WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.320 --> 00:00:04.639 This is Spacetime Series twenty six, Episode one hundred and eighteen, we broadcast 2 00:00:04.719 --> 00:00:10.039 on the second of October twenty twenty three. Coming up on Spacetime, does 3 00:00:10.080 --> 00:00:17.239 anti matter fall up or down? As Osiris rex mission returns home and Irand's 4 00:00:17.320 --> 00:00:24.079 nuclear missile program advances another step? All that and more Coming up on Spacetime, 5 00:00:25.839 --> 00:00:47.640 Welcome to space Time with Stewart Gary. Does anti matter fall up or 6 00:00:47.799 --> 00:00:52.840 down under the influence of gravity? It's an age old question among first year 7 00:00:52.880 --> 00:00:58.079 physics students the world over, and now we finally have an answer. Yes, 8 00:00:58.240 --> 00:01:02.159 it falls down, just like where matter. And after all, why 9 00:01:02.159 --> 00:01:07.000 wouldn't it. Einstein's theory of general relativity says antimatter should behave exactly the same 10 00:01:07.040 --> 00:01:11.760 as normal matter. After all, the forces are acting on an antimatter particle 11 00:01:11.840 --> 00:01:17.519 by the effect of mass on space time don't change just because the particle now 12 00:01:17.560 --> 00:01:23.519 has an opposite charge. But somehow humans find it comforting to finally confirm the 13 00:01:23.560 --> 00:01:29.439 answer by way of a unique experiment using a cloud of antihydrogen atoms. Scitists 14 00:01:29.480 --> 00:01:34.519 observed the antihydrogen mostly took a downward path, just like regular hydrogen would. 15 00:01:34.079 --> 00:01:41.319 But although the answer seems simple. The experiment itself wasn't easy. According to 16 00:01:41.359 --> 00:01:46.840 the standard model of particle physics, the foundation stirred upon which sciences current understanding 17 00:01:46.840 --> 00:01:51.680 of the universe is based, equal amounts of matter and antimatter were produced when 18 00:01:51.719 --> 00:01:56.439 the universe burst into existence thirteen point eight billion years ago, in an event 19 00:01:56.519 --> 00:02:01.079 these days referred to as the Big Bang. Shows us there's almost no difference 20 00:02:01.120 --> 00:02:07.280 between matter and antimatter other than their charge, and when matter and antimatter come 21 00:02:07.280 --> 00:02:12.479 into contact, they annihilate each other, producing high intensity gamma radiation. And 22 00:02:12.599 --> 00:02:16.280 all this begs the question, if equal amounts of matter and antimatter were produced 23 00:02:16.319 --> 00:02:21.879 in the Big Bang, why didn't the universe annihilate itself in a sudden flash 24 00:02:21.879 --> 00:02:24.800 of purple light as soon as it came into being? And why do we 25 00:02:24.840 --> 00:02:30.159 live in a universe filled with matter rather than antimatter. In fact, we 26 00:02:30.240 --> 00:02:34.840 now have abundant evidence to show us that the observable universe is made up almost 27 00:02:34.879 --> 00:02:39.080 exclusively of matter. If there were large pockets of antimatter, it would annihilate 28 00:02:39.120 --> 00:02:44.080 as soon as it came into contact with the nearby matter, producing very highly 29 00:02:44.159 --> 00:02:50.120 detectable, high intensity gamma radiation and this has not been observed. Therefore, 30 00:02:50.439 --> 00:02:54.039 figuring out how and why our universe ended up with an abundance of only matter 31 00:02:54.280 --> 00:03:00.680 rather than antimatter is one of the biggest open questions in particle physics today. 32 00:03:00.719 --> 00:03:05.400 In confirming that antimatter, just like regular matter, is gravitationally attracted, the 33 00:03:05.479 --> 00:03:10.280 finding also rules out gravitational propulsion as the reason why atimatter is largely missing from 34 00:03:10.280 --> 00:03:16.360 the observable universe. The experiment was carried out by researchers from the International Anti 35 00:03:16.439 --> 00:03:23.120 Hydrogen Layer of Physics Apparatus or ALPHA Collaboration, located in Switzerland at CERN, 36 00:03:23.360 --> 00:03:28.400 the European Organization for Nuclear Research, and their findings have now been published in 37 00:03:28.400 --> 00:03:34.080 the journal Nature. Understanding the Nature of antimatter he not only helps scientists understand 38 00:03:34.080 --> 00:03:38.240 how the universe came into being, but it can also enable new innovations never 39 00:03:38.280 --> 00:03:42.680 before thought possible. And of course, beyond the practical and real, there's 40 00:03:42.759 --> 00:03:46.719 the imagined, such as the atimatter field, warp drives, and foote on 41 00:03:46.800 --> 00:03:53.479 torpedoes of Star Trek Fame. Antimatter is completely real, but it's mysteriously scarce. 42 00:03:53.159 --> 00:03:58.599 Alpha Collaboration member Jonathan would tell from the University of California, Berkeley, 43 00:03:58.759 --> 00:04:03.599 says many indirect measures indicate that gravity indirects with antimatter just as expected, But 44 00:04:03.879 --> 00:04:10.360 until this new experimental result came in, nobody had actually performed a direct observation 45 00:04:10.439 --> 00:04:15.080 that could rule out or, for example, that antihydrogen moved upwards as opposted 46 00:04:15.120 --> 00:04:18.920 downwards in a gravitational field. Your body, the Earth, and almost everything 47 00:04:18.920 --> 00:04:25.800 else scientists know about the universe are overwhelmingly made up of regular matter, consisting 48 00:04:25.839 --> 00:04:30.639 of things like protons and neutrons and electrons. On the other hand, antimatter 49 00:04:30.959 --> 00:04:34.600 is regular matters twin, though with some other su properties. For example, 50 00:04:34.800 --> 00:04:43.000 antimatter protons called antiprotons have a negative charge while regular protons have a positive charge, 51 00:04:43.319 --> 00:04:48.040 and antimatter electrons called positrons have a positive charge while regular electrons have a 52 00:04:48.079 --> 00:04:54.759 negative charge. But because they annihilate each other, antimatter is really hard to 53 00:04:54.800 --> 00:04:58.959 test because once you make antimatter, you've got no way of holding onto it. 54 00:04:59.079 --> 00:05:01.120 As soon as it touches as regular matter that could be a container, 55 00:05:01.160 --> 00:05:06.199 it could be the air, it'll immediately annihilate. Another Alpha Collaboration team member 56 00:05:06.319 --> 00:05:11.120 job for Jean, also from the University of California, Berkeley says that for 57 00:05:11.160 --> 00:05:15.560 a given mass, these annihilation events between matter and antimatter are the densest forms 58 00:05:15.600 --> 00:05:19.600 of energy release known, so in a very real sense, it would be 59 00:05:19.639 --> 00:05:25.040 the ultimate power source. The amount of matter used in the Alpha experiment was 60 00:05:25.319 --> 00:05:30.160 small, so small that the amount of energy created by antimatter annihilations could only 61 00:05:30.199 --> 00:05:34.879 be perceptible using very sensitive detectors, and so the team needed to manipulate the 62 00:05:34.920 --> 00:05:40.519 antimatter very carefully in order not to lose it. Broadly speaking, in the 63 00:05:40.519 --> 00:05:45.600 Alpha collaboration produced antimatter and then used it to conduct a leaning tower of Pizza 64 00:05:45.680 --> 00:05:49.000 type of experiment. Now, that term leaning tower of Pisa refers to the 65 00:05:49.079 --> 00:05:55.240 kind of experiment carried out by Galileo back in the sixteenth century. His experiment 66 00:05:55.360 --> 00:06:00.279 was designed to demonstrate the identical gravitational acceleration of two simile ten vinously dropped objects 67 00:06:00.279 --> 00:06:06.720 of similar volume but different mass Nassa Apollo fifteen as not. David Scott repeated 68 00:06:06.759 --> 00:06:12.199 the exact same experiment on the surface of the Moon. Can we copied a 69 00:06:12.279 --> 00:06:17.920 boat olver wind and in a commuter drum in the ETV? Not quite Yeah, 70 00:06:18.000 --> 00:06:21.519 I haven't put the solar wind in yet I will shortly. Oh, 71 00:06:21.600 --> 00:06:26.319 I'll watch this. I'll have a good picture there. I've got the beautiful 72 00:06:26.319 --> 00:06:30.160 picture Dame Well. In my left hand, I have a fetter in my 73 00:06:30.279 --> 00:06:34.199 right hand a hammer. And I guess one of the reasons we got here 74 00:06:34.240 --> 00:06:39.160 today was because of a gentleman named Galileo a long time ago who made a 75 00:06:39.279 --> 00:06:45.519 rather significant discovery about falling objects and gravity fields. And we thought that where 76 00:06:45.519 --> 00:06:50.759 would be a better place to confirm his findings and on the move, And 77 00:06:51.000 --> 00:06:55.519 so we thought we'd try it here for you. The feather happens to be 78 00:06:55.600 --> 00:07:00.759 appropriately a falcon fetter for our falcon, And I'll drop the two up here 79 00:07:00.839 --> 00:07:10.839 and hopefully go hit the ground at the same time. How about that was 80 00:07:10.920 --> 00:07:15.920 correct? And for the Alpha experiment, the anti hydrogen was contained within a 81 00:07:15.000 --> 00:07:20.600 tall, cylindrical vacuum chamber with a variable magnetic trap called Alpha G. The 82 00:07:20.639 --> 00:07:26.279 scientists reduced the strength of the trap's top and bottom magnetic fields until the anti 83 00:07:26.360 --> 00:07:30.160 hydrogen atoms could escape, and the relatively weak influence of gravity became apparent. 