WEBVTT 1 00:00:19.199 --> 00:00:25.280 Hello, and Welcome to Western SIEV episode two hundred and eighty three. Aunrie 2 00:00:25.480 --> 00:00:32.159 and Catherine Marie, Duke of Orleans, was born on March the thirty first, 3 00:00:32.520 --> 00:00:37.560 fifteen nineteen. He was the second son of a king we've discussed already 4 00:00:37.920 --> 00:00:43.960 Francis the First. Henry's childhood was traumatic, to say the least. He 5 00:00:44.079 --> 00:00:48.439 lost his mother when he was only five. Not long afterwards, Henry and 6 00:00:48.520 --> 00:00:54.000 his brother became the innocent victims of his father's worst political and military disaster, 7 00:00:54.719 --> 00:01:00.640 the Battle of Bavia in fifteen twenty five. But before we move on to 8 00:01:00.719 --> 00:01:04.319 Francis's death in Henry's ascension, we need to review some of the events of 9 00:01:04.359 --> 00:01:11.560 Francis's reign from Henry's perspective to understand how these traumatic years impacted his development later 10 00:01:11.599 --> 00:01:18.079 on. So once more, before we go forward, we must briefly go 11 00:01:18.200 --> 00:01:32.799 back back in fifteen fifteen, when Francis the First became king. The young 12 00:01:32.840 --> 00:01:38.040 man immediately devoted his energies toward martial pursuits. He claimed and won the city 13 00:01:38.040 --> 00:01:42.719 of Milan from its ancestral rulers, this for as a family. Then he 14 00:01:42.799 --> 00:01:49.359 solidified his claim by winning the Battle of Marchiano that same year, he was 15 00:01:49.400 --> 00:01:53.799 one year into his kingship, and already Francis had defeated the Habsburg Empire and 16 00:01:53.920 --> 00:02:00.120 taken a major city. Sadly, it was also only one year into his 17 00:02:00.200 --> 00:02:05.519 reign, and it was all downhill from here. The victory in the end 18 00:02:05.599 --> 00:02:12.400 proved pyeric. The French state simply could not maintain Italian conquests, which often 19 00:02:12.439 --> 00:02:17.039 proved to be nothing more than a drain on Frenchman power and money. Moreover, 20 00:02:17.439 --> 00:02:22.520 all Francis had really done was to make a lifelong enemy out of Charles 21 00:02:22.560 --> 00:02:25.960 the Fifth, the man that would prove to be his nemesis for his entire 22 00:02:27.039 --> 00:02:31.960 life. But for the moment Francis was riding high. He allied himself with 23 00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:37.400 the Domiti Chi Pope Leo the tenth to give him more legitimacy in Italy. 24 00:02:38.400 --> 00:02:44.120 Even this success would prove short lived. In fifteen nineteen, Charles became the 25 00:02:44.120 --> 00:02:49.520 Holy Roman Emperor. Francis had also put his name forward and was bitter at 26 00:02:49.560 --> 00:02:53.439 the result, though realistically there was no way the German princes were ever going 27 00:02:53.479 --> 00:03:00.400 to elect a French king as their emperor, so by fifteen to twenty one, 28 00:03:00.080 --> 00:03:07.960 Francis had clearly overreached. That same year, Charles recaptured Milan. By 29 00:03:08.000 --> 00:03:14.840 fifteen twenty three, France stood alone England, having briefly thrown in with Charles. 30 00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:20.159 There was a failed rebellion in France, and then a failed Imperial invasion 31 00:03:20.479 --> 00:03:25.000 that Francis was hard pressed to beat back. After all this, he made 32 00:03:25.000 --> 00:03:30.479 the colossal error of pursuing the imperial troops into Italy, where he had no 33 00:03:30.599 --> 00:03:38.280 support and frankly nothing to gain. Yet, by February the twenty fourth, 34 00:03:38.400 --> 00:03:43.639 fifteen twenty five, the two sides had staked out of battlefield just outside the 35 00:03:43.680 --> 00:03:49.319 Imperial Italian capital of Pavia. The battle, as we know, was an 36 00:03:49.479 --> 00:03:55.639 unmitigated disaster for Francis. Not only were his forces crushed, but he and 37 00:03:55.719 --> 00:04:03.039 his surviving nobles were all taken captive. While incarcerated in Spain, Francis became 38 00:04:03.120 --> 00:04:09.400 too depressed to eat. Eventually he fell ill, dangerously ill, from an 39 00:04:09.400 --> 00:04:14.280 abscess in the nose. After several weeks, when it seemed certain Francis would 40 00:04:14.360 --> 00:04:19.720 die, he rallied and the abscess burst. Eventually, seeing no other way 41 00:04:19.759 --> 00:04:26.199 out, Francis agreed to sign, under duress a treaty with Charles the Fifth. 42 00:04:27.560 --> 00:04:30.040 As we know. In said treaty, Francis agreed to give up his 43 00:04:30.120 --> 00:04:34.600 claim to Milan in a slew of other territories. He also agreed to turn 44 00:04:34.639 --> 00:04:40.040 over Burgundy to Charles, which was never going to happen, and to marry 45 00:04:40.079 --> 00:04:45.800 Charles's sister, Queen Eleanor of Portugal. Now here's where Henry comes in, 46 00:04:46.759 --> 00:04:51.800 because for the young boy this was a disaster. He alongside his older brother 47 00:04:51.879 --> 00:04:58.879 Francois, were to be collateral for the deal. The two boys, aged 48 00:04:59.000 --> 00:05:04.000 eight and six, when exchanged, would be held hostage in Spain until Francis 49 00:05:04.040 --> 00:05:11.319 fulfilled the terms of a treaty he never intended to follow. He was, 50 00:05:11.519 --> 00:05:16.480 I suppose, from one perspective, at least sacrificing the freedom of his sons 51 00:05:17.079 --> 00:05:24.600 for his own. On the day of the exchange, a tearful Henry received 52 00:05:24.720 --> 00:05:32.079 scant comfort from anyone in the entourage except one person, a person who is 53 00:05:32.160 --> 00:05:39.920 going to become a central figure in his life. Her name was Diane de 54 00:05:40.079 --> 00:05:46.839 Poitiers, then twenty five years old. Diane kissed the boy on the cheek 55 00:05:46.399 --> 00:05:53.399 before he sailed across the river, dividing the French and Imperial forces. As 56 00:05:53.399 --> 00:05:57.600 I mentioned, and we'll come back to her, but later on Diane will 57 00:05:57.639 --> 00:06:03.199 become a central