WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.640 --> 00:00:04.400 Hello again, thanks for joining us on Space Nuts Q and A Andrew Dunkley 2 00:00:04.480 --> 00:00:07.919 here your host. Going to have your company and great to get a whole 3 00:00:07.960 --> 00:00:12.119 bunch of questions in from various members of the audience who want to know about 4 00:00:12.160 --> 00:00:19.280 supernovae. It's a question that's come in from David and Peter Is because Fred 5 00:00:19.359 --> 00:00:25.920 Fred's written books about telescopes or one in particular, Peter is asking Fred's opinion 6 00:00:25.960 --> 00:00:31.519 of three D printed telescopes. That's a new thing. James wants to know 7 00:00:31.559 --> 00:00:36.000 about the voyage of space probe missions, and Zay is he's come up with 8 00:00:36.039 --> 00:00:41.439 an interesting idea on how to do particle collision. That's all coming up on 9 00:00:41.520 --> 00:00:50.439 space nuts Q and a fifteen second is in channel ten nine ignition sequence space 10 00:00:50.560 --> 00:01:00.280 nuts or three two space nuts as when I report it, Neil's goods and 11 00:01:00.399 --> 00:01:03.480 back again to answer all of those questions and probably a lot more is Professor 12 00:01:03.519 --> 00:01:07.280 Fred. What's an astronomer at large? Hi? Fred, Hell there, 13 00:01:07.799 --> 00:01:11.879 Andrew, very good to see you, looking hale and hearty. Yes, 14 00:01:11.159 --> 00:01:15.879 I wish no, we're going all right. We're going all right? Shall 15 00:01:15.920 --> 00:01:19.120 we get stuck straight into it? I think that's a good idea. Yes, 16 00:01:19.640 --> 00:01:25.560 all right. Our first question comes from David Hey, Brendan Andrew. 17 00:01:25.799 --> 00:01:34.879 This is David Fellows Flee in Texas. Question about supernovasplodes. Why doesn't it 18 00:01:34.920 --> 00:01:40.920 blow away the gravitational field? And how does it stay intact to become a 19 00:01:40.920 --> 00:01:48.040 new front star? Why doesn't it? And it does? Thanks m. 20 00:01:48.920 --> 00:01:56.400 We've had questions about supernova before and we did actually refer to them in the 21 00:01:56.480 --> 00:02:02.120 last episode the standard Candle. Why do they not blow away the gravitational field? 22 00:02:02.319 --> 00:02:07.519 And how does a neutron star developed as a consequence of a supernova? 23 00:02:07.479 --> 00:02:10.879 Yeah, it's a good question, and you know, we think of an 24 00:02:10.919 --> 00:02:17.879 explosion as blowing stuff away and gravity is a bit more robust than that. 25 00:02:17.960 --> 00:02:25.199 Though it's not something you can blow away. It's always associated with mass and 26 00:02:25.280 --> 00:02:31.840 that's where really the answer to David's question comes in, because what happens when 27 00:02:31.879 --> 00:02:38.879 a super and over explodes is it's just the outer envelope of the star. 28 00:02:38.039 --> 00:02:42.840 So what you've got is a star which has got a core where all the 29 00:02:42.879 --> 00:02:46.120 action is taking place, exactly as our sun has. And then on top 30 00:02:46.120 --> 00:02:52.439 of that, you've got this mantle or envelope of hot gas where lots of 31 00:02:52.520 --> 00:02:57.840 things happen. Magnetic fields do their thing and convection does its thing. When 32 00:02:58.039 --> 00:03:05.439 a super and Over explode, basically the energy of the explosion goes into that 33 00:03:07.159 --> 00:03:12.039 envelope of material, so it does blow stuff away. And you know, 34 00:03:12.520 --> 00:03:15.360 David said, why doesn't he just blow blow into dust? And in a 35 00:03:15.400 --> 00:03:22.879 sense it does. We find all over the sky and there's a beautiful new 36 00:03:22.919 --> 00:03:29.039 picture of one at the moment called the Villa Super and Over Remnant. We 37 00:03:29.159 --> 00:03:32.240 find these remnants of supern Ova, which is the gas and dust that's been 38 00:03:32.360 --> 00:03:38.360 expelled by the explosion. There's a new image from the Dark Energy Camera has 39 00:03:38.400 --> 00:03:44.560 been released to show what the Villa Super and Over Eminent looks like. If 40 00:03:44.759 --> 00:03:46.360 if any of our listeners want to check it out, I think you're doing. 