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Good morning, good afternoon, and
good evening. It's Steve with another episode

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of Astronomy Daily. It is the
twenty fifth of March twenty twenty four,

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the podcast and your whole Steve,
don't cue. Oh and we're straight into

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it for another episode of Astronomy Daily. Thanks for joining us again on this

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perfect, perfect day. Look,
I don't want to brag or anything,

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but down here in Australia we have
got the best of everything. Did I

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mention that we've got the best of
everything? Despite the fact that everything here

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can kill you. They balance They
balance it by giving us the best of

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everything, the best beaches, the
best mountains, the best lakes, the

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best rivers, the best weather.
When the weather doesn't try and kill you

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as well, it's pretty amazing.
Anyway, today was fantastic. That's what

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I'm getting at. It's just stunning
in every possible way. But anyway,

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today we've got a couple of really
amazing stories for you. Something very hopefu

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skywatchers in the Northern Hemisphere. There's
a big event, as you know,

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coming up, and we've got an
update from the dart mission. That's the

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one that, as you know,
the one that collided with the asteroid.

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Ah, here she is, Halle. That's exactly the one I'm talking about.

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And it looks like they've got some
very surprising results there. And what

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else, Well, you remember the
EUCLID mission. That's the one making a

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three D map of the universe on
the ball as usual, Halle, that's

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exactly the mission we're talking about.
They launched it to make a three D

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map of the universe. That's a
pretty big mission. So what's up,

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well, Halle, ice is the
problem and we'll find out how they deal

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with ice from back here on Earth. It's pretty clever and pretty simple.

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Clever and simple sounds like someone I
know. Oh thanks, Halle. I

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think anyway, they're working on a
solution that is indeed clever and simbol as

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all good solutions are true enough then, and what have you got for us,

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Halle? I'm looking at cancer research
in space. Oh that's great.

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Like I was talking to some people
this week about astronauts and the ISS and

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the research that goes on there.
They were saying, what do those astronauts

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do on the ISS. This might
answer some of those questions, and it's

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real world changing research too. Also, very soon there will be a massive

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eclipse spanning the United States all the
way from Mexico to northeast Canada. Oh.

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Yes, millions will see that all
across the northern hemisphere. And even

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though we won't be able to see
it on our side of the world,

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take notes, flat earthers. Yes, you're funny, Steve, but my

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story is for all you skywatchers to
be safe. Eclips watchers. Ah,

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yes, that's right. Just because
it's an eclipse doesn't mean it can't damage

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your eyesight for good. Right,
So on with the show. She's old

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business today, everybody, it's all
yours, hallie, here we go.

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Experiments in the weightless environment of space
have led to crazy progress in the fight

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against cancer. NASA officials said space
is a unique place for research. Astronaut

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Frank Rubio said at the event in
Washington. The forty eight year old,

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a physician and former military helicopter pilot, conducted cancer research during his recent mission

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to the International Space Station, orbiting
some four hundred kilometers two hundred and fifty

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miles above the Earth's surface. Not
only do cells their age more rapidly,

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speeding up research, their structures are
also described as of purer They all don't

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clump together as they do on Earth. Because of gravity, they are suspended

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in space, enabling better analysis of
their molecular structures, said NASA chief Bill

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Nelson. Research conducted in space can
help make cancer drugs more effective. Nelson

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added, pharmaceutical giant Merk has conducted
research on the iss with qui Trudah,

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an anti cancer drug that patients now
receive intravenously. Its key ingredient is difficult

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to transform into a liquid. One
solution is crystallization, a process often used

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in drug manufacturing. In two thousand
seventeen, Merk conducted experiments to see if

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the crystals would form more rapidly in
space than on Earth. Thanks to such

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research, researchers will be able to
make a drug that can be administered by

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injection in a doctor's office instead of
through long and painful chemotherapy treatments. He

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added, A solar eclipse will be
visible across North America on April eighth.

