An endless and essential theme. Reproduction, distribution, public display and any other
unauthorized use of this work, in whole or in part without the express written
permission of the copyright holder, shall be prohibited. This work is protected by
U S copyright laws and international treaties. All trademarks and trade names mentioned in
this work are the property of their respective owners and are used here only for
descriptive purposes. Any unauthorized use of this audio book will violate copyright and may
be subject to legal sanctions. Copy riy two thousand twenty- four Strene law
Lilí' s secrets. All rights reserved, the countless nuances, ingredients and
angles of personality. They turn this theme into a sea without shores. Each
and every one of them builds the little by little, little since childhood and
experiences, The congenital and acquired aspects slowly pile up. Three are the faces
of personality, environmental heritage and experience of one' s own trajectory. To
become a free, independent person with a certain maturity and balance is the goal
to which we must direct our efforts. We must be able to pilot our
personal world. The key to achieving them is usually in a synthesis of plans,
among which it stands out to be clear about the identity model itself.
When I was a teenager, I thought there were a number of people worthy
of imitation. Later, the same thing happened to me in college, but
then I could sharpen more and not just stay in what I saw, but
dive inside. Behavioral psychiatrists are very aware of how important it is to grow
between solid, strong, consistent people who attract us to follow in a similar
direction. In the communication society in which we live, we feel brought in
and carried away by a huge amount of information and data that, in the
long run, contribute little to personal growth. The negative images, the dark
news, the characters without a message, happen, and it is not that
there are no emulated people, but that the great media tend to choose vulgar
subjects of little interest. It is necessary to know how to look below appearances
in order to cross the boundary between surface and depth. Thus it is possible
to know in depth what people cover up, why they have followed this journey
and not another, what their motivations have been. Psychiatrists observe daily that behavior
is balanced when there is consistency between what it says and what a subject does.
When we interview someone in order to know what is wrong with them,
above all, we must listen to an art that needs time and trade.
So also under the haughty discourse, there is a subsoil that needs to be
discovered. In the children. The exploration of conduct is simpler, as camouflage
mechanisms have not yet appeared. In adolescence there is an overflow of experiences everything
goes up and down, you live passionately. The mood is saddened without knowing
why. Feelings lack a strong architecture and are very influential. Already in the
first youth we find more elements of judgment. Life sets itself ahead with all
its realism and lets us know that if you want to move forward, you
have to know in which direction, otherwise you will feel lost. For his
part, the adult begins to get results from everything he has been doing.
The arguments of their existence have been leaving a well that can be studied with
some rigour. We are facing a more elaborate biography at every stage of life,
marked by its peculiar notes and its own anxieties. R- R is
nality. It functions as the guiding center of psychological heritage if you have a
good harmony, you will build a walled castle in which to protect yourself from
enemies and external difficulties, there is nothing worse than being unbalanced, lost without
inner visibility. So, to be happy, the first thing we need is
to have found ourselves. The mansion of personality is inhabited by different physical,
psychological, social and cultural elements, of tralogy in which its guests influence each
other. The disease somehow modifies the temper of the mood, just as excessive
loneliness weighs and modifies the style of being. Culture serves as a springboard to
jump into an intelligent pirouette about the circumstances in the depressive crises. For example,
there is a retreat on oneself that invites you to turn to the past
and keep the most negative memories. Feelings of guilt emerge silently in anxiety pictures.
The personality is soaked in an uncertain future, fearful diffuse and populated with
bad omens. Sometimes it' s the past that takes over the command and
sometimes the future. This oscillation takes place between two poles interiority, exteriority or
future past. But what the human being must achieve is to live supported by
a present transient fleet of permanent passage that serves as a channel for the events
to transit their geography. Today we could say that the unstructured forms of life
have become popular, democratized. The present day, as we have said,
brings us inconsistent human models, with low density, lives characterized by permissiveness and
relativism. They are these troubled times, but when they have been serene,
peaceful, non- controversial. Just take a look at the recent history of
Europe. I think disorientation is one of the signs of postmodernity. The human
being is increasingly prepared to live, settled in uncertainty, confusion, perplexity.
Today' s society is complex, It is woven of contradictory ingredients that lead
many individuals not to know what to stick to, the good and the bad,
the excellent and the perverse, the white and the black. The new
enemies of society plan in an overlapping way boredom, wearyness, depression, tiredness,
psychological. Scepticism, inculturation, frivolity stagger the points of reference and a
new perplexity emerges. It is the revolution of bewilderment and weak thinking. Everything
in the person becomes weakly light to fall apart, and it directly affects the
cell of society, which is the family. Scepticism is typical of the current
times, whose principles are becoming less and less firm and unmovable, and individualism
has become a fortress in which many entrenched themselves by raising the banner of subjectivism.
It is as if heroes have disappeared, as if extraordinary lives are not
of interest, unless they are broken or fragmented. Having a certain psychological balance
results for many I get bored. It takes being in crisis, living without
strong convictions. Light culture turns any relationship into something to use and throw away.
It only invites you to consume and let yourself be carried away allows everything.
If this is the landscape that surrounds us, it seems logical that the
disadjustments of the personality have multiplied. A society like ours, increasingly adolescent,
is characterized by collective immaturity and its messages are so contrasting that it is very
difficult to reconcile them. Psychiatry has changed from a minor discipline, almost an
appendix to medical schools, to a subject of great importance. It reinforces the
idea that the first thing the human being has to achieve is to find himself
finding the pieces of the puzzle of his way of being and order them.
Having a center of gravity allows us to elaborate those arguments that give meaning to
life, harmonize the outside and the inside. The personality feeds little by little
on everything it finds around it. It takes time to become harmonious and to
achieve a certain security, which will be the basis of self- esteem.
Therefore, achieving personal maturity is the first great achievement of each one. The
person is façade and intimacy the fore is within reach of any analysis, but
intimacy needs a job of speleology. Discovering life inside what has happened, the
facts that haunt it. The person is transparent and opaque, Mediterranean and continental,
crisp and dark, diaphanous and blurred. The psychologic condition circulates between these
poles. The person has windows, but also locks. The last redoubt of
each one harbors the idea of who is aspired to, failures and conquests.
To reach this unequivocal background of the person, it is necessary to cross before
a thick forest, clearing the paths of feelings, customs, habits, passions,
intelligence, affectivity. To educate is to turn someone into person and to
be a person is to get the best out of oneself, an indispensable condition
for achieving reciprocity with others. One can improve on any of the basic arguments
that sustain the personality and articulate a dense network of physical, psychological, social
and cultural influences. Any alteration or illness that affects one of these planes changes
the person momentarily, as well as social influence determines many behaviors with its influence.
To do psychology means to elaborate questions about whys and coms, not to
accept things because yes, but to inquire in their sense and to open up
to the personal world with its hierarchical background in which the different values are settled
And what one can expect from their psychology if they have been working and polishing
it with the care of craftsman. Aspiration is none other than being oneself.
Dare to climb the best possible peaks, have a good psychological balance and,
in the long run, be content with the very way to be, in
short, achieve the virtue of simple ideas and clear objectives. What we mean
by personality is very interesting to make an etymological excursion of the term personality to
discover its intricacies. The different meanings show us nuances and aspects that help us
to affirm this concept. Personare Latin word that means resounding through something and from
Greek prosopon face, face mask. Amas have a common background, since in
the pre- Corroman world, personality was the mask worn by the actors through
which he came out resounding his voice. Life is like a theatre in which
everyone plays a role, shows a behavior, plays a certain role. Also
related is the Latin term perisoma, which refers to what surrounds the body,
including clothing, since the dress is usually understood as an extension of the same
that goes beyond the perseunum appearances coming from Latin. This construction refers to the
synthetic unit one or even means the only, the singular, the peculiar or
original, that is, that which characterizes persum word of Latin origin that refers
to mirror. Personality is what is first seen through the body and, especially,
through the face. There is also the term speculum of the same peak
faceam meaning of birds in the second meaning of animals. By extension, it
is polon or bow of a ship. The face is the first thing seen
from the other and its geography is full of expressive wealth. After this tour
we can now make a first approach. Personality is that set of psychological,
social and cultural physical elements that are housed in an individual. So, different
ingredients that make up a whole. Given the large number of definitions of the
concept personality found throughout the history of psychology, it is impossible to classify it.
However, we are going to go into its conceptual plot to offer a
polyhedral profile of it. Personality is that set of current and potential behavior patterns
that reside in an individual and move between the inheritance and the environment. From
this definition emerge two important ideas that, along with others, will mark the
s ns between some personalities and others, the hereditary in relation to the acquired,
the genetic baggage in front of the environment. Therefore, and together with
references, we can say that personality is an organized and synthetic structure in motion
that encompasses the body, physiology, psychological heritage and social, cultural and spiritual
aspects. It is, therefore, a complicated matrix that wanders between biological provisions
and learning, and that gives rise to a series of manifest and covert behaviors,
public and private, external and internal, ostensible and hidden that nourish the
form of being. This approach to the concept of personality aims to be eclectic
one and its unifying and coherent approach. Following this premise, we can affirm
that personality is a lifestyle that affects the way of thinking, feeling, reacting,
interpreting and being led by it. This definition refers to four areas.
The rdo thought, the affectivity, the way to face the circumstances that are
presented to us over the years and, finally, the consequence of all this,
which determines a specific type of action. It is essential that this way
is firmly rooted in the subject is solid and it is not easy to change
it. Our personality is our best public relations. It is like a complex
and diverse orchestra, with many instruments that fulfill a specific function, but whose
result is a symphony, conduct with its own stamp. The person is the
conductor. On the other hand, there is the self or guiding center of
personality, in which the experiences converge. The self is the shadow of personality,
an ethereal point of reference, diffused from vague contours, but which serves
as a reflection of psychic experiences. Personality and I therefore form a cantinuo ame
in which one is reflected and projected in the other. Very often we say
that someone surprises us by his strong personality. Moreover, in the language used
by that person, in his gestures and in his manners, the personality appears
to the face, which is the mirror of the soul. Certainly to the
face come the interior landscapes that somehow reflect what is happening in our own intimacy,
in any part of our body. On the face lies the essence of
the person. She sums us up, said in a more resounding way,
the personality is present in the face, lives in it. When we meet
someone. The first relationship that is established is facial, that is, face
to face and essentially eye say so much the eyes have their own language.