figure in Henry's course. At first, the two boys were 58 00:06:03.240 --> 00:06:13.199 held in quote unquote honorable captivity, but that changed once Charles realized Francis had 59 00:06:13.240 --> 00:06:18.480 no intention of following through on the agreement. Now it was Charles who was 60 00:06:18.519 --> 00:06:24.839 in the tough spot. Not only did he not get Burgundy, but he 61 00:06:24.959 --> 00:06:29.920 was totally out of money to pay his troops. On top of it, 62 00:06:29.959 --> 00:06:34.560 all, his German territories were so torn apart by the Reformation that they could 63 00:06:34.600 --> 00:06:42.959 hardly defend themselves against an impending Turkish invasion. Francis did his best to make 64 00:06:43.040 --> 00:06:47.639 life miserable for his enemy. In fifteen twenty six, he formed the League 65 00:06:47.639 --> 00:06:56.040 of Konnac to resist imperial hegemony. So it was that in fifteen twenty seven 66 00:06:56.560 --> 00:07:01.519 the two captive princes were moved to Palencia, where it quickly became clear they 67 00:07:01.560 --> 00:07:09.399 were to be held as common prisoners with no royal privileges. Their attendants were 68 00:07:09.439 --> 00:07:16.360 removed and later sold as galley slaves in Tunis, where ironically, Charles himself 69 00:07:16.360 --> 00:07:25.480 would later liberate them when he captured the city in fifteen thirty five. Finally, 70 00:07:26.120 --> 00:07:30.639 something had to give. Though they hated each other with the passion of 71 00:07:30.720 --> 00:07:39.720 a thousand sons, Charles and Francis were both bankrupt and exhausted. They needed 72 00:07:39.800 --> 00:07:46.319 peace, both needed a resolution. In August of fifteen twenty nine, the 73 00:07:46.360 --> 00:07:53.720 two sides agreed to a new treaty. This time the princes would be exchanged 74 00:07:54.199 --> 00:08:01.319 not for Burgundy, but cold hard cash two million equal use. After a 75 00:08:01.360 --> 00:08:07.000 slew of difficulties in postponements, at last the time arrived for Henry and Francois 76 00:08:07.240 --> 00:08:13.759 the Dauphin to be exchanged for the gold. One of the principal difficulties to 77 00:08:13.800 --> 00:08:18.839 the transfer had been Francis's problem in actually raising the money. Extravagant promises to 78 00:08:18.879 --> 00:08:26.000 contribute to the ransom had been made by Francis's richer subjects, though when the 79 00:08:26.040 --> 00:08:31.399 time came they only begrudgingly produced the money after a lot of prodding. After 80 00:08:31.480 --> 00:08:37.720 all, Francis's various blunders had been very expensive for the Kingdom of France. 81 00:08:37.600 --> 00:08:43.240 When the correct amount of ECUs had finally been collected, inspected and weighed, 82 00:08:43.159 --> 00:08:48.480 it was discovered that unscrupulous officials had actually clipped some of the coinage, so 83 00:08:48.559 --> 00:08:54.320 Francis had to go back and ask for more money. Eventually the gold was 84 00:08:54.360 --> 00:08:58.279 ready, and once again a strict protocol agreed, noting all the details as 85 00:08:58.320 --> 00:09:03.639 to how the extra should take place. The king charged the Grand Master of 86 00:09:03.679 --> 00:09:11.360 France and renowned soldier Anne Baron de Montemarci, also an important character here, 87 00:09:11.000 --> 00:09:16.639 with the safety of the gold and exchange of the prisoners. The Constable of 88 00:09:16.679 --> 00:09:22.399 Castile brought the two princes to the Bedosa River, accompanied by the Emperor's sister 89 00:09:22.519 --> 00:09:28.480 Eleanor, who again was supposed to marry Francis. The exchange, which had 90 00:09:28.519 --> 00:09:33.039 originally been fixed for March fifteen thirty, was now to begin on the first 91 00:09:33.039 --> 00:09:37.519 of July, about a year actually after the peace treaty had been signed. 92 00:09:39.879 --> 00:09:43.919 Now there were still problems. The day before the transfer, the Constable of 93 00:09:43.960 --> 00:09:50.440 Castile accused Montmorency and the French of a slight to his honor over some stupid 94 00:09:50.440 --> 00:09:54.919 little trifle. Without a full apology from the French government, the Constable declared 95 00:09:54.960 --> 00:10:01.679 that the arrangements for the exchange would be halted. For months. Montmorenci had 96 00:10:01.720 --> 00:10:07.120 been painstakingly fulfilling even the most petty obligations laid down in the agreement, and 97 00:10:07.200 --> 00:10:16.639 now some self important Spanish idiot threatened to prolong this business indefinitely. Clearly exasperated, 98 00:10:18.080 --> 00:10:24.559 Montmorenci offered to give satisfaction in person. Fortunately, his reputation as a 99 00:10:24.600 --> 00:10:31.639 fierce soldier had the Spaniard offering to set aside his grievances with sudden grace. 100 00:10:31.840 --> 00:10:37.960 All was finally set for the following day. Just before the prisoners left his 101 00:10:39.120 --> 00:10:43.279 care, the Constable of Castile presented Henry and his brother with a pair of 102 00:10:43.360 --> 00:10:48.039 horses each, asking them to forgive any wrongs that he might have done them. 103 00:10:48.679 --> 00:10:52.440 The Dauphin appeared good natured, but Henry, and this is going to 104 00:10:52.480 --> 00:10:56.799 be interesting when we talk about his personality, merely turned his back on this 105 00:10:56.000 --> 00:11:05.879 despised fool and farted. Queen Eleanor and the two boys finally reached France late 106 00:11:05.919 --> 00:11:09.799 in the evening on July the first, and reached Francis and his court two 107 00:11:09.919 --> 00:11:16.279 days later. Henry was now eleven years old and had been a prisoner in 108 00:11:16.320 --> 00:11:22.720 Spain for about four and a half years. At first sight, the boys 109 00:11:22.799 --> 00:11:28.200 looked good and had obviously grown a lot, though it was soon obvious that 110 00:11:28.320 --> 00:11:35.919 both had been deeply scarred by their ordeal, quiet and reserved, their insistence 111 00:11:35.960 --> 00:11:41.360 on points of etiquette. Their clothes and other details made them seem more Spanish 112 00:11:41.399 --> 00:11:46.759 than French. Henry, who had once been described as a lively, intelligent 113 00:11:46.840 --> 00:11:54.279 boy, had changed. He was now withdrawn, taciturn and very quiet. 