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Every one in the US will see
at least a partial solar eclipse, but

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only those within the one hundred and
fifteen mile wide one hundred and eighty five

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kilometers path of totality will witness the
Sun's face completely blocked by the Moon's shadow

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for up to four minutes twenty eight
seconds. Only during totality, when the

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Sun's face is completely blocked, is
it safe to look at the totally eclipsed

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Sun's corona with the naked eye.
At all other times, including during the

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partial phase of the eclipse, you
must wear certified solar eclipse glasses to view

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the Sun. There are some safety
issues to be aware of at other times

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too. Here are six tips to
ensure a safe and enjoyable viewing of the

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solar eclipse. Number one, don't
ever use ordinary sunglasses to protect your eyes.

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They won't help one bit. Even
filters that are meant for goggles,

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cameras, telescopes, and binoculars are
useless to protect your eyes. Tip two.

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Know when to use only approved eclipse
safety glasses. Solar eclipse glasses must

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be used to look at the Sun
only during the brief moment of totality,

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when the Moon fully obscures the Sun. Can you remove them? Tip number

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three Be prepared to travel. Although
the path of totality on April eighth will

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include several major cities and metropolitan areas, it crosses a lot of backcountry.

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Many people will chase clear skies which
could take them to areas they hadn't planned

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on visiting. Remote parts of Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, New York,

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Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine
in particular are short on facilities and gas

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stations, so bring everything you need, including a full fuel tank and extra

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food, water, cash, and
toilet paper. Number four. It might

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seem obvious, but pay attention to
the weather in April. You can expect

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the unexpected, with everything from snow
in the Northeast to tornadoes in the Midwest.

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In remote areas of the northeastern US
and Canada, the mountains, lakes

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and forests may provide a beautiful backdrop, but conditions in the back country that

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time of year can be difficult.
Number five. Be careful in the cities.

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If you decide to watch the eclipse
from a city sidewalk, perhaps even

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during a lunch break at work,
then watch out. Wandering into roads and

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other dangerous situations is easier than you
might think. When you're looking through solar

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eclipse classes. The best, easiest
and safest eclipse observing site is an open

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space or park, which will likely
have a much better view of the eclipse

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than city streets where buildings could easily
block the view. The biggest cities inside

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the path are Mazat, Lawn and
Tourrean, Mexico, San Antonio, Austin

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and Dallas, Texas, Indianapolis,
Indiana, Hamilton, Ontario, Montreal,

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Quebec. Number six and you're probably
getting the picture by now. An eclipse

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this big can be a pretty big
hazard for the unwary and the unprepared,

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So in the cities, be careful, don't blindly walk out onto roads,

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and always be aware of your surroundings. Relocating at the last minute in search

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of clear weather is not particularly recommended
unless the roads are clear and you have

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multiple backup plans. A great way
to begin your research is to use an

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interactive eclipse map and note the eclipse
schedules for various locations in advance. The

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great option is to download the Solar
Eclipse Timer app, which provides audio commentary

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on exactly what to expect and when
to expect it, and instantly tells you

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if you're inside the path of totality. So enjoy the eclipse and stay safe.

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Back to you favorite human, Oh
well, thank you for sticking with

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us, everybody, and don't forget
to visit our new yourel to check out

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all the back editions of Astronomy Daily. Of course, we've made it very

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easy now just go to Astronomydaily dot
io. That's Astronomy Daily dot io.

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And if you'd like to receive the
now famous Astronomy Daily newsletter in your email

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each day, just like Hallie and
I do, pop your email address into

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the slot provided, and don't forget. You can still visit us on the

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Space Nuts podcast group page. That's
a bit of a mouthful, I know,

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on Facebook and on our new X
page that's formally Twitter. Now we're

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going to keep saying that, don't
we ex formally Twitter? And the address

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there is at astro Daily Pod.
That sounds like something out of two thousand

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and one, doesn't it. At
Astro Daily Pod. And as they're saying

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the funny pages, Bob's your uncle, Bob, He's not really unless you

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actually have an uncle called Bob or
Robert. That's very confusing. Have the

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Boffin's been up in messing with your
literal circuits again, Halle? It's just

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a saying, Halle, why would
everyone have an uncle with the same name?

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How could that even be possible?
It's not Halle, no, no,

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no. Just play the promo Halle
please Astra Daly the podcast. Well,

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it may come as no surprise that
it's very cold in space, and

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those of you who have been following
the travels of EUCLID, a probe sent

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out to map the universe, you
will probably be assuming that some of its

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senses may be reacting to the cold, and that's exactly what's happening, as

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ice is starting to cloud euclid's optics. On July first, twenty twenty three,

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the European Space Agency launched the EUCLID
Observatory emission that will spend the next

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six years investigating the composition and evolution
of the universe. In particular, EUCLID

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will observe how the universe has expanded
over the last ten billion years to test

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theories about dark energy. I know
I've had a bit of dark energy lately.