41 00:03:51.000 --> 00:03:54.280 That's an amazing picture. Yeah, just to add to that, one 42 00:03:54.319 --> 00:03:58.639 of the first pictures of that super over eminence, certainly the first in color, 43 00:03:59.599 --> 00:04:03.759 was taken by my conic David Merlin back in the probably early nineteen eighties, 44 00:04:03.800 --> 00:04:08.759 because he was the man who worked out how you could take true color 45 00:04:08.840 --> 00:04:12.159 images of celestial objects, and that was one of his first targets and it 46 00:04:12.319 --> 00:04:15.800 is very, very spectacular. The new image taken with a one point three 47 00:04:16.000 --> 00:04:21.720 gig pixel camera I think shows a lot more detail. It's taken on the 48 00:04:21.759 --> 00:04:26.920 telescope about the same size actually as the Australian telescope that David used, but 49 00:04:27.079 --> 00:04:31.360 on a better site. So the detailing very very spectacular. That's not part 50 00:04:31.399 --> 00:04:34.319 of the story, but that's just to let you know and let David know 51 00:04:34.399 --> 00:04:38.199 that he can go off and find pictures of exactly what he said. All 52 00:04:38.240 --> 00:04:42.800 the DU's being blown away. It's gas as well, gas and other stuff. 53 00:04:43.079 --> 00:04:48.720 But the bottom line is that gravity wins. Gravity overcomes the outward force 54 00:04:49.319 --> 00:04:56.639 of an explosion and pulls the core of that star down to the size of 55 00:04:56.639 --> 00:05:00.160 a neutron star, so that gravity is all concentrated, if I can put 56 00:05:00.199 --> 00:05:03.639 it that way at the middle, and it wins out. That's basically what 57 00:05:03.720 --> 00:05:09.199 causes the explosion. The fact that gravity wins out, the core collapses, 58 00:05:09.680 --> 00:05:15.800 and because of basically momentum considerations when the course collapsing, all this other stuff 59 00:05:15.839 --> 00:05:21.000 is being blown out into space. I used to do for schools Andrew a 60 00:05:21.040 --> 00:05:28.160 demonstration with a ping pong ball which is very light and one of those really 61 00:05:28.319 --> 00:05:30.959 solid rubber bouncy balls that bouncees really well. And if you hold the two 62 00:05:31.000 --> 00:05:36.879 together and then drop them, the bouncing ball transfers some of its momentum to 63 00:05:36.959 --> 00:05:40.920 the ping pong ball. The ping pong ball flies up, usually hits the 64 00:05:40.920 --> 00:05:44.560 ceiling quite often hit me in the eye, which always went down well with 65 00:05:44.639 --> 00:05:48.240 schools. Occasionally hit the teacher at the back of the hall. That went 66 00:05:48.279 --> 00:05:53.560 down well as well. But it's just that transfer of the momentum, the 67 00:05:53.639 --> 00:05:58.360 energy from one to another. So I used to say this is the heavy 68 00:05:58.439 --> 00:06:01.920 rubber ball is an iron atom, the lightweight pink pong ball is a hydrogen. 69 00:06:02.160 --> 00:06:05.120 To put them together, because they are together, drop them. What 70 00:06:05.240 --> 00:06:10.120 happens. The iron atom goes down, the pink pong ball goes up very 71 00:06:10.160 --> 00:06:13.839 quickly. Indeed, it's a good demonstration to do, actually, And so 72 00:06:14.000 --> 00:06:17.759 that's what's happening. But the bottom line is gravity always wins. And the 73 00:06:17.800 --> 00:06:23.759 only thing that stops the neutron star crushing being crushed into a black hole is 74 00:06:23.839 --> 00:06:29.120 the outward pressure of the neutrons themselves, and that's the You know that that 75 00:06:29.240 --> 00:06:34.319 is enough to stop that gravitational pull. Okay, just as a bit of 76 00:06:34.360 --> 00:06:41.959 a side note, you mentioned one point three gigapixel camera. If you were 77 00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:46.560 to lay out a photograph from a one point