114 00:11:54.240 --> 00:12:01.840 Their incarceration and all the deprivations they had gone through nearly marked both children for 115 00:12:01.960 --> 00:12:09.320 life. After the celebrations were over, Francis and this just drives me bonkers, 116 00:12:09.759 --> 00:12:13.480 but became a little impatient with his sons for being so sad, you 117 00:12:13.519 --> 00:12:18.279 know, when he exchanged them for four years of their freedom, he declared, 118 00:12:18.360 --> 00:12:22.919 quote the mark of a Frenchman was to be always gay and lively, 119 00:12:22.879 --> 00:12:28.759 and there was no time for dreamy, sully sleepy children. End quote. 120 00:12:28.960 --> 00:12:33.879 Are you kidding me, buddy? To this? The King, now tacitously, 121 00:12:35.519 --> 00:12:39.879 showed a marked preference for the prince's younger brother, Charles, the Duke 122 00:12:39.919 --> 00:12:45.559 of Angloomey, the guy who wasn't exchanged. Younger than Henry by one year, 123 00:12:46.159 --> 00:12:52.279 Charles resembled his father in looks an outgoing manner. Henry decided to vent 124 00:12:52.360 --> 00:12:58.360 his frustration mostly through sport. He was constantly hunting, tilting so jousting, 125 00:13:00.080 --> 00:13:03.639 slang, and engaging in any kind of rough exercise. I wouldn't want to 126 00:13:03.639 --> 00:13:07.840 be his opponent. He also became an accomplished tennis player and surrounded himself with 127 00:13:07.879 --> 00:13:13.879 a tight knit band of friends. Most of these were noble youths who would 128 00:13:13.879 --> 00:13:18.559 one day go on to form the core of Henry's court. Around this time, 129 00:13:18.720 --> 00:13:22.600 Henry also developed a close bond with one of the most important French generals 130 00:13:22.600 --> 00:13:30.200 of the age, the aforementioned Anne de Montmorency. Henry greatly respected the old 131 00:13:30.240 --> 00:13:35.759 warrior. Montmorency was a staunch conservative, and Henry loved his loathing of the 132 00:13:35.799 --> 00:13:41.360 emperor, which he shared For obvious reasons. That fall, Francis and his 133 00:13:41.399 --> 00:13:43.919 family embarked on a grand tour of the kingdom. In part, this was 134 00:13:43.960 --> 00:13:50.000 intended as a gigantic celebration to thank his loyal subjects who contributed to freeing his 135 00:13:50.080 --> 00:13:56.600 son the future kings of France. Unfortunately for France, these and Francis's later 136 00:13:56.720 --> 00:14:03.639 festivities were both extremely creative and extremely offensive. It was around this time that 137 00:14:03.679 --> 00:14:07.399 Francis started to think more about his second son, Henry, specifically his marriage 138 00:14:07.399 --> 00:14:13.720 prospects. After Henry y eight turned him down. When Francis proposed a match 139 00:14:13.799 --> 00:14:18.200 to Mary Tudor, Francis approached Pope Clement about the potential for a different match, 140 00:14:20.200 --> 00:14:24.360 this one to a certain Catherine de Medici. Francis thought of this as 141 00:14:24.399 --> 00:14:28.039 nothing more than a way to get back into Italy. Little did he know 142 00:14:28.759 --> 00:14:33.600 just how important this marriage was going to be for the future of France. 143 00:14:35.960 --> 00:14:41.320 So before we move on to the wedding and Francis's death, let's sidetrack once 144 00:14:41.399 --> 00:14:46.759 more and introduce the woman who is going to become the first true ruling queen 145 00:14:46.960 --> 00:15:03.120 of France. Metici was born on April the eleventh, fifteen nineteen. Her 146 00:15:03.159 --> 00:15:09.559 father was Lorenzo de Medici, one of a long line of ruling de Medici's 147 00:15:09.759 --> 00:15:16.120 of Florence. Florence and the surrounding countrysides were their domains. Catherine's mother, 148 00:15:16.480 --> 00:15:20.960 a French royal, herself died shortly after the young girl's birth. Still, 149 00:15:20.320 --> 00:15:26.080 the fact that Catherine's mother had a blood connection to Francis the first meant that 150 00:15:26.159 --> 00:15:31.399 she herself had a natural connection to the French royal line. This would prove 151 00:15:31.840 --> 00:15:37.159 important later on. The Menicci family itself wasn't blue blooded in the least. 152 00:15:37.639 --> 00:15:43.519 They were bankers by trade, and very good ones at that. By the 153 00:15:43.600 --> 00:15:48.840 early fifteenth century they had become the most important and wealthiest family in Florence. 154 00:15:50.200 --> 00:15:56.120 Lorenzo had three sons. It is said that he called one good, one 155 00:15:56.159 --> 00:16:02.200 wise, and one the fool. Unfortunately it was the fool, Piero, 156 00:16:02.600 --> 00:16:07.879 who was the eldest, ill suited to rule. Piero found himself and his 157 00:16:07.919 --> 00:16:14.480 family quickly ejected from the Republic, and he later died in exile. His 158 00:16:14.600 --> 00:16:19.399 brother, Giuliano the Good, worked with Giovanni the Wise, who became a 159 00:16:19.440 --> 00:16:27.240 cardinal at thirteen thanks to his father's intervention. These two younger of the de 160 00:16:27.360 --> 00:16:33.960 Medici family worked for the eventual return of the family to Florence. Unfortunately, 161 00:16:33.000 --> 00:16:40.000 they had to plot in bankruptcy because their fortune had been taken by usurpers and 162 00:16:40.080 --> 00:16:45.000 their properties confiscated by the Republic. Giovanni had a good head for intrigue, 163 00:16:45.399 --> 00:16:52.840 a required patience. It was a long wait before the Medici finally gained favor 164 00:16:52.879 --> 00:16:59.440 in Florence again. Perhaps the family motto Le tempes reverent our time will return 165 00:16:59.679 --> 00:17:03.640 gave them courage. It was certainly the moral by which Catherine was to later 166 00:17:03.839 --> 00:17:11.319 live her life. In fifteen twelve, a league of small Italian states managed 167 00:17:11.359 --> 00:17:15.599 to temporarily expel the