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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
episode seventy seven, for broadcasts on the

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twenty eighth of June twenty twenty three. Coming up on Spacetime, the mysterious

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arc discovered in Andromeda, new observations
suggesting not all stars have made the same

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and a new study shows that Tonga's
hung of volcanic eruption produced the most intense

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lightning ever recorded. All that and
more coming up on Spacetime Welcome to Spacetime

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with Stewart Gary Citizen scientists. Astronomers
have discovered a mysterious arc that appears to

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be close to the M thirty one
galaxy and Andromeda. The mystery observation reported

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in research notes of thea were detected
in the light of double ionized oxygen,

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but doesn't seem to radiate it any
other wavelength. Located just southwest of the

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Andromeda galaxy nucleus, the arc extends
over one and a half degrees across the

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sky. Professional astronomical surveys hadn't previously
detected the arc because of its large angular

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size and extremely low surface brightness.
Exactly what it is remains a mystery.

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Cytostone ivenov. It's associated with the
Andromeda Galaxy. Some speculate it may be

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part of an old nearby planetary nebula
supernova and within the Milky Way. However,

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it lacks the usual hydrogen alpha emissions
expected from such a nebula. It's

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also been suggested that this could be
a Bower shock and the still a halo

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of M thirty one caused by its
interaction with the galactic halo of the Milky

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Way as the two galaxies interact with
each other in prelude to the reventual merger

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in three point seven billion years from
now. Another suggestion involves still a tide

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streams within the Andromeda halo. Jonathanally, the editor of a Strain Sky and

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Telescope magazine, says follow up spectroscopic
observations will provide more details about its distance

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and its composition. Andromeda, Well, when you mentioned the word Andromeda,

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hopefully in most people's minds, in
astronomer's minds, that means Andromeda Galaxy,

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the famous Andromeda galaxy from which many
many marauding aliens have come in various science

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fiction novels and pulp magazines and things
over the years. But it is actually

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a real galaxy out there. The
Andromeda Galaxy, and these French and German

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amateur astronomers have stumbled across previously unknown
and unseen dim arc of faint light close

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to the direction towards the Andromeda galaxy. And the Andromeda Galaxy is the nearest

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large galaxy to our own. It's
about two and a half million light years

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away. I think it's at least
the same size as the Mookie Way.

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It's a big galaxy. Now,
two of these amateurs, we're looking at

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images taken by the third when they
spotted this arc. It hadn't been seen

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before. Because it is very large, you need to get like a very

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wide angle view of the night sky. So the third amateur used a pretty

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high tech backyard telescope and camera to
take multiple images and put them together to

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get this big wide angle view.
And these other people have to look at

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it though, what's that a very
faint thing we can see there? So

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a total of fifty hours of exposure
time, you know, to produce this

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big wide angle view in which they
spotted it. What's not yet known with

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this arc, this unknown arc,
what it is or where it is,

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whatever is, what it's made of, and more importantly, how far away

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is it, is it fairly close? Is it within our Milky Way and

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it just happens to be in the
direction towards the Andromeda Galaxy? Or is

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it as far as the Andromeda Galaxy. Is it all the way out there

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about two and a half million light
years away, or is it somewhere in

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between, because maybe it's on the
outskirts of our galaxy or in between us

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and the Andromeda galaxy. Nobody knows, So follow up observations will be coming

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long to help answer this question and
reading up about this. The amazing thing

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to me is that amateurs are making
these sorts of discoveries because the kind of

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backyard telescopes and camera gear they've got
now is just unbelievable compared to even thirty

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years ago. They can just do
the sort of science that even professional astronomers

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would have loved to have done thirty
years ago or even twenty years ago.