They are like traffic lights whose signs speak of love, tenderness, passion,
displeasure, surprise, melancholy. The whole affective range emerges from them. In
conclusion, the face and hands, as uncovered parts of the body, are
the ones that express our feelings the most. On the face has the person,
his residence, his chisol, many simple expressions of daily use reaffirm this
idea of the face as mirror of the soul. For example, he gave
his face. I didn' t like his face, the face he put
on. I don' t forget that face. That is why we say
that the face is programmatic, because it announces life as a project of its
own. Sometimes their language is difficult to decipher, because it can have a
double meaning and thus lend itself to confusion. Two on the face can be
observed the following elements morphology, style, grace, taste, enchantment, affective
expression, mood, emotional tone, oral expression. Language has such transcendence that
it offers decisive notes, like that of the intelligence that manifests itself in him
with all his laughter that summarizing, we can say that the psychological history of
the concept personality has moved between the interiorist perspective, that is, that which
is stored within the individual, and the exteriorist perspective, which refers to what
is found outside character, temperament, trait and state. Character is the part
of the acquired personality, the one that has been fading throughout life thanks to
psychological, social and cultural influences. The temperament is the inherited part that has
a direct relationship with hereditary patterns of behavior. Yes, therefore, a neurobiological
root. Amos integrate two important facets of the way they are. For its
part, the trait is a lasting psychological disposition, a stable attribute of personality,
a tendency to behave in the same way in different situations, which results
in consistent behavior. Each trait remains as a stable characteristic, whatever the situation
may arise. Thus, for example, an orderly person will reveal this trait
of his way of being at different times and in very varied environments. A
hysterical person will turn his life into a theater over and over again, as
he lives everything that happens to him as something dramatic or extraordinary and an introverted
person will be in a crowd meeting and also a petit committee. The trait
is, therefore, the propensity to exhibit a similar consistent behavior in the most
varied circumstances of life. In other words, it is a latent provision to
behave in a similar way. Gw at a thousand nine hundred and sixty-
six defined it as a generalised neuropsychic system common to all individuals and particular targeted,
which has the property of functionally becoming equivalent large number of stimuli and triggering
and guiding equivalent forms of adaptive behavior and expressive sns. The methods that have
been used to isolate. These features have varied greatly over time and their measurement
is quite complex. The possibility of predicting an individual' s behavior from the
knowledge of its main features is very interesting, as there is biographical evidence regarding
its habitual behavior. It is not, of course, a mathematical formula,
which would constitute a utopia, but it does frame the person' s response
within very reliable limits. Hj jas, in nineteen hundred and eighty- seven
described four basic neurotic traits, extraversion, introversion and psychoticism. Strictly speaking,
the features constitute certain internal characteristics that cannot be observed at the naked eye,
such as the height or colour of the hair. They are also called intermediate
variables, since they are placed between stimuli and behavior and are deduced from the
observation of behavior three in the almost infinite, in the hand of the circumstances
and the daily variables, the personal waves are maintained through the traits that give
stability, consistency and repetition to the acts. Finally, the state is a
characteristic of the transient personality, passing that occurs at a certain time and therefore
becomes fleeting temporal ephemeral in the course of a greater depression. For example,
the personality lives in a melancholic mood with feelings of sadness, disillusionment or apathy,
but when that disease refers the subject, it usually returns to being the
person who has been recovering its pre- psychological characteristics, while the trait is
a dimension that encompasses a pattern of stable and repeated responses to the personality.
The state refers to a brief and present mental and psychological activity. People usually
distinguish very well the first from the second. One thing is the usual behavior
and another is the typical response in e in ns often proper to a specific
circumstance, which harbors the personality. After reviewing the main ingredients of personality,
a summary should be made to synthesize such a jungle of data and concepts,
thus a set of characteristics and qualities in which morphological, physiological, psychological,
social and cultural aspects are cited. This block of ingredients has an essential note
of originality, the main features, with n own style, a particular and
specific seal that defines a mode of behavior. The integration between the different elements
is part of the good structure and articulation of the personality. People who are
too extraverted, usually cold in their feelings or, on the contrary, very
affective, do not have a good combination of them, resulting in a certain
decompensation that, in some cases, may be the prelude to a mismatch or
disorder of it. In the personality there are transparent zones and opaque territories,
that is, clear and dark. There is an external plot that can be
objectively valued and another interior that moves in a more hidden plane. Personality is
not a mere collection of processes that are being added without connection to each other
before. On the contrary, it implies the integrated association of a series of
diverse plots that give rise to an interrelated whole. This integrative perspective seeks to
know what personality is, universal truths about its knowledge and how it works,
particular truths of each subject. Specifically, each personality is a unique product.
It can never be understood as something made in series. Without personality is the
totality of psychological elements and states of an individual. It involves the integration of
resources, skills and styles. Knowledge of personality allows us in some way to
predict the conduct of an individual in general and also in particular in a given
situation. Some of the characteristics are constant, immutable, solid and their basic
and modifiable dimensions. That is why we are talking about a set of roles
that a particular human being is able to play both the present and the potential.
The permanent elements of personality make up a substrate that allows recognition of it.
Despite modifications, reforms or transformations, personality is not static, but dynamic.
It is always in motion as an open, broad, changing reality that
receives the influences of each and every one of the individual' s experiences,
which end with two profiles, from microtraumas to macrotraumas, to positive experiences.
Everything is deposited in the person and leaving its mark. Behavior is the result
of the relationship of reciprocity between the way of being and the environment through which
one circulates in personality, as we have already said, the physical, psychological,
social and cultural aspects converge. These complement each other by forming a simple
and complex network, unique and diverse. This tetralogy of main ingredients is not
only the result of inheritance, nor is it a mere cultural product or the
result of a certain social elaboration. It is that and much more all conjugated
plasticity, adaptation, reciprocity of influences, in a nutshell, singularity in plurality.
Healthy personality is one that has achieved a good balance between its different components,
a sufficient degree of maturity in relation to age, which implies a good
knowledge of oneself, the own acceptance, the design of a life project and
the ability to have a coherent behavior, adapted to reality, with realistic and
concrete goals and objectives. Further on, we will address in detail this difficult
issue, as well as the dividing line between the normal and the pathological,
which is not a clear and precise border, but blurred and with blurred profiles.
Between both are established a cantino amenel which it is often not easy to
establish the universal criteria mentioned above, as the social or cultural coordinates mark such
distinctions. Personality disorders, in fact, are abnormal forms of being that manifest
themselves through unusually hostile behaviors that harm the family and social community. Finally,
to say that today we can speak of the science of personality in a strict
sense. While philosophy and human sciences seek truth, physical and natural sciences approach
knowledge of reality. In terms of certainty. Four dogmatisms derive from this difference.
The biologist, who has led psychiatry to a radical stance, the chemotry
according to which everything depends on biochemistry, brain or general. The psychologist,
who defends in an absolute way that everything that swirls around the personality is only
due to the many psychological processes, from censoperception to memory, through intelligence,
affectivity, consciousness and a long etcetera. The sociologist, for whom everything rests
on the primordial principle that the human being is essentially social the culturalist who emphasizes
the enormous importance of the cultural sphere. I insist on what I mentioned earlier.
It is appropriate to adhere to an eclectic position capable of conjugating and reconciling
these four sections into one chapter two stages of life in all existence. Years
go by they wander, they walk and they leave their smell. Each stage,
each historical segment, has a special significance, a characteristic seal. Each
phase has its own possibilities and its peculiar profile, but in all it vibrates
the whole personality. The child, in the process of formation, discovers the
world that opens before his eyes, deprived of information and, however, to
do before the adolescent. However, a path of possibilities opens up. Everything
can happen when one is at that age when one begins to see them with
life, in the reality of the adult, on the other hand, there
are already objective data to explore and value his trajectory and, later, in
the final stages of life. Although the old age that we euphemistically call the
elderly has been delayed today, the existential balance can be made, which is
nothing other than its own, and there is the analysis of the personal accounting
in which very different different ingredients of very different weight that come out to the
pallets and are valued coldly. We must not lose sight of the fact that
the human being is a disgruntled animal. Any overly Cartesian self- observation is
painful. Bloody how many things have not gone ahead simply because of lack of
time or for not having foreseen some elements of the environment life. This great
teacher teaches us new things at the rate of the events that happen to us,
opening in the subsoil of our intimacy a well of wisdom in which the
experiences are hidden and stored. This wisdom is called the experience of life and
consists in realizing that we have lived, that we have taken advantage of,
suffered and taken note of the skills and strategies that we need to overcome the
difficulties and mistakes of progressive learning. The present journeys of existence are articulated internally
with the past and the future, giving rise to a historical continuity that shows
coherence and lucidity, meaning and clarity. Childhood the happiest moment. The child
' s psychological awakening is exciting. It is unforgettable to see how you are
discovering the world that emerges before your eyes and how you are making use of
your intelligence when the animal is born. It already has a program of learned
behavior that is just set in motion and that works through innate genetic springs that
open their way without previous learning and with a certain autonomy. From the first
few days, the chick just hatched in the field for his respects from here
to there, as if he knew the stage that served him to unfold his
behavior. The psychomotor development of babies follows a few concrete steps. The first
is to learn to hold your head, which happens after four months. Soon
after you can sit right by keeping the upper back and you are able to
avoid falling forward. When sitting at ten months, sit with something in your
hands or, more often, with your eyes fixed and your thumb in your
mouth. The little boy explores the world through his mouth. Everything goes through
it is the obligatory step to know the objects and their sensitivity. We find
ourselves in the prehistory of learning. About his first year, he begins to
rehearse how to stand. It' s cute and amazing fun to see.
Fight not to fall. The age of learning to walk varies from one child
to another and it is usually around two years when it definitely controls this acquisition.
Many children know how to walk on all fours first. Knowing how to
take things with your hands is something that starts around the age of five months,
but it is at ten that you can approach objects directly and catch them
firmly, without falling out of your hands. A little earlier he discovers that
the right hand also has its left and that both can collaborate As far as
the development of language is concerned, it starts with nonverbal language. Noches,
gestures and smiles appear before the surprise of parents and close people, inviting them
to talk to the child, to tell him things, to relate to him.
The incipient smile at first becomes the concrete response to stimuli, a kiss,
a caress, a word, the minic evolves from primitive and elementary gestures
to more fine and precise ones, to become a true symphony of facial messages.
The development of verbal language begins with the repetition of a few words,
first clumsily and then in a somewhat more precise way. The child repeats those
that hear his mother or the people who take care of his mouth again becomes
protagonist with the consequent exultant of all those in his surroundings. Grammar is,
at first blurred, blurred. Tenue when the child is about one and a
half years old sr handles about twenty words at three or four. It dominates
almost a thousand. The leap is therefore impressive. Every object you find around
you is going to be identified by a word and pointed out with the finger
to name things is to take them over and thanks to language, the child
inhabits their reality, giving meaning to everything, opening corridors of communication from one
concept to another. Verbal communication is the great step forward with your mother next
door, serving as an excellent vehicle of love and knowledge. For its part,
intellectual development begins about five or seven months, when only a certain practical
intelligence appears. Everything mixes psychomotor skills, nonverbal and verbal language, the ability
to start solving small coordination problems by forming visual and manual schemes a singular operating
diptych. At year or year and a half intentional behaviors arise based on scores.
And that' s when the exposed stimulus relationship starts to work. The
mother, for example, opens the door to her room and the child tells
her something or kisses her. Then he discovers what is inside and what is
outside, the means and the ends, the causes and the effects. All
this is rudimentaryly deposited in his head. The child thanks and realizes the very
positive consequences that this has on those around him and thus, for a simple
reinforcement, repeats them again. The child is an essentially needy and needy animal.
His mother' s gonna do everything for him. We could even say
that his world is his mother, whom he very at first recognizes by smell
the relationship mother son is mysterious and loving. While the mother is aware of
everything that is going on between them, the baby is unaware of the richness
of those encounters and their importance. This is a communication chaired by affectivity.
This is how the child begins to die, his concion and the first babblings
of his personality. Slow gradual task, progressive sequence of physical and psychological exchanges
that will lead the child out of the prostration in which he was until then.
Added to this show is the affective development, whose first two ingredients are
laughter and crying. If you lack food, you ask it through crying is
like a biological clock that calls the mother or the person who cares for you
to cover your need. Smile, laughter and funny and friendly faces are answers
to positive stimuli. When he' s about six months old, he laughs
at seeing the vibron or receiving a toy or a biter. At this time
he discovers his image in the mirror and is surprised not knowing what is going
on. Little by little, he becomes familiar with her around him discovers others.
It has a particularly rich meaning the appearance of another child his equal with
whom he is able to share a remarkable new relationship of mutual exploration. It
is when they make their appearance the first glimpses of angry friendship and jealousy and
when one of the great discoveries of this period takes place the game, the
child needs to get inside a toy and break it to know that it is
hiding there. At the same time, drawing and dolls form a key universe
for him. The rivalry, the fear or the feeling that it produces.
The fact that they take something from him is causing the first affective reactions to
jump the education of the parents in those years, to stop the taste of
mastery two, a climate of love and passes, the best psychological food that
we can give to the child, knowing to combine with common sense stable rules
of life and in turn, not too rigid, that are forming a solemn,
splendid and fundamental educational process. A correct and healthy nutrition that teaches to
avoid useless whims that later costs to remove. It is also very important.
