00:41:55.840 --> 00:42:02.199
for all their sophistication, Thea remained
essentially a Stone Age or perhaps Bronze

467
00:42:02.199 --> 00:42:07.599
Age people. The Inca had copper
and ten, though they didn't use it

468
00:42:07.639 --> 00:42:14.320
primarily to produce bronze. Even if
they did, the Inca didn't know anything

469
00:42:14.320 --> 00:42:19.639
of iron ore. Iron ore,
in fact, would not be discovered in

470
00:42:19.679 --> 00:42:28.119
Peru until nineteen fifteen. Hence,
even if you granted the Inca another three

471
00:42:28.320 --> 00:42:34.199
hundred years to develop their civilization,
there's a real chance that they would not

472
00:42:34.280 --> 00:42:39.719
have been much further along in terms
of technology. The Inca had the numbers,

473
00:42:40.320 --> 00:42:45.679
but they were about to face steel
armor with stone clubs not a recipe

474
00:42:45.679 --> 00:42:52.559
for success. These clubs were incapable
of penetrating steel armor. As we're going

475
00:42:52.599 --> 00:42:57.519
to continue to see. While the
Spanish will suffer a small number of casualties

476
00:42:57.679 --> 00:43:02.760
and a lot of injuries, these
pale in comparison to the damage the Spanish

477
00:43:02.760 --> 00:43:08.920
can do with lances and swords capable
of slicing through limbs and killing a man

478
00:43:09.079 --> 00:43:15.199
where he stands. Despite their much
greater number of troops, the Incas operated

479
00:43:15.280 --> 00:43:21.599
under a variety of other disadvantages.
They didn't have writing, They didn't they

480
00:43:21.599 --> 00:43:24.920
only had this thing called the kuippus, which allowed them to send less information

481
00:43:24.960 --> 00:43:29.000
back and forth than the Spaniards.
Essentially was a way to count numbers.

482
00:43:30.159 --> 00:43:34.679
They had little knowledge of the world
beyond their frontiers. They were totally unaware

483
00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:38.400
of the Spanish conquest of Mexico,
Central America and the Caribbean, and they

484
00:43:38.400 --> 00:43:42.400
didn't know anything but the history of
Europe with the rest of the world.

485
00:43:43.440 --> 00:43:46.480
Moreover, it should go without saying
that the Inca possessed no advanced armor.

486
00:43:47.360 --> 00:43:52.719
They had some bronze, some copper, but mostly it was just quilted cotton,

487
00:43:53.280 --> 00:44:00.199
and of course they didn't have horses. No November the fourteenth, fifteen

488
00:44:00.280 --> 00:44:05.840
thirty three, Jan Pizzaro and Hernando
de Soto reached the outskirts of Kuzco.

489
00:44:06.840 --> 00:44:10.639
Here they found the road blocked by
a massive Inca army, which outnumbered them

490
00:44:12.000 --> 00:44:17.880
seven hundred and fifty to one.
Despite this numerical inferiority, the Spanish decided

491
00:44:19.239 --> 00:44:24.000
to attack immediately. Throughout their time
in the New World, the Spanish had

492
00:44:24.039 --> 00:44:29.880
learned that a direct, an immediate
attack was the best policy when it came

493
00:44:29.880 --> 00:44:36.079
to confronting an indigenous army. It
worked for Cortez, and so far it

494
00:44:36.079 --> 00:44:39.760
worked for Pizzaro. The native warriors, quote in the greatest numbers, came

495
00:44:39.760 --> 00:44:45.480
out against us with an enormous shout
and much determination, with their backs against

496
00:44:45.519 --> 00:44:50.119
the city and the experienced General Quisquis
in charge. The Northern Army of Quito

497
00:44:50.559 --> 00:44:55.440
fought fiercely, driving the Spaniards back
in an onslaught of sling, fired arrows,

498
00:44:55.679 --> 00:45:00.159
stones, and battering mace clubs.
One note we wrote quote, they

499
00:45:00.280 --> 00:45:05.639
killed three of our horses, including
my own, and wounded many others.