French from Italy. Unwisely, for one of the local 168 00:17:15.599 --> 00:17:22.720 military leaders, he had denied the league Florentine support. The League turned upon 169 00:17:22.759 --> 00:17:27.400 Florence in revenge for not joining them against the French and caused the local government 170 00:17:27.440 --> 00:17:33.200 to collapse. Finally, the Mediceese were able to seize this moment and maneuver 171 00:17:33.519 --> 00:17:40.200 to regain their law citizenship as a new regime took power. It is worth 172 00:17:40.240 --> 00:17:45.200 remembering that another figure returned to Florence as a result of this coup. His 173 00:17:45.319 --> 00:17:51.680 name was Nicolo Machiavelli. In fifteen thirteen, Machiavelli, in exile at the 174 00:17:51.720 --> 00:17:56.960 time, wrote his famous work The Prince. It took some time for the 175 00:17:56.960 --> 00:18:00.359 book to surface and make an impact outside of Florence, but eventually it would. 176 00:18:02.400 --> 00:18:07.599 Catherine absolutely adored the book, so much so that later contemporaries called it 177 00:18:07.680 --> 00:18:15.359 her bible. Will revisit why in later episodes. In March of fifteen thirteen, 178 00:18:17.039 --> 00:18:23.880 Giovanni the Wise de Medici was elected Pope Leo the Tenth. At that 179 00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:27.680 time, Leo was the head of the family and due to his removal to 180 00:18:27.759 --> 00:18:33.519 Rome, he needed to select a successor to protect the family's position in Florence. 181 00:18:33.559 --> 00:18:38.240 It was decided that Giuliano the Good, whom Leo thought far too soft, 182 00:18:38.759 --> 00:18:44.319 should help the new Pope in Rome, and that their nephew Lorenzo could 183 00:18:44.319 --> 00:18:48.799 be left in charge of Florentine affairs, though he had no patience for them 184 00:18:48.119 --> 00:18:52.920 and was often in Rome with his uncle, leaving the Florentines to often feel 185 00:18:53.240 --> 00:19:00.000 like a colonial state. This was hardly in the tradition of even the nomine 186 00:19:00.039 --> 00:19:06.039 old Florentine Republic, but thanks to a medici wearing the papal crown, Leo 187 00:19:06.200 --> 00:19:10.759 wisely made it seem that there would be plenty of advantages for their subjugation. 188 00:19:11.920 --> 00:19:18.319 In fifteen fifteen, Giuliano traveled as Leo's emissary to France to congratulate Francis the 189 00:19:18.319 --> 00:19:22.599 First on his ascension to the throne. As we know, the king was 190 00:19:22.640 --> 00:19:26.839 in a hurry to conquer Milan and take Naples, of which the Pope was 191 00:19:26.880 --> 00:19:30.880 technically in charge. The two men met later that same year in the papal 192 00:19:30.920 --> 00:19:36.640 town of Bologna, where they signed an agreement that restored relations between the French 193 00:19:36.720 --> 00:19:42.799 Church and the Papacy. To flatter Leo, Francis offered Giuliano the Dukedom of 194 00:19:42.920 --> 00:19:51.319 Nemours in France and his aunt Philberto of Savoy's hand in marriage. In exchange, 195 00:19:51.519 --> 00:19:56.240 Francis was to get the Italian states of Parma and Pienza and the support 196 00:19:56.319 --> 00:20:02.640 of the Pope regarding his ambitions for Milan and Naples. The marital alliance between 197 00:20:02.680 --> 00:20:07.119 the ruling house of France and the merchant Medici was as thrilling to the latter 198 00:20:07.160 --> 00:20:11.519 as as it was to prove short lived. Giuliano, the newly minted Duke 199 00:20:11.599 --> 00:20:17.839 of Nemours, died within a year of his marriage, leaving no legitimate son 200 00:20:18.000 --> 00:20:22.240 whatsoever. As a result, all of Leo's hopes now rested with his nephew 201 00:20:22.559 --> 00:20:30.720 Lorenzo. Leo and Francis both wanted to continue this alliance despite Giuliano's death, 202 00:20:30.559 --> 00:20:36.640 so Lorenzo, by then the Dirk of Urbino, became his holiness as emissary 203 00:20:36.720 --> 00:20:42.119 representing the Pope at the christening of France's firstborn son, the Dafan. Leo 204 00:20:42.240 --> 00:20:48.279 had been asked to stand godfather to the baby. Some time before the christening, 205 00:20:48.799 --> 00:20:52.319 Francis had written to Lorenzo to congratulate him on becoming Duke of Urbino, 206 00:20:53.079 --> 00:20:57.119 adding quote, I intend to help you with all my power. I also 207 00:20:57.160 --> 00:21:00.759 wish to marry you off to some beautiful and good lady of noble birth of 208 00:21:00.799 --> 00:21:04.799 my kind, so that the love which I bear you may be grown and 209 00:21:04.839 --> 00:21:11.839 strengthened and quote. Once the bride had been selected, it was decided that 210 00:21:11.880 --> 00:21:15.599 the marriage should take place soon after the baptism of the Dauphin. The other 211 00:21:15.640 --> 00:21:22.119 important matter was the bride's enormous inheritance. This young lady came with a substantial 212 00:21:22.160 --> 00:21:27.720 dowry which would allow the Medicis to re establish themselves firmly in control of Florence. 213 00:21:29.400 --> 00:21:33.799 And it was this young lady who was also the mother to Catherine de 214 00:21:33.880 --> 00:21:40.200 Medici. So it was not hard to imagine the dismay of both the Pope 215 00:21:40.240 --> 00:21:47.519 and the King of France when both Lorenzo and Madeline de Medici died months later, 216 00:21:48.119 --> 00:21:53.119 leaving only their daughter Catherine as the living token. To make matters worse, 217 00:21:53.599 --> 00:21:59.160 Catherine fell ill in August of fifteen nineteen, when only three months old, 218 00:21:59.440 --> 00:22:04.039 and for weeks her life hung in the balance. Yet she survived and 219 00:22:04.079 --> 00:22:10.920 by October, Leo insisted that the Duchessina, as the Florentine people called her, 220 00:22:11.559 --> 00:22:15.359 could be moved to Rome without risks to her health. Leo had already 221 00:22:15.400 --> 00:22:21.799 emphatically refused Francis's request that the child be brought up at the French court. 