1 00:00:31,800 --> 00:00:36,320 What Up? What Up? Everybody? Welcome to another episode of Let's Ask 2 00:00:36,439 --> 00:00:41,159 Paul, the podcast where you get to ask me anything you want about the 3 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:47,840 National Electrical Code or electrically related subject matter. Now, I've been doing podcasts 4 00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:54,079 for people and answering code questions for over twenty plus years. When I started 5 00:00:54,079 --> 00:00:58,000 all this back when I was in Virginia, and this is well before the 6 00:00:58,000 --> 00:01:03,439 Internet. This was before anything about podcasts or anything about web streaming or YouTube 7 00:01:03,439 --> 00:01:07,200 existed. This was what I used to do on AOL and I used to 8 00:01:07,239 --> 00:01:11,760 upload them to a repository, and because I was heavily involved within education back 9 00:01:11,760 --> 00:01:15,560 in Virginia, then I used to share the access to the folder with people 10 00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:19,319 that would attend my seminars. And I started that many many years ago, 11 00:01:19,319 --> 00:01:23,560 and it kind of just shared out all over the state and so people were 12 00:01:23,599 --> 00:01:26,719 listening to you know, they were kind of crude at the time, obviously, 13 00:01:26,799 --> 00:01:30,920 before technologies made things a lot different. But it still is a way 14 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:37,319 for me to share information. And I remember working on websites personally creating websites 15 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:41,120 all the way back in the nineties early nineties, so it dates back a 16 00:01:41,239 --> 00:01:46,239 long way that I've been doing this thing. Online. And so here we 17 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:49,319 are in twenty twenty four and I'm still doing it, still doing the same 18 00:01:49,359 --> 00:01:55,359 thing. Technology has gotten a little bit better today to be able to do 19 00:01:55,439 --> 00:01:57,680 some of the things that I like to do, you know, the sound 20 00:01:57,719 --> 00:02:02,599 effects and all this kind of stuff is much easier to do today than it 21 00:02:02,640 --> 00:02:07,400 was way back then. But if you've never listened to my podcast before, 22 00:02:07,319 --> 00:02:13,240 you know it's there's so many different topics that we cover, and I don't 23 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:17,039 do a good job. I mean, I acknowledge this. Yeah, I 24 00:02:17,199 --> 00:02:23,280 don't do a good good job at indexing or titling these things because you never 25 00:02:23,319 --> 00:02:25,319 know what I'm going to talk about in an episode, So I get it. 26 00:02:25,400 --> 00:02:30,520 That's on me. And uh, I don't know that that'll change because 27 00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:35,120 again I always tell people I have attention deficit disorder, and when I'm doing 28 00:02:35,159 --> 00:02:38,960 something, I'm just you know, I don't keep track of it to index 29 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:43,039 it. Well, at some point, maybe somebody will volunteer to listen to 30 00:02:43,039 --> 00:02:46,719 all my podcasts and index it for me and then send me new titles for 31 00:02:46,759 --> 00:02:49,960 all of my episodes. There you go. If I got anybody out there 32 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:53,639 that wants to do that, go for it, right, all right? 33 00:02:53,759 --> 00:02:58,960 So today's episode, and let's ask Paul. It's a little different. Even 34 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:01,199 though it is going to be electric, it's electrical theory, and it's a 35 00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:06,439 question that I could ask a lot, and so I'll kind of take the 36 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:12,360 question and kind of spin it into my own kind of question that I'm going 37 00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:16,479 to answer for people. When you peruse through social media or you pruise through 38 00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:23,080 other online resources, and there's a lot of questions that people will ask about. 39 00:03:23,159 --> 00:03:24,800 You know, Okay, what is two forty vaults? What is a 40 00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:29,120 split phase system? Why is it called that? And some choose not to 41 00:03:29,199 --> 00:03:32,879 call it that? How do we get to forty vaults if it's two one 42 00:03:34,039 --> 00:03:38,280 twenties that come to a receptacle let's say for a dryer or range, And 43 00:03:38,319 --> 00:03:42,639 why would you need the neutral and some of those ocasions and why would you 44 00:03:42,719 --> 00:03:46,400 not when it comes to the branch circuits and all that. So we're going 45 00:03:46,439 --> 00:03:49,879 to kind of talk about that in today's episodes. So there's a lot of 46 00:03:49,919 --> 00:03:53,120 information that we're going to try to cover today. And of course, as 47 00:03:53,120 --> 00:03:58,039 always, if you have additional questions, just remember this episode. I don't 48 00:03:58,080 --> 00:04:01,039 know the number of the episodes, so you take no of the episode number 49 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:05,840 when you write this down at the end and go to Paul Abernathy dot com 50 00:04:05,879 --> 00:04:10,080 and do a response and let me know what episode. Give me a brief 51 00:04:10,080 --> 00:04:13,400 summary of what your question is and what you're trying to clarify, and then 52 00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:16,319 I will obviously go into more details so we can make it an ongoing discussion 53 00:04:16,319 --> 00:04:20,720 if you want. I'm a code guy, but you know from years of 54 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:25,079 working in the apprenticeship programs and teaching and all that, you know, I 55 00:04:25,160 --> 00:04:30,439 like to talk to people and explain things also with electrical that they may find 56 00:04:30,439 --> 00:04:35,480 a complicated subject that type of thing. So anyway, while I was looking 57 00:04:35,519 --> 00:04:40,360 at this question, and Darling got this question to me and kind of pushed 58 00:04:40,360 --> 00:04:43,480 it ahead of a couple of other ones because again it's a theory question or 59 00:04:43,720 --> 00:04:47,439 topic that I wanted to take the opportunity to talk about it. And so 60 00:04:48,079 --> 00:04:51,759 I remember when she said it. I remember going looking at some social media 61 00:04:51,839 --> 00:04:57,160 posts. Stephen one twenty posted something and then he got ripped apart by the 62 00:04:57,199 --> 00:05:00,319 comments. A