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Hello, and welcome to Western Sieve. Episode two hundred and forty seven,

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Francisco Pisaro. This is one of
those episodes where the title basically speaks for

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itself. We need to introduce the
man who will kind of go on to

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conquer the powerful Inca Empire. Now
I say kind of because I need to

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give a major caveat with this story
arc. We can say almost without qualification,

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that Heronon Cortes conquered the Mexica slash
Aztecs. Cortez was there from the

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beginning of the conquest until the fall
of Tenoshti Klan. That is not necessarily

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the case when it comes to Pizzaro, As we're going to find out,

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it would probably be more correct to
say that the Pisaro's plural conquered the Inca

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rather than Francisco Pizaro. As we're
going to find out this conquest it's very

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much a Pisarto family affair. Francisco
has brothers who are going to be just

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as if not more involved than he
is in the conquest to come. So

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that gets us to what we need
to know for our intro today. Well,

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before we get into the story,
one quick ask I don't always talk

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about this except at the very end
of the show, but people who are

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willing to support the show vibe,
Patreon or Western Cive two point oh.

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There are kind of the folks who
drive things here. The books are things

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that I have to purchase. The
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is free and that's been a huge, huge saver, but there's still other

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expenses that I have to pay.
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The link is in the show notes. It's really thanks to the people

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who are willing to chip in a
box or two bucks a month that make

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a big, big difference in what
I am able to do. So I

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would really appreciate if you think about
it. If you do not have the

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capacity at this moment or the inclination, the other thing you could do is

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always give us a rating or a
review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify or however

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you're listening, because that does help
people find the show as well. Francisco

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Pizarro was shaped by the region he
grew up in. It's called Extremadura in

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western Spain. For the record,
for those of you familiar with a topography

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of Spain today, Exta is now
the modern providences of Badajos and Carcedes,

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and it's still the poorest region of
Spain today. But it would be of

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course wrong for me to speak of
Spain at this point, let alone provinces.

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Pisaro would have considered himself a citizen
of Steel Castile, and Aragon still

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wouldn't formerly be merged and wouldn't really
become a country until after Pisaro's death.

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For ease, in some of these
episodes, I want to make it clear

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I'm going to refer to Spain and
will today for the balance really of this

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episode. But know that I do
that so that you, as the listeners,

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can more easily understand the story today, not because that is what Pizarro

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would have thought. Now. Extra
Medura was arid and unsuitable for just about

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anything that made money. In the
fifteenth century, the region was known for

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producing good mercenaries, or at least
lots of mercenaries. That's about it.

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It would also, by the way, turn out that Dura was very good

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at producing explorers and conquistadors. A
shocking number of major conquistadors in Spanish explorers

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come from Extra Madura, including of
course, the Pisardo Clan, Vasco de

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Nunez de Balboa, Hance de Leon, and Hernando de Soto were all from

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this one region of Spain. Pizzaro
was born in fourteen seventy eight. He

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was therefore fifteen years old when Columbus
returned from his first voyage. Like everyone

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at that time in Spain, Pizzaro
would have listened in wrapped fascination to the

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story of Columbus's voyage and dreamed about
what a new world might mean for him.

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And I do mean listened to the
story. I will remind you of

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this throughout these episodes, but Pizzaro
remained illiterate throughout his entire life. Columbus's

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open letter describing his voyage hit Europe
like a thunderbolt. The following letter was

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written to the King and Queen of
Castillan Aragon, Ferdinand and Isabella, but

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it was essentially openly published to Europeans
and widely read throughout the continent. Columbus

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wrote quote, I found very many
islands, filled with innumerable people, and

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I have taken possession of them for
their highnesses, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella,

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done by proclamation and with the royal
standard unfurled, and no opposition was

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offered to me. People of this
island today Haitian Dominican Republic, and of

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all other islands I have found,
and of which I have gotten information,

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they all go naked, men and
women as well as their mothers bore them.

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They refuse nothing that they possess if
it be asked of them. On

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the contrary, they invite anyone to
share in it, and play as much

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love as if it would give their
hearts. They are content with whatever trifle

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of whatever kind may be given to
them, whether it be of value or

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value less. Their highnesses can see
that I will give the King and Queen

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as much gold as they may need. I will give them spices in cotton

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and aloe, and slaves as many
as they shall order. I also believe

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I have found rhubarb in cinnamon,
and I shall found a thousand other things

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of value. And thus the Eternal
God, our Lord, gives to all

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those who walk in his way triumph
over things that appear to be impossible.

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And this was notably one with so
many solemn prayers for the great exultation which

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they shall have in the turning of
so many peoples to our holy faith,

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and afterwards for the temporal benefits,
because not only Spain, but all Christendom

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will have hence comfort and prophets done. Written in the caravan Nina off the

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Canary Islands in the fifteenth day of
February in the year one, four hundred

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and ninety three, signed the Admiral
now to a young man growing up in

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Extremadura. The promises of that letter
things like as much gold as they may

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need. I mean, I can
only imagine how that would have fired up

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the imagination of one teenaged Francisco Pizarro. And there just weren't a lot of

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opportunities for him. By the end
of the fifteenth century, the class system

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in the Kingdom of Spain had been
for centuries in place, and for centuries

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a rigid one. Those at the
top, and I'm talking about, you

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know, your aristocracy here, your
dukes, your lords, so on and

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so forth. These guys own asked
estates, worked by peasants. They enjoyed

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all the privileges and social prestige of
the late fifteenth century Spanish kingdoms. And

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I do mean legally too at this
point, because Spain, even as it

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transitions out of a feudal system,
codifies in very legal ways this class division.