three gigapixel camera, it would 78 00:06:46.600 --> 00:06:53.160 be eighty by thirty inches. Okay, yeah, I wanted to know how 79 00:06:53.199 --> 00:06:57.720 big a photo would be if it was one point three gigapixel. That's big, 80 00:06:58.000 --> 00:07:03.199 that's too many. Yeah, it's a pretty big photo. I've seen 81 00:07:03.240 --> 00:07:08.720 them, some of the big photographs put to full size on a computer screen 82 00:07:08.759 --> 00:07:13.240 and you'll see like just a chunk of it. Yes, I have to 83 00:07:13.279 --> 00:07:17.160 scroll, stroll and scroll is to get the whole photo. But of course 84 00:07:17.199 --> 00:07:23.319 you can cram them into the screen these days. But yeah, they're quite 85 00:07:23.360 --> 00:07:28.079 amazing. Thanks for your question, David. We've got a text question now, 86 00:07:28.160 --> 00:07:30.560 Fred. This one comes from Peter. He said, I'm new to 87 00:07:30.600 --> 00:07:35.240 astronomy and just found a three D printable telescope, the Hadley. I've not 88 00:07:35.360 --> 00:07:40.079 used a telescope before. What do you think about this project? Is it 89 00:07:40.199 --> 00:07:45.399 a good place to start? Named Peter from Peter, I had look quickly 90 00:07:45.519 --> 00:07:53.040 at the website he sent about printable or printables dot com is the website, 91 00:07:53.040 --> 00:07:57.839 but it also shows this printable Hadley telescope. Did you have a chance to 92 00:07:57.839 --> 00:08:01.079 have a look at that thread? I did yes, it's really interesting. 93 00:08:01.120 --> 00:08:07.240 Actually so what you're fabricating other mechanical parts, and it actually looks pretty well 94 00:08:07.279 --> 00:08:20.480 done. It's a modest sized telescope one hundred fourteen millimeters that they're talking about 95 00:08:20.600 --> 00:08:26.480 for the aperture that's getting on for five inches. That's a usable size and 96 00:08:26.519 --> 00:08:33.159 it's cheap. There will be a lot of fiddling around with because you've got 97 00:08:33.159 --> 00:08:35.759 a three D print the components, and there are a few components you've got 98 00:08:35.799 --> 00:08:39.799 to buy, and certainly the optical components. You can't three D print the 99 00:08:39.799 --> 00:08:46.360 ips and the mirror of the mirrors, so you can buy your screw and 100 00:08:46.440 --> 00:08:54.360 mirror kits and you can then do the three D printing of the mechanical bits. 101 00:08:54.639 --> 00:09:00.639 To be honest, I think as a beginner that you might be better 102 00:09:00.799 --> 00:09:07.279 buying a cheap off the shelf telescope such as adopsonian, which is the kind 103 00:09:07.320 --> 00:09:11.679 of telescope that sits, you know, on what we call an altatimuth mount. 104 00:09:11.720 --> 00:09:16.159 It's just basically a box with cutouts in it so the telescope can sit 105 00:09:16.200 --> 00:09:24.840 in it and you can move it up and down. The printable telescope is 106 00:09:24.879 --> 00:09:28.080 that kind of telescope, but you're kind of starting from scratch, and you 107 00:09:28.159 --> 00:09:33.360 might not really know what all these bits and pieces are for. So my 108 00:09:33.840 --> 00:09:37.759 estimate, if your a rank beginner, would be to save up a little 109 00:09:37.799 --> 00:09:43.679 bit more and buy a small Dopsonian telescope, which are very readily available. 110 00:09:43.720 --> 00:09:46.200 Probably wouldn't cost you that much more than the three D printed one either. 111 00:09:46.759 --> 00:09:52.559 Okay you are. I was going to suggest that maybe a three D printable 112 00:09:52.120 --> 00:10:00.320 telescope would be a lot cheaper, but maybe not. But five inch five 113 00:10:00.360 --> 00:10:05.240 inch mirrors pretty well, lens is pretty Yeah, it's pretty decent in terms 114 00:10:05.279 --> 00:10:11.279 of starting point. It's bigger than mine for four and a half inches. 