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So there's a lot of good stuff
that amateur astronomers can do. Amateur astronomers

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actually quite involved in many aspects of
astronomers in society. Yeah, yeah,

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well they are, because if you're
a professional astronomer and you want to do

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some work and you want to take
some observations or something. You've got to

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apply for time on a professional telescope
at a professional observatory, and hundreds of

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other people are also applying for the
time on that same thing, And there's

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a time allocation committee that looks at
all the proposals and decides which one is

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they going to hand out some time. And it might be an hour,

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it might be six hours, it
might be three consecutive days, it might

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be a few hours around the time
of new moon, over several months.

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Whatever, you get what you're given, and if it happens to be cloudy

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that night, while you're out of
luck. So they have limited resources in

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a way, whereas amateur astronomers are
spread all around the globe. They've got

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really great year now and they know
what they're doing, and professional astronomers really

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rely upon them for making discoveries,
for instance, of comets or asteroids or

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supernovy And when something does pop up
that is quite significant, the alerts go

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out to the professional astronomers and they
can then swing their telescopes into action.

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There's always provision made for when something
sudden or fleeting happens that they can get

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access to telescopes to quickly get some
data on whatever the amateurs have discovered.

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So yeah, citizen science in the
sky sphere is really big stuff these days.

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And that's interesting because in the old
days, saying, you know,

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hundreds of years ago, though even
maybe a couple of hundred years ago,

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one hundred and fifty years ago,
the tradition was that you had called the

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gentleman astronomer. Of course, very
few women were allowed to do astronomy back

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then, so you had the gentleman
astronomer, often of independent private means.

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They would set up their own observatory
and they were, in effect the professional

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astronomers of their day. They were
doing the cutting leading edge sort of work

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and discoveries flooring the night sky.
And we sort of still had that in

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a way these days with the amateur
astronomers and the citizen scientists. So good

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on them, more power to them
all. There are plenty all around the

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world's stacks here in Australia doing really
really good work, and the astronomers,

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the professional astronomers, really are light
upon them for their discoveries and follow up

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observation. That's Jonathan Nally, the
editor of Australian Sky and Telescope magazine,

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and this is spacetime still to come. Observations suggest that not all stars are

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made the same way, and tonguas
hung a volcanic eruption a peace to have

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produced the most intense lightning ever recorded. All that and more still to come

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on space time. A new study
suggested the universe's most massive stars are being

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formed through a different process compared to
other low mass stars like our Sun.

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The new findings are reported in the
Astrophysical Journal, defied the traditional consensus that

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all stars form the same way,
it's just a matter of how much material

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they have to work with. It
suggests the formation of really high mass stars

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is fundamentally different from the formation of
low mass stars like the Sun, and

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it's not just a case of scale. High mass stars play an important role

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in the evolution of the universe because
the amount of heavy elements they release and

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the shock waves produced when these massive
stars explode in supernervay at the end of

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their lives. Despite their importance,
the way massive stars form remains poorly understood

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due to their rarity. Now.
These new observations came about when astronomers noticed

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the difference while mapping thirty nine large
interstellar molecular gas and dust clouds where high

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mass stars were expected to form.
The team we're using ALMA, the Atacama

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Large Millimeter submillimeter Array radio telescope in
CELLI in order to appear deep in side

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these dense molecular clouds. The clouds
they selected belonging to a category known as

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infrared dark clouds. Infrared dark clouds
are massive, cold, and very dense,

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with lots of gas and dust,
and are thought to be the sites

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of massive star formation. The team
focused on a bunch of clouds showing no

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signs of star formation in order to
understand the beginnings of the formation process before

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the young stars actually ignite. In
the thirty nine clouds they're examined, the

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team found more than eight hundred stellar
seeds, referred to as molecular cloud cares,

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which astronomers think will eventually evolve into
stars. But of these, ninety

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nine percent lacked enough mass to become
high mass stars. That's assuming that high

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mass stars evolve in the same way
as they're better understood low mass counterparts do.

