What's up everybody? Thanks for coming to visit me again. At another episode
of Let's Ask Paul, the podcast where I, Paul Abernathy, try to
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as well, so check that out. All right. So if you're coming
to this episode, you saw the title, it's talking about parallel circuits.
But before you listen to this episode, I want to employ you to go
back and listen to the Ohmslaw episode, which I believe is episode one seventy
one of the Let's Ask Paul series, and then then you want to listen
to the series Circuit podcast, which is episode one seventy two of this Let's
Ask Paul series. Listen to those first. So if you're just stumbling onto
this Parallel Circuit Podcast episode, go on and stop now and go on and
go search for the series circuit one or the Ohms law one, because you
need to understand Ohms law in order to be able to work an equation.
And in the series podcast, I do an example of that in you know,
in my long winded style. You know that everybody likes, you know,
but I do it in order to break it down so that you can
kind of mentally grow a picture of different equations and why we're doing what we
do. So make sure you go watch those, or I shouldn't say watch,
go listen to those, and maybe you're gonna listen to it a couple
of times. Get your you know, get a piece of paper out,
jot down the equations that as I as I describe them, and just work
it. It's just gonna make you better. Or maybe maybe you don't do
that and you just listen. That's fine, Okay, assuming you've done that
and you're ready to go. Today, we're going to be talking a little
bit about parallel circuits. Now. As I've said before, when it comes
to serious circuits, chances are as an electrician, you're rarely going to ever
use series or parallel calculations out in the field. I mean, let's be
real, if you're a residential person, you partly will never do it,
and most of the time you may be doing, if anything, a series
calculation just because of the various loads of luminaires. Even though today most of
the luminaires are going to be low wattage, you know, LED maybe a
fluorescence, maybe it's CFLs or whatnot, that type of thing, so the
loads of wattage wise is going to be very low. So maybe people don't
do any of these calculations anymore. Really, to be honest with you,
but when it comes to an electrical exam, you need to understand how to
do the basics of a serious circuit, in the basics of a parallel circuit,
and you need to know Ohm's law because in a lot of these questions,
they're only going to give you certain variables, right, They're only going
to give you the voltage and the amps, or they might give you the
wattage and the voltage, and you're going to have to use the Ohms law
formulas with an Ohms wheel that in many cases the exam gives you an Omes
wheel, but if not, it's you don't want to try to remember all
those So if you're in a state that allows you for your exam to write
these formulas down, then you write them in the front of your code book
where you have all those code panel members, you have all that blank space
there, that's a great place to write them, jot them down, put
an Ohm's law wheel there, maybe get an Olms law sticker and put an
Olms law sticker there, or something to that nature. And that is going
to be a good resource for you. And now if you're out in the
field and you've already got your license, you know, then you can jot
all these things down in your codebook anyway, and it's just good to have
in case you need it. That type of thing. This is also a
good opportunity for me to tell you that for voltage and things like that,
we do have pocket edition voltage drop cards available over our website fasttracksystem dot com.
They're like five ninety nine and that includes shipping. Check them out.
They help support the show and they have also on the backside we show you
how the twelve point nine for example, or the twenty one point two for
aluminum, We show you how that's actually calculated, how that comes to be
so it's kind of a nice little history deal. But we also give you
the formulas for voltage drop find the maximum length, all that kind of stuff.
What's the volts dropped? All that. So they're great little cards to
have in your wallet and they help support the show. Go check those out
over on fasttracksystem dot com. We'd love to have you get some of those.