lot of ignorant comments in there. But people tend to do 63 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:02,680 that on social media. They tend to say stuff and don't back it up 64 00:05:02,680 --> 00:05:08,399 with any reliable data. They just simply pop off at the mouth. I 65 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:12,800 get it. It's social media. That's what I guess today makes the world 66 00:05:12,879 --> 00:05:16,720 go around. Everybody likes this social media just quick responses. Whether they're accurate 67 00:05:16,839 --> 00:05:19,360 or not, or whether they're misleading, it's just it's just the way it 68 00:05:19,439 --> 00:05:23,839 is. I guess. Okay, So what we want to do on this 69 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:30,319 episode today is we're going to explain two hundred and forty vault split phase systems 70 00:05:30,519 --> 00:05:34,079 in a way that you can understand it when you're talking to somebody and they 71 00:05:34,079 --> 00:05:40,199 go, Okay, I don't understand how we have two hundred and forty volts 72 00:05:40,199 --> 00:05:44,759 at this receptacle if it's a dryer receptacle, or if it's a range receptacle, 73 00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:48,759 or maybe it's an outlet point location where you're taking power from the system. 74 00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:53,560 That's the definition of outlet for a piece of equipment, utilization, equipment, 75 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:57,639 whatever. How do we get the two forty What happens in the circuit 76 00:05:57,680 --> 00:06:01,480 that allows us to have to forty Because we know that that leg one, 77 00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:06,000 if we're just talking a one twenty two to forty VOLD circuit, Leg one 78 00:06:06,160 --> 00:06:10,560 is one twenty volts and Leg two is one twenty volts. Of course we 79 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:14,759 use one twenty. It's nominal. It did obviously due to impedance and other 80 00:06:14,839 --> 00:06:18,639 factors. Length, and depending on what the utility provides us, you could 81 00:06:18,680 --> 00:06:21,680 be slightly less than one twenty, could be slightly more than one twenty. 82 00:06:21,720 --> 00:06:26,759 But through the code, and when I refer to code, we're talking to 83 00:06:26,839 --> 00:06:31,120 NEC, we typically use the nominal value. So we're just gonna say one 84 00:06:31,199 --> 00:06:40,600 twenty, Now two forty is the voltage potential between the two Leg one and 85 00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:43,720 Leg two, Okay, And we'll explain that out, and I'll give an 86 00:06:43,759 --> 00:06:48,399 analogy. And I like to use an analogy called the Seesaw method in order 87 00:06:48,399 --> 00:06:53,759 to explain this in very simplistic terms so that other people can convey it to 88 00:06:53,839 --> 00:06:58,360 other people simplistically. And so that's kind of how I'm going to explain it. 89 00:06:58,399 --> 00:07:01,680 But you know, electricity can be a complicated topic, but we can 90 00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:08,160 make it easier to understand by talking about some analogies and giving some additional explanations. 91 00:07:09,160 --> 00:07:13,959 And again on one common question that we get is how is a two 92 00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:17,399 hundred and forty volt split phase system work? So we want to break that 93 00:07:17,480 --> 00:07:19,800 down, and I want to use an analogy. Now I will tell you 94 00:07:19,839 --> 00:07:24,879 that I have a blog that is out that will come out if it's not 95 00:07:24,959 --> 00:07:30,279 out already today or later today, this being the seventh of July twenty twenty 96 00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:34,920 four. It'll be available over on our website fasttracksystem dot com. So make 97 00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:36,920 sure you go check it out. It's going to be a great blog that 98 00:07:36,959 --> 00:07:43,240 you can share with other people, especially people that are new into the industry. 99 00:07:43,360 --> 00:07:46,519 They don't understand the concept. And there's a lot of people that want 100 00:07:46,519 --> 00:07:48,800 to know how something works, not just that they have to do something. 101 00:07:48,959 --> 00:07:53,959 So the blog is going to be available and it'll break it down and make 102 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:58,240 it easier for you to understand, all right, So that's what we were 103 00:07:58,240 --> 00:08:01,160 going to go. So the basic system when we talk about split phase system, 104 00:08:01,199 --> 00:08:05,439 so that's the first thing that people cringe when I say. They say, 105 00:08:05,439 --> 00:08:07,879 well, there's no split day system there. There is a split phase 106 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:11,480 system. So that we're going to talk in generality and when we talk about 107 00:08:11,519 --> 00:08:16,560 like residential and to make it simple to understand the concepts. So when you 108 00:08:16,399 --> 00:08:20,639 have your you have your transformer, and you have your secondary, and if 109 00:08:20,720 --> 00:08:24,959 you take a phase and you tap it in the middle, and it's splitting 110 00:08:26,040 --> 00:08:31,320 a phase. So from one point to the middle tap on that phase is 111 00:08:31,399 --> 00:08:37,879 one twenty and on the other point to the middle tap is one twenty right, 112 00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:43,200 and between them are two forty. So when you drop your service down 113 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:46,840 to your dwelling, you're going to be dropping two hots and the neutral That 114 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:52,480 neutral is connected to the grounded point or the neutral point on that transformer, 115 00:08:52,519 --> 00:08:58,120 which is midway on a phase winding. So when we call it split phase 116 00:08:58,279 --> 00:09:05,240 system, we're basically taking one of the two forty voult phases and tapping it 117 00:09:05,279 --> 00:09:09,919 in the center and that gets done at the utility transformer and that's what we'll 118 00:09:09,919 --> 00:09:13,919 bring down to your Sage standard dwelling. Now, again, I have people 119 00:09:13,919 --> 00:09:16,879 out there that listen to these things and they want us to cover every possible 120 00:09:16,879 --> 00:09:20,360 thing under the Holy Grail analogy. We're not talking three phase. We're not 121 00:09:20,480 --> 00:09:24,879 talking any of that today. So for those trolls that wanted that, you're 122 00:09:24,879 --> 00:09:26,639 gonna have to listen to a different episode. Okay, we're trying to keep 123 