WEBVTT 1 00:00:20.640 --> 00:00:26.280 Hello and Welcome to Western SIEV Episode two hundred and ninety two, Bloody Mary. 2 00:00:27.760 --> 00:00:31.960 On November twenty at fifteen fifty four, Reginald Pole, the official Papal 3 00:00:32.039 --> 00:00:37.920 legate, came ashore at Dover. It had been twenty three years since he 4 00:00:38.000 --> 00:00:44.679 fled England Parliament. Just two days later, on November twenty second, officially 5 00:00:44.759 --> 00:00:50.719 reversed the bill of attainder that was still technically hanging over his head. In 6 00:00:50.759 --> 00:00:55.719 October, the Papacy and Queen Mary had resolved the final issue holding back his 7 00:00:55.840 --> 00:01:03.840 return ecclesiastical property. Agreed that Paul would have the authority to grant dispensation to 8 00:01:03.880 --> 00:01:07.840 those who had purchased former monastic lands, while Mary, for her part, 9 00:01:07.239 --> 00:01:12.400 promised to see as much of it returned as possible. Six days later, 10 00:01:12.840 --> 00:01:17.920 orders went out for hymns of praise to be sung in every parish in England. 11 00:01:18.519 --> 00:01:22.480 The Queen was pregnant. Not really, but they thought so at the 12 00:01:22.519 --> 00:01:27.879 time. Shortly thereafter, Pole addressed Parliament. His speech was filled with high 13 00:01:27.959 --> 00:01:34.280 flying rhetoric. England was a chosen nation, the first kingdom freely to accept 14 00:01:34.280 --> 00:01:38.519 the faith of Christ as a gift from the papacy. Paul's emphasis on the 15 00:01:38.599 --> 00:01:44.319 quote manifold benefits that this Rome hath received from the Apostolic sea, and quote 16 00:01:44.760 --> 00:01:49.959 was the antithesis to the antagonistic Anglo Papal history devised by William Tyndale and others 17 00:01:51.200 --> 00:01:56.159 and funneled into the ear of Henry the eighth. Paul rehearsed the disasters, 18 00:01:56.239 --> 00:02:01.120 quote, the tumults, the effusion and blood end quote afflicting Germany since its 19 00:02:01.120 --> 00:02:07.519 departure from Roman obedience, as well as violence against the conscience raging in England 20 00:02:07.599 --> 00:02:12.360 since all good laws gave way to quote the lust and carnal affection of one 21 00:02:12.439 --> 00:02:17.240 man end quotes. And of course we're talking about Henry the eighth. So 22 00:02:17.360 --> 00:02:22.520 now everything's getting pinned on Henry eight. That's sort of the plan. He's 23 00:02:22.560 --> 00:02:27.080 going to be the scapegoat. Still, when all seemed lost and hopeless, 24 00:02:27.120 --> 00:02:30.960 the light of true religion burned in a few hearts, least so thundered Pole 25 00:02:32.120 --> 00:02:37.759 Mary. Quote a virgin, helpless, naked and unarmed end quote, secured 26 00:02:37.840 --> 00:02:44.280 victory over tyrants and now happily joined to a prince of like religion. Paul 27 00:02:44.360 --> 00:02:47.639 had high hopes for Philip. Charles the Fifth was like David, he said, 28 00:02:47.639 --> 00:02:53.599 who began work on the temple, appeasing controversies in religion. His son, 29 00:02:53.879 --> 00:03:00.039 therefore was the Solomon who would bring it to completion. Precisely, for 30 00:03:00.120 --> 00:03:05.800 those keeping track of score at home, what evangelicals said about Henry and Edward, 31 00:03:06.840 --> 00:03:12.360 Catholics and Protestants, I guess habituated and lived within the same world a 32 00:03:12.360 --> 00:03:16.240 biblical metaphor. At the close of his speech, Poll called on Parliament to 33 00:03:16.280 --> 00:03:21.960 remove any remaining impediment standing in the way of reunion with Rome. He finished 34 00:03:21.960 --> 00:03:24.479 his speech with a flourish quote, I come not to destroy, but to 35 00:03:24.479 --> 00:03:29.719 build. I come to reconcile, not to condemn. I come not to 36 00:03:29.759 --> 00:03:35.199 compel, but to call again end quote. On November the twenty ninth, 37 00:03:35.240 --> 00:03:39.240 representatives of the Lords and Commons jointly prepared a petition to the Crown asking that 38 00:03:39.360 --> 00:03:44.520 quote, this realm and dominions might be again reunited with the Church of Rome 39 00:03:44.560 --> 00:03:49.000 by the means of Lord Cardinal Pole end quote. The following day, in 40 00:03:49.039 --> 00:03:53.759 a moving ceremony, Pole absolved the realm from the sin of schism and reconciled 41 00:03:53.800 --> 00:03:57.800 England with Rome. It was November thirtieth, the Feast of Saint Andrew. 42 00:03:58.680 --> 00:04:02.120 In a world of perfect Symbolis. The event might have fallen elsewhere. Saint 43 00:04:02.120 --> 00:04:06.960 Andrew was, of course Scotland, not England's patron, but in Scotland too, 44 00:04:08.039 --> 00:04:12.159 Protestantism was on the defense of in fifteen fifty four, its English support 45 00:04:12.199 --> 00:04:15.720 withered since the death of Edward the sixth A few months later, the Earl 46 00:04:15.759 --> 00:04:20.639 of Aaron was replaced as regent by the Catholic Mary of Geese, French born 47 00:04:20.680 --> 00:04:25.519 widow of James the fifth and mother to the young Mary, Queen of Scots, 48 00:04:25.839 --> 00:04:30.279 as we know now safely in France and betrothed to the Dauphin. There 49 00:04:30.319 --> 00:04:35.560 was cause for Catholic rejoicing across Britain. Yet Valois, France, the dominant 50 00:04:35.560 --> 00:04:41.519 power in Scotland, was the sworn enemy to Habsburg, Spain now the dynastic 51 00:04:41.560 --> 00:04:46.519 partner to England. A bill repealing no fewer than nineteen Acts of Henry the 52 00:04:46.600 --> 00:04:53.399 eighth and nullifying royal supremacy was introduced into Parliament in late December and passed on 53 00:04:53.439 --> 00:04:59.279 the third of January. Unusually, it contained the text of a parliamentary supplication 54 00:04:59.399 --> 00:05:04.360 requesting that all monastic lands might remain in lay hands quote clear from all dangers 55 00:05:04.360 --> 00:05:10.279 and censures of the church end quote, as well as Pole's consequent dispensation, 56 00:05:11.000 --> 00:05:15.199 which thereby gave the status of the statute law. This was a clear indication 57 00:05:15.319 --> 00:05:23.439 that there was ongoing nervousness