You should learn to eat alone and handle the cutlery by yourself, something that
is usually achieved around a year and a half. Another rule that helps regulate
a child' s life is sleep. If a newborn spends the day sleeping
as the months go by, this changes. The mother should not lose sight
of the fact that she gradually instills in the child' s brain a biological
clock that will soon freeze her own and according to which she will sleep and
wake up. The child can sleep by moving his crib or singing to him,
but without forgetting that if he is not careful, he will soon manipulate
his parents and create a vicious circle. Also at this early stage of life,
it is advisable to educate the child, because if negative habits are created.
Everything will then be more difficult for the child' s different learning years.
The newborn child already has all the nerve cells he or she will have
in the future, but his or her nervous system is immature. It'
s not done. It therefore has many limitations. He cannot walk, speak,
or be minimally self- sustaining. This is due to the lack of
nerve collections, which carries with it, among other things, that he is
not able to remember anything at that stage of his life. This childhood amnesia
contrasts with the great dedication of the mother, who benefits especially from that tender
and delicate relationship that consolidates motherhood as one of the most intimate experiences in a
woman' s life. As far as motor skills are concerned. We should
highlight, among others, the moment when the child is able to pass,
to be face down to half side and soon after being face down to face
up before the year, usually learns to tear and before the two gets down
on his knees, sits and gets up. He himself is amazed to see
himself standing and feeling safe. These are star moments for parents who enjoy observing
these advances. The development of motor skills also means taking over the surrounding world.
The reflexes of this arsenal of involuntary responses to certain stimuli are gradually appearing
and early learnings are fixed on the child and his brain forever. This has
also been demonstrated in experimental animals over the months, the brain is maturing and
as the child discovers life in all its richness, it is enriched being finer
and precise the tasks that can be performed. Later, brain areas related to
censo- perception, memory, thought, and language will develop. The intellectual
development of the child is a subject of vital importance if at first everything is
taken to the mouth, because it, with sns replaces its means of initial
exploration. Later he will touch and manipulate things to recognize them and capture their
differences. A rubber ball, a doll, a plastic train or a small
bottle help you to see how far you can get in knowledge. That'
s what' s in front of your eyes. They are ascending stages in
which one learns to elaborate images and concepts of certain simple schemes, it passes
to more complicated ones and thus the world is understanding and interpreting itself. It
was Jean Piaget, one of the most relevant psychopedagogues, who described the succession
of stages, the learning of a sensitive stage and the motor to see sounds
and words heard, smelling and shoveling to be touched transits to another preoperative stage.
Things are represented with words and images, but logical reasoning is still absent
to finally reach five to six years. The operational stage begins to think with
a certain logic about concrete things. It is introduced in arithmetic and mathematics and
in terms of psychological development, egocentrism appears and the word I becomes magical and
repetitive. This time of year. Affective life already has particular notes. The
child can get angry and even take a big tantrum if he does not do
what he wants or is contradicted. Crying remains the priority language. A more
fantastic period begins in which stories have a fundamental value. Parents usually accompany their
children at night when they get into bed with that unforgettable betham and read stories
and stories that fulfill a double mission to educate and stimulate their imagination. They
are experiences that are engraved with fire in the personality and that, when the
years pass, are remembered with love, as the sweetest times one has ever
lived. The child' s desire to please his mother gives way to more
philosophical questions about the goodness or evil of a god conduct, sickness, death.
School life takes on an extraordinary dimension, beyond the academic one, because
of the relationship with peers, the sense of friendship and the difference between the
sexes, among other things, Parents must know what it is at this time
when the education of the will begins and they will seek to make it attractive
and suggestive, explaining to their child in a simple and clear language, why
of it learning to read and write constitutes a milestone and in this, as
in the rest, the mother remains a central one. It would be long
and smooth to describe what happens to the child from the age of seven.
Suffice it to say that at that age the personality already has a fairly definite
profile, being the parents able to differentiate the way of being from that child
and another brother or a cousin or a friend. Moreover, it is already
possible to observe psychological similarities, as well as to distinguish character and temperament,
that is, the acquired and the inherited. From about eight to eleven years
of age there is an extraordinary qualitative leap, especially in girls, whose maturation
usually takes place three or four years before boys, maturation and experience go hand
in hand. When we stop seeing a child of this age for a few
months, we notice more of the changes that have occurred in his behavior and,
especially in his way of being. The maturation of intelligence is a gradual
process in which the individual internalizes psychological schemes, readings, parent and brother influences,
and relationships with teachers and friends. We must also take into account the
power of television, an important ingredient that we must not lose sight of,
especially because of its negative effect, if we do not exercise control over it
that prevents children from being at the mercy of the worst of programming. In
this gradual process that is the development of intelligence, it is convenient to put
order. I insist that parents should not forget that they are the first of
doubts and that they educate more about what they do than about what they say.
It is his conduct that speaks and his exemplaryness that drags the children to
follow a direction that they consider coherent and attractive. These are the courses by
which the initial personality is forged, which looks out and hides, dilutes and
reappears. These are the first tests, tests and attempts that probe the environment
and yourself, looking for an identity that at first is imprecise, but that
gradually becomes clearer and more precise profiles. The n was puberty. This stage
of development, which ranges from about ten to fourteen years of age in girls
and from twelve to sixteen years of age in boys, implies the biological bodily
maturation that culminates in the ability of both to beget. This age of dread
is characterized by a psychological hypersensitivity, great changes of mind and judgment, emotional
instability, rebellion, feelings of tantrums and crying crises that parents require tact,
patience and know how to do Faced with this undulating behavior, they want to
be greater than they really are, as if they were in a hurry to
grow. Girls also mature earlier on the sentimental plane, and this is a
constant in the Western world. Instability of mind is frequent with oscillations ranging from
joy, to sadness, to sickened enthusiasm, to disappointments that have for them
the taste of great defeats. The small frustrations of the day- to-
day are lived in an exaggerated and even dramatic way, since they have not
yet learned to value the facts in a moderate and even way. Life is
strongly experienced with intensity. That' s why those swings are so marked.
It is common to find a person of this age crying without knowing why,
as if he took the pulse to great emotions in their rich diversity. In
puberty there is the awakening of friendship, but already at deeper levels, in
which experiences and more intimate questions are exchanged. Both friendship and first love have
freshness and craze. Affectivity is still pure. Unpolished. The surprise of knowing
that someone can fix themselves on one is important and causes such an outpouring that,
if things don' t go as desired, they can fall down a
sliding ramp and become the opposite. Disenchantment, sadness and disappointment in observing that
what seemed so easy and simple has become complicated and labyrinthine. Parents should go
ahead and teach them what sentimental life is with simple examples and apply a positive
pedagogy that avoids both skepticism and excessively hard information for them. Depending on the
personality of each child, we will have to use different arguments and nuances as
far as sexuality is concerned, it is at puberty that it acquires great importance.
The discovery of body maturation is a surprise that is gradually witnessed by checking
the changes that are operating successively. In girls it develops, the breast appears
in pubic and axillary hair, and the first monarchy menstruation that usually becomes an
accomplice secret between mother and daughter, which has almost always been informed about it.
It is essential for the mother to be able to respond clearly to her
daughter' s doubts and the relationship with her best friend is often more intense
at that time. The attraction towards the boys, as well as the fall
in love, almost always idealized in comparison with the girls, also begins to
appear. Boys are these ages more childish from a genital point of view.
An elongation of the penis and a development of the scrotum are noted. The
interest in sexuality is intensifying, but modesty is still very strong. The attraction
for people of the other sex is gradually emerging, and also the falling in
love although with less finesse and psychology than in girls, Boys prefer to look
for sex information outside the home with schoolmates. On many occasions, such data
may be distorted and even given in an unlucky or abrupt way without nuances,
which in the long run cause much damage. It is therefore desirable that,
once again, parents go ahead and explain things as they are, but with
a complete broad sense that goes beyond purely sexual. These experiences mark the biographical
journey always unrepeatable and do not forget with the passage of the years. Hence
the special care you have to put in order for you to experience in a
healthy and harmonious way. Sexual information. Six must be ever wider and more
precise As for the interpersonal aspect, boys and girls discover that they can trust
friends and tell them their most intimate things. This has enormous value. An
important ingredient of the interpersonal development is sport, as it helps them to demonstrate
to themselves their ability and tenacity and at the same time teaches them how to
win and lose. It also helps to broaden the circle of acquaintances so that
they can breathe out from there from the College group, true friends. For
its part, music takes on significance at this stage and is also a means
to relate and express. Affection, dance provides them with a new environment in
which to express joy. The processes of identity are forged in this mixture of
ingredients copying the behaviors of the comrades who are more leaders and the personal profile
itself is drawing nuances, moving between lights and shadows that combine a complex imagery
that will gradually lead to consolidating the structure of the personality. In the families.
With an only child the concept of brotherhood is lost with him the possibility
of discovering the value of such a close deal and learning to share. Also
different is the family thing in families where there are only girls or only boys.
From Freud and even before it is known that the girls feel a greater
inclination towards the complex father of electric and the boys towards the complex mother of
edipus. This is usually a constant in preadolescence. There is already a certain
criticism of the girls towards their mother in a mixture of rivalry and rebellion,
and the same is true between the children and their father. Soon friends begin
to replace the family and become front- line protagonists. The work of the
parents on this journey is very delicate and it takes a lot of mastery to
overcome the conflicts of people who are not doing and who are rebellious by antonomasia.
Certainly, the friends that our children have at those ages must be respected,
but monitoring that they do not fall into an environment too permissive that is
ultimately negative and leads to a degradation of behavior. This supervision must be carried
out with stealth and tac preventing them from feeling manipulated or deprived of their freedoms.
School is an essential part of life right now. In it are born
friendships, encounters, rejections, tensions, companionship. In some cases it will
even be more important than the family, not only because of the number of
hours a day spent there, but because it can influence more than parents and
siblings. But true education must be given in the family, which is where
one learns to live. As a first model. It is decisive for good
or bad. Adolescence or age of deficiencies. Adolescence is the period that goes
from sixteen to seventeen years until one becomes an adult. The term comes etymologically
from the Latin word adolescents that defines the one who suffers from maturity is the
age of the deficiencies, but with the paradoxical surprise that it constitutes the stage
in which one believes that one knows it. All the fis the form of
the personality in adolescence responds to criteria of physical, psychological and sociocultural maturation,
with a difficult mixture of clarity and confusion nitide the capture of what is life
and blurry in the methods to learn it. In this three- dimensional,
bodily, psychological and sociocultural transition, we are witnessing a series of changes that
are going to leave an indelible mark. In the physical plane, the increase
in height stands out. While boys grow up to 13 centimeters per year,
girls do it in about 8 centimeters. Primary and secondary sexual characteristics are also
manifested. With all that means and settle the monarchy and ejaculation. In the
psychological plane, there is a band of changes that will be added and superimposed
and that are governed by two important elements, intelligence and affectivity. Intelligence as
a teenager' s ability to reason and pose philosophical questions about life his thoughts
become more critical and often leads him to confront parents in an almost natural way.
In the midst of tension, he controls himself badly and passes from rebellion,
to the silence of anger, to the confinement in himself and usually seeks
in one of his friends the understanding that he does not find in his home.
In adolescence, the way of thinking becomes more logical, abstract and systematic,
this fact, coupled with their eagerness to change the world, makes them
very idealistic. They value the great themes of human existence from a utopian prism,
justice, good political life, love and its forms friendship. Everything is
expressed in a passionate way. Adults attend their discussions a little astounded, checking
each time that the teenager, due to his little life experience, lacks the
support of reality. Critical sense and idealism are two characteristic elements of this stage.