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Those at the bottom, the peasants, the artisans. Generally speaking,

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everyone who did manual labor usually remained
in the same class to which they were

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born. In the kingdoms of Spain, as elsewhere in Europe, there was

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little upwards social mobility. If you
were born poor, illiterate, and had

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no family pedigree, then frankly,
that is how you were going to die.

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You could read that as plainly as
if you could read Columbus's letter.

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There were really only two ways for
someone in the lower class to gain admittance

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to the elite. Either marriage to
member of the elite, which was unbelievably

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rare, or you could distinguish yourself
in a successful military campaign. Almost certainly,

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like heronon Quartez before him, Pizzaro
thought where would be best for him

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to make his fortune. The wars
in Italy were not ending anytime soon.

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He could go there. Many young
men from that part of Spain did,

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But just like Cortez, Francisco Pizaro
decided that he would roll the dice on

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the New World. Thus, in
the year fifteen o two, the landless,

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titleless, impoverished, Francisco Pizaro boarded
a ship bound for the West Indies.

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This was one of the voyages of
Columbus and was to date the largest

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fleet ever to set sail to the
land presently called the West Indies. It

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carried two thousand, five hundred men, as well as horses, pigs,

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and other animals. The procession that
greeted the fleet in Hispaniola was overjoyed,

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telling the men, you have arrived
at a good moment, for there is

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to be a war against the Indians, and we will be able to take

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many slaves end quote. Whether Pizarro
participated in this war against the local natives,

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we do not now, but by
fifteen oh nine he had become a

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lieutenant in the local militia, and
at some point we know that Pizzaro left

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for an expedition to what is today
Central America. By fifteen thirteen, at

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the age of thirty five, he
was second in command of an expedition led

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by Vasco Nunez de Balboa the first
year of in to set his foot in

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the Pacific. At the time,
neither Balboa nor Pisaro gave a darn about

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the Pacific Ocean. However, they
were just trying to find gold. They

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didn't by the way they trudged their
way up and down the mosquito infested jungles

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of what is today Panama, they
ever found any gold. Six years later,

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in January fifteen nineteen, Balboa was
arrested and executed. The order to

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do so came from Spain. Of
the man who carried it out was Pisardo.

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By fifteen twenty one, Pissaro was
one of the largest landowners in all

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of Panama. He was also forty
four years old. He had just received

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the n Encomienda, essentially a plantation
that came with one hundred and fifty native

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servants. But to the north in
Mexico and nan Cortez had conquered an entire

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empire, and he had done it
all before the age of thirty four.

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Now, one thing that I will
probably mention over and over again is that

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Pizzaro is a lot older in comparison
to other conquistadors. By the time he

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actually carries out his conquering, and
for not the last time, I'm going

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to mention he was nearly a generation
older than some other conquistadors. By the

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time he finally got rid of Atahualpa
and took control of Cusco in modern day

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Peru, Pizzaro was restless. He
wanted more. The age of thirty five

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to forty five was considered the prime
of a man's life at that time in

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Spain. He wanted to make something
happen right now, But the reality remained.

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Pizzaro was ten years older than Cortez
had been when Martz began his conquests,

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and Pisaro had his work cut out
for him, especially because the New

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World seemed to be running out of
empires. There did not seem to be

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anything north of Mexico worth looking into, so the only logical direction to go

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was south. By fifteen twenty four, three years after Cortes's conquest, Pizarro

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had formed a company with two partners, Diego de al Margo, a fellow

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extremo, and a local financier named
Hanano de Luque. We won't talk about

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him very much. The three men
were following an economic model that had originated

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in Europe and was now spreading throughout
the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean the private

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corporation. By the early sixteenth century, Spain had gradually transformed from the age

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of feudalism to the age of capitalism. Under feudalism, all economic activities centered

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upon the manorial estate owned by a
lord who had been given his land grant

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or fee for benefice by a king, to whom the lord owed his allegiance.

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Other than the lord and his family
may be a parish priest and perhaps

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a few administrative officials. The entire
population of a feudal estate consisted of serfs.

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These people, who worked on the
land, by and large could not

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leave the land, and created surplus
agricultural produce for the lord and his family.

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It was a system as rigid as
it was simple. The lord and

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his family did no manual labor,
living at the peak of the social pyramid,

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while the peasant masses scratched out a
patence living below. Eventually, however,

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mostly thanks to gunpowder, lord's castle
walls were no longer the impregnable fortress

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that they were in the fourteen hundreds. Bus they could no longer offer protection

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to their retinue of serfs. Gradually, these serfs migrated to towns and cities

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were commerce and the idea of working
for a profit had begun to flourish.

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Men now often joined forces, hooling
their resources, setting up companies, and

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hiring workers who were made a wage. All profits now flowed to the owners

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or capitalists, as they were called, and anyone with the requisite skills and

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the right connections could become an entrepreneur. The acquisition of wealth had now become

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a motive in and of itself in
sixteenth century Spain. Therefore, if an

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individual could scrap together a substantial pile
of wealth, he could use it to

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purchase what was now the equivalent of
that manorial estate. The individual could then

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retire to a life of luxury and
pass his capital into his heirs. This

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was a universally new world order.
There is a popular myth that I want

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to dispel, the myth that the
conquistadors were sent forth by the Spanish king

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in order to expand an emerging Spanish
empire, and that these were professional soldiers

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who were all financed by the king. Nothing could be further from the truth,

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ladies and gentlemen, Nothing in reality
and we saw this with cortels.