00:09:26,679 --> 00:09:31,440 this simple and explain two hundred and forty volt and how it's achieved. Okay, 124 00:09:31,519 --> 00:09:33,840 So again I have to it's a shame that I have to do that 125 00:09:33,919 --> 00:09:37,960 in my podcast, but again the number of sheer trolls that I get. 126 00:09:37,919 --> 00:09:41,840 And if you ever go on social media and you look at somebody post something 127 00:09:41,879 --> 00:09:45,879 and somebody is waiting to rip them apart, you'll get it. Okay, 128 00:09:46,879 --> 00:09:48,960 we're in an atmosphere of learning, so let's look at it that way. 129 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:54,279 So if we understand now what we're saying with it being a split phase, 130 00:09:54,360 --> 00:10:00,120 I mean literally, it's what we're doing splitting the phase. Then this is 131 00:10:00,159 --> 00:10:05,679 what's typically used at your home. And again it involves two hot wires that 132 00:10:05,759 --> 00:10:11,200 come down and in neutral delivering power to your house. Now, each hot 133 00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:16,039 wire, okay, each conductor is going to carry one hundred and twenty volts 134 00:10:16,559 --> 00:10:22,919 and together they provide two hundred and forty volts for various appliances that need two 135 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:26,639 hundred and forty volt applications. So when you have for our discussion, the 136 00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:31,799 two hots are going to represent line one in line two. So line one 137 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:37,279 carries one hundred and twenty volts. Line two carries one hundred and twenty volts 138 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:43,120 between them. When you go line to line, you're going to get two 139 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:46,240 hundred and forty volts. Now, one of the neat things that you're going 140 00:10:46,320 --> 00:10:48,120 to have to understand early on, and I'll go into what we call the 141 00:10:48,159 --> 00:10:56,080 seesaw analogy. Is that line one in line two represent one hundred and eighty 142 00:10:56,120 --> 00:11:00,360 degrees of being out of phase. So if you think about as sign you 143 00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:03,639 SODO waveform, you have the center line center zero, and you have to 144 00:11:03,720 --> 00:11:09,600 kind of understand it, and the the blog is going to have an illustration 145 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:11,799 that kind of depicts this. So it's a little easier if you're like new 146 00:11:11,799 --> 00:11:16,480 into this and you're going to understand sign waves and how it works. But 147 00:11:16,519 --> 00:11:20,440 basically, have you have your center line, and when line one is up 148 00:11:20,799 --> 00:11:26,240 rises up, curves up to ninety degrees, it's at one hundred and twenty 149 00:11:26,320 --> 00:11:31,720 vaults, and then line two drops the negative side of that center line and 150 00:11:31,799 --> 00:11:37,399 it is at negative one twenty that the difference between these two is one hundred 151 00:11:37,399 --> 00:11:41,480 and eighty degrees. So that's where we get the one hundred and eighty degrees 152 00:11:41,519 --> 00:11:45,840 out of phase. So when one is at its peak, line two is 153 00:11:45,879 --> 00:11:48,799 at its peak at the valley, and one it's at the top, one 154 00:11:48,919 --> 00:11:52,200 at the bottom of that center line, and so then they both end up 155 00:11:52,240 --> 00:11:56,000 coming back to zero and then going in the other direction and nail line two 156 00:11:56,639 --> 00:12:01,720 starts to rise up to plus one twenty and in line one drops down to 157 00:12:01,799 --> 00:12:05,360 negative one twenty. So when we talk about out of phase, they are 158 00:12:05,519 --> 00:12:11,000 literally, if you think of a full cycle three hundred and sixty, when 159 00:12:11,039 --> 00:12:15,240 one's at ninety and the other ones at the lower ninety, they are literally 160 00:12:15,679 --> 00:12:20,679 one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase with each other. Right, So 161 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:24,200 that creates that separation, right, And we'll go into it more detail, 162 00:12:24,240 --> 00:12:26,799 but I kind of want to paint you that physic mental picture on the waveform 163 00:12:28,159 --> 00:12:31,120 how these lines are. One is at one hundred and twenty at its top, 164 00:12:31,519 --> 00:12:35,120 and then one is it one twenty below the center line okay, zero 165 00:12:35,279 --> 00:12:39,879 neutral point okay, center point okay. And I'm trying to make it as 166 00:12:39,919 --> 00:12:45,240 easy to visualize ment, you know, for a podcast here. And now 167 00:12:45,279 --> 00:12:50,240 the neutral wire that comes down with that split phase system is connected to the 168 00:12:50,279 --> 00:12:54,879 center of that transformer phase that we talked about, and that's intentionally grounded, 169 00:12:54,240 --> 00:13:01,840 okay, And that is where we have the turn point. Okay. So 170 00:13:01,879 --> 00:13:05,320 when we have this this current that s it's you know, it's oscillation that 171 00:13:05,360 --> 00:13:09,879 takes faith, that takes place sixty times a second. This movement of these 172 00:13:09,919 --> 00:13:16,559 electrons. Okay, it represents a complete path all the way back to the 173 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:20,159 source. Okay, in order to be able to achieve this, right, 174 00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:24,759 all right. So, but that's only when we have the necessary need for 175 00:13:24,879 --> 00:13:28,360 a neutral, and so I'll explain that as we get further. So, 176 00:13:28,840 --> 00:13:31,919 whether you're at line one or line two, if you take just line one 177 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:35,480 and you connect the probe to line one and you connect it to the neutral, 178 00:13:35,759 --> 00:13:39,399 then you're gonna get one twenty because of the zero reference. So you 179 00:13:39,519 --> 00:13:43,840 only have what the one twenty from zero in the sign you soda way form 180 00:13:43,320 --> 00:13:48,000 up to the one twenty on the peak of line one. You get me, 181 00:13:48,639 --> 00:13:50,440 all right, So the same thing would happen if you did line two. 182 00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:54,759 So that's how you're measuring it. That's why we need the zero reference. 