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You'll have to forgive me for that. While find jurning the calibrating the

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telescopes's instruments in preparation for the mission's
first survey, the mission team noticed that

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a few layers of water ice formed
on its mirrors after entering in the freezing

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cold of space. While common,
this is a problem for highly sensitive missions

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like Leuclid, which requires remarkable precision
to investigate cosmic expand. After months of

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research, the EUCLID team tested a
newly designed procedure to de ice the mission's

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optics. On March twentieth, the
ESA announced that the team's de icing approach

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worked so far and that euclid's vision
had been restored. If the method proved

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successful, it will have validated the
mission team's plan to keep euclid's optical system

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working for the rest of the mission. It was always expected that there would

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be some water contamination with EUCLID,
which is why there was an outgasing campaign

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shortly after launch. This consisted of
the telescope being warmed up by onboard heaters

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and also partially exposed to the sun, sublimating most of the water brought from

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Earth. However, a considerable amount
remained after being absorbed in the telescope's multi

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layer insulation, which slowly began building
up on the vis instrument's mirror surfaces.

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After months of research, lab studies
and calibrations, the team determined the source

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and began working on a solution.
The obvious solution was to heat EUCLID again

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by running all its internal heaters for
days. However, this ran risk of

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deforming the mechanical structure of the spacecraft, which could alter euclid's optical alignment,

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said Andreas Randolph, who is euclid's
flight director at ESA's Mission Control. The

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team began by individually heating two of
euclid's mirrors independently, a low risk approach

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since they are located in areas where
water vapor was not likely to contaminate other

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instruments. However, the response to
this problem highlights the international cooperation that made

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this mission possible, said Ralph Coley, euclid's instrument operations scientist. In addition,

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this issue could lead to vital research
on how to maintain missions where highly

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sensitive optics are concerned. Despite how
common this issue is for spacecraft, there

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is very little research on how ice
forms on optical mirrors and impacts observations.

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The solution devised by the mission team
and agent he could lead to new procedures

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for future missions. These could come
in handy when EUCLID is joined by NASA's

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Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope in March
twenty twenty seven, another mission that will

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explore the dark universe Astronomy Adobe with
Steve and Halley Space, Space Science and

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Astronomy. Hey remember that time we
rammed a space probe into an asteroid to

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take revenge for the destruction of the
dinosaurs. As that was all about no

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anyway, Yeah, that was the
old DHUT mission, not the old DART

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mission that it was only two years
ago. On September twenty six, twenty

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twenty two, NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection
Test DART was a great name. Spacecraft

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slammed into the side of one hundred
and seventy meter wide asteroid Dimorphous to test

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the future asteroid deflection tactics in the
event of an asteroid that might be threatening

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Earth. Following the impact, DART
teams confirmed that the spacecraft's collision with the

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asteroid had successfully deflected the asteroid.
Actually, I think I got my wires

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cross. That's not the one that
fired the bullet into the asteroid. That

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was the Japanese haibusamission. Got my
wires cross. Following the impact, DART

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teams confirmed that the spacecraft's collision with
the asteroid had successfully deflected the asteroid by

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a small amount, proving the design
of the deflector and allowing scientists and engineers

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to better understand the ways we can
protect Earth from asteroids. However, a

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new study from a group of scientists
shows that darts collision with Demorphos not only

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changed the shape of its orbit around
the host asteroid Didymus, but also significantly

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changed the shape of the asteroid itself. Before the collision, Domorphos was known

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to be a roughly symmetrical oblate spheroid. Now I know a few fellas like

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that shaped asteroid similar to a squished
ball. Sorry, fellas, that is

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wider than it is tall. Oh
it's getting worse, isn't it. Additionally,

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it took the asteroid around eleven hours
and fifty five minutes you could say,

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almost twelve hours to complete one orbit
around Dinamers, which as mentioned,

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had been altered following Dart's impact with
Dimorphous. When Dart made impact, things