throughout England around the church land question, and it 58 00:05:23.560 --> 00:05:29.920 was a concession that poll very grudgingly accepted. But with this question settled, 59 00:05:29.959 --> 00:05:33.800 the lords who blocked the revival of medieval heresy legislation earlier in the year now 60 00:05:34.160 --> 00:05:36.959 cheerfully voted it through. They got to keep their lands, That's what they 61 00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:43.079 cared about. Reconciliation with Rome was a return, but also with departure, 62 00:05:44.040 --> 00:05:47.480 as it transpired. The first major Saints Day following the passage the legislation was 63 00:05:47.519 --> 00:05:50.920 the twenty fifth of January, the feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul. 64 00:05:53.079 --> 00:05:58.360 It was a fitting focus for public thanksgiving, with processions and bonfires. No 65 00:05:58.399 --> 00:06:03.079 one could miss the symbolic point of the celebrations where his Lee put it quote 66 00:06:03.240 --> 00:06:08.240 to give God laud and praise for the conversion of the Realm to the Catholic 67 00:06:08.279 --> 00:06:13.360 faith, the conversion of Saint Paul being simply perfect for the occasion. The 68 00:06:13.439 --> 00:06:17.759 Grayfriars would observe similarly quote the joy of the people that were converted, likewise 69 00:06:17.800 --> 00:06:24.639 as Saint Paul was converted in quote. There was a real, almost evangelical 70 00:06:24.720 --> 00:06:31.759 fervor to the re romanizing of English Catholicism in every way that that's ironic conversion 71 00:06:31.839 --> 00:06:39.600 applied though conscious individual commitment rather than just going with the flow. This was 72 00:06:39.639 --> 00:06:44.639 the ideal of the bishop's Bonner, back in London, now in the lead 73 00:06:44.680 --> 00:06:48.519 again, was eager to convert this into reality. So on February nineteen, 74 00:06:48.560 --> 00:06:54.199 fifteen fifty five, he ordered all parishioners in the forthcoming Lent to be individually 75 00:06:54.240 --> 00:06:59.720 absolved in confession of the sins of schism and heresy. He empowered the parochial 76 00:06:59.759 --> 00:07:03.240 clies ergy, once they themselves were reconciled, to act as his deputies for 77 00:07:03.279 --> 00:07:11.160 this. It was more than merely formal exercise. Bonner anticipated that ordinary curates 78 00:07:11.240 --> 00:07:15.279 might not be able to quote satisfy the minds and to appease the consciousness of 79 00:07:15.279 --> 00:07:20.879 some of the parishioners end quote, and so he instructed his archdeacons to produce 80 00:07:21.040 --> 00:07:28.279 lists of the best learned priests in each area. Those with troubled consciences could 81 00:07:28.319 --> 00:07:34.120 choose an expert spiritual guide to have their doubts forever resolved. Instructions printed that 82 00:07:34.279 --> 00:07:40.519 lent for the use of confessors in the Diocese of York directed that before reconciling 83 00:07:40.560 --> 00:07:45.120 penitents, they needed to be examined on their faith in the real presence of 84 00:07:45.199 --> 00:07:48.040 Christ, and on whether or not they believed that the Holy Father of the 85 00:07:48.079 --> 00:07:57.000 Pope was the real head of a universal and Catholic Church, and so across 86 00:07:57.040 --> 00:08:01.600 England in fifty five ordinary men women were required to identify, and for many 87 00:08:01.680 --> 00:08:07.839 of them actually to become something they'd never been before through Roman Catholics. To 88 00:08:07.879 --> 00:08:13.879 affirm spiritual supremacy of the Pope in fifteen fifty five was a different matter from 89 00:08:13.920 --> 00:08:18.560 doing so in fifteen fifteen. It was another of the regular conjunctions in the 90 00:08:18.560 --> 00:08:26.920 English Reformation. Now policy swerves and served not so much to consume use people, 91 00:08:26.959 --> 00:08:30.639 but to educate them, and, within limits, at least in theory, 92 00:08:30.680 --> 00:08:35.759 to empower them. As with Henry the Eighth's mass oath swearing twenty years 93 00:08:35.799 --> 00:08:43.960 before, the effects were equivocal. Many people were confirmed in their acknowledge allegiance 94 00:08:43.960 --> 00:08:48.120 to the religious political objectives of the authorities. Others just simply internalized their doubts 95 00:08:48.519 --> 00:08:54.639 and said and did outwardly as they were told. A smaller group was encouraged 96 00:08:54.879 --> 00:09:01.759 and energized and conscientious opposition. A little later would be told by Ralph Allerton, 97 00:09:03.799 --> 00:09:07.360 Landed Magnate in a suspect he was interrogating that quote, this is I 98 00:09:07.360 --> 00:09:15.120 think very accurate. There are in England three religions. The first was that 99 00:09:15.159 --> 00:09:20.240 which you hold Roman Catholicism, The second is clean contrary to the same, 100 00:09:20.960 --> 00:09:24.559 that is, of course, the evangelical faith, and the third ist inuter 101 00:09:24.720 --> 00:09:28.759 being indifferent, that is to say, observing all things that are commanded outwardly 102 00:09:28.759 --> 00:09:31.799 as though they were your part, his heart being set wholly against the same 103 00:09:31.879 --> 00:09:37.519 end. Quote. My guess is most people in England fell into that third 104 00:09:37.559 --> 00:09:43.120 category. Now the first burn under bloody Mary. Yes, I suppose it's 105 00:09:43.120 --> 00:09:48.120 a bit of a misnomer, was that of John Rodgers on February the fourth, 106 00:09:48.159 --> 00:09:52.639 fifteen fifty five. Rogers was Tyndale's one time collaborator on the English Bible. 