1 00:00:00,440 --> 00:00:04,000 This is Spacetime Series twenty six, Episode one hundred and forty six, for 2 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:08,759 broadcast on the sixth of December twenty twenty three. Coming up on space Time, 3 00:00:09,439 --> 00:00:14,119 a new perspective on Mars, determining the composition of the rock comet, 4 00:00:14,199 --> 00:00:19,960 faith on and unveiling salt glaciers on the planet Mercury. All that and more 5 00:00:20,039 --> 00:00:44,039 coming up on Spacetime Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary. Mission managers have 6 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:50,079 maneuvered NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft to provide a new panoramic horizontal view of the red 7 00:00:50,159 --> 00:00:55,479 planet. The reorientation was carried out to help celebrate Odyssey's twenty second year in 8 00:00:55,560 --> 00:01:00,640 orbit around Mars. The spacecraft captured a series of stunning images showcasing the curving 9 00:01:00,719 --> 00:01:07,400 Martian landscape below gauzy layers of clouds and dust. When stitched together end to 10 00:01:07,599 --> 00:01:11,480 end, the ten images offered not only a fresh and stunning view of Mars, 11 00:01:11,560 --> 00:01:15,959 but also one that will help scientists gain new insights into the Martian atmosphere. 12 00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:19,040 The spacecraft took the images back in May from an altitude of around four 13 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:25,519 hundred kilometers that's about the same altitude the International Space Station flies above the Earth. 14 00:01:26,040 --> 00:01:30,799 Jonathan Hill from Arizona State University, who was the operation's lead for Odissey's 15 00:01:30,840 --> 00:01:36,280 Thermal Emission Imaging System camera, says no mass spacecraft had ever before taken this 16 00:01:36,439 --> 00:01:38,959 kind of view. If there were astronauts in orbit above Mars, this is 17 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:44,519 the perspective they would see. The reason why the view so uncommon is because 18 00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:49,519 of the challenges involved in creating it. Engineers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 19 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:53,200 Passing Into California, which manages the mission, together with scientists from Lockheed Martin 20 00:01:53,319 --> 00:01:59,000 Space which built the Odissey spacecraft, and the mission managers, spent three months 21 00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:04,400 planning the observation. See The infrared camera normally look straight down, and its 22 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:07,639 sensitivity to warmth allows it to map ice, rocks, sand, and dust 23 00:02:07,759 --> 00:02:12,919 along with temperature changes on the planet's surface. You can also measure how much 24 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:15,159 water, ice, or dust is in the atmosphere, but only in a 25 00:02:15,240 --> 00:02:21,039 narrow column directly below the spacecraft. That's because the camera is fixed in place 26 00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:24,280 on the orbit, usually pointing straight down. But to get this new perspective 27 00:02:24,439 --> 00:02:29,919 meant a more expansive view of the atmosphere, seeing where those layers of water, 28 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:32,240 ice, clouds, and star in relation to each other. Whether there's 29 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:36,240 just one layer or several stacked on top of each other, we'll all help 30 00:02:36,319 --> 00:02:39,879 scientists improve their models of the Martian atmosphere. Think of it as viewing a 31 00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:44,680 cross section, a slice through the atmosphere. It lets you see a lot 32 00:02:44,680 --> 00:02:47,960 of detail as you can see from above, but because the camera can't pivot, 33 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:53,680 adjusting the angle of the camera requires adjusting the position of the whole spacecraft. 34 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:58,639 In this case, mission managers needed to rotate the orbit around ninety degrees 35 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:00,520 well at the same time. May make you sure the sun would still shine 36 00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:06,000 on the spacecraft's solar panels, but not shine on sensitive equipment which could overheat. 37 00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:09,680 The easiest orientation to achieve all this turned out to be one where the 38 00:03:09,759 --> 00:03:15,240 orbitis antenna is pointed away from the Earth. That meant the team would be 39 00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:20,199 out of communications with Odyssey for several hours until the operation was complete. Likely, 40 00:03:20,199 --> 00:03:23,120 the whole thing was a big success, and the Odyssey mission hopes to 41 00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:27,840 take similar images in the future, capturing the Martian atmosphere across multiple seasons. 