It's a two sided card, by the way, it shows the picture
on the website two cards, but it's really just one card printed on both
sides. All right. Anyway, that's all available, and again we appreciate
the patronage. Okay, let's talk parallel circuit. So, as I told
you in a previous episode, when it comes to series, there were some
basic things to remember, and I don't want to rehash those, but if
you remember when it comes to series circuits, the current stays the same at
all your node points, all your load points. It is the the the
voltage and the resistance that becomes additive. Okay, Now, if that doesn't
make sense to you, then you do need to go back and listen to
the series. One stop what you're doing right here before you get involved in
parallels. You need to go back and watch that series edition or listen to
that series edition. Trust me, and for everybody that says, Paul,
I'm a visual learner, you need to do that in the video. We've
got videos on this over on fast tracks Tube. I'm doing a podcast,
so I understand. So as itchy as you have to make that kind of
comment, please don't because it won't be seen and it won't matter. Okay,
I'm just telling you from the kindness of my heart. This is a
podcast. So one of the things that I try to do, and I
pride my self one is trying to convey something in a mental picture that maybe
will last. And that's part of the why I love podcasts because it's a
challenge to do. So. All right, let's talk about excuse me,
parallel circuits and see some of the general rules and we'll look over we'll talk
about an example and how you would solve it. A parallel circuit is a
circuit that has more than one path for which the electrons may flow. So
when a serious circuit, it's just one continuous path. If you're buying into
that kind of you know, electron flow theory, and we are. When
we're trying to explain these concepts, it's not actually how it works with the
electrons, but we get it. Okay, So if you think about a
parallel the electrons go out, let's just say they go out. Let's for
simplicity. I know I gonna have somebody on there to say that's not how
that works, Paul. I'm like, dude, then you didn't listen to
the whole damn podcast because we're talking about theory here to try to make it
easy for you to understand. So when you have multiple paths parallel and the
easiest way that I can explain this to people is because we've beat it to
death for people. When it comes to series in parallel arcs with arc fault,
is it a series arc is when there's an arcs that that's in series
with the circuit, and a parallel arc is one that arcs across to conductors.
Okay, it creates an arc, like an arc between the white and
the black. Let's say, because you damage the non metallity sheaf cable with
a staple, or you have an extension cord that you crush in the door.
You get me, that's an arc. So there's multiple paths for it
to return in a parallel with the series is only one path that it has
to follow. So in a parallel, there's multiple paths that those electrons,
if you will, could follow. All right, So there's some givens that
you have to keep in mind when it comes to a parallel circuit. And
we told you these givens again for the series circuit, was that the current
remains the same at all resistive points, and it's the voltage and the resistance
that are summations. They're additive. Well, now let's look at a parallel.
So in a parallel, you've got somebody these rules. Now here's what's
different. Whether the current in a series is different than it is in a
parallel. Listen to this. The total current in a parallel is equal to
this summation of the currents in all the branches of the circuit. So the
first thing that you need to remember that you can live with remembering, is
that when it comes to current in a series, it's fixed. When it
comes to parallels, it's additive. Okay, okay, that's the first thing
to remember. Next rule, and in other words, if I have three
nodes of resistance, then the resistance at node one, excuse me three,
you know, three loads, and the amps at node one it's going to
be different than the amps at node two, which is going to be different
than the amps and node three. You with me, okay, and you
add them up, and that's going to give you the total current for that
parallel circuit. Okay, it's not the same as you do for the series.
Okay, Series, all of the points of the resistance or wherever,
all the points of where the load is are going to be exactly the same
current. That is not the same for the parallels. Okay, number two.
Now here's what's similar to series. In a parallel. The voltage across
any branch in a parallel is equal to the voltage at the across the other
branches, and also equal to the total voltage. So like the current in
the series, the voltage in the parallel is exactly the same at all points.
So the first load, it's one hundred and twenty volts, it's the
same, second load it's one hundred and twenty volts, it's the same,
third load, it's one hundred and twenty volts at the same Why because it's
tapping off Let's say in a parallel, it's tapping off that that circuit that's
coming out, and since you're putting multiple connections to it, the voltage is
going to be the same at all those points. Right now, the load
itself can vary based on it's a hair dryer here or dishwasher here. I
mean, you didn't get what I'm saying, right, not that they're on
the same circuit. They're not. Come on, people, let's just use
I'm just throwing your values here, Okay. Relax. I know that one
guy out there can't wait to thumbs down it because he said, bull said
dishwasher and a hair dryer. I'm just throwing loads, folks, Relax,
Chill, calm down. So we have these various different you know, different
loads, and they each have different AMP values obviously, okay, but the
voltage is the same on that circuit. And then, of course the resistance
is the is the last equation, and the resistance is the total resistance in
a parallel circuit is found by applying Ohm's law to the total values of each
load. Okay, So the total resistance is the e total E voltage okay,
which in this case, the total E voltage was what one twenty at
every point, divided by the total current, and that's the total current at
each point added up, which is again adding all of the current because remember
current is additive in a parallel circuit. Okay, so to find the total
resistance, you're going to take the voltage divided by the total current. So
why is that important? Because if we have some variables missing at any one
of these loads, we're going to have to use owned law to find out
the values at any given point. Let me give you an example. I
have one of this thing. I have three different loads that are installed in
parallel on a circuit, and the first load tells me the voltage and it
tells me the OHMS, but it doesn't tell me the amps, which is
I So this is where you got to remember what folks, Ohms law.