As for the ugly activity, we are faced with a period in which
feelings, emotions and passions are in full effervescence. Teenagers discover their emotional geography
and explore it in a thousand ways, sometimes passively, allowing them to invade
their experiences and others actively, participating and acting on events. They are common,
as we have already pointed out, the great oscillations of the mood,
very harassed jumps that take place in the same day and are also frequent resources
such as silence or crying in solitude so as not to be seen or questioned
by parents and brothers. There are several discoveries that the teenager makes and learns
to taste in the first place his own intimacy, a kind of warehouse of
experiences, a space inhabited by biographical facts that already begin to have density,
intimacy of knowing that we need to return to ourselves to relive it. Already
experienced, Spanish thinker José Ortega and gass seven stated that there are two psychological
operations, especially typical of contact with reality. The self- absorbing in our
deepest interior and the alteration to live in the action of what is brought out
and carried by the outside world at the dawn of the adolescent' s intimacy,
is the germ of what will be in the future. The so-
called experience of life, a kind of silent accumulated knowledge most of the time
and eloquent in star moments, which is but a superior form of knowledge,
an abstract knowledge, but with a rich anecdotary, a mosaic formed by the
traces of what we have lived. It is the testimony that we have spent
our lives delving into their joyous and sad, bright and dark, transparent and
opaque nooks and pallading their many flavors. In this way we dive into the
discovery of ourselves and others. Another great discovery of the teenage stage is the
desire for independence, the desire to feel free in immediate life and in the
future. This desire to fly without anyone' s help moves between two opposing
poles. On the one hand, loneliness is sought and, on the other,
the group or gang of friends is needed. The teenager wants to leave
his house, not be controlled. To lead an independent life without the vigilance
of his parents, bores him with the routine and needs surprising new experiences to
explore and discover the pieces that are going to be key in his own identity.
In these tempestuous moments, parents must leave free spaces for self- assertion,
along with intimacy and desire for independence, a heightened critical spirit leaps to
the scene. It is essential that the adolescent can have coherent and attractive models
of identity that serve as benchmarks of the behavior. Parents cannot expect their children
to practice things that they do not practice. The behavior of parents is the
first scheme that adolescents perceive and submit to trial at the beginning in a harsh
way and as the years pass, softening their posture, which will allow the
waters to return to their channel and make the assessment of the parents more balanced
and understanding. In the search for adolescent identity, it will be parents,
friends, teachers and social leaders from the fashion footballer to the rock singer,
to popular and television characters who play a leading role. The imitation of behaviors
is an important point at this time, as is the transmission of values from
the authentic family school in which you learn the best, distinguish the good from
the bad, have moral criteria and do not accept the norms of society if
they are contrary to human nature. Social development is a major issue. The
family nucleus is often relegated to the background in favour of friends. Night departures
begin, for which parents must combine tolerance and n n UAs common to reach
a point of balance between the two elements. Teenagers live with a certain vertigo
precipitously swallow events as if they were in a hurry to get to no one
knows where and they live with quite dramaticism disappointments, frustrations and misunderstandings. A
common problem in the adolescent stage is the excessive use of the phone, a
practice that seems as necessary to them as eating. Today, with the proliferation
of mobile phones, the issue has taken on unsuspected proportions. A teenager can
easily talk on the phone for a couple of hours a day. If you
have a strong affective relationship, that time can be doubled. Another important aspect
of this period is that of will. The will is the ability to do
something valuable and it costs without having an immediate result is the ability to postpone
the reward by doing what should be educated. The will is to learn,
to renounce immediate satisfactions and to value and weigh things before acting. This is
a long process that begins in childhood and has concrete results in adolescence. Neither
the child is a potential adult nor the adolescent is a causeless rebel. Both
have to cross certain knowledge thresholds to enter the mature adult world. The will
has in adolescence two fields of exploration, studies and constancy. The first accounts
for the use of time in the school and in the house itself. The
second of one' s tenacity. Many smart teenagers with a high intellectual ratio
have poor results because they are weak in both aspects, they study little and
without constancy, and they are often surprised by the good school performance of some
peers that they do not take into account. Let us look at the following
illustrative clinical history of the deficiency that we have pointed out earlier. It'
s about a young man walking 20- year- old who has a sister
of one. They come to the consultation of parents without him, because he
refuses to argue that I am not crazy or have lost my mind. The
ones you need to go to the psychiatrist. It' s you. Your
mother' s information is as follows. From the age of twelve to thirteen,
our son has given us permanent headaches. At first we thought it was
puberty and it was the typical rebellion of those years. Then we saw it
was something deeper. Until then. The school notes were passable. I used
to try hard between the two June and September calls. He has always been
lazy for his duties, uneducated, disordered in his room, especially very capricious,
so that, if we did not do what he wanted, he would
become aggressive and could be angry for several days breaking things. He stopped going
to school, even though we thought he was in school. From there,
school failure has been a constant thing. Year after year, he has repeated
the last three years with regard to studies. It' s extremely messy.
He loses his notes and notebooks and only studies a few days before the exams,
because we' ve been on top of him since he was seventeen.
The issue has gone worse on weekends and comes back the next morning or even
two days later, without warning and with the logical concern that something has happened
to him. He had a very serious accident with a friend' s car
without having a driver' s license that caused a different fracture and bruises.
We have spoken to him in all ways, softly, harshly, putting ourselves
in his place with punishments, small and large, forgiving him, but the
result has always been negative. All in vain. He' s only ever
asked for forgiveness. He says he wants to change and that he will succeed,
but his good intentions last very little and the father continues. I have
a small business and I could work with me, but I' m scared
because he' s not responsible and I don' t trust him. Lately
everything has been aggravated by other facts. He has taken money from his mother
small amounts, but continuously and has stolen in a supermarket accompanied by another boy
who leads the same kind of life. The matter is serious, as it
was discovered by the security when it came out, and in case it wasn
' t enough, it got a girl pregnant with whom she had been dating
for a few months. Both of these things take away importance and say they
are age- specific. There is also his behavior that alarms us on some
of the occasions when he has been punished without leaving. We' ve been
afraid of your mother, your sister, and I that something serious might happen,
because you' ve thrown things out the window, broken some vase,
or smashed the TV. He sometimes asks for forgiveness and gets sad, but
on most occasions he says they are warnings, which gives us to leave him
alone and adds the mother has no will, only does what he wants.
Your room is so messy that sometimes you can' t even open the door.
It is not constant, with nothing starts something and immediately, it gets
tired and leaves it. This has happened especially with sport, except with football,
which is the only one that continues to practice, and also with English
and computer activities that started when he left school almost a year ago says that
he doesn' t like studying. The truth is, we don' t
know how to deal with it. We took him to a psychologist twice and
he said he wasn' t coming back, that no one had to tell
him what to do. He gets up at 12 in the morning or even
later, and after breakfast, he goes to the street and returns at the
end of the afternoon. You can' t ask him where he' s
gone, because then his reaction is very aggressive. He' s even threatened
us with suicide on several occasions, something that keeps us in the dark.
We are facing a clear personality disorder, but it is necessary to define what
type to design a proper treatment in the psychopathy or antisocial disorder of the personality.
The most obvious symptoms are uncontrolled aggressiveness and persistent responsibility, continued refusal to
adapt to social norms dishonest behaviors. Another very marked feature of the psychopath is
the absence of feelings of guilt or, in other words, the lack of
remorse, which occurs only from time to time, even with weeping and a
certain self- criticism, although inconsistent. However, the threats of self-
aggressive acts are rare in this group of disorders, being the most common hetero
- aggressive. Those who tend to attack other people are more characteristic of a
personality- limit disorder, with an accentuated soul reactivity and episodes of enormous anxiety
associated with irritability and strong verbal discontrol. Another important observation is the healthy behavior
of her sister, who studies well and has a positive relationship with her parents.
And, moreover, there is no family history of personality mismatches, either
in the first or in the second degree. The youth' s interpersonal relationships
are both unstable and intense. It often changes friends and you are, when
you have them, very decompensated. The impulsivity shown by their parents is a
first- rate fact, with repercussions for themselves and for the family and social
environment. We are, therefore, before a subject with an average intelligence,
according to the Raben test, who has a marked anxiety picture. When you
finally got her to come for a consultation, our first task was to gain
her trust and explain to her that our goal was to help her have a
better quality of life. In the second session we fought his lack of awareness
about the disease and explained it gently, but clearly what his diagnosis was.
A three- dimensional therapy was designed based on pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and sociotherapy,
which accepted relatively well one more sample that the antisocial components of his personality were
not so accused. Pharmacotherapy was given to parsola or a GMO for breakfast,
food, snack and dinner. Observing a worrying background that his paternal grandfather spent
very excited seasons, talking a lot, doing strange things in other times he
would get into bed without wanting to do anything. We added a euthymic drug,
biological mood stabilizer goes to the sodium proato 500 mg for breakfast and dinner
and LORACEPA, not five to counteract the attacks of aggressiveness. Psychotherapy. Initially,
he was motivated to attempt progressively to implement the suggestions of the cognitive behavior
program, following a double methodology based on objectives and instruments. It was laborious,
but from the beginning we had the support of the parents, who became
very involved and strengthened their son from the first and slight improvements to the few
sessions we began to use a self- registration sheet at the beginning daily and
then on alternate days, in which he himself valued his behavior with the malm
regular notes either b or very well m partner therapy was delayed a schedule of
activities according to which he received English classes first thing in the morning to prevent
him from spending almost all the morning in bed and then he went to work
a few hours to the paternal business, where he performed a very concrete task
and always supervised by someone who was not his father' s work therapy.
He was also able to be included in a group therapy once a week,
although at first he resisted in terms of the partner therapy proper he worked with
the change of environment, especially the distance of some friends with pathological and antisocial
behaviors. The therapeutic advances have been clear, although with ups and downs and
threats of abandonment. The prognosis is for the moment uncertain and it will be
necessary to trust, among other things, the skill of the team and the
re- education of the parents, who also received behavioral guidelines on how to
treat their child. Finally, we must not forget the importance of sexuality in
the development of adolescents, closely connected with affection and first love. Sexuality is
a mosaic in which diverse aspects converge, the process of identity, the formation
of the main elements of personality, the environment, fashions, television, the
school. Little by little the appropriation of the body is going to take place,
as well as its approval. The body is our vehicle of appearance in
the world. We are our body and we dwell in it and, in
turn, our body has us. The body can be a source of well
- being or discomfort. As we live it, some personality misalignments begin at
this age when the relationship with one' s own body is deficient, bad
neurotic. Consider, for example, the explosion that has occurred in recent decades
in cases of anorexia bulimia. It should not be forgotten that the body has
a bifrontal, affective and sexual meaning. In a first stage it focuses on
the love of oneself and only later in the search for someone with whom to
engage and open ourselves up in fan to form a unity. Becoming a person
is a gradual slow task that carries implied psychological progress full of influences. How
easy it is to twist the trajectory of an immersed teenager. As we are
in a very permissive and relativistic society. For this reason, especially in the
sexual field, parents, who are the first educators, must offer healthy,
coherent, humanistic and ethical criteria. If not, we can meet after a
few years with a subject who suffers from a breakdown of sexuality. Sexuality is
a source of curiosity for adolescents whose importance is growing strongly. The mirror and
the magazines constitute two screens to stand out, since in the first one he
recognizes himself and in the second he discovers other bodies with their anatomical characteristics.
Sex begins to be recognized as a source of pleasure and fear, joy and
threat. Sexual impulses have a very strong pull in adolescence. Masturbation is going
to be a transitory step that parents should simply explain, both psychologically and morally.
Not to mention this is a mistake, among other things, because the
information that children can receive from people outside the family is sometimes harmful. Sex
education should not be restricted to explaining what happens at the genital level and what
the risks of sexually transmitted diseases are. This vision would be very poor.