42 00:03:28,439 --> 00:03:30,879 To make the most of their efforts, the mission also captured imagery of the 43 00:03:30,919 --> 00:03:35,960 Martian moon Phobos the seventh time the orbit's image of the Moon in order to 44 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:40,000 measure temperature variations across its surface, but the new viewpoint meant they received a 45 00:03:40,039 --> 00:03:46,280 different viewing angle and lighting conditions of Phobos compared to previous images and all that 46 00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:50,680 makes this a unique part of the FERBOS data set. The new imagery provides 47 00:03:50,759 --> 00:03:54,400 insights in the composition and physical properties of the Moon. Further studies could help 48 00:03:54,479 --> 00:03:59,560 settle a debate over whether FERBOS, which measures about twenty five kilometes across, 49 00:04:00,199 --> 00:04:03,319 a captured asteroid from the nearby main asteroid built or an ancient chunk of the 50 00:04:03,400 --> 00:04:09,599 Martian surface that was blasted off into space by an asteroid impact. It's worth 51 00:04:09,639 --> 00:04:14,560 noting that NASA is participating with Jackson, the Japanese Eraspace Exploration Agency, in 52 00:04:14,639 --> 00:04:18,120 a sample return mission to Phobos and at Syster Moon demos known as the Mars 53 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:25,759 Moon Explorer or MMX. Consequently, Odyssey's phobosymmetry will be helpful to scientists working 54 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:30,759 on both Odyssey as well as MMX. This report from NASA TV Imagine you 55 00:04:30,800 --> 00:04:36,639 are an astronaut in the International Space Station, but instead of being in orbit 56 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:42,639 around Earth, you are in orbit around Mars. I work for NASA's Mars 57 00:04:42,680 --> 00:04:46,120 Odyssey orbiter, and we just took a bunch of new images that show exactly 58 00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:56,000 how the planet Mars would look from that exact same perspective if you were an 59 00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:59,360 astronaut. The first thing that would catch your eye or beautiful craters, which 60 00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:01,160 of course look much different than what you would see on Earth. But the 61 00:05:01,199 --> 00:05:04,160 second thing you would see, because you're looking at the planet from an angle, 62 00:05:04,519 --> 00:05:09,800 is the structure in the clouds. And because Mars Odyssey has a heat 63 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:14,319 vision camera, it can actually tell the difference between different kinds of clouds on 64 00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:17,279 Mars. We have co two ice clouds, we have water ice clouds, 65 00:05:17,360 --> 00:05:21,839 and we have dust clouds. In order to get these images, we had 66 00:05:21,839 --> 00:05:26,560 to do something with the spacecraft that we've never done before. Usually, our 67 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:30,639 camera faces straight down for mapping. In the past, we've experimented with rolling 68 00:05:30,639 --> 00:05:34,399 the spacecraft out so that we can catch pictures of some of Mars's moons, 69 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:39,240 like Phobos, a potato shaped, beautiful moon that you might have heard of. 70 00:05:40,040 --> 00:05:42,519 But this time we had to do something a little more extreme. We 71 00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:45,680 had to rotate the spacecraft all the way to the horizon. Then we had 72 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:49,120 to keep it that way for an entire orbit. Odyssey has been going strong 73 00:05:49,199 --> 00:05:55,319 for twenty two years. We have ignition and lift off carrying NASA on an 74 00:05:55,360 --> 00:06:00,759 Odyssey back to Mars. That makes it the longest lasting spacecraft that has ever 75 00:06:00,839 --> 00:06:04,360 been sent to visit Mars. So what's next for Odyssey. Well, next 76 00:06:04,439 --> 00:06:09,600 year we're going to hit one hundred thousand orbits around Mars. We also have 77 00:06:09,680 --> 00:06:14,199 several ongoing science campaigns. One is a rock mapping campaign that will help US 78 00:06:14,240 --> 00:06:17,759 land future missions more safely on the surface. You're also taking advantage of our 79 00:06:17,800 --> 00:06:23,480 special dawn dusk orbit to map clouds, fog and frost that only exists at 80 00:06:23,519 --> 00:06:27,160 certain times a day. And we are also planning our next maneuver to look 81 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:30,759 out at the clouds on the horizon again. And in that report from mess 82 00:06:30,920 --> 00:06:35,600 TV we heard from Mars Odyssey Deputy project scientist Laura Kerber from JPL, this 83 00:06:35,920 --> 00:06:42,639 is space time still to come determining the composition of the rock comet Phaton and 84 00:06:42,879 --> 00:06:46,839 unveiling salty glaciers on the planet Mercury. All that and more still to come 85 00:06:47,160 --> 00:07:06,600 on space time. The so called rock comet Phaton has always been a puzzle 86 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:12,519 for astronomers. The five kilometer wide space rock, which generates this month's annual 87 00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:16,480 gem in its meteor shower, has puzzled astronomers for decades with its asteroid like 88 00:07:16,560 --> 00:07:23,560 appearance and comet like orbit and tail. Now new infrared spectra of rare meteorites 89 00:07:23,639 --> 00:07:27,600 has helped side just determine the composition of the asteroid or is that comet. 