183 00:13:54,279 --> 00:13:58,080 That's why we have all the connections. That's why the neutrals connect it 184 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:01,240 all the way back and it takes you back to the source in order for 185 00:14:01,440 --> 00:14:03,960 voltage stabilization, in order for the meters and everything to work, right, 186 00:14:05,159 --> 00:14:09,039 Okay, trying as simplistic as I can make it. Now we'll talk about 187 00:14:09,080 --> 00:14:13,440 when the neutral is needed and when it's not. You do not need a 188 00:14:13,480 --> 00:14:16,519 neutral in all feeder cases. You do not need a neutral in all brand 189 00:14:16,559 --> 00:14:18,879 circuit cases. If there is no neutral necessary at whatever the load is, 190 00:14:18,879 --> 00:14:22,559 and you don't have to carry a neutral. That's different than at the service 191 00:14:22,679 --> 00:14:26,000 where you're going to bring a neutral to the service, because you have to 192 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:31,080 have the ability for that current to get back to the source right, complete 193 00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:33,080 the circuit. Nothing's going to flow if it's not a completed circuit. Right. 194 00:14:33,159 --> 00:14:39,000 So but we'll get into that a little later. So let's talk about 195 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:43,480 this. It used to be years ago when I was teaching at the university 196 00:14:43,639 --> 00:14:46,960 and when I would go around and people would ask me to kind of give 197 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:50,679 them these analogies to make it lock it in their mind of what's going on 198 00:14:50,759 --> 00:14:56,159 with this waveform is. I would tend to use what I call this seesaw 199 00:14:56,240 --> 00:15:01,240 analogy. Two kids sitting on a seesaw. And so to make it simple, 200 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:05,519 I tell people, Okay, imagine in your mind that you're at a 201 00:15:05,559 --> 00:15:11,440 playground and you have two kids and they're on a seesaw, and one is 202 00:15:11,480 --> 00:15:15,919 on one side and one is on the other side, right, and you 203 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:22,639 have this center pivot point that's your pivot point. Now, when you think 204 00:15:22,639 --> 00:15:26,279 about this. When you have this effect, when one kid's going up, 205 00:15:26,759 --> 00:15:31,000 the other kid on the other side is going down. Right, So when 206 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:33,399 one kid is going up, the other is going down. And so this 207 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:39,279 represents the one hundred and twenty volt wires in a split phase system. So 208 00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:43,960 if one kid on the left side that's going up is one twenty and the 209 00:15:43,039 --> 00:15:48,000 kid on the right that's going down is the negative one twenty, So going 210 00:15:48,080 --> 00:15:50,039 up is the positive one twenty. The kid going down on the right is 211 00:15:50,080 --> 00:15:56,159 the negative one twenty. So as this goes back and forth, the kid 212 00:15:56,200 --> 00:15:58,639 on the left goes down, then the kid on the right goes up. 213 00:15:58,240 --> 00:16:03,320 So this is what happens of back and forth, back and forth the seesaw 214 00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:08,120 analogy. Okay, and this represents the two one hundred and twenty volt wires 215 00:16:08,639 --> 00:16:12,039 that are in a split phase system. Now we'll go a little deeper in 216 00:16:12,080 --> 00:16:15,919 this too, but I want you to visualize that in your mind. It's 217 00:16:15,960 --> 00:16:19,440 basically, Leg one is the kid one on the left, Leg two is 218 00:16:19,480 --> 00:16:23,720 the kid on the right. The center point or the pivot point or the 219 00:16:23,759 --> 00:16:30,200 center point or the center of the sea saw that is the neutral point in 220 00:16:30,240 --> 00:16:37,120 this analogy. Okay, kind of paint that picture for you. So when 221 00:16:37,120 --> 00:16:41,399 we think of the center of the seesaw, the center pivot of that sea 222 00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:45,440 saw is like again the neutral point in that split phase electrical system. It's 223 00:16:45,519 --> 00:16:52,399 the grounded and it divides the transformers secondary winding into two equal halves, so 224 00:16:52,399 --> 00:16:55,720 it's a two hundred and forty volt winding. It divides it in half, 225 00:16:55,799 --> 00:16:59,159 so it's at one twenty on each side of that center point. If you 226 00:16:59,519 --> 00:17:04,279 mentally picture that, it's essentially the same as a seesaw effect. Okay, 227 00:17:06,880 --> 00:17:11,400 So if we've got two kids on a sea saw and kid one would represent 228 00:17:11,440 --> 00:17:15,720 line one, Kid two would represent line two, So the first one is 229 00:17:15,799 --> 00:17:22,920 one twenty and then the kid two on the line two represents other one twenty. 230 00:17:22,279 --> 00:17:26,000 Right now, how they move? So when kid one goes up, 231 00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:32,319 kid two goes down, this means they move in opposite directions of each other. 232 00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:37,160 This movement is always opposite. When one kid is at the top, 233 00:17:37,319 --> 00:17:41,440 think of that in assign your soda wave form as the positive peak, and 234 00:17:41,480 --> 00:17:45,680 when the other kids at the bottom, that's the other wire, that's line 235 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:51,319 two, then that is at the negative peak. Okay, so think of 236 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:55,839 that's kind of how it moves, and that's actually how it moves in a 237 00:17:55,920 --> 00:18:00,480 two forty volt circuit. It oscillates back and forth just like that, sixty 238 00:18:00,519 --> 00:18:04,319 times a second. And because there are one hundred and eighty degrees out of 239 00:18:04,359 --> 00:18:11,000 phase, any given time you take a measurement, you're going to have a 240 00:18:11,240 --> 00:18:17,839 phase difference between the one twenty at the peak the positive peak, and the 241 00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:22,039 one twenty at the negative peak. Okay, for line too, and it's 242 00:18:22,039 --> 00:18:25,839 going to alternate back and forth very quickly sixty times a second. We deal 243 00:18:25,880 --> 00:18:30,519 in sixty herd systems and uh. And so that's why it any given time, 244 00:18:30,519 --> 00:18:36,119 the difference between the one twenty at the peak and the difference at the 245 00:18:36,119 --> 00:18:40,519 one twenty at the negative peak, that difference on the sign your sort of 246 00:18:40,559 --> 00:18:45,960 waveform is one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase, right, Okay, 247 00:18:45,279 --> 00:18:48,319 So let's kind of go a little bit deeper in that. Let's talk about 248 00:18:48,359 --> 