115 00:10:11.559 --> 00:10:18.360 Yeah, I think this. You know, tell uscope making is an art 116 00:10:18.440 --> 00:10:22.639 in itself, and you're still doing that, but you're just, you know, 117 00:10:22.720 --> 00:10:26.399 rather than sawing bits of wood up and things of that sort of drilling 118 00:10:26.440 --> 00:10:30.679 holes in metal, you're actually three D printing. So yeah, if you 119 00:10:30.799 --> 00:10:33.360 if you're into three D printing, give it a try. But yeah, 120 00:10:33.480 --> 00:10:37.559 my bat is you'll find it easier to get into astronomy by buying one. 121 00:10:39.320 --> 00:10:43.559 I'm not I haven't tried any three D printing. My son bought a three 122 00:10:43.600 --> 00:10:46.279 D printer and used it for a while. And I think he built his 123 00:10:46.279 --> 00:10:50.519 his son, my grandson a racing car with it or something. But it's 124 00:10:50.559 --> 00:10:56.519 it's extraordinary technology. But it shouldn't surprise us that three D printed telescopes are 125 00:10:56.519 --> 00:11:01.600 a thing. Thanks Peter Lovely to hear from you. This is space nuts. 126 00:11:01.639 --> 00:11:09.879 Andrew Duncley here with Professor Fred Watson. Okay, we tech vote space 127 00:11:11.000 --> 00:11:18.279 nuts. Next question comes from an old friend, James, mister Duckley Prester 128 00:11:18.360 --> 00:11:22.279 Watson exchanged from Cincinnati, USA, and I've got questions relating to the Voyager 129 00:11:22.320 --> 00:11:28.039 mission. I recently read where Alan Cummings, who worked on the mission for 130 00:11:28.039 --> 00:11:33.600 five decades, said the spacecraft should last one billion years. My questions what 131 00:11:33.840 --> 00:11:39.720 star systems are the spacecraft going to encounter and how close Where might it end 132 00:11:39.759 --> 00:11:45.720 up after one billion years? Based on the size, I imagine it will 133 00:11:45.759 --> 00:11:52.480 be incredibly unlikely any ets out there would detect either craft. If an alien 134 00:11:52.559 --> 00:11:56.279 version of Voyager came as close to our son as either spacecraft are predicted to 135 00:11:56.399 --> 00:12:03.279 encounter and other star systems we be able to detect it. Good question. 136 00:12:03.399 --> 00:12:05.039 Thanks James Lovely to hear from you. You know James has been I was 137 00:12:05.080 --> 00:12:07.799 wondering that James the other day. I haven't heard from him in a long 138 00:12:07.840 --> 00:12:11.399 time, but theory is, and I've still got my Cincinnati Jersey. Thank 139 00:12:11.440 --> 00:12:16.679 you, James. I adore it. Voyages. Yeah, where will they 140 00:12:16.720 --> 00:12:20.759 be in a billion years if they survive, and it's every probability they will. 141 00:12:22.679 --> 00:12:26.159 Yeah, that's right, it's you know, i'd say probably longer than 142 00:12:26.200 --> 00:12:33.360 a billion years. So I don't know the you know, the the exact 143 00:12:33.440 --> 00:12:39.600 number of objects or solar systems that are on their current trajectories. There are 144 00:12:39.639 --> 00:12:41.639 two of them, of course, the two voyages. Voyas are one of 145 00:12:41.679 --> 00:12:48.480 the most distant human made objects, Voyager two not very far behind it, 146 00:12:48.559 --> 00:12:52.759 but in a different direction. I don't think either of them are going to 147 00:12:52.799 --> 00:12:58.879 pass near any star systems, you know, within any kind of human lifetimes. 148 00:13:00.919 --> 00:13:05.799 But because I think their veloses in the region of twenty kilometers per second, 149 00:13:07.799 --> 00:13:11.799 and well you can divide a billion years by twenty kilometers per second to 150 00:13:11.840 --> 00:13:18.919 get how far they'll go, it's still within our galactic neighborhood. But I 151 00:13:18.960 --> 00:13:24.200 think the more interesting question that James raises is could they be spotted by, 152 00:13:24.039 --> 00:13:30.120 you know, somebody on the planet in extraterrestrial intelligence on a planet as these 153 00:13:30.159 --> 00:13:33.440 things drift by, and the answer is yes, they could if they were 154 00:13:33.519 --> 00:13:39.639 near enough to the Earth. Both the voyagers would be detectable from Earth. 