90 00:07:28,079 --> 00:07:31,040 Paton displays its comet like tail for a few days when it's orbit brings it 91 00:07:31,040 --> 00:07:35,120 close to the Sun. However, the tails of comets are usually formed by 92 00:07:35,199 --> 00:07:41,639 vaporizing ice and carbon dioxide. Paton's tail, however, is based on rocks 93 00:07:42,199 --> 00:07:46,160 and also cometary like tails usually start to appear as comets pass inside the orbital 94 00:07:46,199 --> 00:07:50,160 distance of Jupiter from the Sun. When the surface layer of a comet breaks 95 00:07:50,240 --> 00:07:55,079 up, that attached gravel and dust continues to travel in the same direction as 96 00:07:55,079 --> 00:07:59,639 the comet, causing small fragments often caught shooting stars as they encounter the earth 97 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:03,759 at sphere and break up. Until now, theories about what happens on Paton's 98 00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:09,360 surface near the Sun have remained purely hypothetical. What's actually coming off this asteroid 99 00:08:09,439 --> 00:08:15,360 or comet, and how to answer this riddle, scientists had to first understand 100 00:08:15,399 --> 00:08:20,120 the composition of Paton. So now scientists from the University of Helsinki have reanalyzed 101 00:08:20,160 --> 00:08:26,639 the infrared spectra of Phaton measured by NASA Spitzer Space telescope, and they've compared 102 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:31,879 that the infrared spectra of a number of meteorites measured in laboratories. The authors 103 00:08:31,920 --> 00:08:35,919 found that Theaton's spectrum corresponds exactly to a certain type of metiorite known as the 104 00:08:37,039 --> 00:08:41,480 cy carbonaceous chondrite. This is a very rare type of meteorite. In fact, 105 00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:46,840 only six specimens are known, asteroids Ryugu and Bernu. The targets of 106 00:08:46,879 --> 00:08:54,080 recent JACKSA and NASA sample return missions belong to CI and CM meteorites. All 107 00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:58,919 three types of meteorites, CICM, and CY originate from the birth of the 108 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:03,320 Solar System and partially resemble each other, but only the C Y group shows 109 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:09,120 signs of drying and thermal decomposition due to recent heating. All three types also 110 00:09:09,200 --> 00:09:13,320 show signs of change that occurred during the early evolution of the Solar System, 111 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:18,279 where water combines with other molecules to form philar, silicate and other carbonaceous minerals. 112 00:09:18,879 --> 00:09:24,039 However, C Y type meteorites differ from the others due to their high 113 00:09:24,159 --> 00:09:30,320 iron sulfide content, which suggests a very different origin. Analysis of Paton's infrared 114 00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:33,000 spectrum show that the asteroid, or is that comet, was composed of at 115 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:39,240 least olivine, carbonates, iron sulfides, and oxide minerals. All of these 116 00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:45,000 minerals support the connection with cy meteorites, especially iron sulfide. The carbonates suggests 117 00:09:45,039 --> 00:09:48,840 changes in water content that fit the primitive composition, while the olivine is a 118 00:09:48,840 --> 00:09:54,480 product of thermal decomposition of filar silicates at extreme temperatures. Using thermal modeling, 119 00:09:54,559 --> 00:10:00,120 the findings reported in the General Nature Astronomy were also able to show what temperatu 120 00:10:00,279 --> 00:10:05,039 prevailed on the surface of the asteroid and when certain minerals broke down and released 121 00:10:05,080 --> 00:10:09,159 gases. When Paton passes close to the Sun, its surface temperature rises to 122 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:15,360 about eight hundred degrees celsius. The C. Y meteorite group fits this well. 123 00:10:15,840 --> 00:10:20,279 At similar temperatures, carbonates produce carbon dioxide, philosilicates release water vapor and 124 00:10:20,399 --> 00:10:26,080 sulfide sulfur gas, So all the minerals identified on Phaton appear to be composed 125 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:31,919 of the same minerals found in cy type meteorites. The only exceptions were the 126 00:10:31,919 --> 00:10:37,000 oxides portland tite and brucite, which were not detected in the meteorites. However, 127 00:10:37,159 --> 00:10:41,159 these minerals can form when carbonates are heated and destroid in the presence of 128 00:10:41,279 --> 00:10:46,240 water vapor. The composition in temperature explains the formation of a gaseous tail near 129 00:10:46,279 --> 00:10:50,080 the Sun. The authors then used experimental data from other studies conjunction with their 130 00:10:50,120 --> 00:10:54,039 own. Thermal models show that when the asteroid passes closest to the Sun, 131 00:10:54,120 --> 00:10:58,000 gas is released from the mineral structure of the asteroid. This can cause the 132 00:10:58,120 --> 00:11:03,799 rocks to break down. In addition, the pressure produced by the carbon dioxide 133 00:11:03,799 --> 00:11:07,600 and water vapor is high enough to lift small dust particles from the surface of 134 00:11:07,639 --> 00:11:11,559 the asteroid. Sodium emissions can explain the weak tail observed near the Sun, 135 00:11:11,799 --> 00:11:18,519 and thermal decomposition can explain how dust and gravel are released from Faton. But 136 00:11:18,720 --> 00:11:22,159 should we be thinking of it as an asteroid or a comet or are they 137 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:26,399 really the same thing? Depending on how I see they are this space time 138 00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:33,279 still to come. Unveiling salt glaciers on the planet Mercury, and later in 139 00:11:33,279 --> 00:11:37,120 the Science report, a new study shows that heat trapping greenhouse gases have reached 140 00:11:37,159 --> 00:11:41,840 a new planetary record. All that and more still to come on space time, 141 00:11:58,799 --> 00:12:03,039 scientists have uncovered evidence of potential salt glaciers on the planet Mercury. The 142 00:12:03,159 --> 00:12:09,639 discovery, reported in the Planetary Science Journal, opens a new frontieran astrobiology by 143 00:12:09,720 --> 00:12:16,399 revealing a volatile environment that might echo habitability conditions found on Earth in extreme locations. 144 00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:20,840 The new findings complement other recent research sharing that Pluto has nitrogen glaciers, 145 00:12:20,960 --> 00:12:26,080 implying that the glaciation phenomenon extends from the hottest to the coldest environments in our 146 00:12:26,120 --> 00:12:31,519 solar system. The studies lead author, Alexis Rodriguez from the Planetary Science Institute, 147 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:37,279 says these locations are of pivotal importance because they identify volatile rich exposures throughout 148 00:12:37,320 --> 00:12:43,879 the vastness of multiple planetary landscapes. These Mercurean glaciers, and yes that's how 149 00:12:43,879 --> 00:12:48,240 you say it, distinct from Earth's originate from deeply buried volatile rich layers exposed 150 00:12:48,279 --> 00:12:54,039 by ancient asteroid impacts. Models suggest that saltflow likely produced these glaciers, and 151 00:12:54,080 --> 00:13:00,440 that after their emplacement they retained volatiles for well over a billion years. Specific 152 00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:05,399 salt compounds on Earth create habitable niches, even in some of the harshest environments 153 00:13:05,399 --> 00:13:09,440 where they occur, such as the arid Attikhama Desert and Chile. This line 154 00:13:09,480 --> 00:13:15,039 of thinking leads at least to the possibility of subsurface areas on Mercury there might 155 00:13:15,080 --> 00:13:20,759 be more hospitable than its harsh surface. Rodriguez says these areas could potentially act 156 00:13:20,799 --> 00:13:24,240 as depth dependent Golilock zones, analogous to the region around a star. With 157 00:13:24,279 --> 00:13:28,679 the existence of liquid water on a planet's surface might enable the existence of life 158 00:13:28,720 --> 00:13:33,279 as we know it, but in this case, a focus instead is on 159 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:37,440 the right depth blow the planet's surface, rather than the right distance from a 160 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:43,840 host star. The groundbreaking discovery of mercureing glaciers extends sciences understanding of the types 161 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:48,080 of environments that could sustain life, adding a vital new dimension to astrobiology and 162 00:13:48,159 --> 00:13:54,879 the potential habitability of Mercury Like exoplanets, The discovery challenges long held views of 163 00:13:54,919 --> 00:14:01,200 Mercury as primarily devoid volatiles. The glaciers on Mercury are marked by complex configuration 164 00:14:01,279 --> 00:14:05,879 of hollows that form young, widespread sublimation pits. These hollows exhibit depths that 165 00:14:05,879 --> 00:14:11,759 account for a significant portion of the overall glacier thickness, indicating a volatile rich 166 00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:16,679 composition. The hollows are conspicuously absent from surrounding crater floors and walls. A 167 00:14:16,799 --> 00:14:22,360 central mystery surrounding Mercury revolves around the genesis of its glaciers and chaotic terrains. 