That's what I'm saying. If you have not listened or have not listened to
that one before, then that's important for you to do that. Okay.
So if we're solving for, we're going to solve for in this case,
we want to find the amps. Then the ampser what's missing. We have
the voltage and we have the resistance. Then it's pretty easy to do,
right Ohms law. It's one twenty divided into sixty. If that's what the
resistance is in ohms, So it's one hundred and twenty. The first load
is one hundred and twenty volts. Obviously it's parallel. That's the source voltage.
And then it's sixty ohms of resistance, and we're trying to find what
the amps are at that one point. Well, then you're using simple owms
law. One hundred and twenty divided into sixty. It's two amps. That's
with them. So now we have all the variables. We have the voltage,
we have the amps, and we have the ohms. Makes sense.
So the first thing to remember in all that is that's how simple it is
to try to remember that series current remains the same at all points, and
the voltage and the resistance or summation or additive when in parallel, it's different.
In paralleling the current the amps is additive, but the voltage remains the
same at all points, right, and then the total resistance is the total
voltage divided by the total ampiers, and that gives you the total resistance.
Okay, so if I had to let's see here, if I had to
do anything, here, a couple other tips that will give you is in
a parallel the total resistance is always less than the resistance of any two branches.
Okay, the total resistance is going to be the less any two branches.
So give you an example of that. Let's see here, If there's
a branch circuit that has the same resistance, then each will draw the same
current. If the branches are in parallel have different resistance, then each will
draw a different current. Makes sense. We just showed that in each series
of parallel circuit, the larger the resistance, the smaller the current draw.
Okay, So the larger the resistance, the smaller the current. Okay,
So let's kind of look at an example here. Let's say I have three
different nodes and I'm just going to show you how you would add this up,
and the three different load points on a parallel circuit. The first one
is one hundred and twenty volts, it's two amps, and it's sixty oms.
The second resistant point, obviously the voltage is going to be the same.
We saw that. That's one hundred and twenty volts and the resist in
the amps are one point five amps at this location, and the resistance is
eighty the third location, again the voltage is be one twenty, the amps
are one am, and the resistant is one hundred and twenty ohms. Okay,
so in solving this on an exam, this would be easy because you're
given everything. Okay, I would leave out something on an exam, So
you have to do Olms law first to get these values, and you can
do that pretty straightforward. We just did an example of the first resistant point
or first to load point. But here what do we do? So if
I ask you the question and says what is the voltage at the source or
what is the voltage point each point of the load in a parallel circuit,
then it's easy. It's one hundred and twenty volts. If I ask you
what the total current is, Remember it's at parallel, so they're additive.
So that was two at the first one, plus one point five at the
second one and one at the third, So it's full point five amps total
for this parallel circuit. And then when it came to the ohms, you're
like, okay, well, what how do you calculate the ohms? Well,
the OHMS is the total of the voltage which was one twenty divided by
the total current which was four point five. So This one's pretty simple.
One hundred and twenty divided by four point five, and that gives me twenty
six point sixty six ohms of resistance, So that is the total. Now
interesting, did you notice that the twenty six ohms was less than any of
the resistors of the resistance totals in each one of the different loads. Remember
the first one was sixty ohms, the second one was eighty oms, and
the third one was one hundred and twenty ohms, and our total resistance is
only twenty six point two sixty six ohms, So it is less than any
one of those. Okay, So that's kind of important to remember on an
exam when you're doing you see in examples, and that's why it says that
again in a parallel the total resistance is always less than the resistance of any
branch, so that twenty six point sixty six is less than sixty eighty or
one twenty. So on an exam, you could probably be given four different
loads, and you want to make sure that you're using the You're going to
make sure that the one is going to be below sixty eighty or one twenty.
So if any of those are the answers, you already ruled those out
because you know that it's going to be less than any one of the resistance
of any one of the other branches or any other load. So that's one
little tip to remember when it comes to the parallel Okay, okay, So
let's talk about total resistance again and break this down so we can see every
little piece some every little formula that we might have. So if I want
to determine the total resistance in a parallel circuit when the total current and the
total voltage are unknown, right, so I have no idea what we're dealing
with, all they give me is resistance. So you could get this on
an exam where they draw you out three different resistors and they give you this,
one is sixty oms, one's eighty oms, and one's one twenty and
you're like, Okay, the hell am I trying to solve for here?
