WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.040 --> 00:00:04.120 The Monkey Order's room service. Yeah, we'll won't be all that long before 2 00:00:04.960 --> 00:00:10.039 someone with a neuralink device can communicate faster than someone who has a fully functional 3 00:00:10.400 --> 00:00:14.160 body. And the goal is to give people superpowers. We just want to 4 00:00:14.199 --> 00:00:16.960 be clear if there's only one person with a neural link chip in their brain. 5 00:00:18.160 --> 00:00:21.160 So for people out there who think we've put a chip in their brain, 6 00:00:21.199 --> 00:00:25.000 would like to assure you for what it's worth, you probably won't believe 7 00:00:25.079 --> 00:00:27.760 us, but we did not put each other in your brain. Okay, 8 00:00:29.079 --> 00:00:35.320 welcome to Neuralink Live Update. We're going to tell you about the progress of 9 00:00:35.439 --> 00:00:42.880 the first patient with a neuralink ioland and sort of your recap of the progress 10 00:00:42.920 --> 00:00:48.280 there, then talk about what changes we were making for the second patient, 11 00:00:48.320 --> 00:00:53.399 which we're hoping to do an implant in the next week or so. And 12 00:00:53.479 --> 00:00:56.880 this is for our first product, which is called Lefathy, which enables you 13 00:00:56.960 --> 00:01:00.960 to control a computer or a phone just by thinking. So let's in fact, 14 00:01:00.960 --> 00:01:03.519 so we'll start off with just some introductions. DJ, you wants to 15 00:01:04.200 --> 00:01:07.400 hi everyone. My name is d J. Shull' an electrical engineer and a 16 00:01:07.480 --> 00:01:14.680 chip designer by training. I led the design of first several generations of the 17 00:01:14.719 --> 00:01:19.159 Neuralink implant. Currently, I was on the founding team and currently a president. 18 00:01:19.439 --> 00:01:23.560 I'm Matthew McDougall. I'm a practicing neurosurgeon and a head of neurosurgery at 19 00:01:23.560 --> 00:01:30.760 Neuralink. Yeah, go ahead, a head of burning the first as applications, 20 00:01:30.159 --> 00:01:33.799 and I'm blessed a software engineer at Nerlink trying to figure out how to 21 00:01:33.840 --> 00:01:37.760 turn bern activity into cool stuff. All right, thank you, Well, 22 00:01:37.799 --> 00:01:42.879 so let's see, so we'll just get going into the presentation. So our 23 00:01:42.920 --> 00:01:48.000 first product is sort of like SAP we call a telepathy, which is enables 24 00:01:49.000 --> 00:01:53.079 the person with the Neuralink implant to control their phone or computer just by thinking. 25 00:01:53.680 --> 00:01:59.040 And once you can control your phone and computern essentially control almost anything just 26 00:01:59.159 --> 00:02:02.079 and literally just thinking. So there's no eye tracking or anything. It is 27 00:02:02.120 --> 00:02:10.919 purely purely your thoughts. So a this is a really quite quite a profound 28 00:02:12.159 --> 00:02:15.199 device that can help a lot of people who have lost the connection between their 29 00:02:15.439 --> 00:02:23.360 brain and body. So imagine people like h Stephen Hawking, who you know, 30 00:02:23.360 --> 00:02:25.439 I imagine if he if he could communicate at the same speed as someone 31 00:02:25.520 --> 00:02:30.319 who had still had the connection to their brain and body. So it's it's 32 00:02:30.319 --> 00:02:35.639 really something that can help millions of people around the world, and it's a 33 00:02:35.680 --> 00:02:42.400 it's part of our overall goal of enabling a very high bandwidth connection between the 34 00:02:42.840 --> 00:02:47.159 brain and and your and the rest of the world in your computers. The 35 00:02:47.199 --> 00:02:52.199 long term goal, which sounds a little esoteric, is to mitigate the the 36 00:02:52.319 --> 00:02:59.960 risk of of the civil civilizational risk of AI by having a sort of closer 37 00:03:00.439 --> 00:03:06.879 symbiosis between human intelligence and digital intelligence. But but that that'll that will take 38 00:03:06.919 --> 00:03:10.680 many years. Along the way, we're going to help solve a lot of 39 00:03:13.159 --> 00:03:19.439 brain injury or spinal injury issues. Uh so uh and with without first product 40 00:03:19.520 --> 00:03:23.319 sympathy, that's that's going to be really quite profound. Uh that there is 41 00:03:23.360 --> 00:03:31.439 also potential long term for bridging the gaps if there are damaged or severe neurons, 42 00:03:31.719 --> 00:03:36.800 being able to span the gap between the brain's motor cortex to the spine 43 00:03:36.840 --> 00:03:39.919 to enable someone to use their body again. I think that would be very 44 00:03:39.919 --> 00:03:46.080 exciting, and it's you know that that is something that is possible in the 45 00:03:46.080 --> 00:03:53.639 long term and they're not. Our second product, which we've demonstrated to work 46 00:03:53.759 --> 00:03:59.759 with monkeys, is blind sight, which would enable someone who is completely blind 47 00:04:00.039 --> 00:04:04.120 lost both eyes or completely lost their optic noeve to be able to see. 48 00:04:04.879 --> 00:04:10.840 So that's that's something that we hope to demonstrate in the future. So this 49 00:04:10.960 --> 00:04:14.240 just gives you a sense of what the device is. Uh. A way 50 00:04:14.280 --> 00:04:16.360 to think about the neuralink device is kind of like a fobit or an Apple 51 00:04:16.439 --> 00:04:24.639 watch with with tiny wires or electrodes. Those those tiny wires are implanted in 52 00:04:24.720 --> 00:04:30.920 the in the brain and they read and write electrical signals. So a lot 53 00:04:30.920 --> 00:04:35.120 of people think the brain is this incredibly mysterious thing. It's it is mynsterious 54 00:04:35.120 --> 00:04:39.399 a lot of ways, but but it is actually it does operate with like 55 00:04:39.439 --> 00:04:43.240 electrical signals. So if you can read and write those electrical signals, you 56 00:04:43.240 --> 00:04:48.680 can interface with the brain. And the devices is sized so that it is 57 00:04:49.040 --> 00:04:53.959 the same size as the as the piece of skull that is removed. So 58 00:04:54.839 --> 00:04:59.439 if it's like a few centimeters diameter of skull skull that's removed, we replaced 59 00:04:59.480 --> 00:05:04.759 that with device after implanting the tiny wires with the surgical robot, and that 60 00:05:04.920 --> 00:05:12.199 enables read write capability to the neurons completely wirelessly. YEA, yes, exactly, 61 00:05:12.759 --> 00:05:16.279 it's completely wirelessly. So like I could. I could have a neural 62 00:05:16.319 --> 00:05:20.879 ink right now, you wouldn't know, and it charges inductively, so you 63 00:05:20.920 --> 00:05:28.439 could just basically have an electromagnetic add that that that you charge the device with. 64 00:05:28.920 --> 00:05:32.399 So yeah, it's like an Apple watch exactly. So uh, except 65 00:05:32.439 --> 00:05:38.560 that it's actually a much harder technical challenge to solve that there's limit as to 66 00:05:38.639 --> 00:05:44.480 how much heat the brain tissue whereason for phones and really care sitting on the 67 00:05:44.519 --> 00:05:47.360 people. Yeah, so so it's got to go through skin and stuff as 68 00:05:47.399 --> 00:05:51.720 well. And okay, so it's it is a tougher challenge to to charge 69 00:05:51.800 --> 00:05:58.399 and to have iband with communications given that it's got to go through skin inherent 70 00:05:58.439 --> 00:06:04.680 stuff we have we have yeah, so yeah, yeah, So our first 71 00:06:05.040 --> 00:06:13.800 step with the Telepaphy is basically to unlock digital independence for people with prolysies and 72 00:06:13.839 --> 00:06:17.040 to allow them to control the computer just with their mind without moving their body. 73 00:06:17.680 --> 00:06:23.360 And our goal is to provide them the same level of control, functionality, 74 00:06:23.519 --> 00:06:27.399 and reliability that I have when I'm using a computer, even better than 75 00:06:28.000 --> 00:06:32.600 the level of control I have. Just to be clear, this guy he's 76 00:06:32.639 --> 00:06:35.199 been following, that's with his brain, so he's not like you can't see 77 00:06:35.199 --> 00:06:40.240 his hands in this video, but he's not using a loss and keyboard thinking 78 00:06:40.240 --> 00:06:43.639 about how to move the cursor and time Civilizations. No eye tracker, right, 79 00:06:43.680 --> 00:06:49.959 there's no I tracking from just thinking like a couple of days a cursor 80 00:06:50.040 --> 00:06:54.240 move here. Yeah. Yeah, it's like the last standard two nights ago. 81 00:06:54.600 --> 00:06:56.839 Yes, yeah, I think I think the way he also described it 82 00:06:57.000 --> 00:07:03.079 is. Yeah, he is many more videos on his the platform. Definitely 83 00:07:03.160 --> 00:07:08.000 checked them out. Yeah, so you can he's string that live and also 84 00:07:08.079 --> 00:07:12.040 can talk and like movies had with that. Yeah, you guys, like, 85 00:07:12.040 --> 00:07:14.120 if you join this live stream, you can ask him questions. You'll 86 00:07:14.240 --> 00:07:16.959 you'll tell you all about what it's like to right. Also, I think 87 00:07:17.439 --> 00:07:21.360 I haven't played Civilization myself, but I think this is actually not easy. 88 00:07:21.399 --> 00:07:26.319 But this is expert Emperor mode. Emperor mode if you have played stiff ePRO 89 00:07:26.360 --> 00:07:29.240 mode is like the highest. Just the point is that this is a kind 90 00:07:29.279 --> 00:07:31.720 of way demanding task and while live streaming playing the hardest movie game, and 91 00:07:32.399 --> 00:07:39.399 he's able to do that while movie talking, engaging with the audience. One 92 00:07:39.439 --> 00:07:42.720 of the other games he likes to play a lot of chess. I think 93 00:07:42.720 --> 00:07:47.040 it gets lost sometimes that he's actually playing speed chess against me, which requires 94 00:07:47.199 --> 00:07:54.120 an incredibly high fidelitygree of control and speed of control in order to be able 95 00:07:54.120 --> 00:08:03.439 to win. Also another cool stuff about our devices that use it anywhere anytime, 96 00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:07.600 also on a plane during a flight while reading really cool memes of care. 97 00:08:09.199 --> 00:08:16.319 Also, our device unlocks things that previously were impassible for our participants. 