222 00:22:22.960 --> 00:22:26.960 He quite sensibly declined to offer up his great niece. It was really his 223 00:22:27.000 --> 00:22:32.480 only card left to play as a hostage against the promises he had made to 224 00:22:32.559 --> 00:22:37.119 Francis, for as we know, he was already planning to break them. 225 00:22:37.680 --> 00:22:44.440 The circumstances had completely changed, so now must his policies. After he wiped 226 00:22:44.480 --> 00:22:48.519 away his tears at the death of his nephew and niece, Leo lost no 227 00:22:48.640 --> 00:22:52.319 time in opening secret talks with King Charles of Spain, now Charles the Fifth, 228 00:22:52.640 --> 00:22:59.839 the new Holy Roman Emperor and as we know, Francis mortal enemy. 229 00:23:00.079 --> 00:23:04.359 Fifteen twenty one, Leo was openly allied to Charles, whom he had promised 230 00:23:04.519 --> 00:23:10.359 to crown as emperor and invest with Naples. When he heard the news, 231 00:23:10.880 --> 00:23:15.400 Francis fell into a furious rage at the Pope's betrayal, and before long France 232 00:23:15.440 --> 00:23:22.839 and the Empire were months more at war. Catherine was dutifully brought to Rome, 233 00:23:22.880 --> 00:23:26.160 but Leo didn't live long enough to see any plans for her to come 234 00:23:26.200 --> 00:23:30.359 to Fruition. On December the first, fifteen twenty one, he died. 235 00:23:30.480 --> 00:23:36.640 Catherine's life and position now very much depended on the Medicis being able to remain 236 00:23:36.640 --> 00:23:40.759 in power in Florence without papal assistance, which would be a difficult task. 237 00:23:41.839 --> 00:23:47.680 The new Pope, Hadrian the sixth, Adrian of Utrecht and Charles the Fifth's 238 00:23:47.680 --> 00:23:52.680 boyhood tutor, was no friend to the de Medicis. Luckily for Catherine, 239 00:23:52.720 --> 00:23:56.720 Hadrian died in September of fifteen twenty three. By the way, just as 240 00:23:56.720 --> 00:23:59.680 a side note here, from this point on it would be four hundred and 241 00:23:59.720 --> 00:24:07.559 fifty years until the next non Italian would be elected pope. In Hadrian's place, 242 00:24:07.640 --> 00:24:11.799 Giuliano de Medici became Pope Clement the seventh. Once more Catherine looked like 243 00:24:11.839 --> 00:24:18.079 a potentially a good marriage pawn. Clement left for Rome and left his lieutenant, 244 00:24:18.119 --> 00:24:22.680 Cardinal Passadini, in charge of Florence. But Clement ruled Florence, and 245 00:24:22.680 --> 00:24:26.599 everyone knew it and resented it. Clement was not the man for the hour, 246 00:24:26.720 --> 00:24:32.079 as we know Charles and Francis were nearly always at war. On the 247 00:24:32.160 --> 00:24:37.000 verge of war, Lutheranism kept expanding in Germany, and Clement seemed powerless to 248 00:24:37.039 --> 00:24:42.559 do anything about it. As a result, Italy plunged ever deeper into chaos. 249 00:24:44.359 --> 00:24:48.039 Disaster struck on May sixth, fifteen twenty seven, when Imperial troops camped 250 00:24:48.039 --> 00:24:53.640 outside Rome, ran amuck and pillaged the city. As Rome was sacked and 251 00:24:53.759 --> 00:25:00.200 insurrection was mounted in Florence, aided by the arrival of the Emperor's arms me 252 00:25:00.079 --> 00:25:07.400 the overthrow of Passerini and the Medician regime proved all too easy. Catherine's position 253 00:25:07.960 --> 00:25:15.039 now was uncertain. By the eleventh of May fifteen twenty seven, news had 254 00:25:15.039 --> 00:25:19.519 filtered back to Florence about the horrors taking place in Rome. In the Medici 255 00:25:19.599 --> 00:25:26.440 Palace, the eight year old Catherine would have grasped that this was a calamity. 256 00:25:27.119 --> 00:25:33.640 Pasarini and his sons fled Florence on the seventeenth of May. This left 257 00:25:33.680 --> 00:25:40.240 Catherine and her aunt alone to face the wrath of the mob. The new 258 00:25:40.319 --> 00:25:45.240 rulers of Florence boiled with fury and refused to let Catherine out of their grasp. 259 00:25:47.279 --> 00:25:51.440 It was then decided that the child should be taken to the Santa Lucia 260 00:25:51.519 --> 00:25:57.559 Convent, a place known for its antipathy to the Medici family. Moments later, 261 00:25:57.640 --> 00:26:03.400 Catherine found herself being being bundled off for what would prove to be three 262 00:26:03.559 --> 00:26:08.680 hazardous years of semi incarceration, during which her life was under different degrees of 263 00:26:08.759 --> 00:26:15.079 threat depending upon what was going on in the political scene. The little girl 264 00:26:15.440 --> 00:26:19.680 lived miserably in the Santa Lucia convent, but in December fifteen twenty seven, 265 00:26:21.519 --> 00:26:26.440 orders came that she be moved to the convent of Santa Catarina in Siena, 266 00:26:26.480 --> 00:26:30.839 also in Florence. When the French ambassador visited her, he found the place 267 00:26:32.039 --> 00:26:37.759 a disease ridden hovel. It insisted that Catherine must be relocated immediately. With 268 00:26:37.799 --> 00:26:44.920 the permission of the Florentine Signoria, the ambassador arranged for the child's transfer to 269 00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:49.799 a far nicer location, another convent, this one the Santa Maria. The 270 00:26:49.799 --> 00:26:55.440 convent of Santa Maria in this case, was actually known more as a fortress 271 00:26:55.920 --> 00:27:00.359 than as a convent, its walls being so high. These walls deprived Catherine 272 00:27:00.400 --> 00:27:06.480 of her liberty, but they also protected her from the hostile world outside. 