What are we trying to do? And it wants to know what the total
resistance is? But that's all it gives you, right, Okay, Well,
one of the ways that we can do this is if you look at
it, then what did we say the one of the formula that you're going
to do is you got the one over RT equals one divided by R one
plus one divided by R two plus one divided by R three. So this
is one of your formulas you can use, okay. So we have three
different resistive loads here, so let's work this math. And this is an
easier formula to remember when you draw it out, it's just one draw a
line under the one and then put our t. That's the total. That's
the RT total resistance and that equals to again one over R one plus one
over R two plus one over R three. So that one over R one
is a process that you've got to work. That is some division that you've
got to work. Okay, So let's make sure we know how we're doing
this. So once you write that down, so what did we have?
We have three different loads. We have a sixty and eighty and on one
twenty. So the first one to be one over sixty because that's your R
one plus one over plus one over eighty plus one over one twenty. So
I'm gonna do one, okay, and just kind of work it out and
see what we what we've got in total and work our math. Okay.
Right. The first thing that we're going to need to do is we're gonna
have to lay out our formula. Okay, so remember what I said,
Earliert, it's going to get your pencils if you have them. One over
our t equals one over sixty. That was our first resistive load. Plus
one over eighty which was our second resistive load eighty oms, and then plus
one over one twenty which is our third resistive load. Okay, so that's
our three loads. Remember our question wants to know with the total resistance.
But we weren't given any voltage. We weren't given any anything else. This
is all we were given. Okay, no current, this is it.
So the first thing we got to do is draw. When you draw that
out, and so we're gonna go. Okay. One of the easiest way
to do this is to go to the highest number, which is one hundred
and twenty oms. You need to find out what is the lowest common denominator
amongst the sixty eighty and the one twenty. Well, the easiest thing to
do is go do the largest one first, and that is the one twenty,
and just do it one twenty plus one twenty because that's the next one.
Be two right now, since we know eighty won't go into one twenty,
so that one twenty can't be the lowest denominator, and sixty does go
into one twenty, right, sixty plus sixty is one twenty, but eighty
plus eighty is not okay, that would be one sixty, so that can't
work right because then plus another one would be higher. So one twenty is
not the lowest denominator. So we went up into forty. So I always
go to the largest resistant, the largest number, and then do it times
itself or plus itself. Excuse me to find out what the next one would
be and then see if the others will will work into that and how many
it takes to get to that. Right, So since two forty is what
we'd be working on, we'll go to the first one to sixty. So
we'll go too forty divided by sixty, and we see that it goes into
it four times, so you write that down four. The next one is
the eighty, so I'm gonna go to two two forty divided by eighty,
and we see that that goes into exactly three, so I'm gonna write that
down three. And of course the one twenty one. We knows twice to
get two forty, so that would be a two. So you add those
up, so that's four by six, seven eighty nine. Okay. So
underneath the bottom is your lowest common denominator. So we're rewriting this formula now,
and the lowest common denominator is two hundred and forty, so it's going
to be nine over two forty. So that's our new equation, nine over
two forty. And now what you do is you do what's called cross multiplication.
So you have the one over rt and then you had the nine over
two forty, which is what we just worked out, and so you do
the cross mopplication. So one is gonna do what one times two forty.
So now the two forty goes on the top, and since the the two
forty now goes to the top, the nine goes to the bottom. And
you just simply multiple divide the two forty divided by nine, and that is
twenty six point sixty six homes. Okay. So assummation of that is again,
once you know each of the resistant loads, then it's one over one
over sixty plus one over eighty plus one over twenty. Find the common lowest
denominator in this case was two forty, and then it's how many sixties went
in to get to forty, so that was on the top. That one
is replaced with four, and then how many eighties does it take to go
into two forty three, So that goes on the top and replaces the one.