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The lack of high mass stellar embryos
suggest that the formation mechanism for high

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mass stars must somehow be different from
low mass stars. The studies or then

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went on to measure the distribution of
cause instillar clusters. High mass stars are

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grouped together, while low mass stars
are more widely distributed. However, the

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new observations revealed that the locations of
high mass cause exhibited no preference compared to

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the position of low mass Cause.
On the other hand, dens coors tended

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to be locally concentrated. This suggests
that dens coors, rather the more massive

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cause, may be the progenitors of
high mass stars, and that the dens

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cous may grow more efficiently than less
dense worms, resulting in the creation of

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larger stars. This is space time
still to come. A new study has

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found that Tonga's hung of volcanic eruption
produced the most intense lightning ever found on

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Earth, and later in the Science
report discovery of a new anchylos or dinosaur

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species on the Isle of Wight.
All that and more still to come on

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space time. A new study has
found that Tonga's Homo volcanic eruption produced the

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most intense lightning ever recorded. The
eruption and January the fifteenth, twenty twenty

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two produced some two thousand and six
hundred flashes of lightning every minute at peak

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intensity. The findings were reported in
the journal Geophysical Research Letters. Shows there

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were nearly two hundred thousand lightning flashes
in the volcanic plume during the eruption,

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creating a supercharged thunderstorm that produced the
most intense lightning ever seen. Scientists were

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using the lightning to peer into the
ash cloud, teasing out new details about

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the eruption's timeline. When the submarine
volcano erupted in the Southern Pacific Ocean,

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it generated a massive plume of ash
water magmatic gas at least fifty eight kilometers

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high. This towering plume gave scientists
useful information about the scale of the eruption,

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but it also obscured the vent from
satellite view, making it more difficult

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to track changes in the eruption as
it progressed. But high resolution lightning data

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from four separate sources never previously used
altogether, have now let scientists pee deep

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into the plume, teasing out new
phases of the eruption's life cycle and gaining

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fresh insights into the weird weather that
it created. The studies lead author Alexe

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Van Eaton from The US Geological Survey
says the eruption triggered a supercharged thunderstorm,

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the likes of which had never previously
been seen. The lightning storm developed because

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the highly energetic explosion of magma happened
to blast through the shallow ocean. Molten

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rock vaporized in the sea water,
which then rose up in the plume and

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eventually formed electrifying collisions between volcanic ash, super cooled water, and hailstones,

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the perfect storm for lightning. Combining
data from senses that measure and radio waves,

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SITIS track the lightning flashes and estimated
their heights. The eruption produced just

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over one hundred ninety two thousand flashes, made up of nearly five hundred thousand

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electrical pulses, peaking at two thousand, six hundred and fifteen lightning flashes per

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minute. Some of this lightning reached
unprecedented other dudes in Earth's atmosphere between twenty

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and thirty kilometers high. Van Eaton
says this eruption shows that the volcanic plumes

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can create the conditions for lightning far
beyond the realms of meteorological thunderstorms. It

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turns out volcanic eruptions can create more
extreme lightning than any other kind of storm

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on Earth. The lightning provided insights
not only into the duration of the eruption,

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but also its behavior over time.
Turns out the eruption lasted much longer

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than the hour or two initially observed. The new observation showed that the January

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fifteenth event created volcanic plumes for at
least eleven hours. Citters saw four distinct

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phases of eruptive activity, defined by
plume heights and lightning rates as they waxed

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and waned. The authors were also
puzzled by concentric rings of lightning centered on

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the volcano that expanded and contracted over
time. See nothing like this that ever

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been seen before, and there's nothing
comparable in meteorological storms. Single lightning rings

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had been observed, but not modiples, and the single events were tiny by

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comparison. Intense high altitude turbulence was
again responsible. The plumes injected so much

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mass into the upper atmosphere that it
sent out ripples and the volcanic cloud like

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dropping pebbles in a pond. The
lightning appears to assurfed these waves moving outwards

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as two hundred and fifty kilometer wide
rings and as if all that weren't enough

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to make the eruption fascinating, it
also represents the style of volcanism known as

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fret of filion, which occurs when
large volumes of magma erupted through water.