Parents are responsible for guiding the proper information, since its influence is decisive and
irreplaceable, and omitting such information is the same as denying it. Sexuality expresses
all the richness of the person and must bring together physical, psychological, sociocultural
and spiritual ingredients. The analysis of sexuality is a contempt for the true sense
of feelings. I would frame it within a light conception of life, according
to which everything is worth. Any behavior is good if you' re okay
with it. Sexuality and love of coming from the hand is the best way
to favor the maturation of the personality. An interesting question in this regard is
the modesty that many teenagers feel, modesty before their own body and the other
person who teaches them to discover and preserve intimacy. To teach them the importance
of modesty, naturally, is to awaken respect for the person and his mystery.
Today, this mysterious and magical plot of sexuality is being lost because of
the massive dissemination in cinema, and especially on television, of images of sex
pornography and its derivatives. Against this explicit character, modesty has a significant note.
Essential not to show what must remain hidden nine. Today' s culture
has become a civilization of things and not of people. The result is that
people are used as if they were things, degrading like that. His treatment
is, therefore, in adolescence, on that journey in which one becomes a
sponge. When all these questions must be clearly explained, convincingly, without stubble,
it is the only possibility to oppose the prevailing fashions of going countercurrent.
The ambivalence and inadequate sex education lead many teenagers to receive contradictory messages to viens
voice that will delay their sentimental development, making them unable to understand the greatness
of sexuality. Many teenage pregnancies are explained by this lack of information. Fortunately,
children born out of wedlock today are not an extraordinary trauma. In general,
they remain in the care of grandparents in their first years of life,
until the mother and father achieve more favourable conditions that allow them to assume their
duties by the adult person. The adult person is one who has attained a
state of physical, psychological, social and cultural maturity in the long process of
becoming a free and independent person. Maturity represents the culmination of the fullness of
rolls the faculties that reside in the human being. There are no scientific criteria
for establishing a dividing line that defines when the adult stage begins. That is
why we have to talk about early, middle and late adulthood. They are
vivis borders of imprecise and sometimes arbitrary contours. Early adulthood includes between the ages
of twenty and forty- five, the average from forty to sixty- five,
and the late from sixty- five. From now on, let us
not forget that life expectancy has grown much in recent years, so it is
easy to find people over eighty whose health is great and their faculties are intact,
except for some physiological decline in some of them. Walking eyes on recent
memory. However, the personality is not the same at the age of twenty
as when we crossed the barrier of forty, adults also change over the years,
although less than in childhood, puberty or adolescence. Today, in the
western world there has been a delay in psychological maturity due to various reasons,
the dramatic changes in life forms, the cultural conditioning that have transformed many of
the social habits, the influence of the major media, especially television, the
changes in the values that have been in force in the last half century and
the replacement by others of spare parts. The consequence is quite clear. Many
people are fundamentally lost, without firm grips, without knowing what to stick to.
Time is the great architect of life. Successes, failures, joys,
sorrows, successes and mistakes are going to weave the dense web of existence,
its face and its cross. Having extended life so long, five and even
six generations live together today, with all that it means. If between the
ages of twenty- five and forty, one is at his best biological time.
From the seventies to seventy- fives, the decline becomes evident, health
is breaking and the closeness of death becomes more real Today. Many individuals live
as if death did not exist. They' re on their backs to her.
In several previous cultures, however, the opposite was true. The Egyptian,
the Greek, the Roman, the Western, from the Middle Ages to
romanticism. The great silence that exists today on the subject will surely disappear over
time and, as it is a cyclical movement, will again have relevance in
a well- knit culture. Early adulthood corresponds to what in common language we
call youth is when one perceives that the physical reaches its zenith muscle strength,
body development, agility of movements, reaction time to stimuli, strength. The
same is true in the intellectual sphere, thought, censo- perception, memory,
consciousness, the world of tendencies and instincts. All this will have a
special consistency at this stage. The various learnings also achieve well their apogee and
memory. That faculty to live the past in the present is especially fine ten
and can be measured mathematically. Michella Gallagher, nine hundred and ninety, did
the following research work with rats. He put young and old rats in a
cloudy water pond and taught them how to swim to a nearby platform. She
found that young women and also some of the old women knew how to get
away from cloudy water. He later studied his brain tissue and found that those
who had not swam towards the platform had a more deteriorated brain. Longitudinal intelligence
studies show that usually, when a test is applied in the different adult,
early, medium and late ages, the results remain stable. However, it
does not occur the same in the cross- sectional studies of Bechsler one thousand
nine hundred and seventy- two. He found that these research cuts point to
a gradual decline in mental, physiological capacity typical of the passage of the years,
which is part of the general aging that affects all physical and psychological components.
In presennil dementias, like Alzheimer' s pik. The deficit of theoretical,
practical, analytical and synthetic intelligence is greater while there is a decrease in
recent memory. From a social point of view, in young adults there is
an important experience of family independence, either because they marry, or because they
are emancipated from their parents. In the case of children of separated parents,
the parental home is usually left behind when the filial parental bond is broken.
If they divorce themselves, social relations will undergo a change and their future will
depend on many factors. It is time for vocational training, from its first
results to its first job. The work journey continues, in which effort,
struggle and the opening of the way go hand in hand. To feel productive,
to earn a living economically and to exercise the profession correctly produces a wave
of satisfaction. At present, with the incorporation of women in traditional male tasks,
the picture has changed sharply. Those who work outside the home and,
in turn, in the home have an activity plus that must be taken into
account by the stress caused by the middle adult age is as its name indicates
the average age of life or what in colloquial language we call maturity. Currently,
much of the world' s developed population. It is a period full
of strength that corresponds, on the one hand, to the most flourishing years,
on the other, at the beginning of the decline of existence. A
person from forty- five to fifty years of age does sports weekly of strong
ports such as escuas, tennis, football or other softer such as futing,
golf, etc. And its vigor can be excellent already already realized the full
emancipation of the parents, the basis of the education is settled, the economic
and social independence is achieved, the affirmation of oneself through a well structured personality
and the responsibility that reaches its maximum limits. The profession and the family must
be the two pillars of life. If these are truncated for any reason,
the repercussion on the personality will leave a deep footprint. At this point.
You can already see the results of the kind of life you have led and
maturity helps us understand reality in its broadest sense. We look at all facets,
analyze the results, go back to frustrations and continue to have illusions to
meet eleven. The dimensions of life. They go out to work and family.
Friends, culture, hobbies, leisure come together. In women, the
main biological change is going to be menopause, which takes place when menstruation disappears.
With it, the possibility of having children This happens between the ages of
forty and fifty- three, approximately, resulting in a series of physiological and
hormonal changes that lead to the climaterium. The production of female estrogen hormones is
reduced and a number of specific hot flashes or sudden changes in heat and cold
occur throughout the body. Reduction of vaginal discharge, urinary disorders and mood disorders,
sadness, anxiety, psychological hypersensitivity. Realizing that there is no more youth
and all that it means. On the other hand, the climaterium of the
male or andropause consists in the decrease of fertility, orgasm, livid and sexual
potency. Although we must not forget that man can be a father at very
advanced ages of life. Their hormone production becomes intermittent and this is the cause
of such fluctuations. A small percentage, less than five percent, according to
the various research works, suffers from depression or sexual maladaptation. There may be
some negative personality changes that do not always qualify as disorders. They are modifications
that take place within the margins of normality and that do not affect the relationship
neither with oneself nor with the other family cohabitation, unless previously there was a
mismatch of personality, in which case, if the pre- existing pathological manifestations
in the present world can be exacerbated, it exists and has strong roots.
The pleitesy of being young, leading to a series of contagious fashions. To
submit to the myth of eternal youth, the skin must remain smooth and unwrinkled.
The rooster legs that translate too clearly. The years must be disguised and
fat, in their various forms disappear. These demands lead many women to cosmetic
surgery in order to dissolve the signs indicating that the 50- year- old
border has been crossed. The myth of eternal youth will manifest itself, because,
especially in the façade, it must be carefully cared for. In this
sense, the cult of the image itself becomes often unnatural and highlights in some
circumstances a type of personality disorder that has in this data symptom plus twelve.
At other times there is a more or less clear justification. The crisis of
maturity of the fifty years. In the person with a good psychological balance it
is readily accepted that the years pass and that each epoch has its attractive attractions,
challenges, enjoyments, difficulties and servitudes. If the physicist languishes, the
exercise of making the most of the vital moment in which one is immersed becomes
especially necessary. Being in reality is a symptom of balance, of psychological maturity,
of good agreement between the chronological and mental ages. It is a work
of harmonious connections between the past and the future, but always with the look
on the future. Thus we know that the best intellectual age is not around
twenty to twenty- five years, but later, due mainly to the experience
of life. Thus, the types of synthetic, social, verbal and instrumental
intelligence, order, constancy, motivation and will, improve over the years and
point out the psychological importance of efforts, learning and expression of feelings. The
trial is fine- tuned and becomes more accurate. The vagrancy of youthful images
gives way to firmer, at the same time subtler and richer criteria. Utopia
and disenchantment, so frequent in youth life, show a more real and authentic
face. The mood stabilizes and loses those oscillations so common in previous years.
In conclusion, the project of life ceases to be volati and ligitic and is
subject to its own path. Many of the points of view of our younger
years are maintained, but with particularities and characteristics of s s s s s
s s that have been lived. Kant said, we are always the same,
but we are not always the same. This does not mean that an
unadjusted personality cannot be positively modified by the action of a drug or a precise
psychotherapy, as we will see when we turn to treatments. Moreover, therapeutic
achievements raise the level of self- esteem and improve self- control, especially
if the psychiatrist has sufficient ability to motivate a change of behavior on a very
concrete plot and in well- defined aspects that require some kind of restoration.
Ideally, in this phase of life, one is able to be oneself,
abandoning stereotypes and behavioral formulas that seek the approval of others rather than the very
expression of how one is. This has a natural name, that is,
spontaneity, to show our true way of being without the mediation of the environment
or the fear of not being well or being disapproved by the environment. Naturality
is that as the aristocratic aspect of conduct, llaneza, sincerity, frankness,
woven of simplicity, maturity, allows us to leave aside the leaf litter and
the typical mechanisms of those who have not found themselves and achieve true personal identity.
Thus, the experiences of adulthood, early and middle age, are correctly
placed on our inner map, that is, valued objectively, impartially and evenly.
Psychological traumas, especially family and professional affective traumas, are assimilated and compiled
in a tight synthesis that summarizes the biography with less passion. Freuds' s
first works were introduced into the importance of psychological trauma. Today we know that
this needs to be studied more rigorously, as there are often elaborations and interpretations
from trauma. There may be microtraumas that are valued in an excessive and true
way, macrotraumas that leave an indelible footprint, difficult to erase and that break
personal balance. Affectivity and intelligence. During maturity, until very few years ago,
the normal development of adults had not been scientifically studied. Still, we
know that personality is evolving and that two particularly important facets of it, such
as affectivity and intelligence, are changing. His clothing is around the age of
fifty, when he reaches a greater emotional balance. Primary, sudden, sudden
emotions with little control diminish and increase secondary emotional reactions, more elaborate, less
immediate, more reflective, as well as their intensity, although people are able
to govern them better. Some of these researches have been carried out, for
example, on the subject of aggressive driving, and it has been concluded that
in women the reduction of this is almost total from forty to forty- five
years, approaching zero in those who are already fifty and between fifty and sixty,
the safety on the road is maximum with the consequent reduction of traffic accidents
in city and road. The mastery of feelings is basic in the ability to
distance oneself from external impacts and events, softening and decreasing hyperemotional responses. The
ability of him to be human to see himself from the courtyard of armchairs,
being a spectator of his own performance is a symptom of psychological maturity in which
one' s wisdom, experience and self- government are intermingled in a society
as permissive and relativistic as the current one, maintaining a stable marriage is beginning
to be difficult. The statistics put us on the table with very specific data.
In the United States, more than fifty percent of couples are separated.