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The Spaniards who bought passages on the
ship's headed for the New World were just

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a representative sample of the people back
home. There were cobblers, Taylor's notaries,

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carpenters, sailors, merchants, ironworkers, blacksmiths, blah blah blah blah

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blah blah, even professional musicians.
Very few of these men had ever been

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professional soldiers. In fact, that
would be hard because permanent professional armies hadn't

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even really appeared yet in Europe,
and if you wanted to be a professional

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soldier, the place to be was
northern Italy, not the New World.

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The vast majority of Spaniards traveled to
the New World not because they were told

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to do so by the king,
not because they were employees of the king,

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but as private citizens hoping to acquire
the wealth and status that eluded them

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at home. Men joined these expeditions
and be blunt here in the hopes of

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getting rich, period full stop.
And what that means is they hope to

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find a large population of natives in
order to strip them of their wealth and

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live off their labor. This was
not a nice system, and I don't

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think any historian has ever said that
it was each band of unquistadors, usually

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led by an older kunquistador who had
the most experience, was composed of a

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disparate group of men trained in all
kinds of professions. None would get a

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payment or a wage for participating.
The idea was that if you participated,

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you got a share in the profits
gained by the conquest of the pillage,

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according to whatever you had invested in
the expedition. That's going to be important.

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By the ways we're going to see
in this story, if you show

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up too late to the party,
you don't get a share in the spoils.

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Now, if the same man provides
things of use, like a horse,

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of course you're going to get a
much larger share. But that's not

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necessarily the rank and file. The
leaders of most conquest expeditions, beginning in

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the fifteen twenties formed a company that
was normally drawn up as a contract and

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notarized. This wasn't a group of
feudal knights saying oaths of loyalty in riding

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off into the sunset. This was
a corporation. The participants thus became partners

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in the company and were the equivalent
of shareholders, unlike companies dedicated to providing

203
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services or manufactured goods. However,
it was understood from the outset that the

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conquest company's economic plan was predicated upon
and again I'm going to be blunt,

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murder, torture, and plunder.
Conquistadors were never paid soldiers, never emissaries

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of some distant Spanish king. Charles
the Fifth didn't have the money to pay

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00:20:37.200 --> 00:20:41.759
anybody. He got a fifth share
of the profits for doing nothing, and

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he liked it that way. When
you these were autonomous participants in a new

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00:20:48.400 --> 00:20:55.079
kind of capitalist adventure. In short, to be honest with you, they're

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little more than armed entrepreneurs. By
fifteen twenty four, then forty six year

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00:21:00.079 --> 00:21:04.200
old Pissaro and his two partners had
formed a conquest company called the Company of

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00:21:04.240 --> 00:21:08.880
the Levant. Remember, these conquistadors
still believed they were doing God's work in

213
00:21:08.920 --> 00:21:15.240
all of us. The two captains
of the enterprise, Pisaro and Almalgo,

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00:21:15.799 --> 00:21:22.039
had participated in expeditions together since at
least fifteen nineteen. This was an incredible

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00:21:22.039 --> 00:21:27.119
amount of experience for the times.
Cortez had virtually no hands on experience when

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he set out to conquer Mexico.
By his standard, Pizarro would be considered

217
00:21:33.559 --> 00:21:37.720
a grizzled veteran. Even Almargo had
been in the New World for over a

218
00:21:37.880 --> 00:21:48.200
decade, though his conquistadoring experience was
decidedly less than Pizzaro. But Almargo was

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00:21:48.359 --> 00:21:55.799
a genius organizer. His job was
to provision the upcoming expedition. As one

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Spanish chronicler put at, Almargo was
quote a man of short stature, with

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00:22:00.039 --> 00:22:04.839
ugly features, but with great courage
and endurance. He was generous, but

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was conceited and given to boasting,
letting his tongue run sometimes without a stop.

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He was sensible, and above all
was greatly a fate of offending the

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king. Ignoring the opinions that others
may have of him, I the chronicler

225
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will only say that he was born
of such humble parentage that one could say

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that his lineage began and ended with
himself end quote. That is to say,

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00:22:30.640 --> 00:22:37.759
like Pisaro, Margo was illiterate and
a bastard. Now, for a

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00:22:37.880 --> 00:22:42.279
number of years, the Europeans in
the New World that held rumors this fabled

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golden land to the south, somewhere
south of Panama City. So the legend

230
00:22:48.640 --> 00:22:56.839
went there was an empire so wealthy
it put Mexico to shame. In the

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early correspondence, this land is referred
to his Vu with a V or Bu

232
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with a B, which is how
the modern day country gets its name Peru.

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00:23:10.039 --> 00:23:14.640
Pizzarro and al Marrico decided to have
a crack at finding this land in

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00:23:14.680 --> 00:23:19.759
fifteen twenty four, but after a
year they turned around having found nothing.