107 00:09:54.320 --> 00:09:58.799 He was also a well known London preacher. Gardner hoped that Rogers would 108 00:09:58.799 --> 00:10:03.600 reac can't and to be fair to Rogers, he actually was a Catholic in 109 00:10:03.799 --> 00:10:09.279 a way but Rogers asserted that while he was Catholic, he rejected the authority 110 00:10:09.320 --> 00:10:16.039 of the Pope. He would never accept reunion with Rome. Gardner believed that 111 00:10:16.159 --> 00:10:20.399 Rogers wouldn't burn because he would ultimately recan to the last moment. He was 112 00:10:20.440 --> 00:10:24.840 wrong. Rogers went to the state courageously, amid shows of support from the 113 00:10:24.840 --> 00:10:31.279 crowd. Allegedly, several members of said crowd gathers his ashes afterwards as a 114 00:10:31.320 --> 00:10:39.080 momento. He was the first martyr under Bloody Mary. Advisers immediately told both 115 00:10:39.159 --> 00:10:43.279 Mary and Philip that they needed to refrain from further public executions. It was 116 00:10:43.320 --> 00:10:48.919 bad for morale and all it was doing was encouraging further resistance. They didn't 117 00:10:48.960 --> 00:10:54.519 listen. Another three public executions followed within a week. A London rector was 118 00:10:54.559 --> 00:11:00.120 burned at Coventry on the eighth of February. Another died at Suffolk. A 119 00:11:00.200 --> 00:11:05.159 third, John Hooper, burned at Gloucester. His death was particularly gruesome. 120 00:11:05.799 --> 00:11:09.480 The wood was still green and took an eternity to catch All four men had 121 00:11:09.480 --> 00:11:16.399 been prominent members of Edward's court. The hope in Mary's court had been that 122 00:11:16.759 --> 00:11:22.440 recantation would follow recantation. Parliament had after all appeared perfectly willing to accept reunion 123 00:11:22.480 --> 00:11:28.480 with the papacy. Why shouldn't everyone just follow the law? Well they didn't. 124 00:11:28.039 --> 00:11:31.120 In fact, what happened was the exact opposite of what Mary and her 125 00:11:31.120 --> 00:11:37.639 supporters had hoped. Burning after burning only fueled the fires upon intended of resistance. 126 00:11:39.720 --> 00:11:41.360 There was a domino effect, sure, but the dominoes were falling the 127 00:11:41.360 --> 00:11:46.799 wrong way. The eighteen months at Edward's death had given everyone time to think. 128 00:11:48.600 --> 00:11:52.960 The late sixteenth century was a period of absolutes, and in that context, 129 00:11:54.440 --> 00:11:58.799 Martyr dumm looked downright beneficial. John Hooper wrote in one of his last 130 00:11:58.840 --> 00:12:03.279 life from prison quote, now is the time of trial, to see whether 131 00:12:03.320 --> 00:12:07.200 we fear more God or man end quote. In the weeks precedings execution, 132 00:12:07.840 --> 00:12:13.960 another man, Laurence Saunders, was imprisoned alongside the leading preacher and Saint Paul's 133 00:12:13.039 --> 00:12:18.480 lecturer, John Cartmaker, was arrested in November fifteen fifty four. While attempting 134 00:12:18.480 --> 00:12:22.919 to flee, Cardmaker discovered he feared man more than God and was waiting to 135 00:12:24.039 --> 00:12:31.799 subscribe articles of recantation when Saunders managed to pull him back. Matyrdom was a 136 00:12:31.879 --> 00:12:37.519 solitary vocation, but it was usually anticipated and embraced with the advice and example 137 00:12:37.600 --> 00:12:43.879 of others. It was also a spectacle of performance. The symbolism of judicial 138 00:12:43.919 --> 00:12:48.840 burning was of a terrible yet just punishment for the worst imaginable crimes. The 139 00:12:48.879 --> 00:12:54.960 flames consumed a body that had no claim to rise in glory on the last 140 00:12:54.039 --> 00:13:01.440 day, mimicked the hell fire that was an inexorable fate for the unrepentant heretics 141 00:13:01.519 --> 00:13:07.200 soul. But the authorities could never control entirely how the meaning of the event 142 00:13:07.240 --> 00:13:11.360 would be perceived and understood, and the condemned thought hard about ways to make 143 00:13:11.440 --> 00:13:18.840 the show their own. At his burning outside Coventry, Saunders appeared quote in 144 00:13:18.879 --> 00:13:24.759 an old gown and a shirt barefooted end quote, and as he was led 145 00:13:24.799 --> 00:13:28.759 to the stake, he fell to the ground multiple times, flat, prostrate, 146 00:13:28.879 --> 00:13:35.000 and prayed. All Christians were called to the imitation of Christ, but 147 00:13:35.120 --> 00:13:39.399 execution was an opportunity to invoke comparisons with the passion in particularly intense and memorable 148 00:13:39.399 --> 00:13:45.759 ways. When he reached the stake, Saunders took it in his arms, 149 00:13:45.840 --> 00:13:50.840 kissed it, and said, quote, welcome the Cross of Christ. End 150 00:13:50.919 --> 00:13:56.440 quote. Soon lay victims started going to the pyre for their convictions as well. 151 00:13:58.320 --> 00:14:03.480 The very first might have been Thomas Tompkins, a weaver. According to 152 00:14:03.559 --> 00:14:09.960 legend, as he was trying to elicit a confession, Bishop Bonner held Tompkins's 153 00:14:09.039 --> 00:14:15.720 hand over an open flame, as if to ram home the implications of continuing 154 00:14:15.759 --> 00:14:24.639 down this path didn't matter. Tompkins wouldn't confess now. Interestingly, what side 155 00:14:24.679 --> 00:14:30.440 you were on was now also quickly becoming a matter of personal grooming. To 156 00:14:30.519 --> 00:14:37.440 distance themselves from the clean shaven papists, evangelicals grew long beards. According to 157 00:14:37.480 --> 00:14:41.559 some, this was also a show of masculinity to differentiate evangelical preachers who could 158 00:14:41.600 --> 00:14:46.320 have wives, from the Catholic priests who could not. Around the same time 159 00:14:46.360 --> 00:14:52.039 as Tompkins, another bearded layman went to the stake at Cardiff Roland's White was 160 00:14:52.240 --> 00:14:56.679 an illiterate fisherman about sixty years old. He had memorized scripture from the readings 161 00:14:56.720 --> 00:15:01.240 of his son, and who, on Mary's ascension, placed himself at the 162 00:15:01.279 --> 00:15:09.080 head of an evangelicalized convocal. The background was unusual, but his case exhibited 163 00:15:09.120 --> 00:15:15.279 several features that characterized the executions throughout that first spring of Mary's reign and beyond. 