273 00:27:06.680 --> 00:27:12.240 Hatred now fueled the Florentine people's mood as they desecrated and damaged all reminders of 274 00:27:12.240 --> 00:27:19.400 the Medici. During an angry outburst early in this rebellion, Michelangelo's masterpiece, 275 00:27:19.720 --> 00:27:25.079 the Statue of David, lost its left arm when a stone was thrown at 276 00:27:25.079 --> 00:27:30.799 it. If Catherine were to remain a valuable negotiating tool for the government in 277 00:27:30.839 --> 00:27:34.680 Florence, however, they had to see to her well being now. As 278 00:27:34.759 --> 00:27:40.960 luck would have it, the abess of the Santa Maria Convent was Catherine's godmother, 279 00:27:41.519 --> 00:27:45.440 and she arranged for her to have a spacious and comfortable cell. During 280 00:27:45.440 --> 00:27:49.920 this period of her life, Catherine was forced to develop the skills that would 281 00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:56.680 later make her a formidable politician, listening, empathy, conversation, and the 282 00:27:56.720 --> 00:28:03.119 fortitude to keep her own counsel. One of the nuns wrote of the child 283 00:28:03.160 --> 00:28:08.000 as quote, dear little child, with such gracious manners that she made herself 284 00:28:08.039 --> 00:28:15.039 loved by all. She was so gentle and pleasant that the sisters did all 285 00:28:15.079 --> 00:28:19.960 they could to ease her sorrows and difficulties and quote. Another wrote of the 286 00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:27.079 girl's quote good disposition end quote. They felt protective of Catherine, while death 287 00:28:27.160 --> 00:28:33.480 continued to take all of Catherine's loved ones, her mother figure dying on May 288 00:28:33.640 --> 00:28:38.519 third, fifteen twenty eight, The French ambassador now became her only rock in 289 00:28:38.599 --> 00:28:42.519 the storm, and he did what he could to see to her well being. 290 00:28:45.279 --> 00:28:48.720 In October fifteen twenty nine, Imperial troops laid siege to the city of 291 00:28:48.799 --> 00:28:56.559 Florence. The accompanying plague and famine only exacerbated the people's hatred of the Medici, 292 00:28:56.000 --> 00:29:00.920 who they now associated with the Pope, who everyone blamed, rightly or 293 00:29:00.920 --> 00:29:07.119 wrongly, for Italy's present dilemma. Within the city, the leaders began to 294 00:29:07.200 --> 00:29:11.200 wonder whether they might use Catherine as a means of escaping their present catastrophe. 295 00:29:12.359 --> 00:29:18.680 The Signora sent a contingent of troops to fetch her late in the evening on 296 00:29:18.759 --> 00:29:23.559 July the twentieth, fifteen thirty. Catherine, certain that she had been condemned 297 00:29:23.599 --> 00:29:27.680 to death and that they had come to fetch her for her execution, put 298 00:29:27.759 --> 00:29:33.079 up a struggle. In preparation. The eleven year old girl had cut her 299 00:29:33.079 --> 00:29:38.200 hair and Donna Nunn's habit, announcing that as a bride of Christ, she 300 00:29:38.319 --> 00:29:42.400 refused to go quietly. Catherine cried out, quote, Holy Mother, I 301 00:29:42.440 --> 00:29:48.359 am yours. Let us now see what excommunicated wretch will dare to drag a 302 00:29:48.400 --> 00:29:53.000 spouse of Christ from her monastery end quote. She refused to change out of 303 00:29:53.000 --> 00:29:57.839 her nun's clothing, and the men gathered to take her brought her through the 304 00:29:57.880 --> 00:30:02.920 small streets, riding a day donkey, braving a starving and menacing crowd, 305 00:30:03.359 --> 00:30:10.000 voicing threats and open hatred. This perilous journey proved to be a formative experienced 306 00:30:10.119 --> 00:30:15.640 for the young woman, as the men kept Catherine safe and surrounded until she 307 00:30:15.759 --> 00:30:21.480 was delivered to the Santa Lucia Convent. It was actually here that she had 308 00:30:21.519 --> 00:30:26.720 first started life as a captive nearly three years earlier. She actually never forgot 309 00:30:26.799 --> 00:30:32.680 the kindness of the guards who protected her, and when on the twelfth of 310 00:30:32.720 --> 00:30:37.359 August fifteen thirty the siege was lifted and Pope Clement took possession of the city 311 00:30:37.359 --> 00:30:42.119 once more, she interceded for these men and succeeded in having their death sentences 312 00:30:42.119 --> 00:30:48.279 commuted to exile. Upon her release, Catherine visited the sisters of the other 313 00:30:48.319 --> 00:30:52.640 convenants she had stayed in, and together they celebrated her good fortune. She 314 00:30:52.720 --> 00:30:56.559 remained in contact with these orders for the rest of her life and wrote to 315 00:30:56.559 --> 00:31:02.559 them regularly, sending them money in annually in giving them revenues from one of 316 00:31:02.599 --> 00:31:08.480 her properties. This was one of Catherine's most important personality traits. She never 317 00:31:08.519 --> 00:31:15.519 forgot a kindness and never forgave a disservice. Now all the two. Soon 318 00:31:15.160 --> 00:31:21.160 this young girl found herself a central feature in Pope Clement's international policy, and 319 00:31:21.319 --> 00:31:26.279 was moved to Rome. Unfortunately, we don't know exactly how Catherine passed her 320 00:31:26.319 --> 00:31:32.920 time in Rome. Certainly, her later love of architecture might be connected to 321 00:31:32.960 --> 00:31:37.640 this period in Rome. She also would have become accustomed to the formalities of 322 00:31:37.640 --> 00:31:42.680 the papal court, and she would lean on that experience in later years. 323 00:31:45.359 --> 00:31:49.279 Family matters were at the top of Pope Clement's agenda. His illegitimate son, 324 00:31:49.400 --> 00:31:55.640 in fifteen thirty two, was created the new Duke of Florence. Catherine had 325 00:31:55.640 --> 00:31:59.359 been sent to the city to lend legitimacy to the proceedings, and for the 326 00:31:59.400 --> 00:32:05.880 first time she undertook public duties. Observers noted that the now thirteen year old 327 00:32:05.920 --> 00:32:12.000 Catherine carried herself with admirable dignity and grace, She continued her public role in 328 00:32:12.039 --> 00:32:17.039 Florence while awaiting the arrival of Pope Clement's son's bride in April of fifteen thirty 329 00:32:17.079 --> 00:32:23.680 three. Apart from enjoying the many and lavish celebrations marking the new Duke's confirmation, 330 00:32:24.279 --> 00:32:30.960 Catherine also continued to pursue her studies. We know little about her formal 331 00:32:30.079 --> 00:32:36.079 education, but we do know that she learned Greek, Latin, and French. 