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00:23:22.279 --> 00:23:26.880
I know, this is so hard
for us to understand day because we look

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00:23:26.920 --> 00:23:33.240
at a map and it's just so
obvious where South America is. But we

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00:23:33.400 --> 00:23:40.160
need to remember that these Europeans at
least had no clue how large South America

238
00:23:40.400 --> 00:23:45.039
was. And I mean it's to
put it by comparison. Heck, even

239
00:23:45.079 --> 00:23:52.000
an eighteen hundred Europeans and then Americans
still hope that there was a water route

240
00:23:52.400 --> 00:23:56.720
from the east to the west coast
of North America. And there wasn't and

241
00:23:56.960 --> 00:24:06.200
Pizzaro is operating almost three hundred years
earlier. But the two men refused to

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00:24:06.240 --> 00:24:12.000
be deterred. In fifteen twenty six, Pizzaro and Almagro set out on another

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00:24:12.119 --> 00:24:18.400
expedition. This one would last two
years until fifteen twenty eight. This was

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00:24:18.440 --> 00:24:25.279
a larger expedition with one hundred and
sixty men. This time, Pizzaro and

245
00:24:25.319 --> 00:24:30.359
Almagro sensed they might be onto something
soon. Off the coast of wood Is,

246
00:24:30.480 --> 00:24:36.839
Ecuador today, the crew was surprised
to see a sail in the distance.

247
00:24:37.160 --> 00:24:44.079
They'd never seen anything like this in
the Caribbean. As the Spaniards drew

248
00:24:44.160 --> 00:24:48.519
nearer, they were astonished to find
a giant, ocean going balsa wood raft,

249
00:24:48.559 --> 00:24:56.079
powered by finely woven cotton sails and
manned by numerous native soilers. Eleven

250
00:24:56.119 --> 00:25:00.680
of the twenty two natives on board
immediately leapt into the sea. The Spaniards

251
00:25:00.680 --> 00:25:07.920
captured the rest after seizing the contents
of the mysterious vessel. The delighted entrepreneurs

252
00:25:07.559 --> 00:25:12.200
later described their first hall of booty
in a letter that they sent back to

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00:25:12.319 --> 00:25:19.720
King Charles. Quote they the Inca
were carrying many pieces of silver and gold

254
00:25:21.279 --> 00:25:26.960
as personal ornaments, and also crowns
and dietems, belts, bracelets, leg

255
00:25:27.079 --> 00:25:33.119
armor and breastplates, tweaselers, rattlers, strings and clusters of beads, rubies,

256
00:25:33.200 --> 00:25:37.359
mirrors, adoined with silver, and
cups and other drinking vessels. They

257
00:25:37.359 --> 00:25:42.599
were carrying many woolen cotton mantles and
other pieces of clothing, all richly made

258
00:25:42.880 --> 00:25:48.160
and colored with scarlet, crimson,
blue, yellow, and all other colors,

259
00:25:48.200 --> 00:25:53.920
and worked with different types of ornate
embroidery, including figures of birds,

260
00:25:55.279 --> 00:25:59.880
animals, and fish and trees.
They had some tiny weights to weigh gold

261
00:26:00.039 --> 00:26:03.599
the Roman manner, and there were
bead bags full of some small stones of

262
00:26:03.640 --> 00:26:10.160
emeralds and other jewels and pieces of
crystal. They were taking all of this

263
00:26:10.279 --> 00:26:15.160
to trade for fish shells from which
they make counters coral colored and white.

264
00:26:15.880 --> 00:26:21.720
They were carrying almost a full shipload
of these. End quote, this seagoing

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00:26:21.839 --> 00:26:30.119
raft was Pisado's real first piece of
proof that somewhere nearby a native kingdom had

266
00:26:30.160 --> 00:26:34.880
to exist, and it had to
be sophisticated. This was a way more

267
00:26:34.960 --> 00:26:44.920
sophisticated ocean going vessel than anything the
Spanish had encountered in the Caribbean. Unfortunately,

268
00:26:45.119 --> 00:26:51.400
as Pisardo continued, the ship's stores
dwindled and the Spaniards begin to get

269
00:26:51.440 --> 00:26:56.440
sick. Then one by one they
started to die. By the time the

270
00:26:56.440 --> 00:27:00.039
three or four Spaniards were dying a
week, their morale hit a low point.

271
00:27:02.480 --> 00:27:06.480
Not surprisingly, the men wanted to
go back to Panama. Pisaro,

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00:27:06.599 --> 00:27:12.079
however, the sort of co ceo
of an expedition that had just found evidence

273
00:27:12.079 --> 00:27:18.359
of a possible wealthy kingdom, refused
to be deterred. By now he was

274
00:27:18.400 --> 00:27:23.559
nearly fifty years old. It had
taken Pisaro a quarter of a century to

275
00:27:23.680 --> 00:27:27.640
command an expedition for which he stood
to gain the lion share of the profits.