84 00:07:30.759 --> 00:07:35.439 As each anti hydrogen atom escaped the magnetic trap, it touched the chamber walls 85 00:07:35.519 --> 00:07:41.040 either above or below the trap and annihilated, which the scientists could then detect 86 00:07:41.079 --> 00:07:46.399 and count. The researchers repeated their experiment more than a dozen times, varying 87 00:07:46.439 --> 00:07:49.519 their magnetic field strength on the top and bottom traps in order to rule out 88 00:07:49.519 --> 00:07:56.160 any possible errors. They observed that when the weakened magnetic fields were precisely balanced 89 00:07:56.199 --> 00:08:00.439 at the top and bottom, about eighty percent of the anti hydrogen atoms nihilated 90 00:08:00.639 --> 00:08:05.360 beneath the trap, a result consistent with how a cloud of regular hydrogen would 91 00:08:05.360 --> 00:08:09.240 behave under the same conditions. In other words, gravity was causing the anti 92 00:08:09.319 --> 00:08:15.560 hydrogen to fall down, not up. Despite some modest sources of antimatter, 93 00:08:15.759 --> 00:08:20.720 like the positrons admitted from the decave potassium in bananas, sitists don't see much 94 00:08:20.759 --> 00:08:24.680 of it in the universe. However, the fact that the laws of physics 95 00:08:24.680 --> 00:08:28.800 predict that atimatter should exist in roughly equal amounts with regular matter remains a massive 96 00:08:28.879 --> 00:08:35.440 conundrum these days, referred to as the barrier genesis problem. One potential explanation 97 00:08:35.759 --> 00:08:39.960 was that atimatter was gravitationally repelled by regular matter during the Big Bang. The 98 00:08:41.039 --> 00:08:46.200 trouble is, these new findings suggest that theory no longer seems plausible. Wartel 99 00:08:46.320 --> 00:08:50.320 says that while they've ruled out atimatter being repelled by the gravitational force as opposed 100 00:08:50.360 --> 00:08:54.600 to attract it, that doesn't mean there isn't a difference in the gravitational force 101 00:08:54.639 --> 00:09:01.679 on antimatter, and only a more precise measurement will tell the Alpha collaboration will 102 00:09:01.720 --> 00:09:05.840 continue to probe the nature of antihydrogen. In addition to refining their measurement of 103 00:09:05.879 --> 00:09:11.159 the effect of gravity, they're also studying how anti hydrogen interacts with electromagnetic radiation 104 00:09:11.279 --> 00:09:18.200 through spectroscopy. If antihydrogen were somehow different from regular hydrogen, that would be 105 00:09:18.240 --> 00:09:22.720 a revolutionary thing because the physics laws both in the quantum mechanics would and gravity 106 00:09:22.879 --> 00:09:28.240 say that behavior should be the same. But worth All points out, we 107 00:09:28.320 --> 00:09:33.519 won't be sure until we actually do the experiment, and let's face it, 108 00:09:33.600 --> 00:09:39.679 that's what science is all about. This space time still to come, NASA's 109 00:09:39.679 --> 00:09:46.559 epic Assiris REX mission returns home, and Irand's nuclear missile program advances yet another 110 00:09:46.759 --> 00:10:07.320 sinister step. All that and more still to come on space time, NASA's 111 00:10:07.399 --> 00:10:13.639 first ever asteroid sample return mission has arrived safely back on Earth. Parachuting down 112 00:10:13.679 --> 00:10:18.559 onto a US military test range in the Utah Desert. The Osiris REX sample 113 00:10:18.639 --> 00:10:22.480 return capsule landed right on target, following at seven year six point two one 114 00:10:22.559 --> 00:10:30.080 billion kilometer return journey to the half kilometer wide nearer f asteroid BNOU recovery operations 115 00:10:30.159 --> 00:10:33.240 helicopters one and two. I've arrived at the herding location, so good news. 116 00:10:33.240 --> 00:10:37.960 Our helicopters are ready to go and begin those recovery operations just as soon 117 00:10:37.000 --> 00:10:41.720 as we have confirmation of touchdown here and as the sun begins to rise in 118 00:10:41.720 --> 00:10:46.159 the West Coast, the SRC is going to be streaking across the atmosphere above 119 00:10:46.279 --> 00:10:48.759 San Francisco, California, about eighty two miles in altitude. It's gonna becoming 120 00:10:48.799 --> 00:10:54.000 it hot over five thousand degrees fare knight almost a couple of seconds after it 121 00:10:54.039 --> 00:10:58.080 hits that atmosphere that's about half as warm as the surface of the Sun. 122 00:10:58.120 --> 00:11:01.399 To give you some context, but don't wear. Our sample will be safe 123 00:11:01.399 --> 00:11:03.759 and sound within. We have a heat shield which is made of a phinilic 124 00:11:05.159 --> 00:11:09.159 impregnated carbon ablater. It's a very fancy term to describe what's going on with 125 00:11:09.200 --> 00:11:13.200 this heat shield. It basically ablates away or burns away any kind of heat 126 00:11:13.240 --> 00:11:16.759 flux that develops on that outer shell, making sure that our sample is safe 127 00:11:16.759 --> 00:11:20.080 and cool within similar technology that we use with astronauts coming back from the Moon 128 00:11:20.519 --> 00:11:24.240 or any kind of other landers that we have going into planets and moons. 129 00:11:24.279 --> 00:11:28.000 So we're just a couple of moments away from this key moment. It's going 130 00:11:28.039 --> 00:11:31.320 to be very exciting next couple of thirteen minutes here and you'll hear a couple 131 00:11:31.399 --> 00:11:33.600 call outs come in from just next door and or emission operations team as they 132 00:11:33.639 --> 00:11:37.320 begin to get us ready for this key moment. It's a journey of three 133 00:11:37.360 --> 00:11:43.279 point eight six billion miles getting reduced to the scale of mirror miles eighty two 134 00:11:43.320 --> 00:11:46.840 miles above the surface of the Earth in San Francisco. A couple key events 135 00:11:46.879 --> 00:11:50.159 are going to happen as soon as we get into the Earth's atmosphere very quickly 136 00:11:50.159 --> 00:11:54.919 in we're going to deploy our drogue parachute. This is for stability, stabilizes 137 00:11:54.960 --> 00:11:58.279 our descent, and make sure that we are continuing to target that landing lips 138 00:11:58.480 --> 00:12:01.720 that is here in the Utah Test training range. It is a thirty six 139 00:12:01.799 --> 00:12:05.159 point five by eight mile landing lips that is here marked out for that recovery 140 00:12:05.159 --> 00:12:07.519 operation. This team, i'll remind you, just a few hours ago, 141 00:12:07.840 --> 00:12:11.200 gave that command to release the SRC on this long journey. It's been on 142 00:12:11.240 --> 00:12:13.480 its own for four hours. There's nothing we can do at this point. 143 00:12:13.639 --> 00:12:20.399 It's coming in rain or shine till SRC has entered the Ears atmosphere. ETTR 144 00:12:20.519 --> 00:12:24.759 TRACKI assets he require, and here we go. Start your top stopwatch. 145 00:12:24.840 --> 00:12:28.120 Right now we are thirteen minutes of entry, descent and landing as it enters 146 00:12:28.120 --> 00:12:33.840 into Earth's atmosphere. The punishing deceleration that spacecraft, that SRC is experienced right 147 00:12:33.840 --> 00:12:37.080 now as it comes in at about twenty seven thousand, six hundred and fifty 148 00:12:37.080 --> 00:12:41.399 miles an hour, glowing brightly in the sky, and in just a few 149 00:12:41.440 --> 00:12:46.120 moments we're going to reach peak heating and peak deceleration. That's at thirty two 150 00:12:46.159 --> 00:12:50.799 G forces punishing G force on our SARCO. At this point we've entered in 151 00:12:50.879 --> 00:12:54.159 over San Francisco, California, and are very quickly going to be approaching the 152 00:12:54.240 --> 00:12:56.120 Utah Test and Training Range just a little bit further to the east. Entry 153 00:12:56.200 --> 00:13:03.679 was at pole still is experiencing maximum eating and maximum deceleration. So you just 154 00:13:03.720 --> 00:13:09.080 heard right there. We're experiencing that five thousand degree fahrenheit maximum heating, burning 155 00:13:09.120 --> 00:13:11.559 scalding hot on that heat shield that is protecting our sample, with an end 156 00:13:11.840 --> 00:13:16.559 maximum deceleration that is at thirty two G force punishing deceleration from Earth's atmosphere, 157 00:13:16.600 --> 00:13:20.639 the drag forces that are acting on that SRC. Our next milestone will be 158 00:13:20.679 --> 00:13:26.279 expecting that drogue parachute deployment that'll be at about one hundred two thousand, three 159 00:13:26.360 --> 00:13:31.240 hundred feet altitude that will stabilize our descent and slow us from hypersonic to subsonic 160 00:13:31.279 --> 00:13:37.080 speeds as we continue to target the Utah test and training range expected e O 161 00:13:37.159 --> 00:13:41.960 milestone SRC commands drogue parachute deploy So we heard that command to deploy the drogue 162 00:13:41.960 --> 00:13:46.159 parachute. At this time eight forty four am Mountain time, the Ocyrius APEX 163 00:13:46.279 --> 00:13:50.600 spacecraft is at its closest approach to Earth that will be on to its extended 164 00:13:50.600 --> 00:13:56.000 mission visiting the asteroid Epophus in the year twenty twenty nine, continuing this incredible 165 00:13:56.039 --> 00:13:58.919 mission at another world, and in just a few moments we should enter into 166 00:14:00.360 --> 00:14:03.759 specially use airspace at approximately eight forty six am. That's going to be at 167 00:14:03.759 --> 00:14:07.360 ten miles off the deck here at Utaw testin Training Range. That SRC is 168 00:14:07.519 --> 00:14:09.799 nearly three feet wide one point six feet into small objects, so quite a 169 00:14:11.320 --> 00:14:13.960 challenge to track this as it comes Syrian to Earth's atmosphere. This area is 170 00:14:13.960 --> 00:14:18.440 specifically chosen for this mission. It's a wide open, vast desert space, 171 00:14:18.559 --> 00:14:22.080 relatively flat, perfect to land this sample today. Our next milestone we should 172 00:14:22.080 --> 00:14:26.559 be expecting main parachute deployment at around eight forty nine am mountain time ETL milestone. 