164 00:15:16.399 --> 00:15:20.279 There was a vigorous and prolonged effort to induce him to recant. The 165 00:15:20.360 --> 00:15:26.759 local bishop employed threatening words and promises during a year of imprisonment, which was 166 00:15:26.960 --> 00:15:33.320 a long time for the early modern period, first in Cardiff Castle and then 167 00:15:33.480 --> 00:15:39.360 later at the bishop's house. White's commitment to a cause he first espoused in 168 00:15:39.440 --> 00:15:46.080 late Middle Age was fervent and uncompromising. When the bishop caused a mass to 169 00:15:46.080 --> 00:15:50.039 be said for his conversion, White appeared at the moment of the elevation to 170 00:15:50.080 --> 00:15:56.080 announce quote, I bow not to this idol end quote. The burning was 171 00:15:56.360 --> 00:16:00.240 a contested event. A priest preached in favor of the real present and the 172 00:16:00.279 --> 00:16:04.840 pope, while White shouted for the crowd to give no credence to this quote 173 00:16:04.919 --> 00:16:11.559 unquote false prophet. The crowd itself was divided. White's friends grasped his hand 174 00:16:11.600 --> 00:16:18.320 at the stake for comfort, but others called out set him to fire. 175 00:16:18.000 --> 00:16:22.799 Fourteen heretics died at the stake, half of them in Essex before Easter of 176 00:16:22.840 --> 00:16:30.000 fifteen fifty five. They included another bishop burned in the thirtieth of March. 177 00:16:30.320 --> 00:16:34.480 On Easter Sunday itself, the fourteenth of April, a scandalous event took place 178 00:16:36.080 --> 00:16:40.799 then a church nearby Westminster Abbey. During the distribution of communion, a man 179 00:16:40.840 --> 00:16:45.440 came into church and repeatedly stabbed the priest, whose name was John Cheatham, 180 00:16:45.480 --> 00:16:48.559 with a wood knife. Cheatham was badly injured and blood was splashed under the 181 00:16:48.600 --> 00:16:53.360 consecrated hosts. The assailant, a man by the name of William Flower, 182 00:16:53.960 --> 00:16:57.480 was a former monk of Eli, who later admitted his actions had been wrong 183 00:16:59.080 --> 00:17:04.279 and, as he claimed, unpremeditated. Yet coming into church and quote they're 184 00:17:04.319 --> 00:17:10.160 seeing the people falling before a most shameful and detestable idol and quote zeal for 185 00:17:10.200 --> 00:17:15.359 God's honor simply overcame him. It was a somewhat uniquely shocking case, but 186 00:17:15.400 --> 00:17:21.440 the behavior wasn't unique at all. Mary's officers, contrary to public belief, 187 00:17:21.440 --> 00:17:26.759 weren't rushing around to arrest anyone for evangelical beliefs. Those who arrested were people 188 00:17:27.000 --> 00:17:33.720 who were publicly flaunting the laws. Many were arrested for public demonstrations during the 189 00:17:33.759 --> 00:17:38.480 mass itself. Heretics were punished for their belief that much is true, but 190 00:17:38.680 --> 00:17:45.400 rarely were those punished minding their own business. Some of those punished for heresy 191 00:17:45.440 --> 00:17:49.599 weren't heretics at all. They were made so after the fact. John Tully, 192 00:17:49.680 --> 00:17:55.599 a properly convicted felon, was hanged on April the twenty six His crime 193 00:17:55.640 --> 00:17:59.240 had nothing to do with religion. It was robbing a Spaniard. But at 194 00:17:59.240 --> 00:18:04.119 his execution and his death was choreographed as a religious Martyrdom Tulee before his execution 195 00:18:04.680 --> 00:18:11.000 read prepared prayers from the Edwardian Prayer Book three hundred in the crowd responded in 196 00:18:11.079 --> 00:18:17.559 unison quote Amen, amen, amen end quote. Linking the patriotic anti Spanish 197 00:18:17.599 --> 00:18:22.279 clause with the godly anti Popish one was a conscious and very effective strategy for 198 00:18:22.319 --> 00:18:29.519 the evangelicals. Published in fifteen fifty five, a Warning for England reported in 199 00:18:29.680 --> 00:18:34.559 very graphic terms alleged Spanish atrocities in the Kingdom of Naples. These, according 200 00:18:34.559 --> 00:18:38.480 to that tract, would soon be visited on England, and what was almost 201 00:18:38.559 --> 00:18:45.480 worse, extortionate levels of taxation. It pressed hard on a raw nerve quote. 202 00:18:45.680 --> 00:18:48.799 No man is so ignorant, but he knoweth right well. The desire 203 00:18:48.799 --> 00:18:53.400 of the bishops is to have the abbey lands restored end quote. And that, 204 00:18:55.279 --> 00:19:00.319 oh, now, that was the sore spot for England, well and 205 00:19:00.359 --> 00:19:03.519 good to swear allegiance to the Pope, but any mention of having to give 206 00:19:03.599 --> 00:19:10.759 mag the monastic lands that would turn the lords against you pretty quickly. On 207 00:19:10.839 --> 00:19:14.119 the thirteenth of May, about two weeks after false rumors of a birth of 208 00:19:14.119 --> 00:19:21.160 a royal sun prompted premature celebrations, the Venetian ambassador reported the confiscation in London 209 00:19:21.359 --> 00:19:26.000 of a thousand copies of a dialogue quote full of seditious and scandalous things against 210 00:19:26.000 --> 00:19:32.359 their Majesty's persons end quote. Later that month there was a serious outbreak of 211 00:19:32.440 --> 00:19:37.759 violence near the court, a crowd of five hundred armed Englishmen confronting Spaniards, 212 00:19:37.759 --> 00:19:41.000 with five or six killed. Another incident took place on Corpus Christie Day, 213 00:19:41.160 --> 00:19:45.720 the thirteenth of June, with a mob assembling outside the church where the Spanish 214 00:19:47.119 --> 00:19:51.039 quote, including the most noble and illustrious of that nation and quote, were 215 00:19:51.039 --> 00:19:56.319 attending Mass and preparing to go on procession. Only with difficulty were these men 216 00:19:56.440 --> 00:20:03.480 persuaded to disperse. Most likely this refers to the Corpus Christi procession which Philip's 217 00:20:03.839 --> 00:20:11.279 Spanish Dominican chaplain organized that year in an attempt to restart the ancient custom across 218 00:20:11.279 --> 00:20:15.720 the nation. As you can tell, it didn't work. In the meantime, 219 00:20:15.160 --> 00:20:19.799 the anti Spanish cause had gained a surprising new recruit. The death of 220 00:20:19.920 --> 00:20:23.960 Julius the third, the Pope on the twenty third of March was followed by 221 00:20:23.960 --> 00:20:27.880 the brief pontificate of Marcellus the Second, who then followed him to the grave 222 00:20:27.880 --> 00:20:33.519 pretty quickly thereafter on the first of May. His successor, elected on the 223 00:20:33.519 --> 00:20:38.160 twenty third of that same month, was the zealous inquisitor Cardinal gian Pietro Caraffa. 