The second and third unions are even broken again, but the data from the
European Union are not left behind. In England the figures are somewhat higher at
about sixty to sixty- five percent, while in a city like London the
breakup figure is about seventy- five percent. The increase in the number of
broken couples today is a manifestation of the crisis of the person, who is
lost of herself, disoriented and at the mercy of hedonism, consumerism, permissiveness
and relativism, the influence of fashion, the loss of the religious sense of
life and the progressive decrease of social pressure in the face of a possible separation
result in this new epidemic thirteen this affectivity to use and throw, which is
handled as if it were a fun and playful DIY. The number of extraneous
children has increased in recent years. In the Scandinavian countries, the figure of
one thousand nine hundred and ninety was fifty per cent, while today it is
sixty- three per cent. In the United States it went from four commas
five percent in nineteen hundred seventy to twenty- eight percent in one thousand nine
hundred ninety and thirty- six percent in two thousand. The data says that
thirty- eight percent of white children and seventy- five percent of black children
will experience divorce from their parents before they have them. Sixteen, sixty-
two percent of women and eighty percent of men remarry, but the second marriages
are further divorced. Another interesting figure in American studies is that only 17 percent
of separated parents see their children more than once a year. It was Jota
eMe Gotman, a thousand nine hundred and ninety- nine, who worked hard
on this issue. We find ourselves facing a particularly vulnerable, fragile, unstable
adult generation that makes clear the separation between the professional and the affective cross-
families combined in which children often feel lost, without knowing, for example,
where they will spend their holidays, or with whom and who need more than
others to test adaptive mechanisms to survive and not to shipwreck because of the multiform
waves of parents whose sentimental life focuses on chance or youth adventure. In this
context great conflicts arise that favor a family pathology in alsa, although in reality
it is a crisis of the person. In nineteen hundred and ninety- nine,
more than one hundred and fifty law professors from a University of Washington signed
a declaration in defense of marriage. The initiative started from the mers loa proya
and the document was entitled to reaffirm the marriage. Months later many other universities
joined the cause. The current numbers of marriage crises are very alarming and their
consequences serious. Sometimes, the adult who has reached a good maturity is responsible.
He knows how to exercise authority. It presents a behavior guided by coherence
and is aware that the example is what drags the most. It teaches children
and adolescents what life is and offers answers to their questions. It opens the
mind and heart of your children and explains to them the world beyond home,
as well as the ways in which it should move and what dangers can be
encountered. When, almost naturally, these children rebel against them, they will
criticize their conduct and tear them down from the pedestal. If they' ve
been idealized before. If there is affective maturity, there is coherence and a
professional affective project on which it is worth striving from the watchtower of the age
that allows us a broader perspective of things. We make a sort of life
evaluation, a biographical balance in which we detail the must and the existence,
the achievements and the frustrations. By reviewing the main issues, we affirm and
consolidate our personality, defining our identity. As for intelligence, they last the
r of ura. An already classic work by Yerkes thousand nine hundred and twenty
- one shows that intelligence grows until the age of fourteen and that there is
then a gradual decline. According to Bechsler, the highest point is between twenty
and thirty years of freshness of thought, memory, reasoning, perception, ability
to store and process the received information well, The ability to solve mathematical tests
and exercises decreases over the years, but not the ability to process general information
nor the spirit of synthesis. Other social skills are maintained until very old age.
In middle adulthood, the stability needed for good professional performance is usually when
workers become more productive, and the same is true for writers and artists who
reach their peak. Consider avant- garde painters such as Miró Dalí, Picasso,
Tapis, Brack william de Connning, Rock, Moterel, r Vcatel Distinguish,
two types of intelligence, the fluid, which is the one that manifests
itself in the speed of responses, the ability to react or the rapid capture
of new situations, and the crystallized one, which is the one that summarizes
the experience of life, accumulated knowledge, culture and erudition. The first one
reaches its zenith at the age of twenty- three and then decreases. The
second is maintained until almost unchanged old age, unless there is a cerebral vascular
disease or an alceimer- like disease. PIC In his longitudinal intelligence studies,
through the Raben progressive matrice test, he found that the most gifted and educated
respondents were between the ages of 25 and 50. Young people were more open
to inventing and risking adventures, new ones, business projects and diverse businesses,
while mature adults, especially from the 1950s, saw a decrease in the risk
capacity of late adulthood. As we have already mentioned, there is no clear
dividing line to define this stage from the remaining ones. In addition, we
must take into account the enormous differences between some people and others according to the
following variables where one lives, type of work that one has, level of
personal demand, family model that has been constituted, number of children, economic
situation, cultural level, physical and intellectual state and a long etcetera. Late
adulthood begins at sixty- five years and coincides with the last years of working
life and the principle of retirement at the Spanish University, for example, the
retirement age at seventy years, which seems reasonable, as it is at this
age when their experience and knowledge are more settled and firm. Even if it
is not the day of the latest advances that have been operated on in its
discipline. Many of the ideas and criteria presented when talking about middle adulthood are
still in effect in this early period and the person has not been able to
prepare for it can produce a reactive depression, motivated by this new empty life
and with few goals. Loneliness also tends to weigh seriously and give rise to
a certain mismatch of personality, since excessive isolation is negative, especially if the
person has little curiosity for culture and reading. In these cases, friends clubs
are very beneficial. The important thing at this age is to maintain the main
arguments of life, albeit with the nuances of the moment. Love must continue
in the foreground and for this, children and grandchildren must fulfil their fundamental role.
Various activities that you must know how to connect with art. They must
cover the gap left by work in that period of existence and in no case
should culture be lacking. Old age or old age. Learning to grow old
is a master' s degree, a profession that needs to be acquired with
skill. On many occasions, one has the old age that has been cultivated
throughout life and that is when he reaps what he has sown in certain other
avatars and circumstances mark these final stages. At these ages, physical conditions can
be chronic or acute. In the prognosis chronicles. It is worse, because
these are conditions that have no solution and that range from rheumatism to heart problems,
to serious difficulties in walking. It is normal for motor skills to be
reduced, resulting in a slower motor system. Insomnia is also often a constant
in its various forms. Acute conditions include falls with subsequent hip breaks, which
in many cases constitute a passport to death. Today, however, things have
changed so much that even a very old person can recover from such trauma.
Five percent of people in the elderly often die of cancer or heart disease and,
to a lesser extent, of a vascular, cerebral, or respiratory process.
At the beginning of the century in Europe a person of fifty- five
sixty years old was considered old. Today, however, many people die being
relatively well off of almost all their physical and mental faculties. Aging is only
the deterioration of the physiological systems of the body, from the immune to the
hepatic, through the cardiac or cerebral vascular systems. What seems to be proven
today is that an activity maintained over time is a preventive element of first hand.
This is true even on an intellectual level. Keeping cultural curiosity alive,
being in touch with the world and not being locked into an almost monastic life
are positive elements that help to be better. The two clinical histories that follow
reveal what happens when these aspects are neglected. She is a woman of seventy
- nine years old, widowed and with three children, who has lived alone
for three years. Previously, she had a woman who lived with her,
a six- year- old household employee, who had excellent relationships with the
children, but not so much with her. Your forty- six- year
- old daughter tells us My mother has always been a very difficult person.
My father suffered horrors with her. Unstable capricious, you always have to do
what she wants to go. If not, he reacts with a lot of
aggressiveness, disqualifying all the children. He has always wanted to be the center
of attention, not only in the family, but also among his friends.
She is an exaggerated, dramatic, selfish woman, very critical of others,
but also smart, quick and observant. He is often heard of ill-
intentioned disqualifications. Ever since she became a widow, the issue has gotten worse.
The housekeeper said goodbye because she couldn' t stand it. Now he
refuses to have anyone home. Sometimes she calls on the phone to tell us
she' s dying, that her head hurts, or that she' s
had a dizziness, and she' s lost her sight. There have been
many emergency doctors who have come home and found nothing clinical. But we go
frightfully and continues of the three brothers. Two of us are married and one
is letting go of me. He tried to separate me from my husband,
speaking ill of him and his family. I' ve never been able to
vent with her and tell her my problems, because she always ended up throwing
it at me. In the last two years, his attitude has made my
character bitter. My husband says I' m not my mother anymore. He
' s never wanted to go to the psychiatrist arguing that his head is well
on his shoulders. Finally, we' ve managed to get her to come
to the office because we blackmailed her by saying two that if she doesn'
t get treated, we won' t go to see her or we'
ll take her to a nursing home. The other brother, married forty-
nine years old, engineer and good professional, is colder in the information he
gives us. My mother has always been wrong, she' s very rare.
I think she' s a neurotic I always remember her complaining about everything
very changing in selfish mood. I' ve seen my poor father cry many
times because of the things I told him. I was asking him for money
all the time. She lives in front of people, transforms herself before others,
but no one can stand her and has run out of friends. I
think it' s best for everyone to go to a residence. She spends
the day drawing attention to herself and every time she meets a new person she
' s enmity with us and weeks later leaves her because she says she doesn
' t like her way of being. He speaks of things with such certainty
that it seems as if his opinions are the most absolute truth. We are
faced with a hysterical personality that especially affects coexistence and that, with the age
of this woman, it is already very difficult to put a stop to it,
except the mechanisms that have used her children. The threat and coercion its
most evident symptoms are great difficulty to pass unnoticed or, which is the same,
permanent need to attract attention. A superficial, epidermal affectivity, a changing
criterion of hardness when it comes to criticizing people who don' t think like
her, a tendency to dramatize and turn any setback or problem into something serious.
Treatment must first of all make you aware of the disorder of your personality
and the need for medical and psychological care. This is a difficult business because
it also tends to manipulate the information given to children by the doctor. Accordingly,
two of their children are asked to be present at the following interviews.
Cris hardly accepts that he has a major disorder of the person and that it
comes from far. Her perception of the past shows many distortions related to her
husband and children. The dialogue is tense, with disqualifications for each of them.
In principle, he refuses to take the medication he is instructed to lower
his level of aggression and anxiety as well as to follow psychotherapy. The patient
is clearly told that she has a personality disorder that has led her to have
bad relationships with the people close to her. Finally, you decide to take
an anxiolytic bromacepan one five milligrams at breakfast and lunch and three milligrams at the
last hour of the day and a medicine to improve sleep loracepan one five milligrams.
In addition, he is given some very basic guidelines of conduct, whose
explanation he hears grudgingly. Children hire a person to live with her, but
not within a few days. Consequently, weeks later she was placed in a
residence. Their prognosis is bad, because, although the strategy seems to have
worked at any time, there can be a reversal. The second medical history
is as follows. He is a seventy- six- year- old widower
with four children, the oldest of thirty- eight years of age, a
language teacher with an average socio- economic level. He' s been a
well- known book translator. At forty- seven years he spent the first
of his euphoric phases, which manifested itself in an excessively noisy way, with
overflowing joy, verborrhea, etc. One of the children informs us has been
a very intelligent person, with an enormous mental capacity, but impractical for life.
My mother was in charge of ordering him his papers, his notes,
his translation notes, above all, to control the family economy, since my
father has always been very careless. The first time he was euphoric was a
surprise to all of us, for we had never seen such a thing.
This picture was then repeated and alternated with depressive episodes. Then the doctor gave
us information about the type of illness it was, as well as the treatment
to follow to prevent it from falling back when we first saw him. It
has already followed various treatments and in all of them it has improved, but
pharmacotherapy has not been accompanied by psychotherapy that, among other things, insists on
the importance of taking medication with continuity and on the responsibility of not ingesting alcohol.
Both things have been permanently neglected by this patient, which has had a
negative impact on his evolution. For this reason, he has had to be
admitted twice to the hospital with the help of the family. Now, living
alone, the problem gets worse, as the psychopathological traits of his personality have
been exacerbated. One of her daughters, a student of hers and also a
teacher of English and French, tells us that she has always had a way
of being very hers. He has usually drunk wine and distilled drinks that made
him especially fun, witty and with a lot of spark. People laughed at
thanks. He' s a proud man. He thinks he knows more about
himself than anyone else. He' s a selfish, egotistical man. He
manipulates the people nearby and has great ability to wrap it with his ideas.