500
00:45:07.599 --> 00:45:12.280
Protected by their armor and fighting from
their horses, however, the Spaniards exacted

501
00:45:12.440 --> 00:45:16.599
a tremendous toll. Hundreds of natives
fell that day in fighting that continued until

502
00:45:16.679 --> 00:45:22.280
late in the afternoon, with human
limbs and heads lying on the ground after

503
00:45:22.360 --> 00:45:29.239
having been severed with sharp and steel. The Spaniards, by comparison with stones

504
00:45:29.679 --> 00:45:34.679
and mace heads bouncing off their steel
armor, received many wounds but didn't suffer

505
00:45:34.960 --> 00:45:40.280
a single casualty. The Spanish used
all of their advantages tremendously. If the

506
00:45:40.320 --> 00:45:46.639
Spaniards were in trouble, others on
horseback could charge towards the group. If

507
00:45:46.639 --> 00:45:52.239
the Spaniards needed to escape a difficult
situation, then they could spur their horses

508
00:45:52.719 --> 00:45:58.960
and outrun even the fastest native warriors. Late in that day, Francisco Pizardo

509
00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:02.559
and the rest of the troops,
but only after the Spanish cavalry force and

510
00:46:02.679 --> 00:46:08.280
Kiskis troops had ceased their fighting.
With darkness falling, the Inca and Spanish

511
00:46:08.280 --> 00:46:14.519
forces camped within sight of each other. One man rode quote. The Spaniards

512
00:46:14.519 --> 00:46:16.840
set up their camp on a plane, and the Indians stayed on a hark

513
00:46:16.880 --> 00:46:22.719
of us shot away on a slope
until midnight, continuously shouting. The Spaniards

514
00:46:22.719 --> 00:46:28.480
spent all night with their horses saddled
and bridled. The next day, at

515
00:46:28.480 --> 00:46:31.880
the crack of dawn, the governor
organized the foot soldiers in cavalry and he

516
00:46:31.960 --> 00:46:37.000
headed off on the road to Cousco
in good order, having been warned and

517
00:46:37.119 --> 00:46:40.440
believing the enemy would come out and
attack them on the road end quote.

518
00:46:42.960 --> 00:46:47.199
But nothing happened. Apparently realizing that
on level ground his native troops, though

519
00:46:47.280 --> 00:46:53.159
numerous, were no match for the
mounted Spaniards, General Kiskis had decided to

520
00:46:53.159 --> 00:46:58.719
save his army to fight another day. It turns out, just after midnight

521
00:46:59.280 --> 00:47:02.280
Kiskis had given the order for his
troops to retreat and give up the fight

522
00:47:02.360 --> 00:47:08.000
for Cusco. They did so quietly, leaving their camp fires lit behind them

523
00:47:08.000 --> 00:47:14.159
to fool the Spaniards into thinking that
they were still there. The next day,

524
00:47:14.159 --> 00:47:20.559
around noon, the Spaniards marched victorious
into the city. As they marched

525
00:47:21.199 --> 00:47:25.119
and rode in full battle order,
the city's inhabitants turned out on the stone

526
00:47:25.119 --> 00:47:30.280
paved streets to watch them. It
had only been mourning when the surprise citizens

527
00:47:30.360 --> 00:47:35.239
learned of the northern army from Quito, which had occupied the city for the

528
00:47:35.320 --> 00:47:40.519
last year, had suddenly melted away
and was nowhere to be found. The

529
00:47:40.599 --> 00:47:46.840
citizens already knew, of course,
the emperor Atahualpa was dead and had been

530
00:47:46.840 --> 00:47:52.400
executed by the same group of foreigners. More than a few of them were

531
00:47:52.440 --> 00:47:55.840
surprised, though to see Manko Inca, the young prince. Most of them

532
00:47:55.840 --> 00:48:01.440
had not seen any year. Walking
with the strange bearded men and surrounded by

533
00:48:01.480 --> 00:48:07.719
giant animals that made guttural noises,
and that none of the city's inhabitants had