276
00:27:30.400 --> 00:27:34.359
As many later chroniclers noted, Pizzaro
normally did very little talking, but

277
00:27:34.440 --> 00:27:40.359
he was strong when it came to
action. But when sufficiently motivated, Pizzaro

278
00:27:40.480 --> 00:27:45.640
could be counted upon to deliver quite
the motivational speech. Thus, when the

279
00:27:45.680 --> 00:27:49.920
relief ships finally did arrive and his
men made ready to abandon the expedition and

280
00:27:51.079 --> 00:27:56.920
returned to Panama, Pizarro was said
to have taken out his sword and frustration,

281
00:27:56.359 --> 00:28:00.920
and he etched a line in the
sand or I'm literally a line in

282
00:28:00.960 --> 00:28:04.720
the sand with a sharpened point,
And then he dramatically confronted the men,

283
00:28:06.079 --> 00:28:11.759
saying, quote, gentlemen, this
line signifies labor, hunger, thirst,

284
00:28:11.799 --> 00:28:15.079
fatigue, wounds, sickness, and
every other kind of danger that must be

285
00:28:15.160 --> 00:28:18.880
encountered in this conquest until life is
ended. Let those who have the courage

286
00:28:18.880 --> 00:28:23.640
to meet and overcome the dangers of
this heroic achievement, cross the line in

287
00:28:23.759 --> 00:28:29.680
token of their resolution and as a
testimony that they will be by faithful companions,

288
00:28:30.720 --> 00:28:34.079
And let those who feel unworthy of
such daring return to Panama. For

289
00:28:34.240 --> 00:28:40.640
I do not wish to use my
force upon any man. I trust in

290
00:28:40.720 --> 00:28:45.680
God that for his greater honor and
glory, his eternal majesty will help those

291
00:28:45.720 --> 00:28:48.759
who remain with me, though they
be few, and that we shall not

292
00:28:48.880 --> 00:28:56.720
feel the want of those who forsake
us. End quote. Ultimately, only

293
00:28:56.759 --> 00:29:00.519
thirteen men crossed over the line.
The rest of the Spaniards decided to return

294
00:29:00.559 --> 00:29:06.279
to Panama. So I guess it
wasn't that good of a speech. Where

295
00:29:06.279 --> 00:29:10.559
their remaining ship of Pizarto and his
tiny group of volunteers continued down the coast

296
00:29:11.079 --> 00:29:18.440
into territory that no other European had
hitherto explored. Slowly, as the Spaniards

297
00:29:18.480 --> 00:29:22.359
sailed south, the forest of mosquitoes
began to retreat, until at the very

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00:29:22.440 --> 00:29:27.920
northern tip of what is today Peru, they finally sailed into view of what

299
00:29:29.000 --> 00:29:34.279
Pizzarto had been searching for and dreaming
about for years. A native city,

300
00:29:34.599 --> 00:29:40.680
complete with more than a thousand buildings, broad streets, and what looked to

301
00:29:40.680 --> 00:29:45.680
be ships in the harbor. The
year was fifteen twenty eight, and this

302
00:29:48.400 --> 00:29:53.440
was the Empire of the Inca.
And for the small band of bedraggled Spaniards

303
00:29:53.599 --> 00:29:57.960
who had been traveling for more than
a year and many of whom were as

304
00:29:59.079 --> 00:30:03.559
gone to skeleton, they were about
to have their first real contact with the

305
00:30:03.640 --> 00:30:10.680
Inca. As the Spanish moored off
shore, they soon saw a dozen balsa

306
00:30:10.799 --> 00:30:15.240
rafts set out from the shore.
Pizzaro knew that because his men were few

307
00:30:15.240 --> 00:30:19.880
in numbers, he couldn't possibly try
to conquer such a large city. Instead,

308
00:30:21.200 --> 00:30:25.319
he would have to rely on diplomacy
in order to learn more about who

309
00:30:25.359 --> 00:30:30.519
these people were, what they had
just stumbled upon. As the native rafts

310
00:30:30.559 --> 00:30:34.960
drew nearer, the Spaniards buckled on
their armor and readied their swords for battle.

311
00:30:37.000 --> 00:30:41.400
Were the natives going to be hostile
or were they be friendly? Were

312
00:30:41.440 --> 00:30:45.039
there more cities? Did they have
gold? Was this a simple city state

313
00:30:45.119 --> 00:30:49.880
or part of a larger kingdom.
One can only imagine Pisardo and the other

314
00:30:49.920 --> 00:30:55.880
Spaniards relief to discover that not only
were the natives friendly, but they arrived

315
00:30:55.880 --> 00:31:00.400
with gifts of food that included a
particular type of they thought lamb was actually

316
00:31:00.480 --> 00:31:06.079
Yama meat, exotic fruits, fish, jugs of water, and chica,

317
00:31:06.319 --> 00:31:11.519
which the Spaniards would sern lun is, a type of beer. One of

318
00:31:11.559 --> 00:31:15.000
the natives who climbed on board the
ship was a man who obviously was in

319
00:31:15.039 --> 00:31:21.440
command. The native was well dressed
in a patterned cotton tunic and had elongated

320
00:31:21.440 --> 00:31:26.240
ear lobes with large wooden plugs in
them, something that none of the other

321
00:31:26.359 --> 00:31:33.759
natives wore. Unable to communicate apart
from basic hand gestures, this Inca official,

322
00:31:33.960 --> 00:31:38.039
that's what he was, nonetheless astonished
the Spanish with his ability to communicate.

323
00:31:40.720 --> 00:31:44.200
Pizarro, in truth, just wanted
to know if there was gold,

324
00:31:45.599 --> 00:31:48.920
but he was smart enough not to
reveal that. He worked to conceal the

325
00:31:48.960 --> 00:31:55.680
true purpose of his mission while simultaneously
trying to learn as much as he could

326
00:31:55.759 --> 00:32:00.839
about the land and its people.
Pissaro presented the Inca official with a few

327
00:32:00.880 --> 00:32:06.519
gifts, including two pigs. He
ordered two of his men to accompany the

328
00:32:06.559 --> 00:32:12.200
official back to the shore. The
Inca inhabitants of the town turned out to

329
00:32:12.319 --> 00:32:16.680
marvel at the two exotic visitors,
one of whom was an African slave.