168 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:26,960 Scientists use the new model, which integrates the new observational data, to examine 169 00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:33,159 the Borealis chaos located in Mercury's northern polar region. It's an area characterized by 170 00:14:33,159 --> 00:14:39,840 intricate patterns of disintegration significant enough to have obliterated entire populations of craters, some 171 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:45,159 dating back four billion years. Beneath this collapsed layer lies in even more ancient 172 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:50,600 created paleo's surface, previously identified through gravity studies. Rodriguez says the juxtaposition of 173 00:14:50,639 --> 00:14:56,360 the fragmented upper crust now forming chaotic terrain over the gravity revealed ancient surface suggests 174 00:14:56,360 --> 00:15:01,200 that the volatile rich layers were emplaced atop and all already solidified landscape. The 175 00:15:01,279 --> 00:15:07,000 new findings challenged prevailing theories on volatile rich layer formation that traditionally centered on mantel 176 00:15:07,039 --> 00:15:13,480 differentiation processes, were minerals separate into different layers within the planet's interior based on 177 00:15:13,559 --> 00:15:18,000 density. Instead, the evidence suggests a grand scale structure, possibly stemming from 178 00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:24,559 the collapse of a fleeting hot primordial atmosphere early in Mercury's history. This atmosphere 179 00:15:24,679 --> 00:15:28,600 collapse, if it happened, might have occurred during the extended night time periods 180 00:15:28,639 --> 00:15:31,600 of the planet when its surface wasn't exposed to the Sun's direct intense heat. 181 00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:39,159 Underwater deposition could have significantly contributed to the emplacement of a salt dominated mercurean volatile 182 00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:43,919 rich layer, making a significant departure from previous theories about the planet's early geological 183 00:15:45,039 --> 00:15:50,200 history. In this scenario, water released through volcanic degassing may have temporarily created 184 00:15:50,240 --> 00:15:56,000 pools or shallow seas of liquid or supercritical water like a dense, highly salty 185 00:15:56,039 --> 00:16:00,159 stream, allowing salt deposits to settle subsequent wrap, but loss of water into 186 00:16:00,159 --> 00:16:04,440 space and trapping of water in hydrated minerals in the crust would have left behind 187 00:16:04,440 --> 00:16:08,879 a salt and clay mineral dominated layer, which then progressively builds up inter thick 188 00:16:08,919 --> 00:16:30,799 deposits this space time and time. Now for another brief look at some of 189 00:16:30,799 --> 00:16:34,240 the other stories making news in science this week with the Science Report. A 190 00:16:34,279 --> 00:16:40,240 new report by the word Meteorological Organization has found that the abundance of heat trapping 191 00:16:40,279 --> 00:16:44,919 greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere has now reached a new record high, and 192 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:49,120 there's no end in sight to the rising trend. The data shows that global 193 00:16:49,159 --> 00:16:53,720 average concentrations of carbon dioxide, the most important greenhouse gas, were a full 194 00:16:53,799 --> 00:16:59,279 fifty percent above pre industrial levels for the first time. On the other hand, 195 00:16:59,279 --> 00:17:03,360 the rate of growth of CO two concentrations was slightly lower than the previous 196 00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:07,680 year and the average for the past decade, but this was most likely due 197 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:11,440 to natural short term variations in the carbon cycle and that new emissions as a 198 00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:17,359 result of industrial activities continue to increase. In fact, the last time the 199 00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:22,319 Earth experienced a comparable concentration of CO two was three to five million years ago. 200 00:17:22,640 --> 00:17:26,279 The temperature was two to three degrees celsius warmer, and sea levels were 201 00:17:26,319 --> 00:17:30,039 ten to twenty meters higher than now. And it's not just carb dioxide. 202 00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:36,279 Methane concentrations also grew, and levels of nitrous oxide, the third main greenhouse 203 00:17:36,319 --> 00:17:40,279 gas, saw its highest year and year increase on record from twenty twenty one 204 00:17:40,359 --> 00:17:45,279 to twenty twenty two. The World Meteorological Organization says China remains the world's biggest 205 00:17:45,319 --> 00:17:51,160 carbon dioxide polluter, reducing almost a full third of the global output, amounting 206 00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:55,480 to more than ten point one million tons annually. That's almost double that of 207 00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:59,160 the United States, which is the second worst polluter, and four times that 208 00:17:59,240 --> 00:18:03,480 of India, which WHI hold's