98 00:08:16.600 --> 00:08:22.600 For example, we're able to connect him to his living consoles which play Marricat 99 00:08:22.759 --> 00:08:26.519 with friends and family, and it was lovely to see them playing together after 100 00:08:26.759 --> 00:08:31.080 years that couldn't do it since he's injury. I know if you're sitting over 101 00:08:31.120 --> 00:08:37.240 from this guy playing look over in a cat meme, not no hands, 102 00:08:37.240 --> 00:08:45.240 no movement even away over. Yeah, it's change strange time. Yeah. 103 00:08:45.320 --> 00:08:50.840 And he loves playing using the device and using independently daily to watch videos and 104 00:08:50.960 --> 00:08:56.960 read play games using the baser. And the key metrics that we care is 105 00:08:58.000 --> 00:09:01.120 to make sure our device is actually useful to basically the amount of hours to 106 00:09:01.200 --> 00:09:05.919 use the device daily and weekly, and we track it weekly since the since 107 00:09:05.960 --> 00:09:11.000 the surgery, and on weeks that he's not too busy and not traveling, 108 00:09:11.360 --> 00:09:16.559 he can even reach seventy hours using the device a week. This is amazing 109 00:09:16.159 --> 00:09:20.320 and he would of course left to use it more, but need to run 110 00:09:20.279 --> 00:09:24.399 result sessions. He needs to sleep sometimes and also of course to charge the 111 00:09:24.399 --> 00:09:28.360 device once in a while. Hopefully will improve that over time. I think 112 00:09:28.519 --> 00:09:31.240 maybe not obvious to people who are watching this, like it's a normal map 113 00:09:31.240 --> 00:09:35.120 book he's controlling. This isn't like some limited thing that there's only a few 114 00:09:35.120 --> 00:09:37.000 options. You can just do anything that you can go on. Man, 115 00:09:37.919 --> 00:09:43.240 the same one I have on my desk. Actually it's the exact same one. 116 00:09:43.279 --> 00:09:48.639 And maybe another interesting point is that on the first day he used BCI 117 00:09:50.480 --> 00:09:54.399 control, he was able to break the previous world record for curser control just 118 00:09:54.440 --> 00:10:01.480 by using the brain and recently he even doubled it and was able to outperform 119 00:10:01.559 --> 00:10:05.360 about ten percent of our engineer at New Link. And you can be sure 120 00:10:05.360 --> 00:10:09.240 that we are very good in this game and very week And if you want 121 00:10:09.279 --> 00:10:11.039 to check out how well how well you can do it, you can do 122 00:10:11.080 --> 00:10:16.759 it on our website. And it's very addictive games. Yeah, it's it's 123 00:10:16.759 --> 00:10:20.039 a very simple game. You just have to click on the square. But 124 00:10:20.200 --> 00:10:24.080 it's it's it's it's actually, even though it sounds silly, it's it's quite 125 00:10:24.080 --> 00:10:28.720 a Yeah, it can be quite It sounds like it'd be quite addictive, 126 00:10:28.720 --> 00:10:31.919 and it's especially if you get a low score and you think there's no way 127 00:10:31.960 --> 00:10:35.360 I got it. So I mean, any anyone who wants to try this, 128 00:10:35.559 --> 00:10:37.919 I recommend going to the neural link dot com website and seeing seeing if 129 00:10:37.960 --> 00:10:41.399 you can beat Nolan's record, and it's that you will find that's actually quite 130 00:10:41.399 --> 00:10:46.159 difficult to do so, and this is really with version one of the device 131 00:10:46.480 --> 00:10:50.720 and with only a small percentage of the electrodes that are that are working. 132 00:10:50.960 --> 00:10:54.440 So this is uh, this is really just the beginning, but even the 133 00:10:54.440 --> 00:11:01.360 beginning is twice as good as the world record. This is important to size 134 00:11:01.679 --> 00:11:05.039 the you know, the media has a habit of saying that the glasses ten 135 00:11:05.039 --> 00:11:11.799 percent empty, but actually it's ninety percent full. So I think it's really 136 00:11:11.840 --> 00:11:16.360 quite accomplishment of the Neuraling team to have achieved with the first patient, first 137 00:11:16.480 --> 00:11:26.279 device, twice the world record for the brained computer madwidth. That's really an 138 00:11:26.279 --> 00:11:31.519 astonishing, an amazingly great outcome, and it's only going to get better from 139 00:11:31.559 --> 00:11:37.600 here. So the potential is to ultimately get I think to megabit level. 140 00:11:37.960 --> 00:11:43.440 So that's that's partly the long term goal of improving the bandwidth of the brain 141 00:11:43.480 --> 00:11:48.440 computer interface. If you think about, like how low the bandwidth normally is 142 00:11:48.480 --> 00:11:52.759 between a human and a device, it's the average bandwidth is extremely low. 143 00:11:52.759 --> 00:11:58.399 It's it's i say, less than one bit per second over the course of 144 00:11:58.399 --> 00:12:00.879 a day. If there are eighty six thousand, four undred seconds in a 145 00:12:00.919 --> 00:12:05.360 day, you're outputting less than that number of bets to any any given device 146 00:12:05.960 --> 00:12:18.320 except half very rare circumstances. So this is it's actually quite important for AI. 147 00:12:18.960 --> 00:12:26.559 You know, basic for human AI sembiosis is just being able to communicate 148 00:12:26.840 --> 00:12:35.919 at a speed. Yeah, I could follow. So yeah, just to 149 00:12:35.919 --> 00:12:41.600 emphasize again, he's performing at this extremely high level with about fifteen percent of 150 00:12:41.639 --> 00:12:48.200 his channels functional, and so we want to mitigate any of the problems that 151 00:12:48.279 --> 00:12:52.759 led to that situation. So, you know, the brain is a fascinating 152 00:12:52.840 --> 00:12:56.039 organ. Share with you some of the secrets about the brain. During any 153 00:12:56.039 --> 00:13:01.840 typical brain surgery, a small amount of air is introduced into the skull. 154 00:13:03.039 --> 00:13:05.919 That's because neurosurgeons like to have as much room as possible around the brain, 155 00:13:05.960 --> 00:13:16.720 and so there's this little known control mechanism of allowing the CO two concentration in 156 00:13:16.759 --> 00:13:20.879 the blood to rise a bit, which allows the brain to either expand or 157 00:13:20.919 --> 00:13:26.799 contract depending on where you target that CO two. But typically neurosurgeons will have 158 00:13:26.840 --> 00:13:31.200 the brain shrink by lowering CO two. What we're going to do in our 159 00:13:31.240 --> 00:13:37.480 future surgeries is keep the CO two concentration actually quite normal, maybe even slightly 160 00:13:37.519 --> 00:13:41.159 elevated, and I'll allow the brain to stay its normal size and shape during 161 00:13:41.200 --> 00:13:45.240 surgery. That should eliminate this air pocket that we saw in the first participant. 162 00:13:46.200 --> 00:13:48.759 That air pocket we think may have contributed to eating up some of the 163 00:13:48.840 --> 00:13:54.639 thread slack as the air bubble migrated to be under the implant push the brain 164 00:13:54.679 --> 00:14:03.600 away from the implant, and so that's easy enough to fix. Another consideration 165 00:14:03.759 --> 00:14:09.879 that we want to focus on for our upcoming participants is that the brain. 