330
00:32:17.400 --> 00:32:22.359
They quote all came out to see
the saw and the boar, and the

331
00:32:22.400 --> 00:32:27.519
hens, delighting and hearing the rooster
crow. But all that was nothing compared

332
00:32:27.559 --> 00:32:30.279
to the commotion created by the black
man. Because they saw that he was

333
00:32:30.319 --> 00:32:35.839
black. They looked him over and
over again and made him wash to see

334
00:32:35.839 --> 00:32:39.960
if his blackness was color or some
kind of applied confection. But he laughed,

335
00:32:40.319 --> 00:32:44.640
showing his white teeth. As some
came to see him, and then

336
00:32:44.680 --> 00:32:46.440
others, so many that they did
not even give him time to eat.

337
00:32:47.039 --> 00:32:51.839
He walked here and there and wherever
they went to see him as something so

338
00:32:52.000 --> 00:32:55.559
new and by them they had never
seen before. End quote. And as

339
00:32:55.559 --> 00:33:01.119
to the Spaniard quote, they looked
at how the Spaniard Melina had a beard

340
00:33:01.160 --> 00:33:05.480
that was white. They asked him
many things, but he understood nothing.

341
00:33:06.119 --> 00:33:08.839
The children, the old, and
the women all looked at them delightedly.

342
00:33:10.079 --> 00:33:15.440
The Spaniards saw many buildings and remarked
on many things. Irrigation channels, many

343
00:33:15.480 --> 00:33:22.039
planted fields, fruit, and some
sheep actually yamas. Many Indian women very

344
00:33:22.079 --> 00:33:25.960
beautiful and well attired and dressed according
to their customs came to talk to him.

345
00:33:27.720 --> 00:33:30.119
They all gave him fruits and whatever
they had in order for him to

346
00:33:30.160 --> 00:33:35.119
take them to the ship. They
used gestures to ask where the Spaniards were

347
00:33:35.160 --> 00:33:38.920
going and where they had come from. Among those Indian women who were talking

348
00:33:38.960 --> 00:33:42.799
to him was a very beautiful lady, and she told him to stay with

349
00:33:42.880 --> 00:33:45.680
them, and that they would give
one of them to him as a wife,

350
00:33:45.960 --> 00:33:50.519
whichever one he wanted. And when
he the Spaniard, arrived back at

351
00:33:50.519 --> 00:33:52.799
the ship, he was so overwhelmed
by what he had seen that he didn't

352
00:33:52.799 --> 00:33:57.880
say anything. He finally said that
their houses were of stone, and before

353
00:33:57.920 --> 00:34:00.839
he spoke to the lord, the
local in a governor, he passed through

354
00:34:00.839 --> 00:34:07.079
three gates where they had gatekeepers that
they served him in cups of silver and

355
00:34:07.200 --> 00:34:13.239
gold. Subsequently, Pizarro sent a
landing party to verify what the two had

356
00:34:13.280 --> 00:34:17.360
to say. They quote saw silver
vessels and many silversmiths working, and that

357
00:34:17.480 --> 00:34:21.960
on some walls the temple there were
gold and silver sheets, and that the

358
00:34:22.000 --> 00:34:27.400
women were called the Sun were very
beautiful. The Spaniards were ecstatic to hear

359
00:34:27.440 --> 00:34:30.599
so many things, hoping with God's
help to enjoy their share of it.

360
00:34:30.400 --> 00:34:37.239
Duote. With their ships laden down
with fresh food, Pizarro and his men

361
00:34:37.280 --> 00:34:42.920
continued down the coast. Pizarro himself
did go to the shore in a canoe.

362
00:34:43.000 --> 00:34:45.960
At one point. According to a
source, he said, quote by

363
00:34:46.119 --> 00:34:51.440
my witness, I take possession of
this land with all else that has been

364
00:34:51.480 --> 00:34:54.320
discovered by us, for the Emperor, our lord, and for the Royal

365
00:34:54.400 --> 00:35:00.920
Crown of cass Steele end quote.
Pursue into the laws of everyone in South

366
00:35:00.920 --> 00:35:07.639
America had just become subjects of the
King of Castile. Sadly they did not

367
00:35:07.760 --> 00:35:13.000
know that yet. They would find
out in due chorus. But when they

368
00:35:13.039 --> 00:35:20.719
did they would be running from Spanish
horses and dying from European diseases. Pizzaro's

369
00:35:20.800 --> 00:35:25.360
expedition, from his perspective, had
been a complete success. On board their

370
00:35:25.360 --> 00:35:31.039
ship they now carried a never poor
scene alpaca and two native boys, all

371
00:35:31.079 --> 00:35:37.199
at all not a bad first haul. The records do record they baptized the

372
00:35:37.239 --> 00:35:43.519
boys for a good measure. No
word as to the alpaca, But Pizarro

373
00:35:43.639 --> 00:35:47.599
could hardly rest easy as his ship
returned to Panama. He now faced the

374
00:35:47.639 --> 00:35:53.000
same issue Cortez faced in Mexico.
He needed a legal right to conquer this