224 00:20:40.240 --> 00:20:45.400 It was a huge blow for Reginald Pohl, whose orthodoxy Karafa was known 225 00:20:45.440 --> 00:20:51.680 to mistrust. Also for Philip and Mary, Kafa was a patriotic Neapolitan who 226 00:20:51.799 --> 00:20:55.279 might well have shared some of the perspectives from that very same tract, the 227 00:20:55.319 --> 00:21:00.640 warning for England about the hatred they should feel towards the Spanish rule over Naples, 228 00:21:00.640 --> 00:21:06.160 his very homeland. Nonetheless, the new pope wrote swiftly to assure Philip 229 00:21:06.160 --> 00:21:11.279 and Mary of paternal goodwill, and Pole's letter of congratulation hailed their shared interest 230 00:21:11.319 --> 00:21:15.799 in the reform of the Church. But as we're going to see in this 231 00:21:15.880 --> 00:21:18.359 episode, and especially in the next episode. This new pope is going to 232 00:21:18.359 --> 00:21:23.880 be anything but a friend to Philip and Mary. Reform and repression tended to 233 00:21:23.880 --> 00:21:29.000 go in tandem during the late sixteenth century. The same day as the revived 234 00:21:29.000 --> 00:21:33.480 Corpus Christie procession, the government published a new list of banned books for the 235 00:21:33.519 --> 00:21:40.640 first time, including many authors outside England, specifically one John Knox of Scotland. 236 00:21:41.519 --> 00:21:45.559 Things took a dark turn in the late summer fifteen fifty five. The 237 00:21:45.640 --> 00:21:48.039 Queen had come to terms with the reality that she was not pregnant. At 238 00:21:48.039 --> 00:21:52.519 the same time, her husband, Philip the Second, departed for the Netherlands. 239 00:21:52.559 --> 00:21:56.839 More on that front. Very soon, evidently, Queen Mary decided to 240 00:21:56.920 --> 00:22:02.400 drown her sorrows with fire. Between the thirtieth of May and the end of 241 00:22:02.440 --> 00:22:07.920 September that year, fifty one English people died at the stake. That is, 242 00:22:07.000 --> 00:22:11.880 more, by the way, than were burned for heresy between Henry the 243 00:22:11.920 --> 00:22:15.160 Eighth's break with Rome in fifteen thirty five than the present year. So Mary 244 00:22:15.240 --> 00:22:22.720 burned more people in three months than Henry or Edward had in twenty years. 245 00:22:23.240 --> 00:22:30.000 What can I say? Sometimes nicknames are deserved. The drive against Heresy was 246 00:22:30.039 --> 00:22:33.599 a real team effort. Some convictions were the direct product of actions by the 247 00:22:33.599 --> 00:22:40.559 Privy Council, others from bishops, and still others from aggressive lay magistrates. 248 00:22:41.720 --> 00:22:45.920 Some of the latter were ardent Catholics, but others were political opportunists. These 249 00:22:45.920 --> 00:22:51.039 were men with scores to settle, who saw opportunities and then they took them. 250 00:22:51.400 --> 00:22:56.119 Few of these victims went to their deaths quietly. Many started wearing long 251 00:22:56.160 --> 00:23:00.480 white robes. True, these did catch fire more quickly, but they also 252 00:23:00.519 --> 00:23:06.200 brought to the mind innocence and martyrdom. The burnings were the final stage of 253 00:23:06.200 --> 00:23:10.160 illegal preceding. That's true, but they were also brutal in somewhat unruly affairs, 254 00:23:10.720 --> 00:23:15.319 with the mob often jeering in or shouting encouragement toward the victim in equal 255 00:23:15.359 --> 00:23:21.880 measure. The most important burning of fifteen fifty five took place on the sixteenth 256 00:23:21.880 --> 00:23:26.200 of October, when two former bishops, Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, went 257 00:23:26.240 --> 00:23:30.079 together to the stake. They were finally put on trial at the end of 258 00:23:30.119 --> 00:23:37.559 September before a trio of Catholic bishops. The accused maintained a defiant stand, 259 00:23:37.000 --> 00:23:42.720 though not without moments of unintentional comedy. Ridley who removed his hat upon entering 260 00:23:42.759 --> 00:23:45.839 the court, insisted on replacing it when the pope's name was mentioned, so 261 00:23:45.920 --> 00:23:52.240 literally whenever he would put his hat back on. When the commissioners demanded respectful 262 00:23:52.279 --> 00:23:57.480 treatment as representatives of the Cardinal Legate, Ridley knelt to show his reverence for 263 00:23:57.559 --> 00:24:03.200 Pole, for his royal blood, but then sprang up again to demonstrate his 264 00:24:03.319 --> 00:24:06.920 lack of esteem for Poul as the agent of usurping power. I don't know 265 00:24:06.960 --> 00:24:08.640 whether or not he was putting on his hat over and over again as he 266 00:24:08.680 --> 00:24:15.839 did that. Latimer went on to interrupt the opening oration to challenge the definition 267 00:24:15.279 --> 00:24:19.799 of the Catholic Church, saying, quote, Christ gave knowledge that the disciples 268 00:24:19.799 --> 00:24:23.920 should have persecution and trouble. How think you, then, my lords? 269 00:24:25.279 --> 00:24:29.119 It is most like that the See of Rome, which hath been a continual 270 00:24:29.160 --> 00:24:34.240 persecutor, is rather the Church or a small flock which has been continually persecuted 271 00:24:34.279 --> 00:24:40.319 of it, even unto death. End quote. Once more, it's easy 272 00:24:40.359 --> 00:24:45.200 to see the evangelical sense of rediscovered purpose, almost perhaps a sense of relief 273 00:24:47.079 --> 00:24:53.400 at knowing that they were again going through the validation process supplied by suffering and 274 00:24:53.480 --> 00:25:00.200 oppression. Later on, Latimer would say, be of good comfort, Master 275 00:25:00.319 --> 00:25:04.759 Ridley can play the man. We shall this day light such a candle, 276 00:25:06.319 --> 00:25:11.720 by God's grace in England, I trust shall never be put out. He 277 00:25:11.960 --> 00:25:15.279 said that, accordingly as the pire was lit beneath the two of them. 278 00:25:15.680 --> 00:25:21.039 These words have come to us down the centuries. The