173 00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:33.600 We have some firm wow and after an exhilarating streak across Earth's atmosphere, 174 00:14:33.840 --> 00:14:37.840 is that orange creamsicle colored parachute just to delight, A sweet delight to see 175 00:14:37.919 --> 00:14:41.399 in our sky here over the Utah testin Training Range, just a few minutes 176 00:14:41.399 --> 00:14:43.720 away from getting that sample from the other side of the Solar System. From 177 00:14:43.759 --> 00:14:48.080 the surface of Asteroid Benuit sample site Nightingale to the rugged terrain of the Utaw 178 00:14:48.120 --> 00:14:52.720 testin Training Range. Looks like winds are relatively low, not a lot of 179 00:14:52.799 --> 00:14:56.240 rocking back and forth. Those parachutes seem to be perfectly smooth coming down that 180 00:14:56.279 --> 00:15:00.720 parachute there continuing to descend the slight little bit of till back and forth of 181 00:15:00.720 --> 00:15:03.720 our SARC as it comes to its resting velocity of eleven miles per hours, 182 00:15:03.720 --> 00:15:09.559 it makes that final descent that parachute deployant was given internally by the spacecraft and 183 00:15:09.600 --> 00:15:13.080 once that successfully lands, the teams will begin the next crucial phase of this 184 00:15:13.120 --> 00:15:18.360 mission, the sample recovery operations. They've been rehearsing for this moment for months 185 00:15:18.399 --> 00:15:22.080 literally years really leading up to this key moment, and are ready to begin 186 00:15:22.120 --> 00:15:26.159 those operations to get that SRC into our portable clean room here and extract that 187 00:15:26.200 --> 00:15:31.960 sample canister within the ground. Really closing in now on that one as visual 188 00:15:33.000 --> 00:15:39.159 on the scar the shute that is phenomenal and once again just setting the context 189 00:15:39.200 --> 00:15:41.279 for this, when we first hit the top of the atmosphere we were at 190 00:15:41.320 --> 00:15:45.960 twenty seven thousand, six hundred fifty miles per hour. We are now leisurely 191 00:15:46.399 --> 00:15:52.080 decelerating under our orange parachute to eleven miles per hour. Incredible amount of deceleration 192 00:15:52.120 --> 00:15:56.759 there, as Earth's atmosphere really helped us out quite a bit getting that initial 193 00:15:56.759 --> 00:16:02.360 deceleration our drogue parachute initially stabilizing our descent, and then ultimately that main parachute 194 00:16:02.720 --> 00:16:12.000 bringing us home Town has touched down and touchdown of the Osarus Rex sampler Turn 195 00:16:12.039 --> 00:16:17.240 capsule, a journey of a billion miles to asteroid Benue and back, has 196 00:16:17.320 --> 00:16:22.519 come to an end, marking America's first sampler turnmission of its kind and opening 197 00:16:22.600 --> 00:16:26.120 a time capsule to our ancient Solar System. NASA chief Bill Nelson hailed the 198 00:16:26.200 --> 00:16:32.799 mission, saying the samples contained aboard the capsule will give scientists an extraordinary glimpse 199 00:16:32.799 --> 00:16:37.559 into the beginnings of the Solar System. The mission collected an estimated tajn fifty 200 00:16:37.600 --> 00:16:44.240 grams of regular from the ancient asteroid's rocky bouldesterns surface. The Saras Rex spacecraft 201 00:16:44.320 --> 00:16:48.399 released its re entry capsule just over a day before touchdown at a distance of 202 00:16:48.440 --> 00:16:52.039 over one hundred and eight thousand kilometers from Earth. The spacecraft itself then flew 203 00:16:52.159 --> 00:16:56.320 past the Earth to continue on with its mission. It'll study another asteroid called 204 00:16:56.320 --> 00:17:02.159 Apophus. Meanwhile, the re entry capsule hurtled down towards the Earth's surface at 205 00:17:02.159 --> 00:17:07.640 some forty five thousand kilometers per hour, using only atmospheric drag to slow down 206 00:17:07.799 --> 00:17:12.000 enough for two successive parachutes to be deployed, allowing the capsule to float down 207 00:17:12.160 --> 00:17:17.839 to a gentle desert landing. The only concerned during the re entry was the 208 00:17:17.880 --> 00:17:22.000 deployment of the main parachute, far higher than originally anticipated. It deployed at 209 00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:26.839 about twenty thousand feet or six thousand, one hundred meters instead of the five 210 00:17:26.920 --> 00:17:30.799 thousand feet or fifteen hundred meters originally planned. The now black and meat a 211 00:17:30.880 --> 00:17:36.559 wide tire size capsule, touched down gently under the rocky desert floor, only 212 00:17:36.599 --> 00:17:41.799 to be quickly surrounded by waiting scientists taking readings. After confirming the capsule survived 213 00:17:41.839 --> 00:17:47.440 its journey was not breached, meaning its contamination seals were still intact, the 214 00:17:47.480 --> 00:17:52.000 crew placed the device in a sling and transported it by a helicopter to especially 215 00:17:52.039 --> 00:17:56.359 prepared nasiclean room I. Meanwhile, the Asius Rex spacecraft is continuing with its 216 00:17:56.400 --> 00:18:02.519 mission. After releasing the re entry cap it fired up its engines and continued 217 00:18:02.599 --> 00:18:06.759 on to the next part of its journey, a rendezvous with the asteroid Apophus. 218 00:18:07.440 --> 00:18:11.400 Like Berneu, Apophus is a near Earth asteroid. It'll pass within thirty 219 00:18:11.400 --> 00:18:15.759 two thousand kilometers of the Earth in twenty twenty nine. Now it was originally 220 00:18:15.839 --> 00:18:21.160 listed as a potential Earth impactor, but as more and more data on its 221 00:18:21.279 --> 00:18:23.759 orbit came in, it showed that it will miss the planet, not by 222 00:18:23.880 --> 00:18:27.920 much less than the altitude of many satellites, but it will be amiss. 223 00:18:30.039 --> 00:18:33.960 Meanwhile, these samples from the asteroid Bernou, and they've been flown aboard a 224 00:18:33.039 --> 00:18:37.839 C seventeen globe mass to transport to the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. 225 00:18:38.480 --> 00:18:42.519 That's where they'll be dipped up and studied. About seventy five percent of 226 00:18:42.519 --> 00:18:48.640 the samples will be conserved for study by future generations, with the remaining quarter 227 00:18:48.759 --> 00:18:53.559 handed out to scientific teams across the United States and even overseas, including Australia, 228 00:18:53.720 --> 00:19:00.079 with a team from Curtain University also getting some samples for experimentation. The 229 00:19:00.119 --> 00:19:03.559 Curtain team of six researchers or all members of the Osiris REX science team, 230 00:19:03.640 --> 00:19:10.079 will use sophisticated instruments to study the samples and gain invaluable insights into the origins 231 00:19:10.119 --> 00:19:15.319 of the Solar System and life itself. These asteroids are composed of the original 232 00:19:15.359 --> 00:19:18.839 materials of the Solar System, getting back some four point six billion years, 233 00:19:18.880 --> 00:19:26.000 and they've remained relatively intact ever since. Bnou surprise scientists in twenty twenty when 234 00:19:26.000 --> 00:19:29.640 the probe, during its spree of contact with the asteroid surface to collect its 235 00:19:29.680 --> 00:19:33.640 samples, shockingly sank over a meter in the regular, revealing an unexpected low 236 00:19:33.680 --> 00:19:38.279 density for the asteroid. Instead of solid rock, it's more like a kid's 237 00:19:38.359 --> 00:19:45.319 pool filled with plastic balls. Understanding Bernous composition is important, as this asteroid 238 00:19:45.319 --> 00:19:48.720 has a one in twenty seven hundred chants of catastrophically slamming into the Earth in 239 00:19:48.759 --> 00:19:53.519 twenty one eighty two. We now know Bernou is a rubble pile asteroid. 