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Previously, this type of eruption was
only known from geological records and had never

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actually been observed using modern instrumentation.
The tongue or hung of volcanic eruption changed

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all that. This space time and
time that to take another brief look at

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some of the other stories making news
in science this week with a science report,

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A new study analyzing data from the
Landmark Aspiry trial has found that prolonged

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daily use of aspirin increases the risk
of anemia by about twenty percent in people

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mostly aged seventy and over. The
results report on the journal Anmals of Internal

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Medicine, have prompted researchers to suggest
that regular monitoring for anemia be considered for

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older adults to take low dose aspirin. The authors suggests that if older adults

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have concern about their health or their
medication, they should discuss it with their

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family doctor. A new species of
frog has just been identified in New South

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Wales, but concerningly, scientists say
it's disappearing distribution warrants it's listing as endangered.

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A report in the journal Zutaxia says
the newly discovered species Mixophilus estrallis is

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a cousin of the existing species Mixerphiles
balbots, the stuttering frog. The two

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species have a strikingly similar appearance and
very similar meeting calls, likened to a

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starter, but genome testing revealed that
the two frogs are from different species.

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A new and kylas or dinosaur has
been described on the Aisle of Wight.

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Worktpelder Baretti was discovered in the Wessex
Formation and represents the first time a dinosaur

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from this area to be discovered in
one hundred and forty two years. A

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report of the Journal of Systematic Paleontology
describes the find as important because it sheds

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new light on in chilos or diversity
in the Wessex Formation early Cretaceous England.

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The ten meter long herbivores estimated to
have weighed around nine to ten tons.

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The fossilized remains showed differences in the
neck and back vertebrae a very different structure

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to the pelvis and more blade like
spiked armor than other incolosaurs discovered on the

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island. Alretty's most closely related to
Chinese and carlosaurs, suggesting these dinosaurs were

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able to move between Asia and Europe
during the early Cretaceous. At that time,

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the Isle of Wine would have had
a climate similar to that of the

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Mediterranean and it was a floodplain covered
with large meandering river systems. Floods would

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have then washed organic materials such as
plants, logs, and even dinosaur bodies

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together, and as the waters receded, this organic matter would have been isolated

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in ponds on the floodplain that eventually
dried out, and they were then buried

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in the clay, so preserving the
organic materialist fossils. Google has finally released

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the new twenty twenty three Pixar tablet, powered by the company's tensor G two

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chip. It functions as a photo
album, a home controller, a smart

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assistant, and an entertainment device.
With all the details which joined by technology

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editor Alexahara Roid from Tech Advice Start
Live. It's the Google Pixel tablet,

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so it's the first tablet in a
while they have had some tablets in the

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past, but this is their latest
tablet and it's using the trick that most

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people aren't aware of or haven't seen
before. They actually ask some tablets that

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have done this, but they're not
mainstream in the same way that the Google

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Pixel tablet is, and that's by
having a base that acts as the speaker.

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So you dock your tablet onto your
space. It then looks a bit

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like an Amazon Echo or Google Nest
device, so it's got the smart screen

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that can display large images of the
time and your photos another snackable information that

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can just glance at that. You
can then just pull the tablet off its

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base, and the base is obviously
plugged into power. You can pull the

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tablet off its base and it's then
an Android tablet. I was like a

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00:17:56.359 --> 00:18:00.319
Giant Pixels microphone, for example,
with an eleven in screen, and has

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made a lot of efforts to make
a lot of apps the tablet specific,

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so you can carry this around and
use it as a tablet. It is

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00:18:06.599 --> 00:18:11.079
compatible with the Stylus, although Google
doesn't sell one at least not in Australia.