And then how many how many one twenties went into two forty? Well
two, so that replaces the one. So your new formula looks like one
over rt equals four plus three plus two over two forty because two forty was
the lowest commis common denominator. And then really what you do is you you
can cross multiply, but really in this case, you just flip it and
then it's just two forty divided into nine, and that is twenty six point
sixty six, and that was your oms of resistance. And as we said
earlier, you will notice that the twenty six point sixty six is less than
any one of the actual resistance values that we have. We had a sixty
eighty and one twenty any obviously, the twenty six point sixty six, like
we did before, is less than any of those. So that what might
be a trigger for you on an exam. Okay, all right, So
one of the other things that I like to throw out is what if you
have an equation and we're talking parallels here where all of the resistance or all
of the loads that are installed in parallel are exactly the same. Right,
So what if we had an example where you have three resistant three loads,
the resistance value is one twenty one twenty. Well, that's easy because what
you do is if it's that's the case, then how to find the total
resistance is to do the resistance. Okay, and remember what we said about
parallels when it came to resistance. You remember when we're a total resistance Okay,
so we're taking the resistance. What is the resistance in the equation?
Our t equals are over in, so we take since they're all the same,
we take any one value in resistance, so that we'd take the one
twenty and we divide it by the number of resistors that we have or loads
that we have. And this was case was three. So it's simply one
twenty divided by three, and so the total resistance for three one hundred and
twenty home loads in a parallel is forty ohms. Now again, that that
seems like it would blow people's mind, but it isn't when it comes to
parallels, and it's different. Right when we talked about series in our previous
podcast, it's people are like, well, the resistance is what RT equals
the sum of our one plus R two plus R three. But that's not
how it goes here. You don't go one twenty plus one twenty plus one
twenty. No, they're paralleled out. So that's why we use the formula.
RT equals are over in and the end being the number of resistors if
they're all the same. So if you get a question and they're all the
same exact resistance and they want to know what the total resistance is and it
doesn't matter. They're not giving you voltage, they're not giving you amps.
Who cares. That's not what the question would be asking you. It just
wants what's a total resistance? So you can still calculate that out since they're
all the same. You just take the one twenty, divide it by three,
and that's forty one. So that is your total resistance for the entire
circuit. Yes, it's one hundred and twenty at each load, but it
is forty one of total resistance. Okay, all right, So one of
the common common questions on an exam is they want to know what the total
resistance is, and it's just giving you the resistance, and they give you
two values in a parallel So think of this as two straight lines and then
two perpendicular loads running between them. And both of these loads are one is
forty homes and one is is eighty homes. Okay, So again, if
this was the same two they bothe for eighty, then that's easy, right,
You just eighty divided by two and forty homes. Right, But it's
not the same, okay when it comes to this because the loads are different.
One is forty oms, one is eighty homes. So there's a formula
that you use for this, and I'm going to tell you the formula.
You can pause and write this down or come back to this episode. It's
right at about thirty minutes and fifty four seconds into the episode. Is it's
R one times R two divided by R one plus R two. Really simple,
and all you do is work the two. So the first one,
so if if one of the loads was forty ohms and one was eighty homes,
let's work the top first, R one, let's say, is the
forty ohms and R two is the eighty simple, so it's forty times eighty,
and that's your top value. That would be three thy two hundred.
The bottom one is R one plus R two, So think of this multiplication
first and then addition. Okay, so then it would be forty plus eighty,
and that is one twenty. So it's simply thirty two hundred divided by
one twenty. So thirty two hundred divided by one twenty twenty six point sixty
six oms, and that is your total resistance. And guess what you noticed.
It is still less than any of the resistors here, any of the
resistance loads here. The lowest one was forty. It's less than that.
It's twenty six point sixty six. So this helps you, if you're an
exam taker, to narrow out some of the obvious ones that are not going
to be the answer. So even if you can't figure it out, you
could probably use a process of elimination and get you down to the best possible
answer. Okay, okay, Before I leave this episode, I do want
to show you another way that we do this. When you have multiple parallel
circuits. And I showed you the way to do it earlier with a common
denominator. There's another way to do this, and I want to show you
this one, So bear with me using that exactly the same formula, because
you can choose what you want. I showed you the shorter method to utilize,
but I'm going to show you the same method to do it. It's
this is gonna be a little longer one, okay. So remember that formula
that I used earlier. One over rt equals one over R one plus one
over R two plus one over R three. You with me, okay,
So in how we do this, One of the ways that you can do
this is to work it out. So remember what we said those three loads
were or resistance was sixty eighty and one twenty. So let's solve each one
so that one would be the first one would be one over sixty, right,
So let's work that one real quick and write it down. And again,
if you're using this method, you want to write down every decimal point,
I mean every space after the decimal point. So let's do one divided
by sixty and that is Wow. They give you a lot of decimal points.