240 00:19:53.759 --> 00:19:59.720 That means it's entirely made up of fragments ranging in size from massive boulders bigger 241 00:19:59.759 --> 00:20:04.319 than ours and are tiny grains of dust. This detritus was all ejected during 242 00:20:04.359 --> 00:20:10.400 the destruction of a much larger parrot asteroid. The social professor Nick Timms from 243 00:20:10.440 --> 00:20:15.559 Curtain University's School of Earth and Planetary Sciences says Cyrus rex will reveal insights into 244 00:20:15.559 --> 00:20:21.680 the molecular precursors of the origins of life, and it contains water molecules locked 245 00:20:21.720 --> 00:20:26.240 in its minerals. Berneux is a lumpy C group asteroid, a carbonaceous and 246 00:20:26.319 --> 00:20:33.160 volatile rich group that has been relatively untouched since formed, and so this gives 247 00:20:33.200 --> 00:20:37.920 scientists a window to look back to the beginnings of the Solar System. These 248 00:20:37.960 --> 00:20:44.039 samples are some of the most pristine asteroid rocks available. Unlike meteorites that reach 249 00:20:44.079 --> 00:20:48.279 Earth and quickly become contaminated by the planet's atmosphere, surface material, water, 250 00:20:48.400 --> 00:20:53.880 and biota, the Bernous samples are pristine and unblemished. So with Berneu, 251 00:20:55.200 --> 00:20:59.839 scientists will be analyzing unsports samples from some of the oldest objects in the Solar 252 00:21:00.079 --> 00:21:03.200 System. Tim says, we'll be added to tell huge amounts about what happened 253 00:21:03.200 --> 00:21:08.000 when the Solar System was nothing more than dusting gas and the processes their broad 254 00:21:08.039 --> 00:21:12.759 planets together and created the ingredients for life on Earth. One of the benefits 255 00:21:12.759 --> 00:21:19.200 of flying a spacecraft to these space objects and asteroids is that we can bring 256 00:21:19.440 --> 00:21:26.400 these rocky materials back to Earth without being contaminated by the Earth. Problem with 257 00:21:26.519 --> 00:21:29.480 meteorites, isn't it no matter how fresh they are, they've still got earthly 258 00:21:29.519 --> 00:21:32.920 contamination on the outside. Yeah, I mean, meteorites are great, they're 259 00:21:32.960 --> 00:21:36.000 space rocks that made their own way to Earth, which is very handy for 260 00:21:36.079 --> 00:21:37.559 us, and we can go and collect them from the Earth's surface. But 261 00:21:37.720 --> 00:21:41.640 the longer they lie around on the Earth, then they can get earth contamination 262 00:21:41.720 --> 00:21:48.119 by water or Earth's biological organisms and things like that, And so the longer 263 00:21:48.160 --> 00:21:51.359 they lie around, and more difficult it is for us to tell what signals 264 00:21:51.359 --> 00:21:55.200 are from the space rock and what has come from the Earth contamination. So 265 00:21:55.319 --> 00:22:00.960 isolating the returned material from Benu is a really important thing because we can preserve 266 00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:06.559 its integrity in terms of the chemistry of the rock types and the particles and 267 00:22:06.640 --> 00:22:10.240 all of the molecules out there on the asteroid. We can then see what 268 00:22:10.279 --> 00:22:14.519 they're like without worry that it's been contaminated from it. There must be special 269 00:22:14.559 --> 00:22:18.160 precautions and procedures that need to be followed. Yeah, absolutely, there's a 270 00:22:18.240 --> 00:22:22.400 very long list of procedures that have been developed by the mission scientists to try 271 00:22:22.400 --> 00:22:26.480 and achieve that. One of the main things is being handled and adored in 272 00:22:26.559 --> 00:22:30.359 a special ultra clean laboratory. It's basically a huge what looks like a huge 273 00:22:30.440 --> 00:22:34.000 fish tank or glass tank with holes in the sides where there are sort of 274 00:22:34.039 --> 00:22:40.079 plastic gloves that people on the outside can reach inside the gloves then and handle 275 00:22:40.119 --> 00:22:45.759 the material inside the big tank and the tank that has been purged with nitrogen 276 00:22:45.839 --> 00:22:51.119 gas so that as atmosphere doesn't contaminate the sample, and that's a really important 277 00:22:51.160 --> 00:22:55.839 step in trying to curate these samples. So some of the sample will be 278 00:22:56.039 --> 00:23:00.440 stored away in very well sealed containers for future signs to look at. When 279 00:23:00.519 --> 00:23:03.960 you know, technology gets better and we can discover more and more things that 280 00:23:04.039 --> 00:23:07.119 we can't even fathom right now. They did that with the moon samples from 281 00:23:07.119 --> 00:23:11.880 the Apollo missions, too, didn't They absolutely yes, And we met over 282 00:23:11.960 --> 00:23:15.839 fifty years old. Even on that I think I'm a fiftieth anniversary of the 283 00:23:15.200 --> 00:23:19.319 Moon landings. They opened some of these samples for the first time, and 284 00:23:19.640 --> 00:23:25.319 technology has changed so much in fifty years that a whole array of new techniques 285 00:23:25.400 --> 00:23:30.200 can be employed to actually look at different types of analysis and the chemistry of 286 00:23:30.279 --> 00:23:33.359 the volatile elements and all sorts of things from the moon rocks that they recently 287 00:23:33.359 --> 00:23:37.240 opened. So the similar sort of thing will be happening to the Penu sample 288 00:23:37.279 --> 00:23:44.119 too. Now we've had samples from asteroids before. Curtain University were given samples 289 00:23:44.200 --> 00:23:48.519 from the High buss Or two mission, and also maybe did you get Highbusser 290 00:23:48.559 --> 00:23:51.960 as well? Were they samples from there? Yeah, we've been involved a 291 00:23:52.079 --> 00:23:56.839 curtain involved in every single sample return mission in the modern era. Really, 292 00:23:56.960 --> 00:24:00.519 we also have got a long track record at looking at the apollos amples from 293 00:24:00.559 --> 00:24:03.880 the Moon as well, which is the real privileged position to being. We've 294 00:24:03.880 --> 00:24:07.720 developed expertise along the way. So the first asteroid to be visited by the 295 00:24:07.799 --> 00:24:14.279 Japanese Space Agency, the Space Agency Jackson, was from an asteroid called Itakawa, 296 00:24:14.559 --> 00:24:18.519 and there were only fifteen hundred that's one thousand, five hundred specs of 297 00:24:18.799 --> 00:24:23.319 dust returned from that one, a really small amount of material, and we've 298 00:24:23.359 --> 00:24:30.599 been looking, yeah it didn't quite go right, but why when it arrived 299 00:24:30.680 --> 00:24:34.599 back and they put it in a similar clean laboratory and basically dusted out the 300 00:24:34.599 --> 00:24:40.680 inside of the sample canister and they found fifteen hundred specs of dust which were 301 00:24:40.720 --> 00:24:44.240 from the asteroid that's blown in there. And so we've been privileged enough to 302 00:24:44.240 --> 00:24:48.079 look at those and examine those and find quite a lot even though the tiny 303 00:24:48.119 --> 00:24:52.160 specs. Our instruments are so high tech and highly tuned that we can get 304 00:24:52.240 --> 00:24:56.039 lots out of material even that's small. And then more recently Ryugu, another 305 00:24:56.119 --> 00:25:00.079 asteroid, was visited by E. Jackson, and the here was returned from 306 00:25:00.079 --> 00:25:04.160 that only five point four grams, which is about the same weight as about 307 00:25:04.200 --> 00:25:07.880 three plane card from a deck of cards. So it's not very much material 308 00:25:07.880 --> 00:25:12.240 in terms of weight, but that has also been absolutely brilliant to see lots 309 00:25:12.240 --> 00:25:18.240 of new information being derived and analyzed from those materials as well. Virus Rex 310 00:25:18.319 --> 00:25:22.039 mission was very different. It almost got eaten up by the asteroid because the 311 00:25:22.039 --> 00:25:29.640 asteroid was so what's the term un dense, Yeah, sack into it. 312 00:25:29.759 --> 00:25:32.279 Yeah, I guess. I guess my view of an asteroid when I was 313 00:25:32.319 --> 00:25:34.400 as much younger as a kid, I guess was these are kind of solid 314 00:25:34.400 --> 00:25:40.880 blocks of rock that kind of make their way around the Solar System. Yeah, 315 00:25:41.079 --> 00:25:44.759 that kind of thing. But the more that we look out into space 316 00:25:44.839 --> 00:25:48.920 with telescopes and visit these asteroids with spacecraft and bring bits back, we realize 317 00:25:48.960 --> 00:25:53.400 that there are many of them are just piles of rubble, that's like bits 318 00:25:53.400 --> 00:25:57.559 of rock and dust, kind of leftover bits and bobs from the early times 319 00:25:57.559 --> 00:26:03.119 in the Solar System when the planets were first formed, they've basically accreted together. 