534
00:48:07.719 --> 00:48:15.719
ever seen before, Manko was obviously
very much alive, and through his behavior

535
00:48:15.760 --> 00:48:19.719
and speech, the young Prince made
it known that the foreigners were friendly,

536
00:48:20.239 --> 00:48:24.039
not dangerous, that they were to
be treated as honored guests. For the

537
00:48:24.039 --> 00:48:31.800
weary inhabitants of Cusco, the sudden
disappearance of a hated occupying army was certainly

538
00:48:31.800 --> 00:48:39.519
a relief question, and no doubt
though, was who were these new foreigners,

539
00:48:42.199 --> 00:48:47.760
Why had they come? But at
this point clearly the strategy of allying

540
00:48:47.800 --> 00:48:54.840
themselves with us Car's faction and presenting
themselves as liberators was paying dividends. For

541
00:48:54.880 --> 00:49:01.079
the Europeans. For the rank and
file conquistador, their unopposed march into the

542
00:49:01.079 --> 00:49:05.440
finest city that any of them had, frankly ever seen in the New World

543
00:49:05.440 --> 00:49:10.400
seemed nothing short of miraculous. Consider
the following account. The Spaniards who had

544
00:49:10.519 --> 00:49:15.119
taken part in this enterprise or amazed
by what they had done. When they

545
00:49:15.199 --> 00:49:19.079
begin to think about it, they
can't imagine how they can still be alive,

546
00:49:19.519 --> 00:49:22.159
or how they were able to survive
such hardships and such long periods of

547
00:49:22.239 --> 00:49:28.639
hunger. We entered the city without
meeting resistance, for the natives received us

548
00:49:28.639 --> 00:49:34.480
with good will. In all,
only six Europeans had died on the three

549
00:49:34.599 --> 00:49:40.000
month, six hundred mile trek from
Kajamarca to Cuzco, and the seventeen year

550
00:49:40.079 --> 00:49:46.239
old manka Inco well, I mean
he was overjoyed. Ever since Ottahuapa's forces

551
00:49:46.239 --> 00:49:52.079
had taken Cusco, he had assumed
he was as good as dead. Now,

552
00:49:52.119 --> 00:49:55.960
with these seemingly invincible foreigners on his
side, he was back at the

553
00:49:57.079 --> 00:50:05.639
very pinnacle of power. Pizzaro was
quick to consolidate his latest military triumph.

554
00:50:05.760 --> 00:50:10.280
Since General Kiskis's army could still mount
a counterattack, Pizzaro ordered his troops to

555
00:50:10.360 --> 00:50:15.719
quarter themselves in the larger of Cusco's
two main squares. He then commanded those

556
00:50:15.719 --> 00:50:19.880
with horses to keep their mounts ready
at all times, day and night,

557
00:50:20.360 --> 00:50:23.719
in case of an Inca assault on
the city. Not one to waste time,

558
00:50:24.320 --> 00:50:29.880
Pizarro also informed Manko the day after
his arrival in Cusco that he would

559
00:50:29.880 --> 00:50:35.239
soon become the new Inca emperor.
As one man described quote, he was

560
00:50:35.280 --> 00:50:39.320
a prudent and bright young man,
and was the most important native among those

561
00:50:39.519 --> 00:50:44.559
who were there at the time,
and he was the one to whom,

562
00:50:44.639 --> 00:50:50.840
by law, belonged the kingdom.
He Pizarro said all this rapidly, so

563
00:50:50.880 --> 00:50:52.920
that the natives would not join the
men of Quito, but would have a

564
00:50:52.960 --> 00:50:58.760
lord of their own to revere and
to obey, and would not organize themselves

565
00:50:58.760 --> 00:51:05.000
into rebellious bands. Quote. Pizarro, despite being illiterate, seems to have

566
00:51:05.039 --> 00:51:09.679
had an innate understanding of how power
worked. He knew that attempting to rule

567
00:51:09.719 --> 00:51:15.599
in his own right was folly.
He needed manko Inca to rule, and

568
00:51:15.679 --> 00:51:22.280
to rule through him. Soon after
reaching Cusco, Pizzaro started pressuring manko to