155 00:13:39.679 --> 00:13:43.240 If they were whizzing through our solar system, it would depend on the trajectory. 156 00:13:43.240 --> 00:13:45.200 If they were on the other side of the Sun, we'd never see 157 00:13:45.200 --> 00:13:48.320 them. They'd be too small, you know, they're just a few meters 158 00:13:48.320 --> 00:13:54.440 in size. But they will shine by reflected sunlight or in the case of 159 00:13:54.600 --> 00:13:58.000 the Earlien version, reflected starlight. And if you've got big enough telescopes and 160 00:13:58.039 --> 00:14:05.200 you're sufficiently adept at scrutinizing the sky, you might well see them. And 161 00:14:05.240 --> 00:14:11.559 then you might do what we'd love to have done with the interstellar asteroid chase 162 00:14:11.600 --> 00:14:18.679 after it, with rockets or laser propelled sales with cameras on board, just 163 00:14:18.720 --> 00:14:22.480 to find out what it was. So that's I guess the old thing at 164 00:14:22.559 --> 00:14:31.320 fate of the voyage of spacecraft is maybe to be captured into orbit around another 165 00:14:31.440 --> 00:14:37.840 star, maybe to collide, although collision, because space is so big, 166 00:14:37.279 --> 00:14:43.240 a collision is actually a lot less likely. It's more likely that they might 167 00:14:43.279 --> 00:14:48.879 be captured and maybe even spiral in towards something down the track, which I 168 00:14:48.919 --> 00:14:54.360 guess will be a collision, but we don't know. And that's what makes 169 00:14:54.399 --> 00:14:58.919 them. I find them completely intriguing, these voyagers, and in fact the 170 00:14:58.919 --> 00:15:03.200 other three space that are leaving the Solar System, because they'll probably outlast our 171 00:15:03.240 --> 00:15:11.519 species. Uh and yes, effectively go on forever they've you know, they 172 00:15:11.559 --> 00:15:16.559 will they will keep going. They won't keep operating. The nuclear batteries will 173 00:15:16.679 --> 00:15:22.639 die, but they will be still artifacts on a trajectory away from the Solar 174 00:15:22.679 --> 00:15:26.399 System. Yes, And of course one of them is carrying that recording of 175 00:15:26.399 --> 00:15:31.039 the sounds of Earth. So the two voyages, yeah, they both got 176 00:15:31.039 --> 00:15:37.080 that. Yeah, all right, I didn't read one interesting Oh that's right. 177 00:15:37.159 --> 00:15:41.240 Yeah, I did read one interesting theory is that they could reach a 178 00:15:41.320 --> 00:15:45.320 star that doesn't exist yet in one or two billion years, So you go, 179 00:15:45.639 --> 00:15:50.720 yeah, that's food for thought. Yes, indeed, so there's there's 180 00:15:50.720 --> 00:15:54.679 all sorts of possibilities. Could they you know, is it possible that one 181 00:15:54.759 --> 00:15:58.279 or both of them could be captured into a planetary orbit. Yes, and 182 00:15:58.360 --> 00:16:03.440 when we've captured a couple of pseudo moons, haven't we. That's right. 183 00:16:03.519 --> 00:16:07.639 That was one of the outcomes that I mentioned that I probably didn't say it 184 00:16:07.720 --> 00:16:11.759 was being captured into an orbit. But that will be what would happen, 185 00:16:11.919 --> 00:16:15.159 and it's captured by the gravity, and it would remain in orbit, maybe, 186 00:16:15.320 --> 00:16:21.399 as you say, forming an artificial moon of a of a distant world 187 00:16:21.399 --> 00:16:26.639 around a distant planet. Wouldn't it be amazing if it just happened to stumble 188 00:16:26.679 --> 00:16:33.200 across an occupying planet? Yes, yeah, yeah, And they eventually achieved 189 00:16:33.279 --> 00:16:37.039 space travel and went up there and went, hang on a minute, what's 190 00:16:37.159 --> 00:16:42.200 this? What is the first? Yeah? Yeah, I never say never. 191 00:16:42.840 --> 00:16:48.879 Thank you, James. And our final question today comes from Zaane. 