320 00:26:03.160 --> 00:26:04.799 That means all of the bits of stuck together, and now they's sort 321 00:26:04.839 --> 00:26:08.559 of little bit round the Sun. And it's amazing that they're still around, 322 00:26:10.200 --> 00:26:12.759 to be honest, because they're so fragile and just collections of rubbles. They 323 00:26:12.880 --> 00:26:17.200 have little rock piles. Who've got to think of them as almost like piles 324 00:26:17.240 --> 00:26:19.759 of dust. Yeah, they call it soil, I guess, yeah, 325 00:26:19.880 --> 00:26:26.039 regulate exactly so, and that's what the REX part in Osiris REX stems boys 326 00:26:26.200 --> 00:26:30.440 regular explorer. It's quite a different type of material than I was envision as 327 00:26:30.480 --> 00:26:34.400 a kid, but that's where science goes. Even in my lifetime, I 328 00:26:34.559 --> 00:26:40.200 understanding has changed incredibly about a neighboring object. You'll be given a portion of 329 00:26:40.240 --> 00:26:44.039 this material itself. Must be a great honor to be selected as part of 330 00:26:44.079 --> 00:26:48.720 the scientific team to examine these things. Are there certainly criteria that NASA are 331 00:26:48.759 --> 00:26:52.599 looking forward or we want some of to examine the chemical composition of any atmosphere 332 00:26:52.640 --> 00:26:59.200 inside the asteroid or inside the regular thought in the magnetic field of the regular 333 00:26:59.279 --> 00:27:03.000 thought, origins of the regular composition. How does that all work? Yeah, 334 00:27:03.039 --> 00:27:07.559 that's a great question. Yes, that's how the mission scientists have assembled 335 00:27:07.599 --> 00:27:11.319 the analysis team. And when I say team, there are about two hundred 336 00:27:11.319 --> 00:27:15.920 and thirty of researchers from around the world who are closely involved in this the 337 00:27:15.920 --> 00:27:18.559 samples that have been returned, and everybody has a different role, and everyone 338 00:27:18.680 --> 00:27:25.319 is bringing their own expertise and instruments that they use in terms of measuring different 339 00:27:25.359 --> 00:27:29.759 aspects of these materials. So there are some of us who are looking at 340 00:27:29.799 --> 00:27:36.640 the geochemistry of the minerals in the in the rocks and the dust to understand 341 00:27:36.680 --> 00:27:40.440 more about, you know, how they formed and when they formed, to 342 00:27:40.559 --> 00:27:42.240 date them. There are some of us who are looking at the arrangement of 343 00:27:42.279 --> 00:27:47.119 all of the particles and texture and the micro structure of them and figure out 344 00:27:47.200 --> 00:27:51.119 how processes have happened to make all of these things stick together, and what's 345 00:27:51.119 --> 00:27:53.920 happened to them since and if they've been hit by other impacts and all of 346 00:27:53.920 --> 00:27:59.519 those sorts of questions. And there are yeah, lots of teams, not 347 00:27:59.559 --> 00:28:03.640 necessarily early at Curtain, but around the world who are looking at different aspects 348 00:28:03.640 --> 00:28:07.440 of this, including the magnetic properties, including the organic molecules that we can 349 00:28:07.440 --> 00:28:11.680 find. Are we're hoping to find in the sample, and so on and 350 00:28:11.720 --> 00:28:15.640 so forth, and together we can answer lots of different questions of which were 351 00:28:15.640 --> 00:28:18.960 posed right from the outset of the mission to start with. What are some 352 00:28:18.000 --> 00:28:22.720 of those questions? They include a whole array of things. I mean, 353 00:28:22.759 --> 00:28:26.519 there's quite there's a long list that we the scientists as it were, are 354 00:28:26.559 --> 00:28:30.720 privy too. So I'll just submarize some of them. I mean, the 355 00:28:30.799 --> 00:28:33.799 asteroid is meant to be. We think a relic from the early Solar System 356 00:28:33.920 --> 00:28:38.160 has formed, probably around about four point five billion years ago, when a 357 00:28:38.359 --> 00:28:42.279 very dynamic and violent part of the Solar System's history, and like I said, 358 00:28:42.960 --> 00:28:48.480 the leftovers of planet formations. So by looking at these articles and fragments, 359 00:28:48.559 --> 00:28:52.319 we can maybe get some insights into how planets formed and what happened to 360 00:28:52.359 --> 00:28:56.359 the bits that didn't end up being planets. Some of the carbon rich material 361 00:28:56.480 --> 00:29:00.519 and that we're hoping to see in the sample will for molecules and compounds, 362 00:29:00.599 --> 00:29:06.400 which are organics, things like amino acids and things which ultimately the precurse of 363 00:29:06.519 --> 00:29:10.119 building blocks or life as we know it on Earth. So we can hopefully 364 00:29:10.119 --> 00:29:14.720 get a glimpse of the variety and the types of organic molecules that are out 365 00:29:14.759 --> 00:29:18.680 there to help understand how Earth life might have evolved. We're also hoping to 366 00:29:18.759 --> 00:29:23.960 see if the materials can be seen to have water or other resources which can 367 00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:29.400 potentially be used in future missions to help us explore space. If we land 368 00:29:29.400 --> 00:29:33.279 on these asteroids, can we get water out of the rocks and the material 369 00:29:33.400 --> 00:29:37.640 to then sustain life to hop into another place, or helping to make fuel 370 00:29:37.839 --> 00:29:42.119 for refueling stations for those sorts of science fiction sounding things. And the other 371 00:29:42.279 --> 00:29:45.759 reason that we want to look at this material is to figure out its physical 372 00:29:45.759 --> 00:29:49.240 properties, it's strength, density, and so on and so forth. To 373 00:29:49.319 --> 00:29:55.839 link through to how we can interpret what we can see through telescopes. Are 374 00:29:55.839 --> 00:29:59.920 other asteroids that we can sense in their solar system and SOPO cander ground truth 375 00:30:00.200 --> 00:30:04.000 telescope observations with microscope observations and say, right, this rock to has that 376 00:30:04.079 --> 00:30:07.920 kind of response in the telescope, and therefore we can see all these other 377 00:30:08.000 --> 00:30:12.240 object we can make interpretations of those that were a lot more robust. And 378 00:30:12.319 --> 00:30:17.160 also if we understand about things about strength of the material and so on, 379 00:30:17.279 --> 00:30:22.680 then we can think about how we can maybe deflect asteroids in the future. 380 00:30:22.720 --> 00:30:26.559 If any of them end up being dangerous to the Earth by being in an 381 00:30:26.640 --> 00:30:30.640 orbit which may one day impact the Earth. We can send spacecraft up there 382 00:30:30.640 --> 00:30:33.319 to try and deflect asteroids out the way, to mitigate hazards that could be 383 00:30:33.440 --> 00:30:37.279 disastrous if a rig one of these things hit to be very destructed in day. 384 00:30:37.519 --> 00:30:41.119 They know, is of course one of those asteroids, one of those 385 00:30:41.200 --> 00:30:45.240 neuarth asteroids which do pose a creditable threat. What two thousand, seven hundred 386 00:30:45.319 --> 00:30:48.160 to one chance of fitting the Earth. That's not much, but it's there, 387 00:30:48.240 --> 00:30:55.319 and it's yeah, we'll see how it's orbit goes. That's where things 388 00:30:55.400 --> 00:30:59.359 like understanding the Yakovski effect comes into it. Yes, that's right. So 389 00:30:59.599 --> 00:31:03.680 the acecraft that ultimately delivered the sample back to Earth spent a long time orbit 390 00:31:03.759 --> 00:31:07.559 in the asteroid before it landed on it. Well, one to make measurements 391 00:31:07.559 --> 00:31:11.599 of the three dimensional nature of the asteroid surface to figure out exactly where to 392 00:31:11.680 --> 00:31:15.480 land, and that was a challenge in itself. These things have bolders bigger 393 00:31:15.480 --> 00:31:22.000 than cars, and no, they're very rough surfaces and quite a challenging thing 394 00:31:22.079 --> 00:31:26.039 to find a place for a spacecraft to go and sample without damaging it, 395 00:31:26.599 --> 00:31:30.440 but also to look at its orbital properties, and how things like the Sun 396 00:31:30.680 --> 00:31:36.599 illuminating one side of the asteroid and changes its orbital properties as it heats that 397 00:31:36.720 --> 00:31:40.920 side of the asteroid of and makes the dynamics shift. And like you say, 398 00:31:41.000 --> 00:31:44.559 those things were very poorly at the southern I think there've been leaps and 399 00:31:44.599 --> 00:31:48.839 bounds in our understanding of just by this spacecraft orbiting VENU for a long time 400 00:31:49.039 --> 00:31:53.200 to get a lot more information about how all that works and those kinds of 401 00:31:53.240 --> 00:31:57.039 phenomenon, and so it's really it's been a really successful mission. It's very 402 00:31:57.119 --> 00:32:01.839 quite phenomenal. One of the big miss stories about planet Earth is understanding where 403 00:32:01.839 --> 00:32:07.000 the water came from. We don't really know. Originally we thought it may 404 00:32:07.000 --> 00:32:10.160 have come with the planet when it formed. Then the idea was that probably 405 00:32:10.200 --> 00:32:15.640 came with comets. But when you study the water in comets and the water 406 00:32:15.720 --> 00:32:21.400 in Earth, the ratios of hydrogen to the ratios of hydrogen to a hydrogen 407 00:32:21.440 --> 00:32:25.119 isotope or deuterium weren't right. Well, we did find that there are lots 408 00:32:25.160 --> 00:32:30.880 of asteroids which had similar hydrogen to deuterium ratios to what we find here on 409 00:32:30.960 --> 00:32:35.200 Earth. That'll be one of the things I take at