question is, of 279 00:25:21.039 --> 00:25:26.200 course, did he actually say them. They're an echo of a heavenly voice 280 00:25:26.279 --> 00:25:30.000 heard in the Roman Arena by a second century martyrs, Saint Polycarp, as 281 00:25:30.039 --> 00:25:36.839 recorded by the early Church historian Eucubus. The words appear in the second edition 282 00:25:37.160 --> 00:25:41.559 of Fox's Acts and Monuments, but not in the first, which came out 283 00:25:41.599 --> 00:25:48.160 seven years earlier, and without any evidence of new eyewitnesses being consulted. Whether 284 00:25:48.200 --> 00:25:52.279 he said them or not. Of course, Latimer undoubtedly saw himself in Ridley 285 00:25:52.519 --> 00:25:56.440 as links in a chain of true disciples of Christ persecuted by the ungodly down 286 00:25:56.440 --> 00:26:03.440 the Ages. From his prison, Thomas Cranmer watched his friends go to their 287 00:26:03.480 --> 00:26:07.880 fate, appointing an echo of Thomas Moore's witnessing the last journey of his friends 288 00:26:08.240 --> 00:26:15.400 just twenty years before Cranmer's own trial opened on the twelfth of September, and 289 00:26:15.599 --> 00:26:19.799 because Unlike Ridley and Latimer, he was a bishop and properly consecrated and installed 290 00:26:19.799 --> 00:26:26.319 into Roman rits. It was a much more elaborate and formal affair. Earlier 291 00:26:26.359 --> 00:26:33.599 disputations covered Cranmer's favorite ground, eucharistic doctrine. But now the questioning, which 292 00:26:33.680 --> 00:26:38.279 was relentlessly pursued by the Catholic bishops, focused on the actions of Cranmer's own 293 00:26:38.359 --> 00:26:44.960 career, and of course, on the concept of royal supremacy to which he 294 00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:51.039 had faithfully hitched his wagon. At one point, Cranmer just walked straight into 295 00:26:51.079 --> 00:26:56.559 a trap. Quote Was it ever so? In Christ's Church? One of 296 00:26:56.599 --> 00:27:02.720 the Catholic bishops demanded, in response to Cranmer's own assertion that every king was 297 00:27:02.799 --> 00:27:07.039 rightfully supreme head in his own domains. It was so, Cranmer responded, 298 00:27:08.160 --> 00:27:14.160 But then what pressed the Catholic bishop of wicked kings? What about Nero? 299 00:27:14.920 --> 00:27:19.599 The Roman Emperor? He was, assuredly the world's mightiest ruler in the years 300 00:27:19.680 --> 00:27:27.400 following Christ's resurrection, was also a byword for tyranny and persecution. Reluctantly, 301 00:27:27.480 --> 00:27:33.519 Cranmer had to concede the point that he had walked into that Nero no less 302 00:27:33.519 --> 00:27:36.319 than Henry the eighth had been the supreme head of christ Church on Earth, 303 00:27:36.359 --> 00:27:41.839 which is ridiculous conviction. Though it didn't matter. That was a foregone conclusion. 304 00:27:41.880 --> 00:27:47.440 A succession of enemies from Cranmer's past, like the ghost of Christmas Past, 305 00:27:47.960 --> 00:27:51.359 just popped up and came in to give evidence that the archbishop was a 306 00:27:51.400 --> 00:27:56.799 promoter of heretics and an author of heretical works. Cranmer himself insisted that he 307 00:27:56.839 --> 00:28:00.680 only acted quote to improve the corrupt ways of the Church, perhaps an echo 308 00:28:00.720 --> 00:28:07.480 of his fifteen thirty three consecration oath to bring about changes for the Church and 309 00:28:07.519 --> 00:28:12.880 to reform it. Yeah, it didn't really matter because Pope Paul four had 310 00:28:12.880 --> 00:28:19.000 a mandate for Cranmer's trial, including a formal and impractical required for him to 311 00:28:19.119 --> 00:28:25.880 appear personally in Rome within eighty days to answer charges against him. At the 312 00:28:25.920 --> 00:28:30.440 moment, all this ridiculous order did was served as a stay of execution. 313 00:28:30.400 --> 00:28:37.160 For now Cranmer was returned a condemned man to his cell. Now, while 314 00:28:37.160 --> 00:28:41.440 all this was going on, Bishop Bonner formalized the treatment that he thought would 315 00:28:41.519 --> 00:28:45.200 cure England of his heresy, like a teacher assigning reading to reluctant students. 316 00:28:45.720 --> 00:28:49.119 He forced all London clergy to read a new book he had written on the 317 00:28:49.160 --> 00:28:53.039 subject of doctrine, and preach chapter one of the same to their parishioners. 318 00:28:53.079 --> 00:28:59.640 Each and every Sunday was to be religion a MacDonald's style. The book was 319 00:28:59.680 --> 00:29:04.079 issued along with thirteen homilies compiled by Bonner's Chaplains and first published in July. 320 00:29:04.920 --> 00:29:10.559 The idea of an officially approved set of sermons for ordinary clergy to work systematically 321 00:29:10.599 --> 00:29:15.680 through was a blatant stealing of the evangelicals mo and indeed actually two of the 322 00:29:15.720 --> 00:29:19.480 homilies, one on Charity and one of the Misery of all mankind, were 323 00:29:19.519 --> 00:29:26.039 actually just recycled with very light revisions from Cranmer's own fifteen forty seven collection. 324 00:29:27.559 --> 00:29:33.400 The main text had also a familiar feel. It was modeled closely on an 325 00:29:33.480 --> 00:29:38.359 earlier necessary doctrine, the King's Book of fifteen forty three. In both title 326 00:29:38.440 --> 00:29:44.640 and contents, the book was a marker of stability and continuity, a nod 327 00:29:44.720 --> 00:29:49.279 of acknowledgment to conservatives who Lake Bonner himself had wrote out at Wardian years in 328 00:29:49.519 --> 00:29:53.319 loyalty to the religious settlement of Henry the Eighth, Once more, it seemed 329 00:29:53.359 --> 00:29:59.079 like people were willing to turn back the clock. But just to fifteen forty 330 00:29:59.119 --> 00:30:03.680 seven, even Bonner acknowledged how hard doing this was going to be. He 331 00:30:03.759 --> 00:30:08.720 wrote how the Catholic religion had been quote accounted and taken for superstition end quote. 