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That it's compatible and it is also
compatible with your breach as keyboards,

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00:18:14.279 --> 00:18:18.000
but there is no keyboard dock,
unluck with the iPad. But the whole

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idea is that during the launch of
this thing, people will say that many

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people use their smartphones more than their
tablets, and so when they do go

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to their tablets, the tablets flat
and this way you can just attach the

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00:18:27.000 --> 00:18:32.559
tablet to magnetize us onto the speaker
dock and it's at the correct angle for

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00:18:32.839 --> 00:18:36.920
letting you ease or do streaming or
what YouTube videos whilst you're doing cooking some

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00:18:36.920 --> 00:18:40.359
sort of cooking video or video calls. But then you can easily just pull

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it off, just like pulling at
it. It just easily snaps off.

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00:18:41.680 --> 00:18:45.160
And there's also a taste that sits
on the back obviously of the tablet,

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and the case has this the oval
shaped ring which is a kickstand. And

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the cool thing about this oval shaped
ring is that it's just bigger than the

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size of the area where you dock
it magnetically onto the dock, so it's

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designed to never need to remove the
case. But when you take the tablet

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off in the dock, you can
then just pull the kickstand out. And

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we've seen similar sort of kickstands on
Microsoft surface devices. One criticism is that

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the speaker dock isn't also a Google
Nest. It would have been a cool

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00:19:12.640 --> 00:19:15.839
thing if it was, but it
would have added to the cost. And

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it's got the long lasting adaptive batteries
and depending on what apps you're using,

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it will intelligently go through your battery
life and try and give you as longer

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00:19:22.559 --> 00:19:26.160
battery life as you need. Got
the tents or G two chip, the

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00:19:26.200 --> 00:19:29.680
same chip that's in the picks of
devices the thing you're printing unlock and you

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00:19:29.720 --> 00:19:32.240
know the tablet. I've been using
it for the past few days. It

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00:19:32.319 --> 00:19:34.880
is a nice, smooth tablet.
It doesn't start or it's not a cheap

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00:19:36.000 --> 00:19:38.200
tablet. You can find really cheap
ones and office works for like nineteen nine

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00:19:38.240 --> 00:19:41.759
dollars. This is definitely on the
more premium end of the scale. And

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00:19:42.359 --> 00:19:48.440
good to see that Google is taking
tablets seriously and working on making sure that

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00:19:48.440 --> 00:19:52.920
as many of its apps as possible
work smoothly on the tablet size screens and

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00:19:52.000 --> 00:19:56.400
are not blown up phone apps,
which was the case for many years with

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00:19:56.720 --> 00:20:00.200
many of the previous Android tablets out
there. I mean always been making iPad

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00:20:00.240 --> 00:20:03.920
size stapps. They will call them
HD apps. At the touch it's twenty

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00:20:03.960 --> 00:20:07.640
ten. Google has only really started
to optimize its absolute tablet size screens this

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00:20:07.720 --> 00:20:11.480
year. I don't know why it
took them thirteen years to really do this,

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00:20:11.559 --> 00:20:15.480
but it hasn't. But they're in
the game and they've got a different

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00:20:15.880 --> 00:20:18.920
and sort of an edge something.
Hopefully Apple will do something similar to allow

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00:20:18.920 --> 00:20:22.359
its tablets to be in more of
a smart display mode, just like we

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00:20:22.359 --> 00:20:26.319
saw with iOS seventeen, where you
can have all these widgets and you can

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00:20:26.359 --> 00:20:29.480
turn your phone into like a smart
display. I'm sure that's something that'll launch

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00:20:29.480 --> 00:20:30.839
for the iPad, and Google has
managed to vis them to the punch and

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00:20:30.880 --> 00:20:33.680
I've done a good job. Eight
hundred and ninety dollars in Australia for the

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00:20:33.839 --> 00:20:40.039
tablet and four in the US with
the base. The tablet kisdown cases extra.

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00:20:40.240 --> 00:21:00.319
That's Alexahara Royd from Tech Advice,
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00:21:00.359 --> 00:21:04.839
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