Situs we'll be looking 410 00:32:35.200 --> 00:32:39.200 for with Benou absolutely, and that's one thing that we can do very well 411 00:32:39.279 --> 00:32:45.039 here at Curtain University is we have an instrument called an atom probe which can 412 00:32:45.079 --> 00:32:52.279 basically reconstruct the chemistry, geochemistry and atomic structure on a nano scale, and 413 00:32:52.319 --> 00:32:55.480 we can look at the surface of the particles that have returned and see how 414 00:32:58.279 --> 00:33:07.000 the Sun has based planted radiation into the into the sample and cause the sample 415 00:33:07.039 --> 00:33:12.440 to change its geochemistry and that kind of process we've found out from looking at 416 00:33:12.480 --> 00:33:17.680 samples from asteroid Etokawa has been instrumental in planting things like hydrogen into the into 417 00:33:17.720 --> 00:33:22.319 the surface of these asteroid particles, which then if you think, then they 418 00:33:22.400 --> 00:33:25.759 get delivered to Earth and conform naturally as meteorites which build up over a long 419 00:33:25.799 --> 00:33:32.200 period of time. Is a very viable mechanism of getting hydrogen. Smuggling hydrogen 420 00:33:32.359 --> 00:33:37.960 from the Sun to Earth. So's it's interesting to think that maybe some of 421 00:33:38.000 --> 00:33:44.039 our water on Earth actually originated from the Sun. What else would you guys 422 00:33:44.039 --> 00:33:46.960 be looking for? Do you guys have a set list of target to Ramia. 423 00:33:47.839 --> 00:33:52.640 Well, we have a vast array of instruments which are very tuned to 424 00:33:52.920 --> 00:33:58.559 look at the kinds of problems that we might want to understand. We don't 425 00:33:58.640 --> 00:34:01.559 quite know what we're going to get. We're still the very early stages of 426 00:34:01.720 --> 00:34:07.119 unwrapping the capsule and seeing what samples there. So we're kind of ready for 427 00:34:07.160 --> 00:34:09.800 a whole range of things depending on what we get. But one thing that 428 00:34:09.840 --> 00:34:15.760 we've got great expertise in is dating rocks. We've been isn't the business of 429 00:34:15.840 --> 00:34:23.480 dating rocks for a long time and measuring the radioisotopes and radioactive decay, figuring 430 00:34:23.519 --> 00:34:29.840 out how old a particular mineral is, and then linking that back to how 431 00:34:29.840 --> 00:34:32.199 it formed and when it formed and what's happened to it since. And so 432 00:34:32.480 --> 00:34:37.440 we'll be looking forward to dating some bits of Benu and figuring out what happened 433 00:34:37.480 --> 00:34:42.400 to them when they formed and what happened to them, since it's something that 434 00:34:42.400 --> 00:34:47.159 we do very well, is it or Yeah? The zircon is a mineral 435 00:34:47.320 --> 00:34:52.880 that naturally contains a radioactive clock the uranium that decays to lead, and that's 436 00:34:52.920 --> 00:34:59.119 found not in abundance but quite commonly in rocks. From the type of rock 437 00:34:59.199 --> 00:35:02.079 that we're expecting to get from Benu. Isn't perhaps going to have lots of 438 00:35:02.079 --> 00:35:07.400 work on it in it, but there are other isotope systems such as potassium 439 00:35:07.440 --> 00:35:12.280 that decays to argon, which could be present in some of the materials and 440 00:35:12.400 --> 00:35:15.199 some of the minerals in the samples that we're going to retrieve from benu. 441 00:35:15.360 --> 00:35:20.760 And so we have a dating facility here from by a colleague of mine, 442 00:35:20.800 --> 00:35:24.119 which is absolutely geared up for that. It's very destructive. It involves sending 443 00:35:24.239 --> 00:35:30.159 the samples to nuclear reactor to it radiate them and then let them kind of 444 00:35:30.159 --> 00:35:34.559 cool down a little bit, and then they get blasted with a laser completely 445 00:35:34.599 --> 00:35:38.840 destructively to then release the all of the argon gas at which we can then 446 00:35:38.880 --> 00:35:43.960 measure and integure out hole that particle was. So that's one thing that we're 447 00:35:43.960 --> 00:35:47.119 hoping to do it curtain. Are you looking for things like CIS and now 448 00:35:47.119 --> 00:35:51.880 that's got nothing to do with the American Spy Organization. No, that's true. 449 00:35:52.039 --> 00:35:58.679 The AI stands for calcium aluminium inclusions and they are some of the earliest 450 00:35:58.800 --> 00:36:02.480 solids to form it in the solar system. There may even be tiny particles 451 00:36:02.519 --> 00:36:09.880 and fragments in these samples which predate our sun. Exotic particles have arrived and 452 00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:15.960 being embedded in the asteroid material from other solar systems and the solar processes, 453 00:36:15.960 --> 00:36:21.440 and these are called presolar grains, and they often stand out by being very 454 00:36:21.559 --> 00:36:24.320 very different from the particles that are a part of our solar system. They 455 00:36:24.360 --> 00:36:30.960 have different isotopes and different geochemistry that make them shine out in our instruments very 456 00:36:30.960 --> 00:36:34.360 well. And we can study those and figure out what kind of sun, 457 00:36:34.639 --> 00:36:37.760 what kind of star that these came from, and what was going on in 458 00:36:37.800 --> 00:36:39.559 those environments. But we don't exactly know what we're going to get yet. 459 00:36:39.639 --> 00:36:44.840 We're hoping all of these components will be in a sample from Benu and we'll 460 00:36:44.840 --> 00:36:47.360 just have to wait and see. Let's a socio professor Nick Timms from the 461 00:36:47.400 --> 00:36:54.320 Curtain University School of Earth and Planetary Sciences. And this space Time still the 462 00:36:54.440 --> 00:37:00.079 calm arounds deadly nuclear emiss our program advances another state, and later in the 463 00:37:00.119 --> 00:37:07.079 science report, new details from the Australian Bureau of Statistics show that COVID nineteen 464 00:37:07.360 --> 00:37:10.639 was the third leading cause of death in Australia last year. All that and 465 00:37:10.719 --> 00:37:30.480 more still to come on space Time. Iran says it's launched a new spy 466 00:37:30.559 --> 00:37:36.840 satellite into orbit. The seven kilogram Nor three Imaging Cube SAT was launched a 467 00:37:36.880 --> 00:37:43.199 border Quissade rocket by Iran's Revolutionary Guards. Tran says the satellite was placed into 468 00:37:43.199 --> 00:37:46.599 a four hundred and fifty kilometer high orbit. The Quissade is a three stage 469 00:37:46.760 --> 00:37:52.199 rocket based on existing Irani in a North Korean medium range ballistic missile technology. 470 00:37:52.679 --> 00:37:58.360 The launch vehicles being developed and tested as the delivery system for the Islamic Republic 471 00:37:58.480 --> 00:38:04.840 secret nuclear weapons prom That program recently received a six billion dollar boost in funding 472 00:38:04.960 --> 00:38:08.960 after the Biden administration released frozen Iranian assets as part of a deal broken by 473 00:38:09.039 --> 00:38:15.719 Sweden for the release of American hostages. That money had been frozen following repeated 474 00:38:15.800 --> 00:38:21.639 breaches of the twenty fifteen Vienna Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Accords agreed to by Teran. 475 00:38:22.360 --> 00:38:25.360 A similar release of frozen funds was carried out in twenty sixteen by the Obama 476 00:38:25.400 --> 00:38:31.559 administration when Biden was Vice president. That netted RAN somewhere between fifty and one 477 00:38:31.639 --> 00:38:37.079 hundred and fifty billion dollars. The true total amount was never disclosed. This 478 00:38:37.199 --> 00:38:43.880 latest launched by Iran was another direct violation of the Vienna Accords, which are 479 00:38:43.880 --> 00:38:49.039 designed to prevent tay Ran from developing nuclear weapons or the delivery systems to launch 480 00:38:49.079 --> 00:38:52.800 them, such as ballistic missiles. Last week, i Ran suddenly banned a 481 00:38:52.920 --> 00:39:00.480 third of all United Nations nuclear weapons inspectors from assessing the Islamic Republics suspected weapon 482 00:39:00.639 --> 00:39:07.079 sites. The International Atomic Energy Agency slam the unprecedented move as profoundly regrettable, 483 00:39:07.320 --> 00:39:13.159 warning that it would harm the agency's abilities to monitor the Islamic Republic's nuclear programs, 484 00:39:13.719 --> 00:39:16.440 and just last month, the UN Nuclear Watchdog said Iran had made no 485 00:39:16.639 --> 00:39:23.360 progress on several outstanding nuclear issues, including reactivating surveillance devices that were disconnected by 486 00:39:23.440 --> 00:39:30.239 Iran last year. The International Atomic Energy Agency says Iran's total stockball of enriched 487 00:39:30.320 --> 00:39:35.320 uranium is now more than eighteen times above the limits set by the twenty fifteen 488 00:39:35.400 --> 00:39:39.400 Vienna Accords. It's now estimated to be at least three thousand, seven hundred 489 00:39:39.480 --> 00:39:44.880 ninety six kilograms, well above the two hundred two kilograms agreed to under the 490 00:39:44.960 --> 00:39:50.480 Vienna