375
00:35:53.119 --> 00:36:00.239
untouched empire. If he did not
get it, then some other Spaniard would

376
00:36:00.280 --> 00:36:05.320
just come along and scoop it up. It was crucial that the King and

377
00:36:05.400 --> 00:36:09.360
Queen signed off on his right to
conquer the Inca. Granted, he didn't

378
00:36:09.360 --> 00:36:14.440
really know who the Inca were or
have any sense as to wear their empire

379
00:36:14.480 --> 00:36:17.679
stretched, but he needed the right
to conquer them all the same, and

380
00:36:17.800 --> 00:36:22.360
the present King, Charles the Fifth
of Spain knew king since Bizarro left home,

381
00:36:23.039 --> 00:36:28.880
didn't really care where the Incan empire
was either. He only cared if

382
00:36:28.880 --> 00:36:34.960
they had gold, and so no
sooner had Pizarro returned to Panama than he

383
00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.199
booked passage to Spain, a kingdom
he had not seen in thirty years.

384
00:36:42.480 --> 00:36:47.320
Pizardo reached Seville in fifteen twenty eight, more than a dozen years after Queen

385
00:36:47.400 --> 00:36:52.599
Isabella and then King Ferdinand, the
two monarchs who had sponsored the initial voyage

386
00:36:52.599 --> 00:36:59.039
he left on, had died.
Their twenty eight year old grandson, Charles

387
00:36:59.039 --> 00:37:05.000
the Fifth, now ruled Spain.
It had been nearly three decades since the

388
00:37:05.039 --> 00:37:12.760
impoverished Pisaro left home. He had
come back a significantly richer man. He

389
00:37:12.880 --> 00:37:16.559
also came back as one of the
most experienced conquistadors in the New World,

390
00:37:17.840 --> 00:37:22.960
Pizzaro hoped to leverage his discovery of
this new and wealthy land. He called

391
00:37:22.039 --> 00:37:27.760
Peru into the legal right to conquer
and rule the same in the name of

392
00:37:27.800 --> 00:37:32.000
the king. But he quickly found
out that he was far from the man

393
00:37:32.000 --> 00:37:37.159
of the hour. The forty three
year old Heronon Cortes had also returned,

394
00:37:38.280 --> 00:37:45.239
and he had returned with heaps of
treasure that would have impressed Alexander the Great.

395
00:37:45.400 --> 00:37:52.719
Pizaro had words and promises. Cortes
had gold. I think you can

396
00:37:52.800 --> 00:37:58.719
guess who got more attention from the
royal officials. There was much Pizzaro,

397
00:37:58.800 --> 00:38:02.679
though, could learn from Cortes.
The bottom line was that Charles the Fifth

398
00:38:04.159 --> 00:38:09.000
rule the vast domain, but he
was perennially in need of cash. Purchasing

399
00:38:09.000 --> 00:38:15.320
the Holy Roman Imperial crown had cost
him a veritable fortune. He needed the

400
00:38:15.360 --> 00:38:23.280
New World to pay for it.
What Pizzaro quickly realized was that gold could

401
00:38:23.280 --> 00:38:30.840
buy forgiveness. Cortes's spectacular display had
had its desired effect. Although Cortes had

402
00:38:30.920 --> 00:38:37.840
risked conquering the Aztecs slash Mexica with
no official permission. King Charles brushed that

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aside and marveled at everything he was
shown, honoring the great conqueror by having

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Cortes sit beside him. The King
then anointed Cortes with the title of Marquis,

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named him the Captain General of Mexico, granted him a state of twenty

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three thousand Mexico vassals, and also
granted him eight percent of all future prophets

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derived from his conquests and one stroke
of the royal pen. Cortez officially became

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one of the richest men in Europe, as well as one of the most

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famous. Now, after having secured
royal patronage, Cortez and his conquest would

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00:39:16.280 --> 00:39:22.599
be safe from the predations of other
Spaniards. With the visit of Cortes fresh

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00:39:22.599 --> 00:39:28.400
in his mind, King Charles gave
Pisaro a friendly reception when he came.

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Although it had taken him thirty years, Pisaro had clearly moved up in the

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world. For now, the former
peasant from Extremadura was having an audience with

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one of the most powerful rulers in
Europe. Charles the Fifth, was not

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only the monarch of the kingdoms of
Spain, but the ruler of Netherlands,

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00:39:47.400 --> 00:39:52.199
parts of what are now Austria and
Germany, the kingdoms of the Two Sicilies,

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an assortment of islands in the Caribbean, the Isthmus of Panama, and

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00:39:57.840 --> 00:40:02.960
thanks to Cortez Mexico. Before the
king and his courts, Pisaro brought out

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the Yamas, the native clothing,
vessels, pottery, and other goods,

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and then described when he and his
men had seen recently in this explored part

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00:40:10.719 --> 00:40:15.519
of the world. He talked about
the well ordered city he had seen,

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00:40:15.119 --> 00:40:22.280
its buildings, inhabitants, intricately cut
stones, and especially the interior walls lined

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with gleaming sheets of gold. The
normale quiet conquistador apparently made a very good

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00:40:30.519 --> 00:40:36.559
sales pitch this time, because in
July of fifteen twenty nine, while the

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00:40:36.679 --> 00:40:40.440
king was on his way to his
coronation, Queen Isabella this is a different

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00:40:40.480 --> 00:40:45.119
Queen Isabella. Remember you think back
to the Charles episodes. This is Isabella

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of Portugal, now married Charles the
fifth. Anyway, she signed a contract

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00:40:52.800 --> 00:41:00.800
stating as follows quote the exclusive right
to conquer the unexplored land of Peru as

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for you, Captain Francisco Pizarro.
Because of the desire that you have to

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00:41:04.920 --> 00:41:08.239
serve us. You would like to
continue the said conquest and settlement at your

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00:41:08.239 --> 00:41:13.280
own cost and upkeep, so that
we are at no time obliged to pay

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00:41:13.360 --> 00:41:16.880
you or satisfy the expenses you might
have in it, except what was granted

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00:41:16.880 --> 00:41:22.079
to you in this agreement. First, I give permission and authority to you.