569
00:51:22.400 --> 00:51:28.559
recruit a native army. If he
had a native army, Pisardo reasoned,

570
00:51:29.000 --> 00:51:32.679
then he could take care of the
two remaining Inca armies and deal with any

571
00:51:32.760 --> 00:51:40.719
native resistance. Manko Inca dutifully raised
a force of ten thousand men. Together

572
00:51:42.119 --> 00:51:47.480
with DeSoto and fifty other cavalry officers. Manko Inca marched out of Cusco,

573
00:51:49.039 --> 00:51:54.239
confronted the former occupying army that had
recently left the capitol, and inflicted enough

574
00:51:54.360 --> 00:52:00.360
damage at the officer's inset. Army
decided they had had enough. The men

575
00:52:00.400 --> 00:52:07.960
of Quito packed up and marched north
to home. This left only one Inca

576
00:52:08.079 --> 00:52:15.159
army in the field. After the
victory, manko Inca was officially named Emperor,

577
00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:21.119
a pope emperor, but emperor all
the same. The Spanish were impressed

578
00:52:21.119 --> 00:52:25.199
by the scale of the coronation.
One Rode quote. They held huge celebrations

579
00:52:25.199 --> 00:52:30.519
on the city square, and such
a vast number of people assembled that only

580
00:52:30.519 --> 00:52:37.320
with great difficulty could the crowd.
Fit Manko had all the deceased ancestors brought

581
00:52:37.360 --> 00:52:40.480
to the festivities in the following manner. After he had gone with a great

582
00:52:40.599 --> 00:52:44.960
entourage to the temple to make a
prayer to the sun throughout the morning,

583
00:52:45.280 --> 00:52:49.559
he went successively to the tombs,
where each dead Inca emperor was embalmed and

584
00:52:49.679 --> 00:52:53.039
seated on his seat with great veneration
and respect. They were then removed in

585
00:52:53.079 --> 00:52:57.880
the order of precedence and brought to
the city. Each one sitted on his

586
00:52:57.960 --> 00:53:02.039
litter, and uniformed men to carry
it. Continuing, he writes, once

587
00:53:02.039 --> 00:53:05.559
they had been placed in order,
they remained there from eight in the morning

588
00:53:05.639 --> 00:53:09.000
until nightfall, without leaving the festivities. There were so many people, and

589
00:53:09.079 --> 00:53:13.639
so many men and women who were
heavy drinkers, and they poured so much

590
00:53:13.639 --> 00:53:16.400
on their skins, because that is
what they do to drink and not eat.

591
00:53:17.400 --> 00:53:23.480
That two wide drains over half vara
eighteen inches wide that emptied into the

592
00:53:23.559 --> 00:53:28.280
river beneath the flagstones of the square
ran with hurine throughout the day from those

593
00:53:28.320 --> 00:53:31.159
who had urinated into them, as
abundantly as if it were flowing into springs.

594
00:53:31.159 --> 00:53:37.719
And Quote taking advantage of this large
audience of native chiefs and nobles who

595
00:53:37.760 --> 00:53:42.719
had arrived to honor their new lord. Pizarro arranged to address the important gathering

596
00:53:43.800 --> 00:53:49.760
using the spaniards now ritualized ceremony of
conquest. Pizarro soon made it clear to

597
00:53:49.840 --> 00:53:52.079
all those who gathered that they were
part of a larger world order than they

598
00:53:52.119 --> 00:53:57.239
had been used to, and that
henceforth they would be subservient to an empire

599
00:53:57.360 --> 00:54:01.800
even more powerful than their own.
Once mass had been said, he Pisaro

600
00:54:02.079 --> 00:54:06.639
came out onto the square with many
men from his army, and he gathered

601
00:54:06.679 --> 00:54:09.280
them together and in the presence of
the Emperor, the lords of the land

602
00:54:09.480 --> 00:54:13.920
and the native warriors, who were
seated together with his own Spaniards, with

603
00:54:14.039 --> 00:54:16.840
the Inca Emperor seated on a small
stool and with his men on the ground