332 00:32:37.000 --> 00:32:42.200 She was also a keen mathematician, an interest that would coincide later with 333 00:32:42.279 --> 00:32:47.440 her love of astrology. Clement kept her in Florence. He proceeded carefully with 334 00:32:47.519 --> 00:32:52.839 marriage talks on her behalf in Rome. Now since her birth, Catherine had 335 00:32:52.839 --> 00:33:00.240 inevitably been the object of much matrimonial discussion. Even before the revolt in Floras, 336 00:33:00.759 --> 00:33:06.839 Clement had been approached by various potential suitors, mainly various Italian nobles from 337 00:33:06.920 --> 00:33:12.079 families such as the Gonzaga of Manchua, the Estae of Ferrara, and the 338 00:33:12.160 --> 00:33:17.160 de la Rovari of Urbino. Now that the Pope enjoyed a far stronger position 339 00:33:17.440 --> 00:33:24.160 than formerly, he looked for more illustrious offers. Among the earlier candidates was 340 00:33:24.200 --> 00:33:30.480 Henry the Eighth's illegitimate son, the Duke of Richmond. Although Sir John Russell, 341 00:33:30.880 --> 00:33:36.039 the English ambassador to the Vatican, reported his Holiness was quote very well 342 00:33:36.079 --> 00:33:39.160 contented to have such an alliance end quote. Nothing came of the talks, 343 00:33:39.680 --> 00:33:45.200 and the Duke died a few years later, probably from being poisoned. And 344 00:33:45.240 --> 00:33:50.000 the Duke died a few years later, probably from being poisoned. When the 345 00:33:50.039 --> 00:33:53.759 Duke of Albany, Catherine's uncle, proposed the candidacy of James the Fifth of 346 00:33:53.759 --> 00:33:59.759 Scotland, Clement did not think this offered him any real advantages, and worried 347 00:33:59.759 --> 00:34:04.119 that the courier service between the two countries would be too costly. The Prince 348 00:34:04.160 --> 00:34:08.239 of Orange had briefly been considered a possible husband, until he died while trying 349 00:34:08.239 --> 00:34:14.599 to retake Florence. The one candidate Clement could not afford to ignore, however, 350 00:34:15.159 --> 00:34:20.519 was the Holy Roman Emperor's own preference. Charles back to marriage between Catherine 351 00:34:20.519 --> 00:34:27.519 and Francisco, the second Svorza, Duke of Milan. Unfortunately for Catherine, 352 00:34:27.840 --> 00:34:32.840 the Duke was not exactly intelligent. He was prematurely aged at thirty seven, 353 00:34:32.920 --> 00:34:39.239 He was sick, sickly and mainly by the huge sums of the money demanded 354 00:34:39.239 --> 00:34:45.320 by the Emperor in order to retain his duchy was not particularly gleaming prospect for 355 00:34:45.360 --> 00:34:50.760 anyone. In addition, Clement feared that by marrying Catherine to Charles's client, 356 00:34:51.440 --> 00:34:54.880 he would find himself so deeply in the Emperor's pocket that he would never be 357 00:34:54.920 --> 00:35:00.000 able to free himself. Another worry for Clement to, of course, was 358 00:35:00.119 --> 00:35:07.119 Charles's request for a general Church Council. He didn't want the potential schism this 359 00:35:07.159 --> 00:35:12.280 would bring, but remember from previous episodes, Clement wasn't good at dealing with 360 00:35:12.519 --> 00:35:15.719 the ongoing Reformation. He did his best to try to put his head in 361 00:35:15.760 --> 00:35:21.679 the sand and ignore it. Interestingly, though, there was a reason for 362 00:35:21.719 --> 00:35:25.440 this. Clement had never actually been ordained into the priesthood, and so he 363 00:35:25.559 --> 00:35:32.199 was technically not eligible to be pope, and he feared that if he called 364 00:35:32.199 --> 00:35:38.599 the Church council it might result in his removal, which makes sense. But 365 00:35:38.679 --> 00:35:45.840 then something happened. A new proposal, a really exciting proposal arrived for Catherine's 366 00:35:45.840 --> 00:35:50.360 marriage, and this one came from Francis, the first, of course, 367 00:35:50.400 --> 00:35:55.400 of France. His ambitions for territories in Italy were stirring again, and he 368 00:35:55.480 --> 00:36:00.239 needed a friendly pope to back him. In fifteen thirty one, with this 369 00:36:00.280 --> 00:36:05.760 in mind, Francis offered Clement his second son, Henry, Duke of Orlean, 370 00:36:06.320 --> 00:36:12.440 as a potential husband for Catherine. Early in fifteen thirty one, the 371 00:36:12.480 --> 00:36:17.000 Bishop of Tarbas was sent as Francis's envoy to discuss such a marriage. By 372 00:36:17.039 --> 00:36:22.760 April, already a preliminary agreement had been signed by Francis. It is stipulated 373 00:36:23.000 --> 00:36:27.840 that Catherine would live at the French court until the age to consummate the marriage, 374 00:36:28.239 --> 00:36:31.440 and secret clauses in the agreement stated that her dowry would include Pisa, 375 00:36:31.599 --> 00:36:38.119 Parma, Pienza, Reggio, Modena and Lakehorn. Clement also committed himself to 376 00:36:38.199 --> 00:36:44.079 backing French efforts to take Genoa in Milan and to make a joint effort to 377 00:36:44.159 --> 00:36:49.800 annex Urbino for the young couple. In June fifteen thirty one, word came 378 00:36:49.840 --> 00:36:52.360 back to France that Clement would not after all send Catherine to live at the 379 00:36:52.360 --> 00:36:58.119 French court before her marriage. He was both weary of the wrath he knew 380 00:36:58.119 --> 00:37:00.800 this alliance would incur in the Emperor, and fearful of any change in French 381 00:37:00.840 --> 00:37:07.719 policy. Once Catherine found herself in Frances's hands, his matrimonial ace would thus 382 00:37:07.760 --> 00:37:14.639 remain in his own care until the wedding. Clement also stipulated that Catherine's dowry 383 00:37:14.719 --> 00:37:21.119 of one hundred thousand gold ECUs would include an extra thirty thousand ECUs in exchange 384 00:37:21.320 --> 00:37:27.320 for the revenues from her Florentine inheritance. Francis agreed to give Catherine a further 385 00:37:27.400 --> 00:37:30.519 ten thousand livres per annam, and she would enjoy a substantial income that came 386 00:37:30.519 --> 00:37:36.880 from her mother's inheritance. Now, as the second son of the King of 387 00:37:36.920 --> 00:37:40.039 France, Henry, Duke of Orleans, had no shortage of potential brides. 