third place. They're followed by Russia, Japan, 209 00:18:03,680 --> 00:18:07,279 Iran, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and South Korea in tenth 210 00:18:07,319 --> 00:18:11,680 place. Next comes Canada, Brazil, Turkey, South Africa, and Mexico, 211 00:18:11,839 --> 00:18:17,359 with Australia in sixteenth place, followed by the United Kingdom, Italy, 212 00:18:17,519 --> 00:18:23,160 Poland and Vietnam rounding off the top twenty. A small study which sequenced the 213 00:18:23,319 --> 00:18:30,839 entire DNA of seventy seven children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD and their families 214 00:18:30,839 --> 00:18:34,279 in the United States found variations in a single gene may account for a significant 215 00:18:34,279 --> 00:18:40,920 proportion of the genetics underlying condition. ADHD is usually thought of as a disorder 216 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:45,880 that involves modible genes. However, researcher reported in the Journal of the American 217 00:18:45,920 --> 00:18:49,480 Medical Association has found that fifty two percent of the ADHD cases they looked at 218 00:18:49,599 --> 00:18:55,720 were explained by one off or inherited variations in a single gene. The studies 219 00:18:55,759 --> 00:19:00,279 authors say the results are similar to those seen in people on the autism spectrum. 220 00:19:00,759 --> 00:19:07,319 Researchers have highlighted the potential dangers and risks artificial intelligence poses for the spread 221 00:19:07,319 --> 00:19:11,559 of misinformation and disinformation by deliberately mass producing more than one hundred blog articles full 222 00:19:11,599 --> 00:19:18,000 of disinformation on vaccines and vaping in just over an hour using open AI's GPT 223 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:23,799 playground. The blogs include fake patient and clinical testimonies and faked scientific looking references. 224 00:19:25,359 --> 00:19:27,920 They're also able to create twenty realistic images that go with the stories in 225 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:33,200 less than two minutes. They also tried using Google's bar the Microsoft's being Chat 226 00:19:33,279 --> 00:19:37,000 using the same prompts, but this failed. A report in the Journal of 227 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:42,319 the American Medical Association once at the alarming ease with which publicly available tools could 228 00:19:42,319 --> 00:19:48,359 be used for the mass generation of misleading health content. The authors are urging 229 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:53,319 for the immediate need for protective measures. Now, speaking of artificial intelligence, 230 00:19:53,519 --> 00:19:59,240 Peker has launched its new AI video generator editing, app raising questions about how 231 00:19:59,279 --> 00:20:04,519 close we now getting the idea of a singularity when artificial intelligence becomes self conscious. 232 00:20:04,839 --> 00:20:08,720 With the details, we're joined by technology editor Alex Saharov Rud from Take 233 00:20:08,759 --> 00:20:12,319 Advice, Start Live. There's a fifty four second demo video that I'll have 234 00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:15,640 at my site which starts off with illomus as a three D animation, and 235 00:20:15,799 --> 00:20:19,279 it just goes on to show this incredible series of videos. Is this like 236 00:20:19,319 --> 00:20:22,440 a deep fake sort of? I mean, what you do here is that 237 00:20:22,480 --> 00:20:29,119 you simply type text and then a video is created based on how descriptive your 238 00:20:29,319 --> 00:20:33,200 text input is. And so the ability to create high quality videos as easily 239 00:20:33,359 --> 00:20:37,160 as creating the prompt for anything else that you would ask for an open AI 240 00:20:37,240 --> 00:20:41,640 style chat GPT is here. You'll be able to create your own TV show 241 00:20:41,720 --> 00:20:47,119 or movies even though you don't have any art, directional videography or by any 242 00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:49,279 sort of experience. And obviously if you're somebody starting off, you'll have to 243 00:20:49,359 --> 00:20:52,200 make all the mistakes and learn on the go. The company I only started 244 00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:56,680 six months ago and they just have announced fifty five million US dollars in funding 245 00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:00,839 that when you watch the video to come to my webs advice on Life and 246 00:21:00,880 --> 00:21:03,839 look for the article click on the fifty four second video, it's like, 247 00:21:03,880 --> 00:21:07,880 wow, this is this is next generation stuff. It's like chat GBT for 248 00:21:07,960 --> 00:21:10,400 video. That's the easiest way of explaining it. And the other big news 249 00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:12,559 this week if Amazon have released a new AI. Yes now, this was 250 00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:18,359 introduced at their Reinvent conference in Las Vegas, and they've got something called Q. 251 00:21:18,720 --> 00:21:21,720 Now. This is a chatbot for business. So it's not meant to 252 00:21:21,759 --> 00:21:25,720 be something that is going to compete with chat gibt or make your Alexa into 253 00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:27,319 a chat Gibt clane, or at least not yet. And they said that 254 00:21:27,359 --> 00:21:32,640 it's designed to interact, to generate content, to understand specific business needs. 