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got very interesting. Dimorphous orbit no
longer, it was no longer circular,

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and its orbital period is now thirty
three minutes and fifteen seconds shorter, and

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the entire shape of the asteroid has
changed from relatively symmetrical to ariaxical triaxial ellipsoid,

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something more like an oblong watermelon,
said navigation engineer Shentanu Nadu of NASA's

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Jet Propulsional Laboratory JPL in California.
The DSN Goldstone Solar System Radar was now

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second data source, which is located
in Barstow, California. Using Dart's impact

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sequence, the Goldstone radar bounced radio
waves off Dimorphos and Dinnamus to measure the

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position and velocity of Domorphos and dinamis
precisely before and after Dart's collision. These

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measurements are what allowed NASA's team to
quickly discern whether or not dt darts impact

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had indeed deflected Dimorphos in its orbit
around Didnamis. Teams would eventually find that

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the effect of Dart's impact on the
asteroid greatly exceeded the minimum expectations for the

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mission final The final and most significant
data source utilized in Nadu Edal's study was

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ground telescopes located around Earth that measured
the light curve how sunlight reflects on the

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surface of the asteroids over time from
both asteroids. Comparing the asteroids lightcurves before

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and after impact allowed the team to
determine more about how Dart had or altered

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domorphis position around Dinymis. We used
the timing of this precise series of light

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curve dips to deduce the shape of
the orbit, and because our models were

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so sensitive, we could figure also
out the shape of the asteroid before impact.

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Chesley continued, the times of the
events occurred regularly, allowing the circular

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orbit following the impact. There were
very slight timing differences showing something was askew.

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We never expected to get this kind
of accuracy, said co author Steve

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Chesley. At JPL nay do even
confirm that their models were so sensitive that

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they were able to detect a slight
back and forth rocking of Domorphis as it

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orbits around Dinymis. What's more,
they do at El's models were also able

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to calculate how Domorphus's orbital period around
Dinimus was altered and evolved over time.

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Immediately following impact, teams found that
Dart had reduced domorphous orbitaled period by thirty

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two minutes and forty two seconds,
making its total orbital pure period around dinnimers

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eleven hours, twenty two minutes,
and thirty three seconds. However, the

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asteroids orbit would continue to shorten as
the asteroid continually lost more and more surface

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material from the impact to space.
Dimorphos's orbital period would finally settle to be

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approximately eleven hours, twenty two minutes
and three whole seconds, meaning that Data's

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impact officially altered the orbit of the
asteroid by thirty three minutes and fifteen seconds.

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The scientist's calculations are accurate to within
one point five seconds and now sits

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at a Results of this study agree
with the others that are being published.

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Separate groups analyze the data and independently
come out to the same conclusions. Is

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a hallmark of solid scientific result.
Data is not only showing us the pathway

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to an asteroid deflection technology, it
is revealing new fundamental understanding of what asteroids

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are and how they behave, said
NASA's lead Scientists for Solar Systems Small Bodies,

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Tom Statler of NASA's hate in Washington, DC. The results from Nadou

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Etl's study, along with observations of
material left around Dimorphous after the impact,

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indicate that Dimorphous is a loosely packed
rubble pile asteroid similar to asteroid Benu.

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That was visited and sampled by NASA's
a Cyrus Rex mission. The European Space

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Agency's upcoming Hero mission will travel back
out to Didymus Dimorphis system to further investigate

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the long term changes made to dimorphous
by darts impact. And that's it for

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another episode of Astronomy Daily featuring Me, Flesh and Blood, Steve, and

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my digital pal Who's fun to be
with? Hallie? I am fun to

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be with. I'm going to have
to check your batteries, Hallie. I

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like that story about the Dart mission. I know you love asteroid stories too.

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Yes, they are my favorite.
I know. I keep saying that,

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which reminds me howe. I saw
a great story about drilling for water

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on Mars, which I wanted to
get to today, but I ran out

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of time. So folks go and
check it out on the Astronomy Daily newsletter.

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It's a terrific story and it'll get
your imagination wearing just like mine.

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I've read it. Great stuff.
So that's it for another day. I

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guess I'll see you next week,
Halle, unless I see you first for

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sure. Bye Halle, Bye everyone, Bye the podcast. I mean to

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be your whole Steeds don't cut