166 00:14:09.039 --> 00:14:15.120 Think of it like a really complex folded onion. It's layer upon layer of 167 00:14:15.480 --> 00:14:20.039 sheets of neurons all over the surface of the brain, folded into this odd 168 00:14:20.039 --> 00:14:26.039 looking shape. The folds of the brain traveled down deep into the brain and 169 00:14:26.799 --> 00:14:31.799 along with it go those onion layers of neurons. And if we insert very 170 00:14:31.799 --> 00:14:37.639 close to one of the folds, where there may be very useful information encoded 171 00:14:37.639 --> 00:14:43.000 in neurons, we may end up traveling with our threads parallel to some of 172 00:14:43.000 --> 00:14:46.679 the layers of neurons that were most interested in avoiding them entirely. To avoid 173 00:14:46.720 --> 00:14:52.120 that possibility, we're going to insert in our future participants more close to the 174 00:14:52.159 --> 00:14:58.799 middle of the apex of the folds, ensuring that we're crossing the layers of 175 00:14:58.799 --> 00:15:05.240 interest layer five cortex. I also think that it's important to highlight here those 176 00:15:05.279 --> 00:15:09.360 tiny wires that Elon mentioned, their their fraction of a human hair. They're 177 00:15:09.440 --> 00:15:13.159 very flexible intentionally so because you know, brain is constantly moving and you want 178 00:15:13.320 --> 00:15:18.480 the electros to be moving with the brain causing less of the scarring. And 179 00:15:18.960 --> 00:15:26.159 it's actually impossible for human eurosurgeon, however talented matthew Is to actually maneuver them 180 00:15:26.159 --> 00:15:30.639 by so we have a surgical robot that we built that can actually precisely target 181 00:15:30.639 --> 00:15:33.360 them in any three dimensional space x y as well as see with micronic level 182 00:15:33.399 --> 00:15:39.399 precision while avoiding bascoature, so that you don't disrupt and cause immune response from 183 00:15:39.399 --> 00:15:43.639 happening. So we actually have the technology to be able to place them exactly 184 00:15:43.639 --> 00:15:48.840 where we want in Yeah, it was truly amazing to see the surface of 185 00:15:48.879 --> 00:15:52.799 the brain after the robot had inserted all the electrodes on the first participant without 186 00:15:54.039 --> 00:15:58.480 a drop of blood in sight. It's really quite an achievement. Yes, 187 00:16:00.200 --> 00:16:03.879 probably most people don't realize is that the brain appears to be sort of somewhat 188 00:16:03.919 --> 00:16:07.240 undifferentiated. So if you look at the cortex, it looks like a whole 189 00:16:07.240 --> 00:16:12.000 bunch of folds that where you know, maybe like that it's it's it's not 190 00:16:12.200 --> 00:16:15.919 obviously just looking at to take a picture of the brain that uh that that 191 00:16:15.960 --> 00:16:22.679 it's the brain is highly differentiated. That there's you pretty much know exactly where 192 00:16:22.879 --> 00:16:26.799 the part of the brain is that controls your right hand and your left hand 193 00:16:26.159 --> 00:16:30.559 and your leg and that that kind of thing or or vision. It's it's 194 00:16:30.559 --> 00:16:37.559 actually quite precisely located. It's not some people like might might think look the 195 00:16:37.559 --> 00:16:40.919 brain like, oh, could be it could be anywhere, but actually we 196 00:16:41.519 --> 00:16:45.519 it it's it's your brain is is highly differentiated, even though it doesn't look 197 00:16:45.559 --> 00:16:51.399 it. It's. Yeah, do you want to describe how we actually were, 198 00:16:51.679 --> 00:16:55.480 like how we identify word all the queen? So we can we can 199 00:16:55.879 --> 00:17:00.960 put a patient that is considering this implant into an f MRI. So a 200 00:17:00.039 --> 00:17:06.720 functional magnetic resonance imaging machine and ask them to imagine hand movements that, you 201 00:17:06.759 --> 00:17:10.319 know, because of the spinal cord injury, don't happen, But just imagining 202 00:17:10.359 --> 00:17:14.880 those hand movements causes these areas of the brain to light up in the fMRI 203 00:17:15.079 --> 00:17:21.000 scanner. So we have a pretty good idea based in fact, for each 204 00:17:21.039 --> 00:17:25.960 individual participant, which part of their brain is going to, you know, 205 00:17:26.079 --> 00:17:30.559 respond to imagined movements of the hand, and so we can map those imagined 206 00:17:30.599 --> 00:17:34.640 movements much as we all do when moving a mouse to controlling a cursor on 207 00:17:34.680 --> 00:17:40.759 a screen, even without the use of a mouse. Yeah, but I 208 00:17:40.799 --> 00:17:44.240 think it's kind of an important point that, like, it's not like the 209 00:17:44.279 --> 00:17:45.960 part of your brain that controls your hand might be anywhere in the cortex. 210 00:17:47.079 --> 00:17:48.559 It's this is not the case. It's going to be in a very specific 211 00:17:48.599 --> 00:17:53.000 region, and it's going to be extremely common across people. Precision is keyt 212 00:17:53.720 --> 00:18:00.319 Yeah, so the left handed right handed, to my mind, like, 213 00:18:00.400 --> 00:18:03.279 if you're right handed, you want the fights on the left side, the 214 00:18:03.359 --> 00:18:07.880 lato side to it. Yeah, the left side of your brain controls right 215 00:18:07.920 --> 00:18:14.880 side of Another of the risk mitigations we're looking at in the future is that 216 00:18:15.920 --> 00:18:18.240 you know, the implant has a certain size. The depth of the bottom 217 00:18:18.279 --> 00:18:25.359 of the implant is actually thinner than the average human skull, and so what 218 00:18:25.400 --> 00:18:29.519 we want to be able to do is control the size of the gap under 219 00:18:29.559 --> 00:18:34.359 the implant, give the threads that travel from the implant into the brain as 220 00:18:34.440 --> 00:18:41.319 much slack as possible. We didn't do this in the first participant because we 221 00:18:41.359 --> 00:18:45.319 didn't want to manipulate any of their tissue that we didn't absolutely have to. 222 00:18:45.119 --> 00:18:49.960 In upcoming implants, our plan is to sort of sculpt the surface of the 223 00:18:51.000 --> 00:18:56.240 skull very intentionally to minimize the gap under the implants such that the bottom of 224 00:18:56.279 --> 00:19:02.759 the implant travels perfectly flush with the normal contour of the inner side of the 225 00:19:02.759 --> 00:19:07.440 skull. That will put the implant closer to the brain, will eliminate some 226 00:19:07.480 --> 00:19:11.240 of the tension on the threads. We think it will reduce some of the 227 00:19:11.279 --> 00:19:15.519 tendency of threads to retract. Right, And we actually built a tool to 228 00:19:15.599 --> 00:19:18.440 do right. Yeah, this is actually this is a very important detail. 229 00:19:21.000 --> 00:19:26.319 You really want the the inner contur with the skull to be blush, so 230 00:19:26.319 --> 00:19:30.960 that so the implant there's there's no the brain doesn't want to pucker up into 231 00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:36.759 the into the gap. That's really quite a big deal. So like like 232 00:19:37.400 --> 00:19:42.359 minimize the air procket and the implant being flushed with the inside contour of the 233 00:19:42.440 --> 00:19:48.799 skull are two very important improvements. The additional benefit here is that, uh, 234 00:19:48.960 --> 00:19:51.880 you know, you do see some amount of stick up what we call 235 00:19:51.920 --> 00:19:53.960 stick ups, so you might have bumped in the head, but this actually 236 00:19:55.119 --> 00:19:57.279 eliminates it even further. Yeah, yeah, I mean it's like, really 237 00:19:57.960 --> 00:20:03.240 our goal is that that if you run your hand over the top of the 238 00:20:03.240 --> 00:20:07.839 skull, you don't feel any momp, you don't feel any device, and 239 00:20:07.880 --> 00:20:10.200 that even if someone was bold, you want to really even notice it. 240 00:20:11.119 --> 00:20:15.319 And then from the inner inner contra of the skull that the brain from physical 241 00:20:15.319 --> 00:20:21.000 standpoint doesn't really notice that there's a divot in the skull because there's no dib 242 00:20:21.039 --> 00:20:26.039 it. Okay. Another aspect of the human brain that you know obviously differs 243 00:20:26.079 --> 00:20:30.640 from any of the animals that we tested in is that the human brain is 244 00:20:30.680 --> 00:20:33.720 a lot bigger. And so you may not realize that that means the human 245 00:20:33.759 --> 00:20:41.519 brain moves quite a bit more than any of these other smaller brained creatures. 246 00:20:41.119 --> 00:20:47.920 And so when we open the skull. We see the brain travel toward and 247 00:20:48.039 --> 00:20:52.079 away from the robot about three millimeters in total as the heart beats and the 248 00:20:52.119 --> 00:20:56.480 breathing takes place, and so that movement, you know, it adds a 249 00:20:56.480 --> 00:21:02.880 small challenge for the robot in precisely choosing a depth to insert each thread. 