00:18:55,480 phase difference in voltage calculations. So in an AC system, the vault is 249 00:18:55,640 --> 00:19:00,359 changes over time following a wave pattern. We've talked about it. It's a 250 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:03,039 sign you sorta wave form. Now, when two waves are one hundred and 251 00:19:03,079 --> 00:19:07,680 eighty degrees out of phase, like ours are in a line one in line 252 00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:11,880 two to forty volt system. It means that when one wave is that its 253 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:18,200 maximum positive value, the other is at its maximum negative value, and vice 254 00:19:18,359 --> 00:19:23,920 versus. So at any given time the phase, the voltage difference between the 255 00:19:23,960 --> 00:19:29,720 two is going to be what there's going to be one hundred and eighty degrees 256 00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:36,119 out of phase. Okay, now let's look at the visualization of this again 257 00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:38,599 to kind of make it wrap around. So line one, it's if you're 258 00:19:38,640 --> 00:19:41,680 thinking of the sign your sort a wave form. Just draw a straight line, 259 00:19:41,759 --> 00:19:45,440 and now you've got at this beginning of this line zero, Your your 260 00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:51,359 line gradually goes up, kind of curved up, so it starts at zero, 261 00:19:52,119 --> 00:19:56,039 then it goes to plus one twenty, then it comes back down to 262 00:19:56,160 --> 00:20:00,440 zero, and then it goes down to negative one twenty, and then it 263 00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:04,240 returns back to zero, and that completes one full cycle. And it does 264 00:20:04,279 --> 00:20:11,000 this sixty times a second. That's just line one. Now line two does 265 00:20:11,079 --> 00:20:15,839 the opposite. It starts at zero, but instead of going to plus one 266 00:20:15,920 --> 00:20:19,759 twenty, it goes to negative one twenty. Okay, so that when line 267 00:20:19,799 --> 00:20:25,519 one is at plus one twenty, line two is at the opposite one hundred 268 00:20:25,519 --> 00:20:30,680 and eighty degrees opposite, it's at negative one twenty. So when that happens, 269 00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:33,960 it goes through the same process. It goes to negative one twenty, 270 00:20:34,240 --> 00:20:38,759 then it comes back to zero up to positive one twenty. And at that 271 00:20:38,799 --> 00:20:41,960 point, once it gets to positive one twenty, line one is at negative 272 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:45,559 one twenty, and then of course line two returns back to zero. So 273 00:20:45,640 --> 00:20:51,720 this opposites line one in line two are working in opposition. Okay. So 274 00:20:52,079 --> 00:20:55,440 this means that when line one is at its highest positive voltage, which is 275 00:20:55,480 --> 00:20:59,480 one hundred and twenty volts, line two is at its lowest negative voltage, 276 00:20:59,480 --> 00:21:04,200 which is negative one twenty. So the opposite behavior continues throughout the cycle, 277 00:21:04,599 --> 00:21:11,240 and this always creates a one hundred and eighty degree phase difference. Ok Now, 278 00:21:12,039 --> 00:21:15,119 why does this even matter? Why do we even care about this? 279 00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:19,119 Because now we've established that's how we get to forty. Because when you put 280 00:21:19,119 --> 00:21:25,559 your probes on it the left, the line one, it's at one twenty 281 00:21:25,599 --> 00:21:30,799 positive. When you put the probe on line two, it's at negative one 282 00:21:30,880 --> 00:21:36,519 twenty. So the difference between them is what the difference between them is two 283 00:21:36,559 --> 00:21:41,440 forty. Okay, So because there are one hundred and eighty degrees out of 284 00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:45,000 phase. But let's let's kind of go deeper, because again it can be 285 00:21:45,079 --> 00:21:48,799 confusing. But why is this balance necessary? Why do we do this? 286 00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:52,160 Well, this one hundred and eighty phase difference helps keep the balance on the 287 00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:56,319 electrical load and reduces the current on the neutral. Y'all probably heard me talk 288 00:21:56,359 --> 00:22:00,960 about the cancelation effect that takes place. For example, if I'm pulling five 289 00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:07,880 amps on line one and I get to peak one twenty at five amps, 290 00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:15,440 then in the load online two is also five amps equally distributed, and it's 291 00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:19,720 at it's negative one twenty, the neutral will see absolutely zero current flow, 292 00:22:21,599 --> 00:22:26,200 okay, because it's balanced. Now, if I have ten amps online one 293 00:22:26,799 --> 00:22:30,880 and I happen to have five amps on line two, then the neutral is 294 00:22:30,920 --> 00:22:34,079 going to see what it's going to see the maximum imbalance between the two in 295 00:22:34,119 --> 00:22:38,000 this case, if it was ten on leg one or line one in five 296 00:22:38,079 --> 00:22:41,000 on line two, then we're going to see five amps on the neutral. 297 00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:48,519 Okay. So in order to keep the balance, this is why the waveform 298 00:22:48,599 --> 00:22:51,480 is designed in the in the sign sort of wave form is the way it 299 00:22:51,559 --> 00:22:53,240 is. Okay, So there are one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase. 300 00:22:53,279 --> 00:22:57,880 Now let's let's let's dig a little deeper here, so let's talk about 301 00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:02,480 combined voltages. We're trying to reach this two forty because we just explained how 302 00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:07,720 it works in the analogy of the seesaw, So let's kind of get a 303 00:23:07,720 --> 00:23:11,440 little bit more deeper into this. So the total voltage across the load connected 304 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:17,359 between line one and line two, okay, is the sum. It's the 305 00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:22,759 sum of the two voltages. So if it's one twenty peak plus one twenty 306 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:27,559 for line one, and then the opposite effect is line two is at a 307 00:23:27,799 --> 00:23:33,559 negative one twenty, then it's the summation of the two that creates the difference 308 00:23:33,759 --> 00:23:40,720 of