It is theatrical in their stories and superficial in their friendships. He has only
admired my mother because she has consecrated herself to him in body and soul.
Even so, it has sometimes been hard on her that, among other things,
she could not finish the university career she had begun. She now lives
with a daughter, her husband and her three sons of twelve sixteen years old.
She informs this daughter, cohabitation is impossible. He does what he wants,
he' s not able to submit to home lunch and dinner schedules.
Your room is the disorder personified. He only talks to my husband to talk
to him about his past, but he never cares about his job or mine.
He' s been refusing to take the medication lately. He drinks hidden
drinks and has a couple of friends he hangs out with, but you don
' t know when he' s coming back or where he is? In
this clinical case, two different diagnoses are intertwined. On the one hand,
a bipolar depression and, on the other, a mixed personality disorder, compensated
while his wife lived and greatly destabilized from retirement and widowhood. Following the three
- dimensional therapeutic scheme to which we usually resort pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and sociotherapy,
we administer val proato sodium, two tablets of five hundred milligrams a day and
blood control every two months for its chemical effect or stabilizing mood floxetine twenty milligrams
in breakfast, because it is a new generation and flo depressive and not after
knowing half a tablet of a milligram before bedtime as a facilitator of sleep as
part of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Standards of behaviour were proposed, the follow-
up of which should be indicated on a self- registration sheet fourteen, and
in terms of sociotherapy, he was invited to participate in a meeting of elderly
people once a week. He was also suggested different proposals for work therapy,
but these failed, as none fit his preferences so that aging is wisely accepted,
as well as the adverse circumstances that he is going through. The personality
will be well structured about a positive past and a pleasant family partner environment.
There are two theories on which work has been done, but none has given
a convincing and scientific full answer. One is the theory of activity according to
which living a dynamic life in motion and with interests appropriate to age and condition
helps to give a more positive old age. Another is the theory of disassociation,
which comes to point out the opposite that turning away from life and leaving
aside bonds and emotional relationships is more favorable for one' s evolution. The
way to cope with old age and the last stretch of life depends on the
personality of each one and reflects the whole way of that subject. The same
can be said of retirement for those who have lived their work as something monotonous,
scarcely creative and alienating. Retirement represents a real liberation for those whose professional
activity has been full of creative sense and has had a positive impact on society.
Retirement is a real loss. Death the last encounter. As we have
pointed out before, there is little talk of death today. I would say
this is a matter relegated to star moments. The death of a loved one,
the death of a person in tragic circumstances or the unforeseen impact of love
on a very close person. In the professional field. In general, we
talk about the death of others, we even attend their funerals and almost without
realizing it, we turn this dramatic moment into a social act stripped of its
true meaning. Aldabonazos that always invite us to reflect. Let us not forget
that all philosophy is born on the banks of death. If this did not
exist, there would probably be no philosophy. For almost the entire course of
life, death is far removed from the personal project. We don' t
count on her. It' s unreal. Only in the final stages of
existence. Asoma emerges gives the face and its image. It' s a
mixture of threat, anticipation and possibility. The certainty of death is typical of
old age. When one no longer looks forward, but backward, It is
then that one becomes aware that everything is finished for the believer, for the
person of faith, death is the beginning of another life that will be the
result of what we have done in this one. Death means only the cessation
of biology, but not of biography, whose meaning goes beyond the interruption of
vital functions and their reduction to purely material elements. Unlike the animal that has
nature, the human being possesses a biographical project, and this difference is abysmal,
because it supposes body versus spirit understood in a wide physical sense, versus
metaphysics and history. The animal has a future, but man has a future
in the repertoire of events that can happen to us. Death means no more
or less the definitive end of all plans drawn up. Arguments such as love,
work or culture cease to be a task. Desires fade away, appearances
cease When we approach the biography of an interesting character, it is essential to
have us in the way we are dead, especially if we leave to some
writings revealing those moments in which the mind becomes especially lucid and things are seen
in another way in old age, because death advances in its passage and takes
us almost without realizing to make an existential balance, a personal examination, a
box archaeology with its movements of entry and exit, and this balance in the
best of lives is almost always deficient. The personality softens, loses the hardness
it has had, becomes more understanding and tolerant. Many of the contents of
the past are reinterpreted differently. Since we can' t escape death. All
defense mechanisms are useless. There' s an old question for us that'
s going to be my 15th. When someone dies, he does not metaphorically,
but literally, and he does so in absolute solitude, even if he
is in the company of his loved ones. The moment is of a solemnity
and a total dramatism. There are no words to express the feelings that gather.
The overwhelming character of death has notes of Patitism, of maximum emotionality throughout
existence. Our attitude towards death is changing. The children almost don' t
understand it. They only realize that they will never see that known or close
person again. If it is one of the parents, such an experience is
usually engraved with fire in the personality, with its details and details, in
puberty and adolescence there is already a clearer concept of the end of life.
We all die and this is the cycle through which one must inevitably pass its
gradual knowledge will depend on many circumstances, among others, the agony or death
of loved ones. For the young man, however, he will rarely think
of death at the stage of maturity when he begins to perceive his presence.
Elisabet Humbleras a thousand or r one hundred and sixty- nine described five successive
phases in the acceptance of death, based on his experience with the sick at
her gates, denial of psychological mechanism that erases this idea of personal perception,
inner monologue negotiation in which doubts and self- manipulations are raised and anger,
anxiety, deep depression, sadness at his inevitable character and, finally, acceptance
of the consciousness of the end of life. It is indeed dramatic to see
how in old age the personal map points to the route of death, trace
a geography of the end with surveyor skills. When we feel that our representation
is going to end, that the curtain begins to come down, the question
arises about the hereafter, about what exists on the other shore. From faith
the understanding of death takes on serene and peaceful nuances. Personal judgment, the
balance of our life has in the Jewish Christian world a note of mercy and
forgiveness. If the proper coordinates of consistency and honesty have been given before.
In spite of so many limitations, mistakes and failures, as we do after
the death of a very called being, the reaction to loss adds us to
a deep sadness but over time, memories focus on the best is left the
most positive of that person, unless it is a subject with a way of
being so pathological that he has suffered and caused the people of his surroundings to
suffer, in which case one feels liberated from that harsh burden. Chapter three.
How to get into personality. For psychologists and psychiatrists, personality study is
a task they face every day. Two are their basic tools, interviewing and
multidisciplinary psychological methods or auxiliary techniques. The first one is very similar to the
dialogue that is established in a general medicine consultation and that follows the outline of
the three hypocratic questions that you have since when, since you attribute it or
the six of all good chronicler, who when, where, how and why?
Questions and answers happen and the psychiatrist becomes aware of what happens to the
person who has intelligence in front of him is above all the art of asking
questions, of getting into the other person' s skin. A good psychiatrist
to know, listen and follow closely the account of the facts that are being
exposed. The psychiatric medical history should be a biographical history that captures the main
facts of childhood, adolescence, early youth, etc. And the way these
have impacted that guy' s life. In the course of this conversation,
of this intimate and secret encounter, one undresses in front of the professional and
let himself be truly known in order to be helped in the ailment, the
suffering or the illness that is suffered. This is not a simple and cold
interrogation, but a communication on important matters for which advice is sought. It
involves itself in personal existence and, in some way, puts order in it.
Standardized clinical interviews have been popularized today, in which the main keys are
systematized, so that nothing important is left outside and also for research. Data
are stored that can then be treated statistically on the basis of a certain scientific
work hypothesis. In the course of the interview, the therapist builds a diagnosis
and, at the same time, possible differential diagnoses. Later, the therapeutic
approach is illuminated and everything that involves it. To learn more about patients,
different auxiliary techniques are used, from self- and heteroplicate questionnaires performed by oneself
or with the therapist, behavioral assessment scales or personality, intelligence or affectivity tests,
through instruments that evaluate the consumption of psychotropic substances, alcohol, hashish,
cocaine, heroin, or trans schizophrenic lathes, depressions or suicidal tendencies or those
other instruments that achieve a global clinical evaluation. One of the things is that
in any case, it is to obtain as much information as possible from the
supposedly ill person. In the sick medical relationship there is an experience of enormous
importance, known as transfer, is the good harmony that is established between them
and that invites us to let ourselves be known and to establish bonds of trust,
affection and respect. The first interview will mark that encounter and the patient
will retain the image of the therapist in his mind. Two are the essential
factors. The dedication of a sufficient amount of time and attention to everything he
says. Express silence or hold. Likewise, there are non- directive interviews,
in which the therapist is intended to contaminate as little as possible of his
patient, avoiding intervening in his words and letting him speak without even asking.
In these cases there are pro lons silences that are sometimes eloquent and distressing.
This strategy has a psychoanalytic influence, but in psychiatry it is ineffective, as
it moves us away from the pretension of knowing what is happening to the person
in question and what are the sufferings that nest in him. Whatever the type
of interview, the verbal and non- verbal language, the content, the
form of the speech, the aptitude, the social and cultural level, the
reaction to the experiences, the micro and the macrotraumas, the type of life
and, of course, the central motive of the consultation should be assessed.
Personality tests are psychological tests designed to provide information about the way you are,
the existence of an anomaly or disorder. They are standardized, i e they
are always applied in uniform conditions for everyone and provide different comparisons with other people.
The guarantee of objectivity is triba in which they can be qualified without the
pre- judgments of the assessor, that is, that they are reasonably free
from such influences. The administration of the tests and their qualification correspond to scientific
criteria that have been achieved through reliability assessment two and validity three. Today they
are many and very heterogeneous. Tests to know the personality study the subject.
Here and now. The information received from family members and close people gives the
therapist a more complete impression, since they do not stick to the specific moment,
but cover the past with its most notable incidences. The interest of these
tests must be placed on two planes. On the one hand, to know
if there is a personality disorder and what kind of other to delve into the
personal structure, since any psychic illness manifests itself through it. This means that
the way you are is modified according to what is happening. What are the
tools from which projective tests can be made available. This is a wide range
of methods that focus on the psychological mechanism that psychoanalysis called projection. The person
who is being explored sees projected in the scenes presented to him his desires,
feelings and worries. See the pages one hundred and ten. The study of
these responses has two consecutive phases. A first analysis in which we study what
has been said in front of each sheet contained and how to express what forms
a second synthetic in which we seek connections and aim to summarize all the material
received. We can classify the projective tests in the following perceptive technical sections.
Here the important thing is to see how the subject explored with reality. Perceptive
techniques are intended for that person to elaborate an interpretation that seeks a sense of
what is before him. Productive techniques are asked the person who is being explored,
to paint, draw, colorey the graphic behavior is always freer than the
verbal one. Therefore, it transmits more information. Semantic techniques are studied the
differences in the words used in order to see their creative intelligence and cultural level,
uncompleted phrase techniques. The subject must finish a sentence that is in half
and that somehow projects what has inside worries, hopes concerns. In this section
we should include Rochach' s test, the test to thematic perception that,
the frustration test of Russens Way, the technique of John' s word association,
the techniques of completing phrases and stories, the human test, the drawing
on a free topic, the home test, personality questionnaires, are inventories with
a series of questions on concrete aspects of behavior. Other times it is statements
or propositions that the subject must say whether they are true or false to him.