250 00:21:03.200 --> 00:21:07.640 It's not an enormous challenge, and we've already upgraded the robots capabilities to be 251 00:21:07.640 --> 00:21:15.599 able to even more precisely target depth in even a very rapidly moving brain with 252 00:21:15.640 --> 00:21:22.160 a high amplitude of movement. You may think the most obvious mitigation for threads 253 00:21:22.160 --> 00:21:25.839 that pulled out of the brain is to insert them deeper. We think so 254 00:21:25.960 --> 00:21:30.680 too, and so we're going to broaden the range of depths at which we 255 00:21:30.839 --> 00:21:37.400 insert threads. So for the very first participant, we had an enormous amount 256 00:21:37.400 --> 00:21:41.559 of data from our animal work, and we had very highly optimized our insertion 257 00:21:41.680 --> 00:21:48.039 depth to maximize the crossing of the layers of interest in the cortex with the 258 00:21:48.079 --> 00:21:55.000 electrodes that we're recording from. Now that we know retraction is a possibility, 259 00:21:55.480 --> 00:22:00.559 we're going to insert at a variety of depths that even in several cases of 260 00:22:00.640 --> 00:22:06.079 different amounts of retracting threads. We're going to have electrodes at the proper depth 261 00:22:06.680 --> 00:22:11.440 and with the deepest threads be able to track how much retraction has occurred across 262 00:22:11.519 --> 00:22:15.839 the surface of the brain from from each thread. And so we're going to 263 00:22:15.920 --> 00:22:21.039 you know, both have more threads in the right layer and have better data 264 00:22:21.079 --> 00:22:23.480 on how much retraction has occurred. If you're a pc I nerd, you 265 00:22:23.519 --> 00:22:27.440 might know that being able to control individual z the depth or thread it's not 266 00:22:27.480 --> 00:22:33.480 something that most neural interface devices offer. Most neural inface devices are kind of 267 00:22:33.480 --> 00:22:37.079 the static fixed Rigi array that you push in and all the letters are on 268 00:22:37.160 --> 00:22:40.519 depth. Right. To be able to do this is actually pretty pretty novel 269 00:22:40.519 --> 00:22:45.279 part of the robots. Yeah, the historical approach is to actually pound in 270 00:22:45.359 --> 00:22:47.920 a sort of bed of nails with an air hammer into the plant. Looks 271 00:22:47.920 --> 00:22:52.400 it looks crazy that that is, yeah, just with a with a aumount 272 00:22:52.440 --> 00:22:56.359 of camera. That's that's it sounds come somewhat by byric. This is not 273 00:22:56.400 --> 00:23:00.759 what we do, but this is the wat's been done before. Is that's 274 00:23:00.799 --> 00:23:04.759 literally just hammering and what looks like a better nails with the brain actually works. 275 00:23:04.759 --> 00:23:11.079 It's astonishing that it actually some people like DBS props you're just sticking in 276 00:23:11.359 --> 00:23:18.119 by hand. Those are several several orders of magnitude more volume of brain tissue 277 00:23:18.119 --> 00:23:21.519 that you're destroying compared to what we're doing. But that deep brain simulation stuff 278 00:23:21.559 --> 00:23:25.920 does actually work and it actually helps people a lot. Yeah, yeah, 279 00:23:25.960 --> 00:23:29.519 that's a great point. Yeah, I mean I think we'll be able to 280 00:23:29.519 --> 00:23:36.559 do a much more finessed version of that down the road. So, I 281 00:23:36.640 --> 00:23:41.279 mean it's really difficult. Like the neuraling device is something that really absolutely minimizes 282 00:23:41.359 --> 00:23:45.680 damage to the brain, absolutely minimizes the load on the patient, and the 283 00:23:45.720 --> 00:23:49.640 goal is to allow someone to live a completely normal life. They that you 284 00:23:49.640 --> 00:23:55.720 won't even notice that someone even has the device. So, like I said, 285 00:23:56.200 --> 00:24:00.559 restoring the ability to control your computer and phone, that's a slapathy. 286 00:24:00.759 --> 00:24:04.119 And then next device being able to allow people to see that could not see 287 00:24:04.160 --> 00:24:07.079 before. In fact you could, you could allow people to see kind of 288 00:24:07.079 --> 00:24:15.480 like Jordan of the Forge and Star Trek in any whatever infrared, ultraviolet radar. 289 00:24:17.960 --> 00:24:22.200 So so, so I think another way of saying it is that we 290 00:24:22.279 --> 00:24:27.359 want to give people superpowers. So it's not just that we're restoring your prior 291 00:24:27.480 --> 00:24:32.839 brain functionality, but that you actually have functionality far greater than a normal human. 292 00:24:33.119 --> 00:24:37.519 That's a super big deal. And I also think you know, oftentimes 293 00:24:37.519 --> 00:24:38.720 the questions that we get a lot is why do you have to actually go 294 00:24:38.880 --> 00:24:42.680 into the brain? What if you place it on the surface or all sides 295 00:24:42.680 --> 00:24:47.720 of school Basically the long story short the physics of how it works. You 296 00:24:47.839 --> 00:24:52.319 really need to get the sensors, which are these facing in the brain next 297 00:24:52.319 --> 00:24:56.519 to the source, which neuron as close to it as Otherwise what you get 298 00:24:56.599 --> 00:25:00.519 is you get a population respault and not be able to kind of do the 299 00:25:00.640 --> 00:25:06.759 level of controls that we believe. Yeah, I mean maybe a good sort 300 00:25:06.799 --> 00:25:10.000 of analogy would be like if you're trying to understand what goes on in a 301 00:25:10.039 --> 00:25:11.440 factory, you kind of need to go into the factory. You can't just 302 00:25:11.440 --> 00:25:15.960 put us death scope on the wall and try to figure ot what's going like 303 00:25:15.119 --> 00:25:19.319 anything on the outside of the Trying to read things from the outside is like 304 00:25:19.720 --> 00:25:22.480 putting a statoscope on the wall of a factory trying to understand what's going in 305 00:25:22.480 --> 00:25:27.960 the factory. It's not going to be effective. You've got to be threads. 306 00:25:29.000 --> 00:25:33.480 I got to be in there. So but I just want to be 307 00:25:33.559 --> 00:25:37.319 emphasized again, like the goal is to give people superpowers, not not just 308 00:25:37.359 --> 00:25:44.759 to restore prior functionality. So I think it's very exciting and I think that 309 00:25:44.880 --> 00:25:47.920 should give hope to a lot of people in the world that the future is 310 00:25:47.920 --> 00:25:53.319 going to be exciting and inspiring and the technology is going to give them superpowers. 311 00:25:53.319 --> 00:25:57.440 I mean, that's that's amazing. Yeah, and could can you multitask 312 00:25:57.480 --> 00:26:00.319 with it? Yeah? In fact, if you look at Nolan's streaming and 313 00:26:00.400 --> 00:26:07.079 you can just check out Nolan's streams on on the X platform, he's multitasking 314 00:26:07.079 --> 00:26:11.799 all the time. So he's playing video games while talking and uh podcast the 315 00:26:11.839 --> 00:26:18.799 podcast. Yeah, yeah exactly. So it's truly just like if you're using 316 00:26:18.799 --> 00:26:21.880 your hands and you can be, you know, playing a video game while 317 00:26:22.000 --> 00:26:22.839 talking. So I mean, don't take a word for it. They just 318 00:26:22.880 --> 00:26:26.440 go watch. Yeah, he's out there on the internet doing the thing. 319 00:26:26.599 --> 00:26:30.880 Yeah exactly. So can you do keyboard shortcuts or is just a mouse? 320 00:26:32.359 --> 00:26:36.079 Yeah, that's actually we're working on right now. Oh sure, so Courtley 321 00:26:36.200 --> 00:26:40.880 is walking the mouse, but we are also exploring more dimensions out from the 322 00:26:40.880 --> 00:26:51.119 new activity multiple clicks, so shortcuts or able to do more games games with 323 00:26:51.200 --> 00:26:55.160 an ex boot controller. But also in the future we'll expand. We plan 324 00:26:55.240 --> 00:26:57.599 to expand to the code text, not just the mouse control, but also 325 00:26:57.680 --> 00:27:04.759 allow we'll put the spend too. I put much fast to it. Yeah, 326 00:27:04.799 --> 00:27:07.759 actually, so maybe going back to the discussion of third attraction, you 327 00:27:07.799 --> 00:27:11.279 know, one of the very exciting parts to me about the story is that 328 00:27:11.319 --> 00:27:14.519 we're able to do so much with fifteen percent of channels. You have more 329 00:27:14.599 --> 00:27:17.559 channels. What that actually offers you is not just faster and mouse control, 330 00:27:17.720 --> 00:27:21.400 because in the motor cortext neurons don't all represent the same thing. So if 331 00:27:21.440 --> 00:27:23.839 you're trying to understand, like you know, what an individual finger is trying 332 00:27:23.880 --> 00:27:26.720 to do, you might or might not have an electro next to it. 333 00:27:26.759 --> 00:27:29.920 And the more channels you have in the brain, in the higher likelihood you 334 00:27:29.960 --> 00:27:33.359 have representation or decodability of all fingers on the hand. And so if you're 335 00:27:33.359 --> 00:27:37.480 trying to do something like I'll put texts at a fast rate's something that matters 336 00:27:37.519 --> 00:27:40.480 a lot for people who are completely locked in, who cannot speak at all, 337 00:27:40.480 --> 00:27:41.319 who are trying to, you know, just say I love you to 338 00:27:41.680 --> 00:27:45.160 a love one in their family or ask for a glass of water or scratch 339 00:27:45.200 --> 00:27:47.680 or whatever, you know, being able to type it a faster it's extremely 340 00:27:47.680 --> 00:27:51.000 important. And the more fingers you have access to, higher probability you can 341 00:27:51.039 --> 00:27:55.759 do that official And so yeah, you know, I'm super excited about how 342 00:27:55.839 --> 00:27:59.240 high the ceiling is. Can we can get to as we solve this dead 343 00:27:59.279 --> 00:28:03.759 attraction too. Yeah, I mean we're currently at approximately ten tenus per second 344 00:28:03.039 --> 00:28:07.599 p great, but ultimately we want to get to megabit and I think, 345 00:28:08.599 --> 00:28:14.319 say ultimately the whole brain interface, I think, you know, many years 346 00:28:14.319 --> 00:28:21.279 from now. I think gigabit level as possible, So that's pretty soonishing now, 347 00:28:22.519 --> 00:28:23.920 you know, with there is still version of one of our device. 