Accords. The UN Nuclear Watchdog says the Islamic Republic began using advanced centri 491 00:39:50.559 --> 00:39:54.920 fusures to enrich uranium in September twenty nineteen and in February twenty twenty one, 492 00:39:55.079 --> 00:40:01.000 UN weapons inspectors found Iran had started producing uranium metal. Now that's a material 493 00:40:01.440 --> 00:40:07.440 which is only used in nuclear weapons. It has no other use. Then 494 00:40:07.480 --> 00:40:12.159 in April twenty twenty one, both the German and Swedish intelligence agencies warned of 495 00:40:12.239 --> 00:40:16.719 growing efforts by Iran to obtain nuclear weapons technology, and a report by the 496 00:40:16.760 --> 00:40:22.239 International Atomic Energy Agency in May twenty twenty two found traces of enriched geranium at 497 00:40:22.280 --> 00:40:30.639 three secret atomic weapons research facilities. Israeli intelligence says Iran now has enough weapons 498 00:40:30.679 --> 00:40:36.800 gray geranium to produce at least four atomic bombs. That's enough to destroy New 499 00:40:36.880 --> 00:40:58.360 York, Washington, London and Paris. This is space time and time that 500 00:40:58.480 --> 00:41:00.320 to take a brief look at some of the other story is making using science 501 00:41:00.400 --> 00:41:07.159 this week with a Science Report. New figures released by the Australian Bureau Statistics 502 00:41:07.280 --> 00:41:12.000 show that COVID nineteen was the third leading cause of death in Australia last year, 503 00:41:12.280 --> 00:41:15.880 the deadly virus accounting for more than one in twenty fatalities. This marks 504 00:41:15.920 --> 00:41:21.559 the first time and infectious diseases appeared in the top five leading causes of death 505 00:41:21.599 --> 00:41:27.320 since nineteen seventy, when influenza and pneumonia ranked fifth. The data shows COVID 506 00:41:27.440 --> 00:41:30.760 nineteen was among the top ten leading causes of death in all states and territories 507 00:41:30.840 --> 00:41:36.199 last year, ranging from the third leading cause in New South Wales, Victoria, 508 00:41:36.320 --> 00:41:39.719 South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory to the ninth leading cause in the 509 00:41:39.719 --> 00:41:45.280 Northern Territory. The virus was the sixth leading cause in Queensland, with an 510 00:41:45.360 --> 00:41:51.519 Australia and Tasmania. Official figures suggest some seven million people of now being killed 511 00:41:51.519 --> 00:41:55.880 by the COVID nineteen coronavirus since it was first detected near China's Wuhan Institute of 512 00:41:55.920 --> 00:42:02.320 Virology around September twenty nineteen. The World Health Organization estimates the true death toll 513 00:42:02.559 --> 00:42:07.880 is likely to be around eighteen million, with over seven hundred and seventy million 514 00:42:07.000 --> 00:42:14.400 confirmed cases. Globally, Antarctic sea ice has reached a new record low winter 515 00:42:14.559 --> 00:42:20.239 growth, its lowest maximum extent since records began. The findings, based on 516 00:42:20.320 --> 00:42:23.360 satellite data from NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center, show that 517 00:42:23.519 --> 00:42:29.400 sea ice reached a maximum extent at sixteen point nine six million square kilometers during 518 00:42:29.400 --> 00:42:31.760 a time when sea ice cover should have been growing at a much faster pace 519 00:42:31.960 --> 00:42:37.599 during the darkest and coldest months of the year. That's one point zero three 520 00:42:37.679 --> 00:42:43.320 million square kilometers below the previous record reached back in nineteen eighty six. The 521 00:42:43.400 --> 00:42:47.119 average maximum extent between nineteen eighty one and twenty ten was eighteen point seven one 522 00:42:47.159 --> 00:42:52.039 million square kilometers. Scientists are now working to try and better understand the cause 523 00:42:52.079 --> 00:42:57.360 of the meager sea ice growth, which could include a combination of factors including 524 00:42:57.400 --> 00:43:02.199 El Nino, wind patent changes and warming ocean temperatures. The fact that sis 525 00:43:02.360 --> 00:43:08.719 is melting at both poles reinforces warnings by scientists of a cycle called ice lbedo 526 00:43:08.880 --> 00:43:14.559 feedback. You see, bright sea ice acts like a mirror, reflecting most 527 00:43:14.639 --> 00:43:17.679 of the Sun's energy that shines upon it, setting it back into space. 528 00:43:19.400 --> 00:43:22.679 On the other hand, open ocean water is darker, so it ends up 529 00:43:22.719 --> 00:43:27.920 absorbing some ninety percent of the Sun's energy that reaches it. With greater areas 530 00:43:27.960 --> 00:43:32.039 of ocean exposed to solar energy, more heat can be absorbed. This warms 531 00:43:32.079 --> 00:43:38.880 the oceans and further delays s ice growth. The US Department of Energy Stanford 532 00:43:38.920 --> 00:43:45.360 Linear Accelerator Center has just achieved first light on the world's most powerful X ray 533 00:43:45.480 --> 00:43:50.679 laser. The upgraded line Act coherent light source too ashes in a new era 534 00:43:50.760 --> 00:43:54.480 of science, providing up to a million X ray flashes per second that's eight 535 00:43:54.519 --> 00:44:00.239 thousand times more than its predecessor. Work on the one point one billion dollar 536 00:44:00.320 --> 00:44:05.960 project began thirteen years ago involving thousands of scientists, engineers, and technicians. 537 00:44:06.599 --> 00:44:10.400 The new X ray free electron laser produces ultra bright, ultra short pulses of 538 00:44:10.519 --> 00:44:15.679 X ray light that allows scientists to capture the behavior of molecules, atoms, 539 00:44:15.679 --> 00:44:21.679 and electrons with unprecedented detail on the natural time scales on which chemistry, biology, 540 00:44:21.679 --> 00:44:27.639 and material changes occur. It transforms the ability of scientists to explore atomic 541 00:44:27.679 --> 00:44:31.679 scale, ultra fast phenomena that a key to understanding a broad range of applications. 542 00:44:32.320 --> 00:44:37.599 Scientists will now be able to examine the details of quantum materials with unprecedented 543 00:44:37.639 --> 00:44:43.119 resolution. Let's will drive new forms of computing and communications. It will reveal 544 00:44:43.280 --> 00:44:47.920 unprecedented and fleeting chemical events to teach how to create new sustainable industries and clean 545 00:44:49.079 --> 00:44:53.519 energy technologies. It will allows scientists to study how biological molecules carry out lice 546 00:44:53.599 --> 00:44:58.719 functions, to develop new types of pharmaceuticals, and to study the world on 547 00:44:58.760 --> 00:45:05.000 the fastest time scale, opening up entirely new fields of scientific investigation. In 548 00:45:05.039 --> 00:45:12.239 the process, opening up entirely new fields of scientific investigation, that's really in, 549 00:45:12.320 --> 00:45:15.719 Skeptics have finally answered a question on everyone's mind, just who is the 550 00:45:15.800 --> 00:45:21.480 nation's best psychic? And the answer is all of them called to their own 551 00:45:21.480 --> 00:45:27.119 descriptions. Following a recent flurry of self promotion among the psychic community, Australian 552 00:45:27.159 --> 00:45:30.440 skeptics decided to look at a number of well known psychics to see exactly how 553 00:45:30.480 --> 00:45:36.400 they rate. Timendum from Australian Skeptics says they found that each and every one 554 00:45:36.400 --> 00:45:39.639 of the dozens of psychics they examined insisted that they were the best, and 555 00:45:39.800 --> 00:45:44.639 many said all the others are a bit chunky. The skeptics, being skeptics, 556 00:45:44.639 --> 00:45:47.920 decided to look into the claims of various psychics. Now recently we had 557 00:45:47.920 --> 00:45:52.360 someone on TV who was promoting themselves as an Australia's best medium or Austraiths best 558 00:45:52.400 --> 00:45:55.159 psychic. I forget what he was saying, certainly simply the best thought, 559 00:45:55.239 --> 00:45:58.960 what are the rest like? And so we did a spit of a survey. 