voltage potential between the peak at one twenty at the positive peak and then 309 00:23:40,759 --> 00:23:42,759 the one twenty at the negative peak. And that's how we get the two 310 00:23:42,880 --> 00:23:48,200 hundred and forty volts at any given time on the system. Because of the 311 00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:52,720 one hundred and eighty degree phasing, and because of the changing directions so quickly 312 00:23:52,559 --> 00:23:57,720 sixty times a second, and because each one is out of phase, that 313 00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:02,119 at any given time when you put your meter on it, you're gonna get 314 00:24:02,079 --> 00:24:04,200 two hundred and forty volts, which is also why if I stick one meter 315 00:24:04,319 --> 00:24:07,599 on it in one meter to ground, then I'm only going to get one 316 00:24:07,680 --> 00:24:11,960 phase at its point in the system, whether it's plus one twenty or on 317 00:24:12,039 --> 00:24:15,359 line two where and it's a negative one twenty. Either way, I'm still 318 00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:22,640 getting a voltage of one twenty. Okay. So that's why it's so important 319 00:24:22,480 --> 00:24:26,880 for us to, you know, to understand how the systems work, and 320 00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:30,240 why we ground systems, and what we can do to get one twenty in 321 00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:33,279 a two forty volt system. How do we get two forty volts in a 322 00:24:33,319 --> 00:24:38,920 system? That type of thing. So summarizing this and then I'll talk about 323 00:24:38,920 --> 00:24:41,960 the neutral here a little bit more for like ranges and dryers, because again 324 00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:45,240 people ask that all the time. So when you have two kids on a 325 00:24:45,279 --> 00:24:52,839 seesaw, basically it represents one hundred and twenty vaults at each kid, whether 326 00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:56,200 it's they're representing line one in line two, or they represent wires in a 327 00:24:56,240 --> 00:25:02,400 split phase system. So line one is one kid, he represents one twenty, 328 00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:06,920 and then the other kid on the other side of the seesaw represents one 329 00:25:07,039 --> 00:25:12,359 twenty and it's always at opposite one hundred and eighty degrees of whatever it is 330 00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:17,960 on line one. So again line one is that at the peak it's positive 331 00:25:18,079 --> 00:25:21,519 one twenty. That it means line two, at the same point in time 332 00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:26,480 is going to be one hundred and eighty degrees opposite of the line one, 333 00:25:26,519 --> 00:25:30,799 which means it's going to be at a negative one twenty. Okay, makes 334 00:25:30,799 --> 00:25:37,000 sense. Another way to visualize this is a clock. So at twelve. 335 00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:41,079 If you think of the twelve as the peak from line one, and you 336 00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:47,599 think of the six as the negative peak for line two, and then you 337 00:25:47,680 --> 00:25:52,359 translate the twelves, the the three, the six, the nine, and 338 00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:56,640 twelve. Now if you change those into the ninety degrees, then you've got 339 00:25:56,680 --> 00:26:00,960 three sixty and you've got ninety one eighty. You know that as you go 340 00:26:00,079 --> 00:26:04,119 around right and you start looking at it, and you go, okay, 341 00:26:04,799 --> 00:26:10,000 I've got uh starts at three sixty at the top. At three o'clock, 342 00:26:10,079 --> 00:26:14,720 it's ninety. At six o'clock it's onet eighty, at nine o'clock it's two 343 00:26:14,839 --> 00:26:18,720 seventy, and then we're back to three sixty. Okay. If you visualize 344 00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:26,240 it that way, If if the peak is at twelve and the online one 345 00:26:26,480 --> 00:26:30,400 and the peak is negative for line two. Then it's down near the six 346 00:26:30,680 --> 00:26:34,079 on that waveform. Then you can see that that is one hundred and eighty 347 00:26:34,119 --> 00:26:40,359 degrees apart, okay, And that's how the whole thing works. So the 348 00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:48,519 up and down movement of the seesaw analogy is represents alternating current going in opposite 349 00:26:48,559 --> 00:26:51,799 phases very quickly, back and forth, back and forth, back and forth, 350 00:26:51,839 --> 00:26:53,960 back and forth, very quickly. And because of them being out of 351 00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:59,920 phase, it ensures that at any given time, we're going to get two 352 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:03,000 one hundred and forty vaults across our test to line one to line two. 353 00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:07,240 Okay. Now, one of the things that people have to visualize is the 354 00:27:07,279 --> 00:27:12,440 height difference that seesaw effect. You know, So the height difference between the 355 00:27:12,480 --> 00:27:18,599 center point in the kid that's on the left side represents line one and the 356 00:27:18,680 --> 00:27:25,240 kid on the right represents line two. The voltage difference between these two kids, 357 00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:27,839 the ones up at one twenty the other ones down at a negative one 358 00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:33,759 twenty. The difference between those two is two hundred and forty vaults. And 359 00:27:33,799 --> 00:27:37,920 that's what we talk about voltage difference, and when you're measuring it, that's 360 00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:41,400 what you're doing. Voltage is pressure, but also when you're measuring, it's 361 00:27:41,480 --> 00:27:45,240 it's it's the differential between line one and line two that takes place. So 362 00:27:47,559 --> 00:27:52,920 by understanding that kind of that seesaw analogy the concept of a center tapped transformer. 