So The first one is zero point zero one six six six six six
six six, So for your math folks, that's one two three four five
six seven sixes. Okay. So it's point zero one and then seven sixes.
Okay, just trust me, you're going to have to use the entire
value in order to get it close to the version that we did earlier,
which was the common denominator version. All right. So the next one was
one over what well, the next one was one over eighty okay, so
let's do that one. So let's do one divided by eight, and that
is zero point zero, one two five and okay, that one is easy,
only four decimal points. Good our earth places, all right. So
the next one is one twenty, so we do one over one twenty,
and that one has quite a few spots. Okay, let's do this again,
one divided by one twenty. Okay, So we write that down zero
point zero zero eight three three three three three three, So there is one
two, three four five six threes. So it's point zero zero eight and
then followed by six threes. Okay. These are the total numbers, and
I'm going to show you why you would do this. Now. Typically we
would go to four spaces, and it's not going to equal the same as
the denominator value. But I just want to show you how we could do
it this way, all right, So now what you do is you add
up all of the denominators that's across the bottom right, So that is the
point zero one six six six six six six six six six. So I'm
gonna do it here. So it's point zero one sixty six six sixty six
sixty six plus point zero one two five plus point zero zero eight three three
three three three three, and that gives me a total of zero point zero
three seven four nine nine nine nine nine. Okay, so that is point
zero three seven four and then followed by five nines. Now I'm gonna divide
one into that, so we get back to the formula. So it's one
over this value number. So I'm gonna do I'm gonna finish it out.
I'm gonna one divide it by point zero three seven four nine nine, nine
nine nine, and that gives me twenty six point six six six sixty six.
So we can use twenty six point sixty six. So in order to
make it match the denominator of the way I did it, earlier. You
have to use all of the values. Reason I'm bringing this up is because
you'll have people out there that say, well, you only have to go
to the four spaces, and that's true, but that won't match the denominator
value. And for the end of the day, for the real world,
it's fine. Four spaces should be more than enough to find out what the
resistance is. But if you want to get it exact, then you use
all of the values from your calculator. Okay, and that's what we did.
Ultimately, if I had done it to the four spaces, then it
would have been slightly different. It wouldn't have matched the one we did earlier
at twenty six point sixty six. It would have been more like twenty six
point seven or whatever. It's close enough, okay, but I just wanted
you to see the difference. You can certainly use this formula to do like
I did and work it all the way out, or you can do the
version we did earlier, which is the common denominator version. Hey, it's
whichever version that you feel you feel comfortable with. And maybe you have a
situation where it's you can't figure out what the common denominator is. And I
kind of gave you tips on how to start out, take the larger value
and use that one and then see if the others will work into it.
But if not, you can do it this long method. It just takes
a little longer. But either way, that's examples of how you can find
the total resistance when they don't give you the voltage, when they don't give
you the amps, and this is all they give you. All they give
you is the resistance. Okay, So hopefully that helps you out in case
you get one of those type of questions on an exam. Okay, all
right, folks, that's it. Hopefully you got something out of the day's
episode. We're going to do another episode, the last one in this series
of Let's Ask Paul's dealing with series parallels. We're going to do a quick
one on combinations to show you how you work from a series down to a
parallel excuse me, from a parallel down to a series and because the series
are easier to work, and that's what we're going to cover in the next
episode. Okay, all right, again, these can't get complicated. If
you want to watch a video on it, then you get a subscription to
our fast Tracks Tube. We have videos on it that shows examples on the
screen. We even have a video where you sit in on us on a
Wednesday night where I talk about these things and it might help you. Again,
probably on an exam, you might only have one question, one or
two questions, so I wouldn't you know, I wouldn't die on this sword.
But it's important that you understand these basic concepts. Okay, all right,
remember this episode, folks. I believe it's one seventy three. I'm
not sure it, don't hold me to it. If you have any questions,
you can always go to Paul Abernathy dot com and submit a comment.
Ask a question based on an episode. Just be very detailed in your question
because I'm not going to go back and listen to the episode to be able
to answer your question. Okay, I don't have the time for that.
Till next time, folks, Stay safe, God bless nothing, mask nothing