192 00:16:48.600 --> 00:16:52.000 Hey, space nuts, this is a name from Moment, Australia. I 193 00:16:52.039 --> 00:16:55.279 hope everyone is doing good. I've been listening for ages. I love the 194 00:16:55.320 --> 00:17:00.080 show. Now I've had this idea of the years and it's on the topic 195 00:17:00.200 --> 00:17:04.000 of particle gliders, like a large hadron glider, which, don't get me 196 00:17:04.039 --> 00:17:10.599 wrong, is an awesome piece of engineering. Also hop it we build these 197 00:17:10.599 --> 00:17:18.200 things in space and from what I understand, the particles are guided along their 198 00:17:18.279 --> 00:17:23.160 journey by electromagnets and I'm guessing the bulk of what makes up these machines are 199 00:17:23.279 --> 00:17:30.759 those super conducting electromagnets and that would cost a lot to send up to orbit 200 00:17:30.920 --> 00:17:34.039 even once starship is up and running. But would we even need them? 201 00:17:34.160 --> 00:17:38.400 Couldn't we just shoot these particles off in opposite directions in the same orbit and 202 00:17:38.440 --> 00:17:48.039 wait for them to meet up. And I guess the speeds with forests like 203 00:17:48.240 --> 00:17:52.960 far exceed the scapebod see if anything else all system. So I suppose we'd 204 00:17:53.000 --> 00:17:57.640 need to do it around something really big, black, hot, or something 205 00:17:59.559 --> 00:18:04.920 might of the wait a long time idea. It's an idea, and I'd 206 00:18:04.920 --> 00:18:11.359 love to hear what friend Andrew you boys have to say that. So have 207 00:18:11.440 --> 00:18:15.079 a good one. Thank you, Zay, and thanks for being a long 208 00:18:15.200 --> 00:18:18.960 term listener. By the way, particle colliders, okay, we've got Yeah, 209 00:18:18.960 --> 00:18:22.680 we've got the large hadron collider on Earth, and I think they're building 210 00:18:22.680 --> 00:18:29.759 a bigger one. They've fred but taking it off shore, you know, 211 00:18:29.799 --> 00:18:33.559 maybe using the planet as a particle collider, using the natural gravity effect. 212 00:18:36.039 --> 00:18:41.839 I don't know how you would target something so minute in opposite directions to meet 213 00:18:42.039 --> 00:18:48.519 on the other side with precision. That's the that's the quandary I find in 214 00:18:48.519 --> 00:18:55.519 this question. Yeah, there's a number of issues. Zam's right though, 215 00:18:55.640 --> 00:19:02.359 that a large children collider is it's us quite modest in its size. The 216 00:19:02.960 --> 00:19:10.599 tube is about a meter across, which is what is it twenty seven kilometers 217 00:19:10.599 --> 00:19:15.000 if I remember rightly, around the perimeter of the of the large Adrin collider, 218 00:19:15.720 --> 00:19:25.440 So it's a meter that that contains the electromagnetics and cryogenic cooling liquid even 219 00:19:25.440 --> 00:19:30.240 liquid helium. I can't remember what the coolant is, but all that those 220 00:19:30.279 --> 00:19:37.039 magnets are exactly as Zaine said about precisely guiding particles along around the accelerator. 221 00:19:37.880 --> 00:19:44.440 So that guiding has to be very, very precise. And you're right in 222 00:19:44.519 --> 00:19:48.519 what you said, Andrew, in that you know, the precision that you 223 00:19:48.559 --> 00:19:55.839 need to get too protons to collide is pretty high considering how small they are, 224 00:19:56.160 --> 00:20:00.720 But the problems bigger than that. And Zen's actually hit on it the 225 00:20:02.079 --> 00:20:04.720 figure quite a lot of times. It's been at the large Hundrd collider, 226 00:20:04.720 --> 00:20:08.359 but I've been there several times and in fact went down into the bowels of 227 00:20:08.400 --> 00:20:12.079 it to one of the detectors, the compact new on solaroid, where you 228 00:20:12.119 --> 00:20:19.720 see the ends of these tubes that do the acceleration. The velocity is if 229 00:20:19.759 --> 00:20:26.559 I remember rightly, they're accelerated to ninety nine point nine nine eight percent of 230 00:20:26.599 --> 00:20:30.079 the speed of light, So they're traveling at the speed of light, so 231 00:20:30.119 --> 00:20:34.279 they're above the escape velocity of anything that