604
00:54:16.840 --> 00:54:21.400
around him, the governor made a
speech, as he is used to doing

605
00:54:21.440 --> 00:54:25.960
in similar situations. Quote, of
course. The Spaniards, as was their

606
00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:32.079
custom, then read the REQUIREMENTO.
Pisarrow's notary read the final paragraph, pausing

607
00:54:32.119 --> 00:54:37.039
now and then for the words to
be interpreted into the Inca's language. And

608
00:54:37.079 --> 00:54:43.039
so I request you to recognize the
church as your mistress and the governess of

609
00:54:43.039 --> 00:54:45.280
the world and the universe, and
the high priest called the Pope in her

610
00:54:45.400 --> 00:54:50.400
name and his Majesty in her place
as ruler and Lord king. And if

611
00:54:50.440 --> 00:54:52.800
you do not do this, then
with the help of God, we shall

612
00:54:52.840 --> 00:54:57.280
make mighty war against you, and
we shall make war on you everywhere and

613
00:54:57.360 --> 00:54:59.760
in every way that we can,
and we shall subject you to the Yoka

614
00:54:59.760 --> 00:55:02.000
to be adiance of the Church and
his Majesty, and so forth and so

615
00:55:02.199 --> 00:55:08.400
on. We have no idea what
the native chiefs were actually thinking while all

616
00:55:08.440 --> 00:55:14.039
this was going on, but they
came forward dutifully, one at a time

617
00:55:14.679 --> 00:55:21.920
to embrace Francisco Pizaro. Then the
coronation was over. The teenaged mango Inco

618
00:55:22.039 --> 00:55:28.239
was the new emperor. He was
the fifth Incan emperor in six years.

619
00:55:30.320 --> 00:55:35.840
Meanwhile, the Spaniards continued looting the
capital and Pisaro took up residency in the

620
00:55:35.920 --> 00:55:42.519
Royal Palace. Everything was going swimmingly
from his perspective. In fact, if

621
00:55:42.519 --> 00:55:45.960
you were awarding points, I think
now we'd need to say Pisaro had done

622
00:55:45.960 --> 00:55:52.239
a cleaner job of his conquest than
Cortez. For now, at least.

623
00:55:53.000 --> 00:55:58.719
In March fifteen thirty four, Pizaro
distributed all the gold and silver from Cusco.

624
00:56:00.039 --> 00:56:04.159
For those who had arrived late,
their patients now more than paid off.

625
00:56:05.280 --> 00:56:08.639
For those who had been in Peru
from the beginning, they became millionaires

626
00:56:08.679 --> 00:56:15.239
many times over. Pizarro now presented
his fellow Spaniards with a choice. They

627
00:56:15.239 --> 00:56:20.960
could return to Spain and spend the
rest of their lives in luxury, or

628
00:56:20.960 --> 00:56:25.280
they could remain in Peru and help
found this new colony Pizzaro was calling the

629
00:56:25.440 --> 00:56:34.800
Kingdom of New Castile. Gizzarro had
no intention of leaving Peru, but he

630
00:56:34.840 --> 00:56:38.639
couldn't rule an empire on his own, so he needed and expected some men

631
00:56:38.679 --> 00:56:43.639
to agree to stay with him.
There were still less than five hundred total

632
00:56:43.679 --> 00:56:49.639
Europeans in a kingdom of around ten
million. He needed every man he could

633
00:56:49.639 --> 00:56:55.480
get. Thus, Pissaro offered any
man who would remain an encomienda. The

634
00:56:55.559 --> 00:57:02.519
plan was simple, restructure the Inca
social pyramid. The idea was that these

635
00:57:02.599 --> 00:57:08.559
uneducated Spaniards would replace the Inca elite. Whether these men realized it or not,

636
00:57:09.480 --> 00:57:15.360
this was virtually the only time in
history when a landless spanish Man could

637
00:57:15.360 --> 00:57:22.079
become what was essentially a feudal lord. That kind of social mobility simply did

638
00:57:22.159 --> 00:57:30.079
not happen in early modern Spain,
but in the end most men chose to