363 00:27:53,319 --> 00:27:56,839 It becomes clear why you have you know, two hundred and twenty volt 364 00:27:56,880 --> 00:28:03,000 lines are considered one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase in a split phase 365 00:28:03,079 --> 00:28:07,880 system, physically splitting a phase. UH. This phase difference allows the system 366 00:28:07,920 --> 00:28:12,319 to provide a total of two hundred and forty volts to certain appliances, ensuring 367 00:28:12,359 --> 00:28:17,759 efficiency and a balanced electrical power distribution system in your home. Now, when 368 00:28:17,759 --> 00:28:22,480 it comes to the neutral like ranges and dryers, there are elements where they 369 00:28:22,559 --> 00:28:29,880 just need pure to forty, but there are applications where they might have a 370 00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:36,720 timer lighting and again, appliance will vary, and the National Legal Code requires 371 00:28:36,799 --> 00:28:40,480 us to run four conductors to these circuits. UH. And then you know 372 00:28:40,559 --> 00:28:45,480 today and now put a four four prong attachment plug on your appliance if it's 373 00:28:45,480 --> 00:28:52,000 a dryer or a range or whatnot. And obviously there's certain things that in 374 00:28:52,079 --> 00:28:56,839 the US right that we have appliances that you know, like ranges and dryers 375 00:28:56,880 --> 00:29:00,599 that need one hundred and twenty volts, and so in order to get the 376 00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:07,240 one twenty volts, we're gonna need that neutral in order to be able to 377 00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:11,279 measure from the peak line one, okay, line one at one hundred and 378 00:29:11,279 --> 00:29:15,079 twenty volts, and then you'd measuring it to the neutral, which is zero 379 00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:21,160 reference because back of the panel it's connected together with the earth and everything's connected 380 00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:25,119 back. So but yet it still allows the path back to the source through 381 00:29:25,119 --> 00:29:30,440 the neutral. But because it's grounded, it's at reference point. That's what 382 00:29:30,519 --> 00:29:34,759 allows us to measure one twenty all right. So and that scenario is we're 383 00:29:34,759 --> 00:29:40,519 basically measuring from one of the line one side of the phase of the transformer 384 00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:45,480 or the two forty volt transformer winding to the midpoint. So we're only measuring 385 00:29:45,599 --> 00:29:49,240 half of that winding. So that's one twenty and so that's how we can 386 00:29:49,279 --> 00:29:53,359 power the one twenty volte loads that may be on that appliance. That type 387 00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:57,799 of thing. Now, there's people that say that there are appliances that are 388 00:29:57,839 --> 00:30:03,079 designed differently, and I can't speak for every appliance, but when we're talking 389 00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:07,559 ranges and dryers, that's typically the layout and how it's done when it requires 390 00:30:07,559 --> 00:30:12,200 a neutral conductor, the equipment grounding conductor that's required in those circuits. Now 391 00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:19,519 that's for ground faults and things like that that maybe may energize the metal frame 392 00:30:19,599 --> 00:30:25,000 and it allows for the overcurrent device to function. That's what that is for. 393 00:30:26,559 --> 00:30:30,960 So, and there's people out there that say that the neutral and the 394 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:36,000 equipment ground serve the same purpose. That is not true, even though they're 395 00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:40,799 connected together at the service in order to be able to carry return current back 396 00:30:40,799 --> 00:30:45,640 to the source, and you know, also allows that the if there's a 397 00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:49,640 ground fault somewhere, that the equipment ground carries the fault current back to the 398 00:30:49,680 --> 00:30:55,039 source with a low impedance path that allows the fault to skyrocket at the point 399 00:30:55,039 --> 00:30:57,680 where the fault is. That means the overcurrent device is going to trip quicker. 400 00:30:57,799 --> 00:31:00,880 Okay, it's gonna trip quicker. That has nothing to do with the 401 00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:07,000 neutral. So the neutral is designed to carry the maximum imbalanced load and we 402 00:31:07,079 --> 00:31:15,000 calculate that out and for most cases for ranges and dryer applications, is pretty 403 00:31:15,039 --> 00:31:22,079 much already figured out for us. So, but at the end of the 404 00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:26,279 day, one of the key factors are the key takeaways that we want from 405 00:31:26,279 --> 00:31:30,319 this is that you need if you need a neutral, it's there to allow 406 00:31:30,359 --> 00:31:33,279 you to be able to go from one of the phase one of the legs 407 00:31:33,759 --> 00:31:40,880 to neutral point and get one twenty right that type of thing, and so 408 00:31:41,079 --> 00:31:45,759 we can power whatever one twenty volte loads there may be on whatever that appliance 409 00:31:45,839 --> 00:31:48,359 or that piece of equipment is that is requiring us to have a neutral. 410 00:31:48,359 --> 00:31:55,160 There not all two hundred and forty volt appliances or utilization equipment require neutral. 411 00:31:56,319 --> 00:32:00,119 In a pure to forty volt application, the neutral is not necessary. Like 412 00:32:00,119 --> 00:32:02,160 an air handler unit that's two forty volts that that there has no one to 413 00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:06,640 twenty volt loads, it's still going to have an equipment ground because you still 414 00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:08,720 could have a ground fault. You have to still clear an over current device, 415 00:32:08,759 --> 00:32:14,359 but there is no need for neutral. So in a service you have 416 00:32:14,359 --> 00:32:17,839 to bring a neutral, but beyond that a feeder. Unless you're feeding a 417 00:32:17,880 --> 00:32:21,920 remote distribution panel that's going to have one twenty volt loads in it, then 418 00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:25,200 you would obviously need a neutral. But if you're supplying something to a piece 419 00:32:25,240 --> 00:32:30,759 of equipment that has absolutely no need for one twenty volt loads and a two 420 00:32:30,799 --> 00:32:36,000 forty volt one twenty system, but all. It's all you're doing is taking 421 00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:39,759 two forty volts to it. Then you have no necessary need or a neutral 422 00:32:39,759 --> 00:32:43,759 conductor, and that is okay. The code permits you to do that. 423 00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:51,000 Right again, we're talking feeders in brand circuit applications. One of the important 424 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:58,079 things that the people tend to do is they confuse the grounded conductor with grounding, 425 00:32:58,839 --> 00:33:02,799 and that