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00:41:22.320 --> 00:41:27.880
That's Bizarro that for us, in
our name and in that of the

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00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:32.960
Royal Crown of Castile, you may
continue the said discovery and conquest and settlement

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00:41:34.280 --> 00:41:38.639
of the Province of Peru up to
two hundred leagues about seven hundred miles of

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land along the same coast. And
understanding that you are the executor in the

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service of God, our Lord and
ours, and to honor your person and

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00:41:47.639 --> 00:41:52.559
to benefit you and grant you favor, we promise to make you our governor

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00:41:52.599 --> 00:41:57.320
and Captain general of all the Province
of Peru, land and villages that are

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00:41:57.360 --> 00:42:00.880
present and will later be within the
entire two leagues for all days of your

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00:42:00.920 --> 00:42:07.239
life, but the salary of seven
hundred and twenty five thousand manavidis each year

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00:42:07.760 --> 00:42:10.679
counted from the day that you set
sail from these are kingdoms. To continue

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00:42:10.760 --> 00:42:15.960
the said settlement and conquest. This
should be paid to you from the income

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00:42:16.159 --> 00:42:21.519
and interest belonging to us in the
said land that you would thus settle.

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00:42:22.480 --> 00:42:25.760
Further, we grant you the title
of our governor of said Province of Peru,

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00:42:27.199 --> 00:42:30.880
as well as the office of Marshal
of the same. All this for

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00:42:30.920 --> 00:42:36.480
the rest of the days of your
life. End quote. The terms of

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00:42:36.480 --> 00:42:39.280
the contract were about as good as
Pizaro could have hoped for. However,

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00:42:39.320 --> 00:42:45.199
there remained one major obstacle. He
was required to raise the funds for the

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00:42:45.239 --> 00:42:50.400
expedition on his own. He needed
the normal kinds of provisions for any expedition,

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00:42:50.880 --> 00:42:55.400
ships, food, fodder, etc. Then Pizaro also needed everything one

453
00:42:55.440 --> 00:43:01.239
needed to conquer a people swords,
guns, knives, horses, crossbows,

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00:43:01.440 --> 00:43:07.639
and of course, finding men.
This wasn't going to be cheap, but

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00:43:07.719 --> 00:43:12.840
Pizzaro knew he needed to keep the
immediate costs down. His hope was to

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00:43:12.840 --> 00:43:16.559
be able to cover the cost of
the expedition with the proceeds from set expedition.

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00:43:19.000 --> 00:43:21.880
That meant he would not be able
to pay for that much upfront.

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00:43:22.320 --> 00:43:24.840
The men turned out to be the
easy part, because Pizzaro knew just where

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00:43:24.880 --> 00:43:30.840
to look. Shortly after getting his
contract, Pizzaro made straight for his hometown

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00:43:30.840 --> 00:43:36.920
of Trujillo, where he met with
scores of impoverished young men, young men

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00:43:36.960 --> 00:43:40.880
who had been just like him,
without hope. He offered them the promise

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00:43:40.920 --> 00:43:45.360
of gold and commend us in the
New World, and they signed up in

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00:43:45.480 --> 00:43:53.239
droves, virtually, no questions asked
interestingly. As a quick side note,

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00:43:53.960 --> 00:44:00.159
we also know that shortly after Pizaro
got his contract he met with haren On

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00:44:00.239 --> 00:44:05.239
Cortez. We have no idea what
the two men said to each other.

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00:44:06.400 --> 00:44:13.719
Did Cortes have advice for the new
but older conquistador frankly given out? Pisaro

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00:44:13.800 --> 00:44:19.119
behaved once he got to Peru.
I have to imagine he did. Pizaro

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00:44:19.519 --> 00:44:22.719
is essentially going to follow the Cortes
blueprint, if we can call it that,

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00:44:22.280 --> 00:44:27.480
from the moment he arrives in the
Inca Empire. I think it very

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00:44:27.519 --> 00:44:35.159
unlikely this all happened by pure chance, and so at last, in January

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00:44:35.199 --> 00:44:42.119
fifteen thirty, Pizzaro set sail from
Seville. The second major war of Spanish

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00:44:42.159 --> 00:44:49.960
conquest in the New World was formerly
underway. The Mexica had already fallen under

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00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:54.360
the weight of the guns, horses, and European disease. Now it was

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00:44:54.400 --> 00:45:00.880
the inca's turn to see how they
might fare. But next, before we

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00:45:00.960 --> 00:45:05.719
begin said conquest, I want to
take a moment and look at INCA history

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00:45:05.960 --> 00:45:13.039
in the decades immediately preceding Pisarto's arrival, because some very important events have transpired,