639
00:57:30.079 --> 00:57:37.039
return to their home country. Eighty
eight Spaniards accepted the ecomiendas and became permanent

640
00:57:37.079 --> 00:57:45.239
residence of Cusco. Unaware of the
Spaniards plan, the new Inca Emperor,

641
00:57:45.320 --> 00:57:52.360
Manco Inca had a number of problems
on his hands. He first had to

642
00:57:52.400 --> 00:57:55.239
take up the reins of an empire
that originally been ripped from the hands of

643
00:57:55.280 --> 00:57:59.920
his brother Hugh Scar and then from
the hands of his other brother Atahualpa.

644
00:58:00.679 --> 00:58:07.079
Manka's immediate task was to try to
re establish the authority of the emperor.

645
00:58:07.440 --> 00:58:14.400
While portions of the empire had continued
to function on automatic autopilot, other areas

646
00:58:14.440 --> 00:58:20.760
had reverted to the rule of local
warlords and chiefs. These had taken advantage

647
00:58:20.760 --> 00:58:23.880
of the civil wars and of Pizarro's
campaign of conquest in order to throw off

648
00:58:23.920 --> 00:58:30.119
the yoke of Inca domination. Seated
on his royal stool, Manko now set

649
00:58:30.159 --> 00:58:36.400
about restoring the Inca's imperial authority as
best he could for boy of seventeen.

650
00:58:37.159 --> 00:58:43.199
Soon, the young emperor began receiving
visits from his provincial governors began appointing new

651
00:58:43.199 --> 00:58:47.039
ones where they had gone missing,
and slowly undertook the laborious task of re

652
00:58:47.239 --> 00:58:53.719
establishing the intricate governing mechanism that his
ancestors and thousands of years of cultural development

653
00:58:53.719 --> 00:59:00.639
in the Andes had produced. The
Spaniards, meanwhile, will had a very

654
00:59:00.639 --> 00:59:05.920
weak grasp of just how complex the
empire that they had only partially conquered was.

655
00:59:07.280 --> 00:59:12.679
While they immediately recognized the overall similarities
with the old world culture of kings,

656
00:59:12.840 --> 00:59:17.480
nobles, priests and commoners, they
knew little of the actual mechanisms that

657
00:59:17.719 --> 00:59:22.880
enabled the Inca Empire to function.
The Inca's genius, like that of the

658
00:59:23.000 --> 00:59:30.000
Romans, for example, lay in
their masterful organizational abilities. An ethnic group

659
00:59:30.280 --> 00:59:35.840
that probably never exceeded one hundred thousand
individuals was able to regulate the activities of

660
00:59:35.920 --> 00:59:39.960
roughly ten million people. This in
spite of the fact that the empire citizens

661
00:59:40.159 --> 00:59:45.960
spoke more than seven hundred languages and
were distributed among thousands of miles of some

662
00:59:46.039 --> 00:59:52.880
of the most rugged and diverse to
reign in the world. The Incan economy

663
00:59:52.960 --> 00:59:59.840
was nearly one hundred percent dependent on
agriculture. It wasn't subsistence farming per se.

664
01:00:00.400 --> 01:00:04.840
Thanks to the Inca distribution system,
a crop failure in one part of

665
01:00:04.840 --> 01:00:09.760
the empire might be compensated for by
importing food from another. Thanks to the

666
01:00:09.840 --> 01:00:16.480
roads and terraces they built, famine
had become virtually impossible. But unlike in

667
01:00:16.559 --> 01:00:22.920
Spain, the people of the Inca
Empire held no land directly. Remember,

668
01:00:22.960 --> 01:00:27.760
technically all the land in the empire
was owned by the emperor. He sort

669
01:00:27.760 --> 01:00:30.679
of leased it back to the people, who then owed a labor tax as

670
01:00:30.679 --> 01:00:37.239
a result. That was how the
system worked. However, years of civil

671
01:00:37.239 --> 01:00:43.920
war, plague, and now well
this had left the system listing and in