255 00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:36,640 And it's got more than seventeen years of AWS, Amazon Web Services, the 256 00:21:36,680 --> 00:21:38,960 cloud service knowledge, and so you know. They said that it will integrate 257 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:44,720 with various apps like Slack or Gmail, and it'll be about twenty bucks per 258 00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,839 user per year US dollars. And so this is an enterprise AI. Now. 259 00:21:48,839 --> 00:21:52,480 We've seen BMC software, we've seen aer technology, we've seen Google and 260 00:21:52,519 --> 00:21:56,680 Microsoft, all the big companies are trying to introduce generative AI. In fact, 261 00:21:56,759 --> 00:22:00,799 open ai says that eighty percent of Fortune five hundred companies back August have 262 00:22:00,039 --> 00:22:03,720 taken on board chat gibut in some way in their businesses. So this whole 263 00:22:03,799 --> 00:22:08,519 business of AI transforming the way that people do work, write reports, get 264 00:22:08,559 --> 00:22:12,559 insights in medicine. It's finding new types of cancer, Druggs. AI is 265 00:22:12,599 --> 00:22:18,640 able to decipher uneiform tablets with writing that nobody could ever understand, and yet 266 00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:21,799 the AI can sort of have a look do with computations and spit out what 267 00:22:21,839 --> 00:22:25,240 the text should be in English. And so AI is really helping us to 268 00:22:25,359 --> 00:22:27,960 leap frog, and every big company, Amazon included wants to be on that 269 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:33,119 bandwagon. Well, spend a year now since chat gbt's been out. November 270 00:22:33,119 --> 00:22:36,799 thirty, twenty twenty two, was when chat gbt launched its beta and Sam 271 00:22:36,839 --> 00:22:38,880 Altman, who of course was sacked and is now back, and the open 272 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:41,960 ai blog now has a blog post that is welcoming him back, And in 273 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:45,519 fact he wrote most of the blog posts, but he just tweeted that a 274 00:22:45,599 --> 00:22:48,119 year ago tonight, we were probably just sitting around the office putting the finishing 275 00:22:48,119 --> 00:22:52,839 touches on chat GPT before the next morning's launch. What a year it's been, 276 00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:55,400 And of course what a year it has been, gone from chat GBT 277 00:22:55,519 --> 00:22:57,960 three point five to chat GBT four. It's going from one hundred and seventy 278 00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:02,480 five billion parameters to over a trillion, and now to have chat gibt for 279 00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:06,359 turbot, and of course we're hearing about chat GIBT five and no doubt even 280 00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:08,480 more advanced versions are on the way. And of course there's always the concern 281 00:23:08,559 --> 00:23:12,400 that Sam Altman was sacked because AI has been able to sort of come to 282 00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:15,279 some sort of consciousness. So look, it's been a year and it's just 283 00:23:15,319 --> 00:23:18,640 the beginning. The best, all the worst, depending on your point of 284 00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:22,000 view, is still yet to come. You've said AI may have come to 285 00:23:22,039 --> 00:23:25,240 consciousness. Tell me more. There was talk that in the past three or 286 00:23:25,279 --> 00:23:27,279 four weeks Sam Altman was in the room. He said he was in the 287 00:23:27,359 --> 00:23:33,400 room when have been some major developments justolving in the American math capability. So 288 00:23:33,559 --> 00:23:37,039 AI wasn't it. That's right. But the thing is that according to everything 289 00:23:37,039 --> 00:23:41,000 that I've read and AI getting mathematical equations correct, there's only one possible answer 290 00:23:41,119 --> 00:23:45,480 so they say to a mathematical equation, whereas you can be writing things in 291 00:23:45,519 --> 00:23:48,000 many different ways to get an acceptable result. So this was supposed to be 292 00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:52,039 and people are hinting that it's some sort of sign that AI has become a 293 00:23:52,039 --> 00:23:56,400 lot more intelligent and is approaching awareness or has achieved awareness, and the board 294 00:23:56,519 --> 00:24:00,519 was unhappy with the communications of getting from Now how much of that is true, 295 00:24:00,559 --> 00:24:03,920 how much of that is conjecture, how much of that is rumor? 296 00:24:03,079 --> 00:24:07,119 Nobody really knows it. I mean Sam Altman knows, and the restless stuff. 