348 00:28:25.240 --> 00:28:27.640 As we mentioned, it's version one with only fifteen percent of the threads working. 349 00:28:30.200 --> 00:28:34.319 The current device has sixty four threads with sixteen electrodes on each thread. 350 00:28:34.960 --> 00:28:41.880 Our next device has one hundred and twenty eight threads with eight electrodes per thread. 351 00:28:42.039 --> 00:28:48.359 Because as we get more confident about how we're exactly to place the electrode 352 00:28:48.839 --> 00:28:52.720 the thread, you need fewer electrodes per thread. So we can essentially with 353 00:28:52.720 --> 00:28:59.680 the current device without substantial changes, potentially double the band if we are accurate 354 00:28:59.720 --> 00:29:03.319 with the with the placement of the threads, and then our next generation device 355 00:29:03.359 --> 00:29:10.559 will have maybe even more channels. Yeah yeah, so next advice to airing 356 00:29:10.599 --> 00:29:15.240 for yeah, three thousand channels. So this will just keep getting better and 357 00:29:15.279 --> 00:29:19.039 better, really moving up. I think and for as magnitude in factors of 358 00:29:19.119 --> 00:29:22.880 ten, basically in what kind of dwidth. So I think it won't be 359 00:29:25.759 --> 00:29:30.720 it won't be all that long before someone with a neuralink device can communicate faster 360 00:29:30.880 --> 00:29:37.319 than someone who is has a fully functional body. And yeah, so I 361 00:29:37.319 --> 00:29:41.519 think, you know, faster than the fastest speed typist or auctioneer. The 362 00:29:41.640 --> 00:29:45.200 esports tournaments are going to be like you literally won't be able to speak faster 363 00:29:45.440 --> 00:29:49.400 than someone can communicate with a neural link to lepathy device. It may, 364 00:29:49.440 --> 00:29:53.599 it may be a very interesting part of this. Basically, we currently connect 365 00:29:53.960 --> 00:29:59.400 startup inputs to the computer to hours and keyboards. Very soon as we will 366 00:29:59.440 --> 00:30:03.400 have a part of then we need to think about new ways to actually build 367 00:30:03.400 --> 00:30:08.000 the interface for devices. Yeah no, that's that's a good point because the 368 00:30:08.480 --> 00:30:15.200 you can't input devices are centered around human hands. So it's like we've got 369 00:30:15.240 --> 00:30:21.079 these you know, little meat sticks that we move and there's a certain rate 370 00:30:21.079 --> 00:30:23.039 at which you can move your little move your fingers, and and so we've 371 00:30:23.079 --> 00:30:26.440 got like the mouse and the keyboard and or the doystick control, you know, 372 00:30:26.480 --> 00:30:30.799 like Xbox control or something like that. But you really don't need that. 373 00:30:30.599 --> 00:30:34.839 You can actually you don't. You don't you don't need since you're no 374 00:30:34.920 --> 00:30:37.440 longer if you're if you're not trying to use your hands, you don't you 375 00:30:37.480 --> 00:30:45.720 actually don't need those conventional uh control mechanisms. And so that's why I like, 376 00:30:45.799 --> 00:30:52.480 ultimately I think you'll be able to do conceptual it telepathy, like where 377 00:30:52.559 --> 00:30:57.599 you can communicate entire concepts uncompressed to someone else within your link or to the 378 00:30:57.599 --> 00:31:02.200 computer. Even today, we have some problems here. We're like, you 379 00:31:02.200 --> 00:31:03.880 know, if you don't feel the mouse clicking under your finger, how do 380 00:31:03.920 --> 00:31:07.359 you know it actually happened, Because you know, you're you're seeing it on 381 00:31:07.359 --> 00:31:08.240 the screen, but you don't actually feel the mouse. You don't have the 382 00:31:08.240 --> 00:31:11.519 appropriate acceptive feedback of you know, the keys under your fingertips or the trackpad 383 00:31:11.559 --> 00:31:17.240 on your So there's all sorts of interesting UX challenges to actually give the user 384 00:31:17.319 --> 00:31:19.720 some sense of what their decoder is actually doing, or what the earth is 385 00:31:19.720 --> 00:31:33.200 actually doing they're so wireless. Yeah, it's Bluetooth, just a bluetoth connection, 386 00:31:33.319 --> 00:31:37.480 just like how your normal Apple mouse or like Apple Magic keyboard connects to 387 00:31:37.480 --> 00:31:41.039 your computer, same exact thing in fact. In yeah, we can basically 388 00:31:41.079 --> 00:31:45.000 have this exposed as an HID interface if we HID is just the name of 389 00:31:45.039 --> 00:31:48.599 the protocol for like sending bits from a mouse into a computer. Yeah, 390 00:31:48.880 --> 00:31:52.920 I can plug into basically anything. Yeah. Yeah, I mean I think 391 00:31:52.920 --> 00:31:57.480 we chose that interface because it's ubiquitous. Yeah, basically any devices are have 392 00:31:57.799 --> 00:32:02.079 Bluetooth capabilities. Our long term goal is to actually have our own protocol that 393 00:32:02.160 --> 00:32:08.279 is safe and secure, but for now chosen it for interoperability. So the 394 00:32:08.359 --> 00:32:14.160 question is kind of neuralink to prepare paralysis in the long term. You know, 395 00:32:14.319 --> 00:32:17.039 we can't do that right now. We have done sort of preliminary work 396 00:32:17.519 --> 00:32:25.319 planting a second neuralink in the spinal cord, and we can restore naturalistic looking 397 00:32:25.799 --> 00:32:32.440 hand and leg movements in animal models, but this isn't something that is you 398 00:32:32.480 --> 00:32:35.599 know, don't don't hold your breath waiting for it. It's going to be 399 00:32:35.640 --> 00:32:38.079 a while. We've got a lot of work to do. Yes, there's 400 00:32:38.119 --> 00:32:46.160 no reason in theory that we can't repair paralysis. Yeah, I mean essentially 401 00:32:46.240 --> 00:32:52.880 to to I mean there's there's no there's no physics barrier to fully solving paralysis. 402 00:32:52.880 --> 00:32:58.200 That is pers a way to say that you've got signals coming from your 403 00:32:58.240 --> 00:33:06.400 motor cortex, uh that if they are transferred past the point where the neves 404 00:33:06.400 --> 00:33:10.920 are damaged. Essentially just it's basically a communications bridge to bridge the communications from 405 00:33:10.960 --> 00:33:16.599 the motor cortex past the point in the necrospine where the nose are damaged. 406 00:33:17.000 --> 00:33:22.279 And you should like it is physics. It is possible from a physics standpoint 407 00:33:22.319 --> 00:33:25.759 to restore full body functionality. For a physic standpoint, it's a very hard 408 00:33:25.799 --> 00:33:30.799 technical problem, but there is nothing that it prevents it happening from a physics 409 00:33:30.799 --> 00:33:36.119 standpoint. So in terms of next phases of roll out, well, we 410 00:33:36.559 --> 00:33:39.480 really want to make sure that we make as much progress as possible between each 411 00:33:39.759 --> 00:33:45.039 neuralink patient. So this is we're only just moving now to our second neuralink 412 00:33:45.039 --> 00:33:51.160 patient. But we hope to have you know, if things go well high 413 00:33:51.200 --> 00:33:57.240 single digits this year, and I don't know maybe if this is so somewhat 414 00:33:57.240 --> 00:34:01.720 dependent on regulatory approval and how how much technical progress we make but within a 415 00:34:01.759 --> 00:34:07.039 few years, hopefully thousands. Yeah, And I think one thing that is 416 00:34:07.039 --> 00:34:10.400 important to highlight is that, you know, it's not that we built only 417 00:34:10.440 --> 00:34:15.400 one device and one surgery. We've built bunters of surgery. We've built thousands 418 00:34:15.440 --> 00:34:20.320 and thousands of devices even for just the ability to unearth any sort of low 419 00:34:20.360 --> 00:34:24.840 frequency failure mode. So we have already been investing very heavily in infrastructure to 420 00:34:24.880 --> 00:34:29.679 be able to scale this thing the device manufacturing side as well as on the 421 00:34:29.719 --> 00:34:31.519 surgery side of things. We want to be able to help as many people 422 00:34:31.519 --> 00:34:37.440 as quickly as Yeah, we go through obviously the appropriate hurdles that are regulatory 423 00:34:37.519 --> 00:34:44.119 challenges. Yeah, and the device implantation really needs to become almost entirely, 424 00:34:44.159 --> 00:34:47.559 if not entirely automatic, in the same way that's a laser eye surgery is 425 00:34:47.599 --> 00:34:52.280 done. You know, you don't have an optomologist with a laser cutter by 426 00:34:52.320 --> 00:34:59.599 hand, that that would be crazy, But the optomologist oversees the a laser 427 00:34:59.719 --> 00:35:02.280 machine and make sure that the settings are correct, and then the machine does 428 00:35:02.320 --> 00:35:07.000 everything and restores your eyesight. That's really remarkable how many people have had their 429 00:35:07.039 --> 00:35:12.519 eyesight restored with laser And I think there's another one called smile. It's they 430 00:35:12.639 --> 00:35:15.760 keep making it better. We need to have something similar for a neuralin implantation, 431 00:35:15.880 --> 00:35:22.039 so that you basically sit down and whatever the whatever kind of upgrades or 432 00:35:22.800 --> 00:35:28.159 you know, brain fixes are needed. That's that's reviewed by medical expert. 