672
01:00:44.000 --> 01:00:49.639
danger of capsizing. So in the
latter half of fifteen thirty four, Manko

673
01:00:49.760 --> 01:00:53.400
Inca, actually though a puppet emperor, spent his time trying to shore up

674
01:00:53.440 --> 01:00:59.360
the system as best he could.
He might be relegated to a supporting role,

675
01:01:00.159 --> 01:01:02.320
but Manko Inca was going to do
the best he could to keep his

676
01:01:02.400 --> 01:01:09.199
people safe and fed. Unfortunately,
to some local Inca elites who had begun

677
01:01:09.239 --> 01:01:15.480
to see the Spaniards as conquerors,
not liberators, Manko was starting to look

678
01:01:15.519 --> 01:01:21.519
like a collaborator. As an aside, I don't think that's fair. Remember,

679
01:01:21.960 --> 01:01:28.719
he's seventeen or eighteen years old at
this point. He doesn't understand Pisaro's

680
01:01:28.760 --> 01:01:34.760
full intentions. I think to judge
Manko Inca based on these first few months

681
01:01:34.920 --> 01:01:38.320
would do him a major disservice.
He was just being a bit naive.

682
01:01:39.239 --> 01:01:45.480
He didn't understand that Pizarro was being
friendly just to stall for time until reinforcements

683
01:01:45.519 --> 01:01:49.960
arrive. How could he, He
didn't know anything about Spain, Europe,

684
01:01:49.960 --> 01:01:55.440
etc. Etc. At the same
time, Pizarro was just beginning to realize

685
01:01:55.440 --> 01:02:00.280
that some of the Spanish reinforcements he
had patiently been waiting for might prove more

686
01:02:00.360 --> 01:02:07.840
dangerous than a potential native attack.
Back in March, Pisaro had learned alarming

687
01:02:07.920 --> 01:02:13.760
news that Ernando Cortez's second in command, Pedro de Alvarado, had recently landed

688
01:02:13.800 --> 01:02:19.639
on the coast of Ecuador with five
hundred and fifty Spanish conquistadors. Alvarado was

689
01:02:19.719 --> 01:02:23.360
evidently going to try to carve out
his own governorship in the area, despite

690
01:02:23.360 --> 01:02:29.519
the fact that Pisaro was the only
person with a royal license to conquer any

691
01:02:29.559 --> 01:02:36.840
portion of the Inca Empire. Pizzaro's
partner, as dependable as ever, Diego

692
01:02:36.920 --> 01:02:39.840
de Almagro, however, hurried north
as soon as he had learned the news,

693
01:02:40.920 --> 01:02:46.480
unwilling to have their years of effort
derailed by competition. Al Magro ultimately

694
01:02:46.519 --> 01:02:52.360
succeeded in negotiating a peaceful resolution.
In return for one hundred thousand pesos about

695
01:02:52.360 --> 01:02:58.360
a thousand pounds of gold, Alvarado
agreed to cancel his plans of conquest,

696
01:02:58.920 --> 01:03:04.679
and also to allow three hundred and
forty conquistadors to join Pisardo and Almagro in

697
01:03:04.760 --> 01:03:12.320
completing the conquest of Peru. The
negotiations had occurred just in time. No

698
01:03:12.480 --> 01:03:15.599
sooner had al Magro begun to head
south again that he almost immediately ran into

699
01:03:15.639 --> 01:03:22.079
a large Inca army commanded by the
intrepided General Kiskis, who had gradually retreated

700
01:03:22.159 --> 01:03:28.159
northward since having abandoned Cuzco more than
six months earlier. Kiskis and his troops,

701
01:03:28.559 --> 01:03:30.920
having been away from their homes now
for more than two years, were

702
01:03:31.480 --> 01:03:37.280
a little surprised to encounter a large
Spanish army where they least expected one.