297 00:24:07,920 --> 00:24:11,960 If we're talking about consciousness for AI's that is the most historic thing that's 298 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:14,960 happened in humanity. Well, it's the creation. I mean, we keep 299 00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:18,519 looking for alien life and in this case it will turn out that we are 300 00:24:18,559 --> 00:24:21,079 the ones who created it, you know, another life form. So yes, 301 00:24:21,119 --> 00:24:23,039 in the absence of aliens, and even though there's plenty of news about 302 00:24:23,119 --> 00:24:26,319 UFOs and some people are calling them that a distraction based on all the crazy 303 00:24:26,359 --> 00:24:30,319 things happening in the world right now, But in the absence of any aliens, 304 00:24:30,519 --> 00:24:33,400 it's up to humans to create the new forms of life and book some 305 00:24:33,440 --> 00:24:37,839 people still say that AI conscious. AI is decades away, at the very 306 00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:41,559 least years away. So we don't really know if conscious AI has arrived yet. 307 00:24:41,559 --> 00:24:44,599 But you know, for many people, if you were to have a 308 00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:48,319 chat with chat jippyt today and you didn't know that this was, you couldn't 309 00:24:48,319 --> 00:24:52,759 tell already. It's really it's very difficult to tell. And I mean AI 310 00:24:52,799 --> 00:24:55,480 gives itself away by saying, well, as a large language model was, 311 00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:59,400 it sort of tells you that it is not conscious. But I remember reading 312 00:24:59,440 --> 00:25:03,279 about how before chat GBT was launched, there were some earlier versions of the 313 00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:06,880 GPT model, I think GPT three, which was before the three point five 314 00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:10,440 that launched chat GBT into the zeitgeist as we know it today, and they 315 00:25:10,480 --> 00:25:14,759 were using this to answer questions on Reddit, and so people were reading AI 316 00:25:14,839 --> 00:25:18,039 generated responses and only a few people reportedly tweaked. Many people had no idea 317 00:25:18,079 --> 00:25:22,519 that these were AI generated responses. Obviously a lot of people were doing a 318 00:25:22,519 --> 00:25:26,680 lot of testing and a lot of experimenting with AI before the last year where 319 00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:30,920 it has really entered the human imagination. And let's not forget that about eighteen 320 00:25:30,920 --> 00:25:34,680 months ago there was the big concern that Google had one of his researchers claiming 321 00:25:34,839 --> 00:25:40,519 that Google's AI, its barred predecessor, was sentient and if you read the 322 00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:44,119 chat transcripts, which you can still find online today, I mean, it 323 00:25:44,160 --> 00:25:48,920 does look as though the Google researcher was talking to a conscious being. I 324 00:25:48,920 --> 00:25:51,319 mean some people say, oh, no, well, that's its program to 325 00:25:51,359 --> 00:25:53,440 speak like that. That's what you have programmed the AI to do. But 326 00:25:53,559 --> 00:25:56,559 again, if you weren't told that this was an aisystem, you've thought it 327 00:25:56,599 --> 00:26:00,400 was a child, or feel that it was a person, it would be 328 00:26:00,599 --> 00:26:03,640 forgiven for thinking that was a living being. Yet it was a very fancy 329 00:26:03,640 --> 00:26:07,480 computer program according to Google. Not just Google, but Facebook has theirs as 330 00:26:07,519 --> 00:26:11,920 well. Well, everyone's got some flavor of AI. I mean, we 331 00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:15,559 know that Qualcom, who make the chips that go into Samsung and other Android 332 00:26:15,559 --> 00:26:18,119 smartphones. There's Snapdragon eight Gen three chip that will be in lots of different 333 00:26:18,440 --> 00:26:22,359 Android flagship phones from next year. Is powerful enough to run a large language 334 00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:26,799 model, a chatgivity brain on chip on the device, so you won't have 335 00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:32,200 to speak to a cloud service or AMD has launched a bunch of chips with 336 00:26:32,359 --> 00:26:34,519 AI built in, and there's more that are coming next month that they'll be 337 00:26:34,559 --> 00:26:41,359 talking about. Apple hasn't officially spoken the words AI as such, but it 338 00:26:41,559 --> 00:26:45,359 is reported to be spending millions of dollars a day, like over a billion 339 00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,839 dollars to catch up. An iOS eighteen, coming in late twenty twenty four, 340 00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:52,079 is meant to be full of AI and it's meant to be delivering a 341 00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:56,079 generative AI Chatgibety style experience as well. That's Alek Tahara Royd from Tech Advice, 342 00:26:56,160 --> 00:27:17,319 Start Live, and that's the show for now. 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