433 00:35:29.039 --> 00:35:31.960 Obviously, we want to make sure that that is reviewed correctly, but it 434 00:35:32.000 --> 00:35:37.400 really needs to be automatic. So you sit down and within ten minutes you 435 00:35:37.480 --> 00:35:43.039 have a neural device installed, very very fast. I mean it's very sort 436 00:35:43.039 --> 00:35:47.039 of cyberpunk, you know diosex if you played those games and will annually to 437 00:35:47.079 --> 00:35:52.280 interface with adult devices like wheelchair. It's a great question. We're currently focusing 438 00:35:52.320 --> 00:35:58.920 on turning computers unlock independence in the virtual world. Of course, our plan 439 00:35:59.000 --> 00:36:04.239 is as you mentioned, little body and wheelchair to knock independence. Physical world 440 00:36:04.639 --> 00:36:09.679 is of course at additional risk if you make computer yeahs to that, but 441 00:36:09.719 --> 00:36:15.880 we're welcome with the FDA to allow us to what seems like if the wheelchair 442 00:36:15.360 --> 00:36:21.039 has an app, well the wheelchair just needs to have an airface. So 443 00:36:21.480 --> 00:36:24.719 if wheelchair has a Bluetooth interface, you could just Bluetooth interface to the wheelchair 444 00:36:25.199 --> 00:36:34.639 and that's probably something we should do. We're working on pretty soon paperwork safely. 445 00:36:34.760 --> 00:36:37.000 You don't, Well, I think, well, we can limit the 446 00:36:37.000 --> 00:36:43.559 speed so it doesn't go careating an authentic disaster, but you know, so 447 00:36:43.840 --> 00:36:47.599 just it go slowly at first. But yeah, so being able to sort 448 00:36:47.599 --> 00:36:52.199 of it. Really, the New York device just should work generally for anything 449 00:36:52.239 --> 00:37:00.960 that's got a Bluetooth theraterface, including potentially an optimism. Yes, yeah, 450 00:37:01.559 --> 00:37:09.199 yes, you could communicate with optimists. Yep, absolutely optimist. Well we 451 00:37:09.239 --> 00:37:15.519 also also be able to talk to optimists, but like, but you could 452 00:37:15.559 --> 00:37:17.400 just yeah, instead of talking, just you could just be in it directly. 453 00:37:17.559 --> 00:37:21.960 Or if if someone has lost the use of speech, then then they 454 00:37:21.960 --> 00:37:28.320 can still communicate to an optimist. They can mumunicate telepathically to optimists or Bluetooth 455 00:37:29.840 --> 00:37:35.440 and and and so even if someone has completely lost the ability to speak, 456 00:37:35.440 --> 00:37:38.679 they could still control optimists or their computer or phone. We also like, 457 00:37:38.719 --> 00:37:40.639 if you have an optimist and you have a nerve, and you can just 458 00:37:42.079 --> 00:37:45.119 mapped the insignal to control of the physical armor, and that's a very meaningful 459 00:37:45.159 --> 00:37:47.880 thing, like if you're no Folks that have spon ecoan injury, one of 460 00:37:47.880 --> 00:37:52.320 the biggest requests to be able to scratch yourself. It's something that quite annoying 461 00:37:52.360 --> 00:37:55.480 actually, And if you have a scratch on your face, you can't fall 462 00:37:55.480 --> 00:37:59.440 asleep until you scratch it. You know, it's very convenient to be able 463 00:37:59.440 --> 00:38:02.000 to move something physically towards you too. Similar things like eating food. You 464 00:38:02.000 --> 00:38:06.519 know, if you need somebody to feed you very hard to have dinner with 465 00:38:06.559 --> 00:38:09.679 friends in a way that is sort of a normal social experience. And so 466 00:38:09.760 --> 00:38:13.960 if you can feed yourself, pick up a fork and actually eat a pizza 467 00:38:14.039 --> 00:38:17.599 chicken on your own, yeah, that's a big deal. It prevents and 468 00:38:17.719 --> 00:38:22.159 saves a lot of interaction with caretakers and other people in your life that you 469 00:38:22.280 --> 00:38:27.000 rely on to take care of. It really increases you. I think. 470 00:38:27.000 --> 00:38:30.119 An exciting possibility long term also is to say if you take parts of the 471 00:38:30.159 --> 00:38:34.760 optimous Optimius humanoid robot and you combine that with a neural link. Let's say 472 00:38:34.760 --> 00:38:38.719 somebody has lost their arms or legs, Well, we could actually attach an 473 00:38:38.719 --> 00:38:45.519 optimus armor optimist legs and do a neuralink implant so that the motor commands from 474 00:38:45.519 --> 00:38:50.239 your brain that goat would goat to your biological arms, now go to your 475 00:38:50.320 --> 00:38:55.360 robot arms or robot legs and again, you'd have basically cybernetic superpowers. Actually, 476 00:38:55.360 --> 00:39:00.599 so the linksy from the neuralink to your hand would probably be faster than 477 00:39:00.599 --> 00:39:02.239 it is to go to your physical hands. So you can imagine, like 478 00:39:02.280 --> 00:39:07.239 if you're a piano player or anything that requires extremely fast hand movements, that 479 00:39:07.280 --> 00:39:10.960 you could actually have a pretty imbalanced right hand robotic arm control versus left hand 480 00:39:12.000 --> 00:39:15.280 physical hand control. That's one of them. Yeah, Like I said, 481 00:39:15.280 --> 00:39:20.639 it's just kind of a cyberpunk dio sex in the future where you have cybernetic 482 00:39:20.679 --> 00:39:31.199 upgrades that are actually better than your biological limbs. And it's certainly that we'll 483 00:39:31.360 --> 00:39:36.719 have a much you know as particularly as we expand to a large number of 484 00:39:38.679 --> 00:39:45.480 customers or patients for neuralink, the understanding of the brain will improve dramatically because 485 00:39:45.800 --> 00:39:51.679 really there isn't a fine, very fine grained understanding of the brain today because 486 00:39:52.239 --> 00:39:55.280 it's just the sensors aren't good enough. You've got fMRI, which is pretty 487 00:39:55.320 --> 00:39:59.960 good, but it's still not as good as actually having I bound with like 488 00:40:00.039 --> 00:40:02.760 TOIDs in the brain. Yeah, I think this is underappreciated as a research 489 00:40:02.840 --> 00:40:08.679 tool to move that whole effort forward of really knowing you know what the physical 490 00:40:08.719 --> 00:40:15.000 substance of human thought is we don't know to the to the degree that we 491 00:40:15.039 --> 00:40:21.199 need to. Neuralink is actually a very powerful research tool. Yeah, I 492 00:40:21.239 --> 00:40:29.719 mean we I think we can ultimately understand and and fix it's quite severe psychosis 493 00:40:29.800 --> 00:40:35.599 or like if if somebody's got like the if somebody's got like a like a 494 00:40:35.639 --> 00:40:38.840 delusion that they have a chip in their brain. I was if you're going 495 00:40:38.880 --> 00:40:43.000 to mention that one. We just want to be clear if there's only one 496 00:40:43.000 --> 00:40:46.119 person with a new link hip in their brain. So for people out there 497 00:40:46.119 --> 00:40:49.920 who think we've put a chip in their brain, would like to assure you 498 00:40:50.800 --> 00:40:52.800 or what it's worth, you probably won't believe us, but we did not 499 00:40:52.920 --> 00:41:00.360 put each op in your brain. Okay, it's so there's actually a remarkable 500 00:41:00.440 --> 00:41:02.679 number of people who think we have put a trip in their brain, but 501 00:41:02.760 --> 00:41:07.320 we have not. But in the future, if you would like us to 502 00:41:07.360 --> 00:41:10.519 put a trip in your brain, which will perhaps help with the issue of 503 00:41:10.559 --> 00:41:14.519 thinking that you have a tip in your brain, then we will be able 504 00:41:14.519 --> 00:41:19.480 to do so. So there are people that have severia, schizophrenia, they've 505 00:41:19.519 --> 00:41:25.079 got basically things that their brain is malfunctioning in some way and this is actually 506 00:41:25.159 --> 00:41:30.639 due to really like physical circuitry issues. You can think of the brain as 507 00:41:30.679 --> 00:41:36.480 like, really it's a biological computer, and if if some of the circuits 508 00:41:36.480 --> 00:41:39.960 are crussed, it's gonna you know, it's going to crash, it's or 509 00:41:39.960 --> 00:41:45.199 it's gonna have issues that it's not work. But with a neuralic device, 510 00:41:45.360 --> 00:41:51.400 we can fix those issues. And you know, give someone who I think 511 00:41:52.039 --> 00:41:57.079 has to say severe scisophraina or psychosis of some kind, allow them to live 512 00:41:57.119 --> 00:42:00.199 a normal life. I think that is one