388 00:37:40.800 --> 00:37:45.440 The most important of these had been married Tutor. The possibility of a marriage 389 00:37:45.639 --> 00:37:50.559 with Henry the eighth's eldest daughter had been marred, though, when the English 390 00:37:50.679 --> 00:37:53.079 king tried to have the marriage to her mother, Catherine of Arragon annulled. 391 00:37:54.119 --> 00:38:00.360 Meanwhile, Francis concentrated his efforts on Catherine, who could best further his Italian 392 00:38:00.480 --> 00:38:06.719 ambitions. Henry, who as the second son, could not be expected to 393 00:38:06.719 --> 00:38:12.000 inherit the French throne, represented a substantial catch for any royal princess let alone, 394 00:38:12.000 --> 00:38:15.679 an Italian duchess without a duchy, Catherine might have been rich, but 395 00:38:15.719 --> 00:38:21.039 she was emphatically not of royal blood. In January fifteen thirty three, at 396 00:38:21.079 --> 00:38:25.639 Bologna, secret talks were held between Clement and Francis's emissaries. The Pope, 397 00:38:25.719 --> 00:38:29.480 terrified that the Emperor had put a stop to the French alliance if he caught 398 00:38:29.480 --> 00:38:34.519 wind of it, decided to continue negotiations regarding a marriage to Francisco, Duke 399 00:38:34.559 --> 00:38:38.440 of Milan, as a faint. In fact, Charles, certain that Francis 400 00:38:38.440 --> 00:38:43.480 would never stoop to marrying his son to a merchant's daughter, generally laughed off 401 00:38:43.480 --> 00:38:46.320 the rumors when he heard about them. By the time the marriage was announced 402 00:38:46.400 --> 00:38:52.280 later on that same month, Charles the Fifth could do nothing about it other 403 00:38:52.360 --> 00:38:58.760 than be amazed. It was really Pope Clement's finest hour. The marriage was 404 00:38:58.800 --> 00:39:02.480 set for the summer of fifteen thirty three at Nice. The jewelry that Catherine 405 00:39:02.480 --> 00:39:07.320 brought with her alone was worth a kingdom. One piece was a set of 406 00:39:07.400 --> 00:39:12.760 pearls, which she would later give to Mary, Queen of Scots. Queen 407 00:39:12.760 --> 00:39:17.360 Elizabeth of England would wear them after Mary lost the neck necessary for wearing such 408 00:39:17.360 --> 00:39:22.159 an item. Catherine's first meeting with Henry, it should go without saying, 409 00:39:22.199 --> 00:39:28.119 I hope that the marriage was arranged, went fine. This despite the fact 410 00:39:28.119 --> 00:39:35.119 that Henry was taciturn and awkward. He was tall and muscular and not bad 411 00:39:35.239 --> 00:39:40.559 looking, but he was somewhat melancholy. Francis managed to push him into at 412 00:39:40.639 --> 00:39:47.320 least appearing to enjoy his own wedding. The nuptial mass finally took place on 413 00:39:47.440 --> 00:39:52.320 October the twenty eighth, fifteen thirty three, and the event went off without 414 00:39:52.320 --> 00:39:58.119 a hitch. By midwinter, Catherine and the royal women had joined the king 415 00:39:58.199 --> 00:40:04.199 and his entourage and Bergend, where Francis immediately announced the details of the agreement 416 00:40:04.239 --> 00:40:08.199 he had made with Pope Clement. First, he proclaimed the Duchy of Urbino 417 00:40:08.679 --> 00:40:14.239 to be the rightful territory of his son Henry through his marriage to Catherine, 418 00:40:15.039 --> 00:40:21.000 and by the July of fifteen thirty four, he was building an army ready 419 00:40:21.000 --> 00:40:28.760 to reconquer Orbino. Milan and other Italian territories would now be added as well, 420 00:40:29.400 --> 00:40:35.199 with the help of his papal ally. Meanwhile, Catherine spent little time 421 00:40:35.239 --> 00:40:38.760 with her husband in more time with his sisters, Marguerite and Madeline, whose 422 00:40:38.760 --> 00:40:44.679 household she shared. Traveling back through France to Paris with her father in law's 423 00:40:45.039 --> 00:40:49.840 huge itenor in court, Catherine, amiable and eager to please, made great 424 00:40:49.880 --> 00:40:53.760 efforts to be liked. Gradually she became part of her new family and won 425 00:40:53.840 --> 00:41:00.000 over some of her more snobbish courtiers. Both were those among them who muttered 426 00:41:00.039 --> 00:41:04.880 that they would rather have their knees broken than bend them to an Italian merchant's 427 00:41:04.960 --> 00:41:15.320 daughter than Disaster struck on the twenty fifth of September fifteen thirty four, less 428 00:41:15.320 --> 00:41:19.920 than a year after Catherine's marriage, Pope Clement the seventh died in Rome, 429 00:41:20.920 --> 00:41:29.079 his territorial promises to Francis unfulfilled and Catherine's dowry only partially paid. Francis was 430 00:41:29.159 --> 00:41:36.000 apoplectic, and the French people soon decried this union as ridiculous, a fool's 431 00:41:36.039 --> 00:41:39.639 bargain. The child, who thought that she had found a family peace and 432 00:41:39.679 --> 00:41:47.320 security, was left to reap the harvest of her uncle's untimely death. The 433 00:41:47.440 --> 00:41:53.519 new Pope, Alexandro Farnese, who took the title of Pope all the third, 434 00:41:53.719 --> 00:42:02.159 was neutral but firmly refused to honor either Clement's dowry obligations or the alliance 435 00:42:02.360 --> 00:42:09.400 with Francis. Catherine was now of no value whatsoever to Francis politically, and 436 00:42:09.480 --> 00:42:15.960 he declared quote, the girl has come to me stark naked end quote. 437 00:42:15.320 --> 00:42:22.760 In contrast to her triumphant arrival in France, Catherine now faced one thousand pinbricks 438 00:42:22.760 --> 00:42:30.239 of humiliation as her prestige vanished with the wind, along with clements, worthless 439 00:42:30.880 --> 00:42:37.000 promises. As always, if you'd enjoyed the show, please check out the 440 00:42:37.039 --> 00:42:40.920 links in the show notes got additional content there. You can support the show 441 00:42:42.559 --> 00:42:46.320 for one dollar a month. 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