you could think of putting at the 232 00:20:34.359 --> 00:20:38.640 middle, with the exception of a black hole. As Zain said, we 233 00:20:38.720 --> 00:20:44.839 know that black holes do focus the light around them. They actually, you 234 00:20:44.839 --> 00:20:48.720 know, the light travels around a black hole because of the gravitational distortion of 235 00:20:48.759 --> 00:20:52.640 space. But you're not trying to make particles collide around a black hole. 236 00:20:53.519 --> 00:20:56.599 So maybe with a black hole it could be done. You've still got the 237 00:20:56.680 --> 00:21:02.960 difficulty of getting one particle to hit another by the end of it, by 238 00:21:02.960 --> 00:21:06.400 the end of its orbits around the black hole. I think it's going to 239 00:21:06.400 --> 00:21:12.599 be much easier and much more cost effective and much more realistic to keep doing 240 00:21:12.640 --> 00:21:19.359 things here on Earth with our standard particle colliders guided by electromagnetism. Indeed, 241 00:21:19.480 --> 00:21:26.559 yeah, I like his idea, and maybe one day they'll find a way 242 00:21:26.599 --> 00:21:30.839 of doing it off the planet. At this point in time here probably beyond 243 00:21:30.880 --> 00:21:37.799 our capabilities and certainly beyond our bank balance twenty six point seven kilometers the larch 244 00:21:37.839 --> 00:21:41.880 hedron collide said twenty seven. So not that rounding up is always a good 245 00:21:41.880 --> 00:21:48.319 thing. In astronomy unless it's the hubble tension. Andrew, if you're around 246 00:21:48.359 --> 00:21:53.200 those numbers, they both come out to seventy and the hubble tension disappears. 247 00:21:53.240 --> 00:21:56.440 So wheneber you hit you fit on the answer. That what we were talking 248 00:21:56.480 --> 00:22:03.200 about last time with the tension. Yes, thanks to your question, Zaan. 249 00:22:03.640 --> 00:22:04.759 Always good to hear from you, and a reminder, if you do 250 00:22:04.880 --> 00:22:10.400 have questions for us, please send them through via the website. We always 251 00:22:10.440 --> 00:22:14.839 love to hear from you. It's a simple process of jumping on to space 252 00:22:14.960 --> 00:22:21.359 Nuts podcast dot com or spacenuts dot io and just click on the AMA link 253 00:22:21.799 --> 00:22:26.680 where you'll be able to send us a text or audio question, or you 254 00:22:26.759 --> 00:22:30.880 can click on that funny little tab on the right hand side send us your 255 00:22:30.960 --> 00:22:36.000 questions. If you've got a smart device with a microphone, that's all you 256 00:22:36.079 --> 00:22:38.119 need and the only other thing we would require of you is your name, 257 00:22:38.720 --> 00:22:41.200 and if you want to tell us where you're from, that is nice as 258 00:22:41.240 --> 00:22:45.680 well. We do love to know where you're from. So yeah, send 259 00:22:45.720 --> 00:22:48.440 us your questions. We will try and answer them in our Q and A 260 00:22:48.720 --> 00:22:53.359 episodes every week. Fred, we're done for another another day. Thank you 261 00:22:53.400 --> 00:22:57.599 so much, it's a pleasure on you and I look forward to talking to 262 00:22:57.599 --> 00:23:03.920 you next time. Indeed, Professor Fred Watson, astronomer at large part of 263 00:23:04.000 --> 00:23:08.799 the team here at Space Nuts. And thanks to all those people back in 264 00:23:08.839 --> 00:23:15.880 the studio a number one named Hugh for helping out as always, And from 265 00:23:15.920 --> 00:23:18.880 me Andrew Dunkley, thanks for your company on this edition of Space Nuts. 266 00:23:18.880 --> 00:23:23.319 We'll catch again on the next episode. Until then, bye bye. You'll 267 00:23:23.359 --> 00:23:32.319 be listening to the Space Nuts podcast available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio, 268 00:23:32.680 --> 00:23:36.839 or your favorite podcast player. You can also stream on demand at guides 269 00:23:36.880 --> 00:23:42.519 dot com. This has been another quality podcast production from sites dot com.