becomes a big confusion point because they connect together back at the 426 00:33:02,839 --> 00:33:06,160 source, back at the panels, So everybody says, well, it's all 427 00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:12,000 going back to the same location. Anyway. That's a very dangerous mentality to 428 00:33:12,039 --> 00:33:17,759 be in because once you start getting downstream from the service, if you inadvertently 429 00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:23,440 connect an equipment ground to the grounded conductor, which is in most cases and 430 00:33:23,480 --> 00:33:28,359 residential is going to be neutral as well, then what you could is you 431 00:33:28,359 --> 00:33:32,839 could potentially put circulating current on metal parts that aren't designed to have current on 432 00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:37,200 them by their nature, and that creates a potential touch hazard, not to 433 00:33:37,279 --> 00:33:42,000 mention, if you lose a neutral or it comes loose. Now that return 434 00:33:42,119 --> 00:33:46,359 current is going to travel back on all of those parts that weren't intended to 435 00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:52,000 be current carrying components, which is why we call them non current carrying components. 436 00:33:52,039 --> 00:33:55,640 That doesn't mean they wouldn't carry any current under a fault condition. It 437 00:33:55,799 --> 00:34:00,759 just means they're not intended to carry any current in that type of scenario. 438 00:34:00,880 --> 00:34:07,679 So confusing that and not understanding the requirements of two fifty twenty four B for 439 00:34:07,760 --> 00:34:13,360 example, uh can be you know, devastating and it could just be sitting 440 00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:16,360 there as a ticking time bomb for somebody to come in contact with it later 441 00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:22,559 on. And so again, electricity just tries to work regardless, and so 442 00:34:22,639 --> 00:34:27,000 even if it's done wrong, So we have to follow the minimum safety standard 443 00:34:27,480 --> 00:34:30,639 and make sure that we can go above it, but we can't go below 444 00:34:30,679 --> 00:34:34,440 it. So hopefully that explains it a little bit better. Again, it 445 00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:37,159 is hard to do on a kind of on a podcast. Hopefully I will 446 00:34:37,159 --> 00:34:40,440 have the blog will be you know, have a couple of illustrations for you. 447 00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:46,840 But just remember in summary the Seesaw analogy that the two forty vaults is 448 00:34:46,880 --> 00:34:52,760 the difference between line one being at a positive peak of one twenty and line 449 00:34:52,800 --> 00:35:00,360 two being at a negative peak of one twenty the literal voltage differential but between 450 00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:05,199 the two is two forty Okay, And so that's why and because there are 451 00:35:05,199 --> 00:35:08,280 one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase at any given time, since it 452 00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:14,239 changes directions sixty times a second each one like line one and line two does 453 00:35:14,280 --> 00:35:17,159 this, and because of them being out of phase at any given time in 454 00:35:17,239 --> 00:35:22,719 this oscillation, if you do a meter measurement at line one to line two, 455 00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:25,119 you're going to get two hundred and forty volts. If you take line 456 00:35:25,199 --> 00:35:30,039 one to the neutral if it's there, you're gonna get one twenty. If 457 00:35:30,079 --> 00:35:34,239 you take it line one to the ground, because they're connected back at the 458 00:35:34,280 --> 00:35:37,559 source, you're still going to get one twenty. And it's important for volted 459 00:35:37,599 --> 00:35:42,159 stabilization to make sure that everything is connected together all the way back to the 460 00:35:42,199 --> 00:35:49,280 source to make sure that these readings come out right. Okay, So thinking 461 00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:53,840 about the seesaw analogy again, boy on the left is line one when he's 462 00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:58,960 up in the air. The boy on the right, which is line two, 463 00:35:59,559 --> 00:36:05,599 is down opposite. So there are one hundred and twenty degrees downp me, 464 00:36:05,599 --> 00:36:08,400 excuse me, is one hundred and twenty volts negative down, and the 465 00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:12,039 boil on the left, which is representing line one, is one hundred and 466 00:36:12,039 --> 00:36:15,159 twenty degrees positive. So they are at any given time on this seesaw, 467 00:36:16,199 --> 00:36:21,039 they're going to be one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase, and due 468 00:36:21,079 --> 00:36:27,079 to the oscillation sixty times a second of the way it works at sixty hertz, 469 00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:31,079 at any given point when you make those readings, you're going to get 470 00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:36,480 the line one in line two, there's going to be a voltage differential that 471 00:36:36,559 --> 00:36:39,360 creates two hundred and forty volts. And that's how it works. Okay, 472 00:36:39,519 --> 00:36:44,880 hopefully that explained it again if I confused you, You know again, I 473 00:36:44,960 --> 00:36:46,440 tell people all the time, I'm not the best educator in the world. 474 00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:50,280 I just do my best. I never tried to be, you know, 475 00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:52,480 not trying to go down in history is the best in anything. I'm just 476 00:36:52,519 --> 00:36:55,039 here to teach you. If you get something from it, I you know, 477 00:36:55,119 --> 00:36:58,960 I'm glad you do. If you don't, you don't like how I 478 00:36:59,039 --> 00:37:01,760 teach, that's there's other educators out there. You don't need to troll me. 479 00:37:01,880 --> 00:37:05,639 You don't need to be negative. If you don't like how I teach 480 00:37:05,679 --> 00:37:07,480 something, Just move on. There's other people out there. You don't have 481 00:37:07,519 --> 00:37:09,920 to listen to me. But I do appreciate all of you that do. 482 00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:14,440 Until next time, folks, stay safe, God bless and remember go check 483 00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:17,519 out the blog over on our website. It's also available from our free mobile 484 00:37:17,559 --> 00:37:36,360 app as well. Until next time, folks, take care,