703
01:03:37.360 --> 01:03:42.119
The Inca general had assumed that the
northern part of the empire was still free

704
01:03:42.119 --> 01:03:46.559
of the hated foreigners. Soon a
series of battles ensued, and one of

705
01:03:46.559 --> 01:03:52.840
them, Kiskis's troops successfully ambushed a
group of fourteen Spaniards and beheaded all of

706
01:03:52.880 --> 01:03:57.760
them. In another they managed to
wound twenty Spaniards and kill three of their

707
01:03:57.760 --> 01:04:02.719
horses. Still, after years of
fighting and now suddenly confronted by a force

708
01:04:02.719 --> 01:04:08.920
of nearly five hundred Spaniards and a
large number of horses, Keiskes's men were

709
01:04:08.920 --> 01:04:15.079
just demoralized. The vast majority of
them just wanted to go home. Even

710
01:04:15.159 --> 01:04:19.159
more shocking to the proud Inca general
was the fact that his very own officers

711
01:04:19.599 --> 01:04:26.719
wanted to give up the fight.
There's some irony in this, because Keiskes

712
01:04:27.360 --> 01:04:31.360
was gradually learning how to deal with
the Spanish. By stationing his men on

713
01:04:31.400 --> 01:04:36.440
steep hillsides, he learned that he
could blunt the effectiveness of the Spanish cavalry

714
01:04:36.440 --> 01:04:42.159
attacks. I guess it's a little
sad, then, that this is when

715
01:04:42.280 --> 01:04:47.480
Keiskis's life comes to an end.
His officers rebelled, and in the midst

716
01:04:47.480 --> 01:04:54.679
of trying to quell the rebellion,
the best Inca general still alive was killed

717
01:04:54.679 --> 01:04:59.639
by his own men. Had he
lived, we have to wonder whether Kiskis

718
01:04:59.719 --> 01:05:04.519
might have turned things around against the
Spanish, but that's yet another one of

719
01:05:04.639 --> 01:05:12.960
thousands of the what ifs from history. Not long after Kiskis died, Atahualpa's

720
01:05:13.000 --> 01:05:17.480
final army was defeated in Ecuador by
a joint Spanish native army. With all

721
01:05:17.559 --> 01:05:25.840
of Atahualpa's generals now dead, Pissaro
and Almagro seemed in total control. All

722
01:05:25.880 --> 01:05:30.599
they needed to do was continue the
process of transforming the Inca Empire into a

723
01:05:30.679 --> 01:05:36.760
lucrative new colony for the rapidly expanding
Spanish Empire, and so Pisardo slowly began

724
01:05:36.800 --> 01:05:44.320
to shift his role for military leader
to administrator. But of course, the

725
01:05:44.360 --> 01:05:49.119
elephant in the room remained the question
of Almagro. What about him? He

726
01:05:49.199 --> 01:05:55.039
had faithfully supported Pisarto for years,
now what was to become of him?

727
01:05:56.320 --> 01:06:00.599
Well. In an effort to give
Almagro something, Pisaro decided to make his

728
01:06:00.639 --> 01:06:06.599
partner the governor of Cuzco. Almagro
accepted, and in December fifteen forty three,

729
01:06:08.079 --> 01:06:12.159
he rode back up the mountains to
the former capital of the Inca.

730
01:06:12.320 --> 01:06:23.280
Ironically, he had just left when
news arrived from Spain shocking news King Charles

731
01:06:23.800 --> 01:06:30.280
had decided to split the Inca Empire
in two. Pisaro and Almagro would each

732
01:06:30.440 --> 01:06:36.239
get half. The northern part went
to Pissaro, the southern part went to

733
01:06:36.320 --> 01:06:44.159
Almagro. The problem is, as
we're going to see next week, Charles

734
01:06:44.199 --> 01:06:48.719
neglected to say exactly where the quote
end quote northern and southern parts of the

735
01:06:48.760 --> 01:06:58.519
empire began and ended. While Pizaro
hurriedly sent a messenger after Almagro, little

736
01:06:58.639 --> 01:07:05.760
did he realize that this news would
drive a wedge between the two conquistadors and

737
01:07:06.000 --> 01:07:14.880
quickly upset the delicate balance of power
in the region. It turned out the

738
01:07:15.039 --> 01:07:18.719
conquest of the Inca had only just
begun.