560 00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:02.400 We looked around websites and the media coverage of various psychics and things, 561 00:46:02.400 --> 00:46:06.400 and we were trying to find out who is Australia's best psychic and because what 562 00:46:06.440 --> 00:46:08.639 we found out is they all are lexed according to themselves. They all say 563 00:46:08.719 --> 00:46:14.239 that they are best astrais best psychic Australius best medium, most trusted clear voyant 564 00:46:14.239 --> 00:46:19.800 Australia's leading astrologer, and psychic Australia's most trusted psychic medium. And it goes 565 00:46:19.880 --> 00:46:22.480 and basically, no one says I'm the second best psychic in Australia, and 566 00:46:22.519 --> 00:46:25.719 certainly no one's going to say they're the worst. Because the other continuing theme 567 00:46:25.760 --> 00:46:29.639 you find among psychics is virtually all the ones you talk to will say, 568 00:46:29.719 --> 00:46:31.559 yes, there's a lot of shocks out there, a lot of dodgy practition, 569 00:46:31.599 --> 00:46:34.519 there's a lot of fakes, but because they're not one of them, 570 00:46:34.719 --> 00:46:37.320 that one said they were the only one who wasn't a fake. Just because 571 00:46:37.320 --> 00:46:42.199 you're the best psychic doesn't necessarily mean you're real. That's very true. And 572 00:46:42.239 --> 00:46:45.599 because there's a lot of people who have the phone in psychic lines that we've 573 00:46:45.639 --> 00:46:50.039 actually put skeptics into those psychic phone in lines. They went through the courses 574 00:46:50.360 --> 00:46:52.199 and got the endorsements, which from a couple of friends of this and because 575 00:46:52.239 --> 00:46:57.320 the courses didn't do anything, and they became psychics online psychics, and they 576 00:46:57.320 --> 00:47:00.800 were given a script as to what to read out and how to keep person 577 00:47:00.880 --> 00:47:04.119 on the line as long as possible because they're being changed by time and they 578 00:47:04.159 --> 00:47:09.000 had no real way of clarifying for the qualifications of a particular psychic. There 579 00:47:09.280 --> 00:47:14.719 qualifications of a psychic is a little bit they were noxy moron. But there's 580 00:47:14.760 --> 00:47:17.280 a course, well there's more a questionnaire of course you answer the question there 581 00:47:17.320 --> 00:47:21.559 are you psychic? Yet? So basically because the other thing about the skeptics 582 00:47:21.559 --> 00:47:23.719 being spoil sports, as were not just checked out, is the psychics are 583 00:47:23.719 --> 00:47:28.480 the best. We also checked out how good they are with us, not 584 00:47:28.519 --> 00:47:30.400 just quantity of e quality of their predictions, like what are their predictions like 585 00:47:30.719 --> 00:47:34.880 and being the spoil sports that we are. We went back through twenty one 586 00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:37.239 years of psychics predictions, the sort of things you see that come up at 587 00:47:37.239 --> 00:47:40.119 the start of the year in January and thinks they whether say what's going to 588 00:47:40.159 --> 00:47:44.239 happen? During the next twelve months. This was in magazines, on TV, 589 00:47:44.400 --> 00:47:45.880 and radio, on their own website. I've actually all claimed the queen 590 00:47:45.920 --> 00:47:49.199 was going to die, but they claimed the Queen was going to die every 591 00:47:49.280 --> 00:47:52.840 year apart from the actual years she died. They was that twenty year periods 592 00:47:52.880 --> 00:47:54.559 she was the poor queen was going to pop off all the time because they 593 00:47:54.559 --> 00:47:59.519 missed the actual years she did die, so with its silly because she was 594 00:47:59.559 --> 00:48:01.679 pretty old of the time. They think someone should have. They missed a 595 00:48:01.679 --> 00:48:05.039 lot of other things too. They missed nine to eleven. They missed the 596 00:48:05.079 --> 00:48:07.079 death of Michael Jackson. But the predictions they did make, we went through 597 00:48:07.119 --> 00:48:10.920 and sort of give you them up between vague like I feel there'll be an 598 00:48:10.920 --> 00:48:14.800 earthquake somewhere. Well, there'll be a problem in the royal family. Yeah, 599 00:48:14.920 --> 00:48:16.920 thank you. That's the bleeding obvious one. Sort of there'll be an 600 00:48:16.920 --> 00:48:21.599 earthquake in California. Okay, there is every day, but never mind. 601 00:48:21.639 --> 00:48:23.599 And those that you can't check up that McCole kiddon will be sick for a 602 00:48:23.639 --> 00:48:27.280 few days. We should not going to tell people basically something like that. 603 00:48:27.360 --> 00:48:30.400 And now that down to those that are actually accurate, and it was eleven 604 00:48:30.440 --> 00:48:35.639 percent, which is but we also, because being the sports we are, 605 00:48:35.679 --> 00:48:38.199 we also skeptics, made our own predictions. Gets us predictions. Please, 606 00:48:38.199 --> 00:48:40.960 we've bret a lot more scientific than that, and we've got a higher percentage 607 00:48:42.039 --> 00:48:44.519 right. We didn't do that good. I think it was about seventeen percent, 608 00:48:44.599 --> 00:48:46.599 but at least we sort have got more so were right than it's even 609 00:48:46.599 --> 00:48:52.079 the Professional Psychics Association members got less than eleven percent. It was a funny. 610 00:48:52.079 --> 00:48:55.239 I'll think. I always think that if my mechanic or my car mechanic 611 00:48:55.320 --> 00:48:59.719 or my neurosurgeon is right eleven percent at the time, I'm going to choose 612 00:48:59.760 --> 00:49:02.079 a differ one. But if they're all right only eleven percent of the time, 613 00:49:02.119 --> 00:49:05.719 I think there's something wrong with the industry. And that's what our story 614 00:49:05.800 --> 00:49:07.679 was on the psychic They all say they're the best, and yet they always 615 00:49:07.719 --> 00:49:10.039 get it. More times than not, they get it wrong. Is it 616 00:49:10.119 --> 00:49:13.960 a rich industry to be it? Is? It is a rich industry. 617 00:49:14.400 --> 00:49:16.440 This latest fellow who's been on a couple of TV shows and things, he 618 00:49:16.559 --> 00:49:21.079 charges eight hundred dollars an hour. Yeah, and he's booked out until twenty 619 00:49:21.159 --> 00:49:23.079 twenty five. Apparently he says, but he does do group sessons as well, 620 00:49:23.079 --> 00:49:25.840 so maybe you can get in there at a bit cheaper rate. Someone 621 00:49:25.920 --> 00:49:30.599 estimated a couple of years ago the American psychic industry there's worth about two billion 622 00:49:30.639 --> 00:49:35.039 dollars a year, and that was an underestimate because most psychics cash in hand, 623 00:49:35.039 --> 00:49:37.960 passed palm with silver, that sort of thing, so they don't exactly 624 00:49:37.039 --> 00:49:42.960 know how much was being spent on the psychic. That's what they could uncover. 625 00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:45.840 And yet there are firms there were being There's one firm that was being 626 00:49:45.880 --> 00:49:51.119 suited had raised two billion dollars over a few years of offering automated psyche readings 627 00:49:51.159 --> 00:49:53.519 and things, and because they've been found out, they gave back or canceled 628 00:49:53.519 --> 00:49:58.360 the debt of five hundred million dollars worth. That's one firm. It's a 629 00:49:58.440 --> 00:50:00.320 huge industry and its for a lot of people, very lucrative for some people. 630 00:50:00.360 --> 00:50:05.320 Probably your average neighborhood psychic with the crystal ball and things who charges you 631 00:50:05.440 --> 00:50:08.039 twenty bucks and those sort of people with a shawl on. It was a 632 00:50:08.079 --> 00:50:10.360 pretty ordinary sort it. But they probably believe it half the time. You 633 00:50:10.360 --> 00:50:13.159 know, I believe what they're doing. Yeah, I don't think they're making 634 00:50:13.159 --> 00:50:16.199 a fortune. But the person charging eight hundred bucks is either obviously Astray's best 635 00:50:16.199 --> 00:50:22.639 psychic or is the record. You don't want to say conky, but he 636 00:50:22.800 --> 00:50:24.760 is. He's the one who walks around with a frequency scanner from that little 637 00:50:24.800 --> 00:50:30.760 sort of sort of radio size things and scanning back and forth across the frequencies, 638 00:50:30.880 --> 00:50:32.559 not stopping, but then picks up. You pick up a little word 639 00:50:32.639 --> 00:50:35.679 here or there, or part of a word, because it doesn't stop on 640 00:50:35.719 --> 00:50:37.480 the station. It just keeps going back and forth. And he's using that 641 00:50:37.519 --> 00:50:40.079 in semeties to speak to the debt. He said, Oh I hear a 642 00:50:40.119 --> 00:50:43.760 word mark or something like that, or you know, actually do it a 643 00:50:43.800 --> 00:50:46.159 dog with a list. It could be dog with the speech impediment. Yeah, 644 00:50:46.440 --> 00:50:51.079 that's out and out obvious. Con He's been on two TV programs, 645 00:50:51.079 --> 00:50:53.199 rest and he's not be on seventh thirty Report and The Current Affair, which 646 00:50:53.199 --> 00:51:00.800 is a best when allegedly serious news program start into The seventh thirty Report was 647 00:51:00.840 --> 00:51:05.800 basically talking about supposed shanks and conment that they gave him a good run, 648 00:51:05.960 --> 00:51:09.760 and the character fea was about other people complain about someone impersonating him that's timendum 649 00:51:10.119 --> 00:51:31.360 from Australian Skeptics, and that's the show for now. Spacetime is available every 650 00:51:31.400 --> 00:51:37.719 Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts, iTunes, Stitcher, Google podcast, 651 00:51:37.880 --> 00:51:43.000 pocket Casts, Spotify, Acast, Amazon Music, bytes dot com, 652 00:51:43.119 --> 00:51:47.760 SoundCloud, YouTube, your favorite podcast download provider, and from Spacetime with Stewart 653 00:51:47.760 --> 00:51:53.119 Gary dot com. Spacetimes also broadcast through the National Science Foundation, on Science 654 00:51:53.199 --> 00:51:59.119 Own Radio and on both iHeartRadio and tune In Radio. 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