332 00:30:10.319 --> 00:30:11.799 So for the moment, he was really focusing on the key role of 333 00:30:11.799 --> 00:30:17.960 the church in helping people achieve salvation. He focused on a couple of key 334 00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:22.359 points, the nice and Creed, the Ten Commandments, seven Deadly sins, 335 00:30:22.559 --> 00:30:26.599 sacraments, Lord's prayer, and the Hail Mary. These he believed were the 336 00:30:26.640 --> 00:30:30.720 hallmarks of a proper Catholic faith. He tried to shy away from words he 337 00:30:30.759 --> 00:30:37.920 felt might provoke disquiet. Words like purgatory and certainly the word pope were decidedly 338 00:30:37.960 --> 00:30:41.039 absent from this book. He knew both were non starters, at least at 339 00:30:41.039 --> 00:30:47.079 the moment. When he talked about authority, Bonner was always careful to use 340 00:30:47.160 --> 00:30:51.680 the term church, not pope. How he was going to get around the 341 00:30:51.759 --> 00:30:55.480 idea that the pope, of course was the undisputed head of the Roman Catholic 342 00:30:55.519 --> 00:30:56.440 Church. In the long run, I have no idea, because he's never 343 00:30:56.440 --> 00:31:00.559 going to get there. Now, for his part, he wanted to be 344 00:31:00.599 --> 00:31:06.559 more aggressive. He called a clerical Assembly at Westminster in November fifteen fifty five. 345 00:31:07.599 --> 00:31:11.759 His notion was for a centralized, top down approach to church reformation. 346 00:31:14.039 --> 00:31:19.480 The first hurdle was clerical income. There wasn't Eddie Mary declared that the traditional 347 00:31:19.559 --> 00:31:26.720 tithe the tenth, would be returned to the church. Pull argued that this 348 00:31:26.880 --> 00:31:33.279 money would come essentially from the church taxing itself, but Parliament was less convinced. 349 00:31:33.599 --> 00:31:37.960 Many in the body balked at the notion of reinstating secular payments to the 350 00:31:38.039 --> 00:31:42.160 church. In the end, when a bill was presented, it passed, 351 00:31:42.200 --> 00:31:48.480 but not without some obvious discomfort. Not every bill in Parliament went Mary's way 352 00:31:48.519 --> 00:31:53.200 either. In December, a bill to confiscate the property of exiles who refused 353 00:31:53.240 --> 00:32:00.000 to turn to England was beaten back. Some who voted it down definitely sympathize 354 00:32:00.160 --> 00:32:04.720 with the exiles, but most were simply just nervous about the precedent it would 355 00:32:04.720 --> 00:32:10.359 set in terms of private property rights. On November the twelfth, fifteen fifty 356 00:32:10.400 --> 00:32:15.519 five, Stephen Gardiner passed away at his home. More than anything, he 357 00:32:15.599 --> 00:32:20.240 had been a symbol of the early English Reformation, and would be tied to 358 00:32:20.279 --> 00:32:24.519 Henry the Eighth until his end and beyond. Many rejoiced at his passing, 359 00:32:24.519 --> 00:32:30.720 seeing it as divine sign that the conservative cause of which he was a part 360 00:32:30.839 --> 00:32:34.160 was doomed. In reality, of course, he was just an old man 361 00:32:34.279 --> 00:32:39.680 who had died of natural causes. By the tenth of February fifteen fifty six, 362 00:32:40.160 --> 00:32:44.960 the Synod which had been called for the reformation of the Church had completed 363 00:32:44.960 --> 00:32:50.799 its business and produced a set of decrees for the Reformation of England, a 364 00:32:50.880 --> 00:32:53.440 reminder that in the sixteenth century, of course, the word was not the 365 00:32:53.519 --> 00:33:00.400 exclusive property of Rome's enemies. The tone was set by its first decree. 366 00:33:00.599 --> 00:33:04.839 Henceforth, throughout the realm, the feast of Saint Andrew was to be kept 367 00:33:04.839 --> 00:33:08.720 as a day of solemn commemoration, with a procession and a sermon to give 368 00:33:08.839 --> 00:33:15.119 thanks for quote the return of this kingdom and the unity of the Church end 369 00:33:15.160 --> 00:33:20.200 quote. The relationship with Rome was now a thread that needed to be interwoven 370 00:33:20.240 --> 00:33:24.160 into the fabric of English parish life. We're going to just literally put it 371 00:33:24.160 --> 00:33:29.839 into the calendar. Other decrees held up a mirror to the leaders of the 372 00:33:29.920 --> 00:33:36.039 church. Prelates were to lived soberly, chastely, and piously. They weren't 373 00:33:36.079 --> 00:33:39.720 to go for pomp or pride. They were to dress simply. They were 374 00:33:39.759 --> 00:33:45.640 to keep no retinue. Their diet was to be basic. The great abuse 375 00:33:45.759 --> 00:33:51.079 of bishops and head of colleges failing to reside in their places of duty, 376 00:33:51.759 --> 00:33:58.319 that was over absenteeism among lower clergy to was condemned, along with the pluralism 377 00:33:58.559 --> 00:34:02.839 that gave rise to it. By pluralism, what I mean is a priest 378 00:34:04.200 --> 00:34:07.400 owning more than one benefice that he never visits, just to draw the income 379 00:34:07.480 --> 00:34:12.280 from it. That, as you may recall, was one of the major 380 00:34:12.360 --> 00:34:16.679 criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the early Reformation, and now the Roman 381 00:34:16.719 --> 00:34:21.360 Catholic Church, you know, only about fifty years later, was going to 382 00:34:21.400 --> 00:34:27.039 do something about it. All clergy with cure of souls, including bishops, 383 00:34:27.079 --> 00:34:31.559 were required to provide sermons to the people. Pastoral office. It was noted, 384 00:34:31.920 --> 00:34:37.559 quote chiefly consists in preaching of the divine word end quote. This is 385 00:34:37.559 --> 00:34:43.639 an assessment of which evangelicals could scarcely have disputed. The reform of the clergy 386 00:34:43.760 --> 00:34:47.840 was crucial to the reconciliation plan. Everyone knew what a mess the clergy had 387 00:34:47.880 --> 00:34:53.920 been in before the Reformation. Better clergy had been one of the key benefits. 