of the likely things in the 513 00:42:00.239 --> 00:42:12.360 future. So yeah, I mean, yeah, you can certainly imagine, 514 00:42:12.360 --> 00:42:20.639 like I'm sure people have like parents, grandparents who have you have memory that's 515 00:42:20.679 --> 00:42:23.880 not working as well as it used to be. Sometimes they forget who who 516 00:42:23.920 --> 00:42:28.440 their grandchildren are or what day it is, and this is something that in 517 00:42:28.559 --> 00:42:32.119 your like device could help fix. I mean, that's actually one of the 518 00:42:32.280 --> 00:42:44.440 personal reasons in many way like forms of you're literally losing part of your right 519 00:42:44.480 --> 00:42:52.159 then, yeah, just a very verat Yeah, and it's really just it's 520 00:42:52.159 --> 00:42:58.119 a glitch in the biological computer that is a fixable glitch, like like it's 521 00:42:58.119 --> 00:43:02.239 a short circuit. Essentially, how does the device charge and how long does 522 00:43:02.280 --> 00:43:07.039 the charge last? Yeah, so the current version that Nolan has lasts but 523 00:43:07.400 --> 00:43:10.280 four to five hours on a charge, and it takes about forty five minutes 524 00:43:10.320 --> 00:43:14.599 to charge. The thing we've learned from Nolan is that that's actually one of 525 00:43:14.639 --> 00:43:16.880 the main limitters for him using it more. It's actually pretty hard to use 526 00:43:16.920 --> 00:43:21.559 a product more than like seventy hours a week. But that's about what he 527 00:43:21.679 --> 00:43:23.360 has used it for it in some weeks. Yeah, seventy hours a week. 528 00:43:23.440 --> 00:43:25.880 Yeah, I mean just for context, like you sleep roughly eight hours 529 00:43:25.880 --> 00:43:29.039 of night, so that's you know, we're doing better than the bed, 530 00:43:29.119 --> 00:43:32.079 Like the bed is fifty six hours a week he used, So seventy hours 531 00:43:32.079 --> 00:43:36.280 a week of uses. I challenge you to think about products you've actually used 532 00:43:36.280 --> 00:43:39.480 for that duration. That's again, some of these points are worth like empasizing 533 00:43:39.480 --> 00:43:45.360 again, like the that's Nolan, our first on yourlink recipient has used the 534 00:43:45.519 --> 00:43:50.719 uralin device for seventy hours in a week, which is incredible. You probably 535 00:43:50.719 --> 00:43:55.039 won't enjoy that I'm sharing his computer use publicly, but I mean I assure 536 00:43:55.079 --> 00:44:00.000 you for productive things only. But actually, so one of things we've learned 537 00:44:00.119 --> 00:44:00.960 is that in the next version of the device, who really need to like 538 00:44:01.039 --> 00:44:05.039 double or increase that out of your life, And so I think DJ the 539 00:44:05.039 --> 00:44:09.519 next version is going to be double actually actually do without without increasing the charge 540 00:44:09.719 --> 00:44:13.960 correct in charging time to double, the better your life, meaning you should 541 00:44:13.960 --> 00:44:15.440 get roughly eight hours of use, and the goal is to actually get to 542 00:44:15.480 --> 00:44:19.280 all they use, so you can just charge, you know, maybe in 543 00:44:19.320 --> 00:44:22.760 your sleep, right sleeping pillow, exactly as soon as you've got like sixteen 544 00:44:22.800 --> 00:44:25.159 hours of usage, then you basically have twenty four hours of usage because you 545 00:44:25.159 --> 00:44:29.320 can charge while you're sleeping. One other thing that's important I think to call 546 00:44:29.320 --> 00:44:31.320 out here is if you're paralyzed, you can't you put the charger over your 547 00:44:31.320 --> 00:44:35.599 head yourself, And so it's important to think about, like it's not just 548 00:44:35.679 --> 00:44:37.880 a duration of better use, but also can you recharge it yourself independently. 549 00:44:38.320 --> 00:44:42.039 We spend a lot of time thinking about how to make them peaceable because then 550 00:44:42.079 --> 00:44:44.280 that means that you can and this is what no one does. You can 551 00:44:44.519 --> 00:44:46.440 use the device, charge it, use the device, charge it, use 552 00:44:46.480 --> 00:44:50.400 the device without needing anybody to come in and sort of help you with that, 553 00:44:50.960 --> 00:44:52.360 which is a big deal. If you're trying to play save until five 554 00:44:52.400 --> 00:44:57.039 am at night when your family's And the way in which he does that is 555 00:44:57.039 --> 00:44:59.840 that there is a charge of coil. That's a bigger you know about this, 556 00:45:00.960 --> 00:45:06.559 and we actually put it in the sleeve of a little beanie or a 557 00:45:06.599 --> 00:45:09.400 beanie and then he wears it and then says with the voice command and charge 558 00:45:09.559 --> 00:45:22.079 charge your energize. That's the one you like Howard writing work. Uh so 559 00:45:22.079 --> 00:45:30.079 so uh yeah, the current device that Nolan has is reading, so it's 560 00:45:30.079 --> 00:45:35.960 trying to read his essentially like worst movement from from one one hand. That's 561 00:45:35.960 --> 00:45:38.840 Alost you know, with Worth pointing out like in the future, like we're 562 00:45:38.880 --> 00:45:44.360 pretty cool to give Nolan a second implant that would allow the other hand to 563 00:45:44.360 --> 00:45:49.480 be used and also have higher uh obviously higher active electro accounts, so then 564 00:45:49.519 --> 00:45:51.960 you could play too, essentially play games two handed, because that's not only 565 00:45:51.960 --> 00:45:57.199 how you play games and uh but then with with writing, it's really just, 566 00:45:57.320 --> 00:46:00.239 uh, it's an electrical impulse. Instead of like reading electrical impulses from 567 00:46:00.280 --> 00:46:05.559 the neurons, you issue an electrical impulse, which is obviously critical for vision. 568 00:46:05.639 --> 00:46:10.679 So vision is writing, which is just triggering electrical impulse in the vision 569 00:46:10.840 --> 00:46:16.159 part of the brain and that like activates a pixel. So we actually do 570 00:46:16.199 --> 00:46:20.679 have this working in monkeys, and we have we've had it working with monkeys 571 00:46:20.679 --> 00:46:22.840 for a while now, where you can sort of flash a pixel and then 572 00:46:22.840 --> 00:46:28.559 you watch where the monkey. Obviously the monkey is like whatever. Mike's a 573 00:46:28.559 --> 00:46:30.000 little surprised to see, like, hey, there's a flash here and a 574 00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:34.840 flash here, but it's it's used to it after a while. But it 575 00:46:34.960 --> 00:46:37.480 just you can see that that the pixel is in the right location because the 576 00:46:37.519 --> 00:46:40.320 monkey's eyes will will dart to that location. It's not on the screen, 577 00:46:40.360 --> 00:46:43.440 like there's no pixel on the screen, there's no picks on the screen in 578 00:46:43.480 --> 00:46:46.840 the brain. Yeah, just like just verify that that there triggering pixel in 579 00:46:46.840 --> 00:46:51.760 the right part of the brain. So you know, the initial resolution for 580 00:46:52.639 --> 00:46:55.039 vision will be relatively low, you know, sort of a Tario graphics type 581 00:46:55.079 --> 00:47:00.360 of thing, but over time it could potentially be better than normal vision. 582 00:47:00.599 --> 00:47:06.679 And then I guess in terms of some additional applications for where writing to the 583 00:47:06.719 --> 00:47:12.199 brain can be useful, what are applications. As Bliss mentioned, there is 584 00:47:12.679 --> 00:47:15.360 feedback, there's appropriate receptive feedback, there's a tel feedback, especially on robot 585 00:47:15.440 --> 00:47:20.360 army. You're trying to grasp ap you need to know about it to some 586 00:47:20.440 --> 00:47:25.519 egg. It's very much a delicate balance of not just initiating the movement but 587 00:47:25.559 --> 00:47:30.199 getting the feedback and controlling it accordingly. So there is some metasensory cortex that's 588 00:47:30.480 --> 00:47:45.920 right adjacent to modern cort text it could be better motor movements. So any 589 00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:51.159 changes in neural growth after the device is inserted, we don't see any any 590 00:47:51.559 --> 00:47:57.159 signs of neural damage, but I and I guess we we have seen some 591 00:47:57.599 --> 00:48:04.360 rebound on some the electrodes, right correct. And then also I mean, 592 00:48:04.400 --> 00:48:07.239 I guess, I guess you know. Brain is very plastic, so it's 593 00:48:07.239 --> 00:48:15.559 not that plastic. Well, it does diminished quite a bit after and why 594 00:48:15.800 --> 00:48:22.840 through throughout childhood, especially when you get to about twenty five brain really done 595 00:48:23.000 --> 00:48:30.519 cooking. Yeah, but that there there are there is a little bit of 596 00:48:30.559 --> 00:48:36.039 damage done with each insertion, but it's a minuscule amount compared to anything else 597 00:48:36.800 --> 00:48:43.519 out there, and so it's an easy amount of damage to recover from. 598 00:48:43.559 --> 00:48:51.719 And it's really only detectable on cutting pieces of the brain after after the animal 599 00:48:51.760 --> 00:48:54.159 is no longer live and looking at them under a microscope. You can't really 600 00:48:54.199 --> 00:49:00.719 tell during life that there's been any brain. Another way to interpret this question, 601 00:49:00.760 --> 00:49:04.119 have the fund need changes in neural growth after device is inserted. One 602 00:49:04.159 --> 00:49:06.760 way to interpret that is like the user learning how to use the device. 603 00:49:06.960 --> 00:49:09.039 I think on that side of things, there's been tremendous progress. He's put 604 00:49:09.079 --> 00:49:14.079 in hundreds of hours trying to figure out the best way to use this device 605 00:49:14.079 --> 00:49:15.760 because he really thinks that, you know, if he can figure this out 606 00:49:15.760 --> 00:49:19.400 and you can help share this knowledge. I mean, he's like on Friday 607 00:49:19.480 --> 00:49:21.639 night at eight pm, you know, he's starting a session of like, 608 00:49:22.039 --> 00:49:24.239 you know, figuring out himself how to how to push his own performance to 609 00:49:24.239 --> 00:49:29.400 the next level. And that's really a unique learning process because there's not many 610 00:49:29.400 --> 00:49:31.800 people in the world that had the experience of moving something and so there's a 611 00:49:31.840 --> 00:49:36.280 lot of nuance to like, Okay, how exactly should I imagine or attempt 612 00:49:36.320 --> 00:49:39.079 to move my risk to get the thing too. Yeah, he's really dialed 613 00:49:39.079 --> 00:49:43.800 that into it. Also, just a sheer number of hours that he's us 614 00:49:44.079 --> 00:49:47.079 He's saying even in the past six months, right, Yeah, in many 615 00:49:47.079 --> 00:49:51.199 ways, like he's using it in his travel, in his plane ride. 616 00:49:51.559 --> 00:49:53.440 Effectively, PCI has left alive. Yeah, yeah, yeah, I mean 617 00:49:53.639 --> 00:49:57.239 one of the questions is how close we can burning thoughts out of text. 618 00:49:58.119 --> 00:50:00.639 I mean, right, right now, it's more about and curse from the 619 00:50:00.679 --> 00:50:05.960 screen on a virtual keyboard. But long term you should be able to really 620 00:50:06.559 --> 00:50:10.239 master about entire words faster than anyone could possibly time. I'm able to type 621 00:50:10.920 --> 00:50:15.079 a low world today directly, but we're still in the early days making that 622 00:50:15.119 --> 00:50:20.320 a pause experience. I mean, the other things that we're looking at is 623 00:50:20.320 --> 00:50:22.519 silent. At the end of the day, it is a movement of and 624 00:50:23.159 --> 00:50:30.280 into rights. Yeah. True, was the brain trying to naturally push the 625 00:50:30.280 --> 00:50:34.119 threads out. I mean this is sort of a universal feature of any implant 626 00:50:34.119 --> 00:50:37.719 in the body. The body tries to reject it, and the goal of 627 00:50:37.760 --> 00:50:43.079 the surgeons and the technology team is to fight that. And so with artificial 628 00:50:43.159 --> 00:50:46.159 hips and with screws in the spine, we've done a really good job of 629 00:50:46.159 --> 00:50:53.239 finding biocompatible materials and techniques to fix those implants in the body. I mean, 630 00:50:53.800 --> 00:50:57.639 past a certain age, it's getting hard to find someone without some kind 631 00:50:57.679 --> 00:51:00.800 of implant, you know, the uh, some kind of screws in their 632 00:51:00.840 --> 00:51:08.159 spine. And so we've got this problem pretty well solved. So to answer 633 00:51:08.199 --> 00:51:12.239 your question. Yes, the body is trying to get rid of any implant, 634 00:51:12.280 --> 00:51:17.239 but we can sure that basically canned. It's also worth highlighting that the 635 00:51:17.280 --> 00:51:23.400 threads have not actually moved in the past five months. There's there's some still 636 00:51:23.480 --> 00:51:27.679 minor movements in terms of like some maybe maybe getting pushed in a little bit, 637 00:51:27.760 --> 00:51:30.760 pushed out a little bit, but it's it's more or less very stable 638 00:51:30.800 --> 00:51:34.320 and been stable for and the reason for that is, you know, once 639 00:51:34.320 --> 00:51:38.440 you once you do a brain surgery, it takes some time for the tissues 640 00:51:38.440 --> 00:51:43.519 to come in and then and then our tissue or the neo membrane to actually 641 00:51:43.519 --> 00:51:45.519 come in and then anchor the threads in place. And once that happens it 642 00:51:45.960 --> 00:51:52.440 has been stable and seen much movement. That's where the world record performance starts 643 00:51:52.440 --> 00:51:57.000 to come in. Yeah, that was a couple of weeks ago. Yeah, 644 00:51:57.320 --> 00:52:00.760 the threads like it. It is important that the threads be extremely tiny. 645 00:52:00.760 --> 00:52:04.639 If they're extremely tiny, then the brain does not The smaller they are, 646 00:52:04.760 --> 00:52:07.559 the less like the brain is to react to them. So that's why 647 00:52:07.559 --> 00:52:12.039 you want the thread to be extremely tiny and also to minimize any damage to 648 00:52:12.039 --> 00:52:17.760 your unts. So on that note, we do plan to actually share some 649 00:52:17.800 --> 00:52:25.360 of the tissue response in detail in some of the later upcoming updates. Yeah, 650 00:52:25.920 --> 00:52:30.679 it is quite a challenging. It's challenging on many fronts to do something 651 00:52:30.719 --> 00:52:36.159 like this because you're trying to read and read and write electrical signals, but 652 00:52:36.320 --> 00:52:45.119 you need to have the threads themselves need to be electrically isolated and not subject 653 00:52:45.159 --> 00:52:50.400 to corrosion in the body. So like the you know, just middle by 654 00:52:50.440 --> 00:52:55.679 itself is somewhat supress subject to corrosion or being attacked. So it's it's it's 655 00:52:55.719 --> 00:52:59.599 good. Like in terms of the pre various coatings and things. To actually 656 00:52:59.639 --> 00:53:04.800 make this electrode work while not actually eroding its performance over time is very difficult. 657 00:53:05.079 --> 00:53:07.639 Human bodies are very very harsh, very harsh. It's a bag of 658 00:53:07.639 --> 00:53:13.719 salt water with bad sensors, that's elevated temperature that as well regulated. I 659 00:53:13.760 --> 00:53:16.519 mean, I'm sure people have experienced dropping their electronic devices in a seawater and 660 00:53:16.719 --> 00:53:22.039 in an instant. Yeah, yeah, so we'll we're better sort of wrap 661 00:53:22.119 --> 00:53:27.559 this up soon. And if there's like a few a few last questions, 662 00:53:28.920 --> 00:53:32.320 I guess, so a good question, So what about upgrades? So yeah, 663 00:53:32.440 --> 00:53:36.440 we we do think it's going to be important to be able to upgrade 664 00:53:36.440 --> 00:53:39.760 their device over time, just like you wouldn't want like an iPhone one stuck 665 00:53:39.760 --> 00:53:44.960 in your brain forever. You know, if you've got an iPhone fifteen, 666 00:53:45.360 --> 00:53:50.400 you probably want the iPhone fifteen, not the iPhone one. So I think 667 00:53:50.440 --> 00:53:54.159 people over time will be able to upgrade their neural links. So we'll take 668 00:53:54.159 --> 00:54:00.400 the neural link device out and put a new one in. And we have 669 00:54:00.480 --> 00:54:06.239 done this with some of our animals, and they're actually in one case we 670 00:54:06.280 --> 00:54:10.719 did with we upgradeed device three times and and uh with a pig. We 671 00:54:10.760 --> 00:54:15.559 did with a monkey as well. Yes, and he's he's doing fine. 672 00:54:17.079 --> 00:54:23.079 Point hit his I think his record with an upgrade. It still beat him 673 00:54:23.079 --> 00:54:25.960 though, still beat him. Yes, this is true. Humans are top 674 00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:29.719 of the species board right now. Pages like what like eight or something. 675 00:54:29.760 --> 00:54:32.440 It was like eight point five bps. Okay, well that's a very high 676 00:54:32.440 --> 00:54:36.400 school not trying to put Patriot down. And also to train a monkey to 677 00:54:36.440 --> 00:54:37.840 do that is a full challenge on its own. We have like the best 678 00:54:37.880 --> 00:54:40.880 animal care team world. Yeah, I just do want to have size. 679 00:54:40.920 --> 00:54:45.519 We we we we do our absolute best to take care of the animals. 680 00:54:45.480 --> 00:54:51.239 And uh, when we had like a USDA inspector come through. She said 681 00:54:51.280 --> 00:54:55.519 that this was the nicest animal facility she has ever seen in her entire life. 682 00:54:55.920 --> 00:55:05.320 So breakfast, the monkey orders room service. Yeah, we have monkey 683 00:55:05.440 --> 00:55:09.679 room servants, which is rare fact. We're the only ones who offer monkey 684 00:55:09.760 --> 00:55:15.559 room servants. So we really do everything we can to maximize well for the 685 00:55:15.559 --> 00:55:19.880 animals. So all right with that, thank you everyone for tuning in. 686 00:55:20.000 --> 00:55:20.559 I hope you're