388 00:34:53.960 --> 00:34:59.000 Actually, with the schism from Rome, Paul wanted to be sure it 389 00:34:59.039 --> 00:35:01.920 didn't become an ext use for it to happen again. From now on, 390 00:35:02.039 --> 00:35:06.719 all bishops were required to vet their clergy, who had to swear an oath 391 00:35:06.760 --> 00:35:12.639 that they did not acquire their benefices via simony. Most significantly, for the 392 00:35:12.679 --> 00:35:16.159 first time, the church would establish a seminary to educate the sons of poor 393 00:35:16.239 --> 00:35:22.039 families and train future priests. It was the beginning of a solution to a 394 00:35:22.159 --> 00:35:28.480 centrallies old problem. Later on, the Council of Trent would likewise follow in 395 00:35:28.519 --> 00:35:34.639 England's footsteps. There were other forms that were discussed but were never completed. 396 00:35:35.559 --> 00:35:40.320 One was the topic of a vernacular Bible. That issue was simply too divisive. 397 00:35:42.519 --> 00:35:46.159 This was all a serious effort at reform, not merely a reaction to 398 00:35:46.199 --> 00:35:52.719 Protestant complaints. One of the critiques of Poll throughout the centuries has been his 399 00:35:52.840 --> 00:35:58.159 rejection of an offer by Ignatious Loyola to send some newly trained Jesuits to help 400 00:35:58.159 --> 00:36:02.480 with the reform process. But Poll had plans for his own seminary, and 401 00:36:02.559 --> 00:36:08.000 so he rejected the offer. Pull a leading light of early sessions of the 402 00:36:08.000 --> 00:36:15.519 Council of Trent, was scarcely insulated from the current of trends of reform which 403 00:36:15.559 --> 00:36:20.840 were wafting through the wider Catholic Church in the fifteen fifties. He was, 404 00:36:21.360 --> 00:36:25.480 actually, unlike numerous other Catholics, in no way an opponent of the Jesuits. 405 00:36:25.679 --> 00:36:30.920 In fact, he wrote a supportive lever of Condolas on Ignatius's death in 406 00:36:31.000 --> 00:36:37.360 July of fifteen fifty six, and he was in fact an active supporter of 407 00:36:37.480 --> 00:36:44.000 other reformed religious movements. By the summer of fifteen fifty five, the Dominican 408 00:36:44.119 --> 00:36:49.400 Order was back in England, established at Smithfield. There were a few English 409 00:36:49.400 --> 00:36:54.599 brothers, but most of these Dominicans were for the moment Spanish. The appearance 410 00:36:54.639 --> 00:36:59.840 of monks and friars clad once more in their distinctive habits, was one of 411 00:36:59.840 --> 00:37:02.519 them the most dramatic symbols of the repudiation of Henry's, as well as of 412 00:37:02.519 --> 00:37:08.199 course Edward's works of reformation. It was one of the most visible pointers to 413 00:37:08.239 --> 00:37:14.880 the limit of restoration. There was little to no prospect of hundreds of dissolved 414 00:37:14.920 --> 00:37:19.239 religious houses simply springing back to life, and a line under the past was 415 00:37:19.320 --> 00:37:23.679 drawn by Rome itself. In Rome, in the June of fifteen fifty five, 416 00:37:24.199 --> 00:37:30.000 Pope Paul the fourth formally dissolved all the houses suppressed by Henry the eighth. 417 00:37:30.920 --> 00:37:37.159 Any restorations going forward would technically be new foundations. There was some further 418 00:37:37.239 --> 00:37:44.920 reassurance to anxious lay owners of x monastic estates, but it didn't inspire in 419 00:37:44.960 --> 00:37:50.719 them any impulse to just simply give back the land. Some lay people gave 420 00:37:50.880 --> 00:37:57.719 piously in their wills to refounded monasteries, but endowments for refoundation in the end 421 00:37:58.119 --> 00:38:05.239 came almost exclusively from the crown. Only seven religious houses were re established nationwide 422 00:38:05.480 --> 00:38:08.880 between fifteen fifty five and fifteen fifty eight, with plans in the works for 423 00:38:09.119 --> 00:38:15.679 half a dozen or so more. The most significant refoundation was that of a 424 00:38:15.760 --> 00:38:22.039 monastery which was never really dissolved, the royal showcase Church of Westminster Abbey. 425 00:38:22.480 --> 00:38:29.400 Only around one hundred of perhaps fifteen hundred surviving former monks again took up the 426 00:38:29.440 --> 00:38:34.599 habit. Though what monastic life lacked in quantity, it made up foreign quality. 427 00:38:35.559 --> 00:38:40.639 Prestigious refoundations, including the return of the resilient core of the Carthusians returned 428 00:38:40.639 --> 00:38:46.199 to Sheen in November fifteen fifty five and the Brigittine Nutts returned in August of 429 00:38:46.280 --> 00:38:52.400 fifteen fifty seven. Others might have returned if given the chance. In Yorkshire, 430 00:38:52.719 --> 00:39:00.920 former Cistercians were in apparent expectation of restoration, but by fifteen fifty eight 431 00:39:00.159 --> 00:39:07.000 things would be just about over in Mary's reign. Many of these monastic orders 432 00:39:07.320 --> 00:39:13.519 set about reassembling their monastic libraries, buying back hundreds of volumes in what was 433 00:39:13.559 --> 00:39:19.480 to be ultimately a vain hope of return to full communal life. Ultimately, 434 00:39:20.199 --> 00:39:24.760 the non return of major monastic life in England was a major indication of the 435 00:39:24.840 --> 00:39:30.119 triumph of the reform started under Henry and finished under Edward. But it was 436 00:39:30.199 --> 00:39:38.000 also a sign of changing ecclesiastical priorities. Rather than monasteries, the Church sought 437 00:39:38.039 --> 00:39:44.679 to build new hospitals and seminaries. The Church needed to be more responsive to 438 00:39:44.719 --> 00:39:51.480 the changing times. It seems that was really one lesson the Catholic movement had 439 00:39:51.599 --> 00:39:57.199 learned throughout the turbulent early sixteenth century. The question, as we will see 440 00:39:57.239 --> 00:40:02.440 next time, is would it be enough now? As always, if you've 441 00:40:02.480 --> 00:40:05.679 enjoyed the episode, you can check out the links in the show notes, 442 00:40:05.719 --> 00:40:07.239 going a link to the website there, and also have a link to the 443 00:40:07.239 --> 00:40:10.400 free trial of the Patreon feed. It's the best way to support the show. 444 00:40:10.840 --> 00:40:14.440 It's as little as one dollars a month twelve dollars a year, and 445 00:40:14.480 --> 00:40:17.079 you can help this thing go all the way up to the present day of 446 00:40:17.239 --> 00:40:40.280 Western history.