It follows a different path from the previous tests, since it is a
work of introspection in which, through a series of items it goes with a
map of answers that define the personality. The statistical treatment of these data makes
it possible to establish a number of personality traits. The most widely used questionnaire
is the MNP, a multi- phase inventory of menesora personality that consists of
five hundred and fifty questions answered with the true terms false or not c With
these answers, its authors built clinical scales to measure hysteria depression, hypochondria,
masculinity, femininity, cycatenia, psychopathy, paranoia schizophrenia or mania. Another important
questionnaire is the sixteen p f u five, which consists of one hundred and
eighty- five questions with three options for answers, the same as in the
previous one sixteen ras personality traits are evaluated. Intelligence, acuity, guilt,
self- sufficiency, radicalism, daring, domination, self- power, disinhibition,
super- me strength, tenderness, suspicion, autistic tendencies, feelings,
basic tendencies and cyclotinia. In the Anglo- Saxon countries, the ep Q
of asing has been widely accepted as well as that of p and Grigier,
which consists of words or phrases, to which one must respond by saying whether
one likes or dislikes them. Finally, there are questionnaires in which the explored
subject is forced to choose items, as in the case of the so-
called Erwords questionnaire, the well- known Techmillon questionnaire called aigid Entrenashnopresnary de sorrers
ex de Amanation consists of seventy- seven items that must be answered as true
or false in order to objective the results. It is organized to take stock
of the natural clinical interview and the standardization of a CS of responses headed under
six sections. I work interpersonal relationships, affections, proof of reality and control
of impulses. Sometimes areas overlap with others, so that a question covers a
wider field. I usually have fun and enjoy UVF life. I trust the
people I know BF. I' m not thorough with the small details.
BF. I can' t decide what kind of person I want to be.
BF. I show my feelings to everyone VF. I let others make
important decisions. Because of my VF, I worry if I hear bad news
about someone I know. Ubf yielding to some of my impulses causes me bf
problems. Many people I know envy me to ubf I give my general opinion
about things and I do not care about those of ace. I' ve
never been stopped. Vf one. People think I' m cold and distant.
Uvf one. I get into very intense relationships, but not very long
lasting. Subf one. Most people are fair and honest with me vf one.
People have a great opinion about my vf one. I feel upset or
out of place in social situations. Up f one I feel easily influenced,
so it surrounds me to ubf one. I usually feel bad when I hurt
or upset someone. Vf one. I find it very difficult to throw things
away BF. Twenty times I turned down a job, even if I was
waiting for it VF two. When they praise me or criticize me. I
express my reaction to the other two VFs. I use people to accomplish what
I want UBF two handsteps time trying to do things perfectly v F two.
People often laugh at me behind my back b F two. I' ve
never threatened suicide or self- injured on purpose VF two. My feelings are
like time are always changing VF two. To avoid criticism, I prefer to
work only VF two. I like to dress up to stand out among people
UVF two. I would lie or cheat to achieve my purposes. Your BF
30. I' m more superstitious than most UVF three people. I have
little or no desire to have sex. Your BF three. People think I
' m too strict with rules and standards b F three. I usually feel
uncomfortable or helpless. If I' m just three VFs. I don'
t like interacting with people until I' m not sure they like me.
VF three. I don' t like being the UVF three spotlight. I
think my loving spouse can be unfaithful to me. UBF three. People think
I have a very high concept of my own UVF three. I take great
care of what I tell others about my UVF three. I' m very
worried. Don' t like people UVF 40. I often feel empty inside
UVF four. I work so hard, I don' t have time for
anything else. Your BF four scares me to be left alone and have to
take care of my own UVF four. I have anger attacks or anger VF
four. I' m famous that I like to flirt with UBF four.
I feel very attached to people I just met UVF four. I prefer the
activities I can do for my own UVF four. I lose my temper and
get into a fight with his BF four. People think I' m cheap
with my money. VF daily fifty. To please people, I offer to
perform unpleasant tasks. Your BF five. I' m afraid I' m
going to make a fool of myself in front of people who know VF five.
I often confuse objects or shadows with VF five people. I' m
very emotional and capricious. VF five. I find it hard to get used
to doing new things. BF five. I dream of being famous. VF
five. I take risks and do reckless things. Up F five. Everyone
needs one or two friends to be happy. Your BF five. I discover
hidden threats in what some BF five people tell me. I usually try to
get people to do things my way. VF 60. When I' m
used, the things around me don' t seem real to me. Your
BF six. I get angry when people don' t want to do what
I ask. UBF six. When one relationship ends, I have to start
another quickly. UVF six. I edit activities that don' t look familiar
to me so I don' t feel upset UVF. Trying to make them
six. People find it hard to know clearly what I' m saying UVF
six. I' d rather associate with people of UVF six talent. I
have been the victim of unjust attacks on my character or reputation. UVF six.
I don' t usually show UVF six emotion. I do things for
people to admire me. UVF six. I usually be able to start my
own projects. BF 70. People think I' m weird or central.
UVF seven. I feel comfortable in social situations F seven. I hold grudges
against people for years. B F seven. I find it hard not to
agree with the people that dependdow F seven. I find it hard not to
get into trouble BF seven. I get to the extreme to keep people from
leaving me BF seven when I meet someone I don' t talk much.
VF seven. I have close friends BF sociometry techniques. The pentadimensional model on
which my study of personality is based has a social aspect that we call asertility
and which refers to the social ability or ease of establishing satisfactory interpersonal relationships.
Here we also find various tests, from the psychodrama of j Moreno to the
sociogram that consists of asking a group of people gathered, anonymously, to answer
a series of questions who is the most sentimental person, which is the most
sensitive and in the most impulsive, etc. In the end, the answers
are added to a journalistic personality test. Here is an example of a journalistic
questionnaire that looks at the interviewee' s way of being. The requirement is
that the proposed questions or indications be answered in a single line but may be
subject to rigorous statistical work. Their goal is to unscathedly observe a person'
s keys. What are the three traits that best define your personality? What
do you like most about your way of being, what do you like least
about your way of being? Mention two of your identity models. What has
been the happiest day or fact of your life? What was the day or
the most miserable act of your life? What' s your headline book?
Who would you like to look like? You write five nouns related to the
word self- esteem. You write five nouns related to the word happiness.
Who would you go to a deserted island with? What you understand by personality
maturity Finish the phrase. The worst tragedy is who is the hero of the
literary world you most appreciate, what percentage you have in your personality of heart
and head. Finish the sentence. I see my future what are the faults
you forgive the most, how many hours you need to sleep to be well.
Finish the sentence. Death means how you' d like to die.
Chapter four. Personality exploration. In recent years there have been extraordinary advances in
this field of psychology and psychiatry. Studies and research are multiplied and a great
deal has been refined in diagnosing the different ways of being and driving. To
explore is to analyze, study, delve into, and trace into the vericuets
of someone' s psychology heritage to probe and find out why, of their
behavior. The problem is to evaluate what we find, that is, to
measure, to weigh objectively. Let us not forget that psychological aspects are imbued
with their objectivity. Therefore, it is a matter of recognizing and registering with
diligence, making use of the different instruments at our disposal as it is and
in which it consists the way of being of a person. Every trait,
state and situation. A trait, as we have already explained, is a
predisposition to react in a concrete way, as an element of personality that describes
a singularity serves to portray individuals. Thus, for example, a sociable personality
is open, communicative, cordial, skilled in interpersonal treatment. This first information
should be collected in a thorough, well- structured, first- person medical
history, so that the patient' s speech can be collected. It hosts
the six basic questions of every good chronicler, who when, where, how
and why. In addition, psychodynamic interviews are conducted to gather all the data
that are very useful and particular questionnaires and psychological inventories are used that also give
a lot of play. We very often see the information enriched with data brought
to us by the closest relatives, who know the path of the person with
whom they have lived or live together in the consultation. We often handle the
so- called igid and Mashon or by senator and disorres who amanshen de tch
Milllon, although in daily care work we use other methods to which I will
refer later. The clearest antecedents of the theory of the deep features are the
classification of Empedocles V century A Christ of the four elements air, water,
earth and fire, and the first relative contribution to the personality designed by Hippocrates
IV century V. In c his theory of the four moods or liquids circulating
in our body, this is blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile,
theophrasto IV century TREI. A classification of thirty features describing their wealth was
also elaborated. Long after, if there were for one thousand nine hundred thirty
- six and a thousand nine hundred forty- three rbca they worked hard to
find the basic elements of personality. A list of common usage traits in everyday
language. The English psychologist HJ. Jsen, one thousand nine hundred and seventy
highlighted three dimensions introversion, extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism and popcustre and baber mc
in one thousand nine hundred and ninety. One thousand nine hundred and ninety-
two systematized five basic dimensions of personality is traversion, cordiality, Gregarism, social
ability, activity, search for emotions and tendency, namely, experiencing, positive
emotions, kindness, confidence, frankness, altruism, conciliatory attitude, modesty,
knowing, going unnoticed, responsibility, professional competence, order of duty, need
to achieve concrete achievements, self- discipline, weighting in decisions, emotional stability,
calm balance, not having frequent mood changes and openness to experience, values
feelings. For the study of personality it is also necessary to take into account
the state and the situation. As we have already explained in the first chapter,
the state is the condition of a person at a specific biographical moment,
as if we performed a cut in his trajectory and studied that section covers the
whole of the way of being but in a given period depression, for example,
is a state in which the personality is impoverished by the massive reduction of
all physical, psychological and social ingredients. And finally, the situation includes the
environment of the person, the circumstances surrounding him, as stated by José Ortega
and Gazet, one thousand nine hundred and fifty. I' m me and
my circumstance. The situation conditions and limits the individual, it marks a geography.
The term was originally introduced by Ca Jaspers, one thousand nine hundred and
twenty- five, who stated that the changing and so different external situation has
a typical note. It' s two- edged for everyone. Incits and
hinders. We are all beyond ourselves, surrounded by an environment that points to
our location in life. Jaspers also referred to boundary situations, whose characteristic is
dramatism. The distinction between trait and situation is important for correct diagnosis of a
personality disorder. A normal subject reacts in a healthy and flexible way to the
particular demands of a situation. An abnormal subject acts in a disadapted way.
Many tend to erroneously attribute conduct only to personality traits, dismissing the contribution of
situational factors. Diagnostic criteria and methods. The diagnostic operative criteria used by the
American Sackhi Ahre Society, which are reflected in the so- called Dia San
Forressi of this fourth edition comment are the result of long and laborious years of
work by psychiatrists and psychologists in order to reach an agreement on the matter and
reach a common language within psychiatric science. The axis one describes the clinical disorders
of pressure anxiety sexual disorders, mental disorders due to a medical disease, alterations
that start in childhood, childhood or adolescence, as well as disorders of eating
behavior or rhythm, their vigil and other health care problems. In practice,
it is very common for the patient to also suffer from a disorder of other
axes, which should be noted in the clinical history. Axis two includes all
personality disorders. For its part, axis three refers to medical diseases and axis
four to psychosocial and environmental problems that can affect diagnosis, prognosis and treatment,
such as living alone, having work stress or suffering a negative event, the
death of a loved one. Positive vital events, also called positive stressors.
A professional promotion, an even better game change or award can trigger pathological reactions.
Thus, social and family problems are multiple and their impact must be properly
assessed. Axis Three medical diseases, some infectious and parasitic diseases, neoplasms,
blood and hematopolletic organ diseases and some immune diseases, diseases in dotrines, nutritional
and metabolic diseases, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the eye and
its attachments, diseases of the ear and apophysis, mastoids, diseases of the
circulatory system, diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the digestive system,
diseases of the skin and subcutaneous cell tissue, diseases of the skeletal and connective
tissue muscle system, diseases of the urinary system, diseases of the urinary gene
system, sick and puerperial pregnancy, perinatal pathology, malformations and chromosomal anomalies,
congenital, symptoms, clinical and laboratory signs and findings not classified in other sections,
poisoning wounds and other processes of external cause, morbidity and mortality of external
cause, factors that influence the state of health and contact with health centres.
Finally, the EYE b measures the evaluation of the overall activity to EYE.
Useful information that gives us new keys to the evolution of the clinical picture,
as it allows us to monitor clinical progress and capture psychological, social and work
activity. Together with the DSM four, the international classification of mental illness and
behaviour must be taken into consideration in its tenth edition one hundred and ten,
drawn up by the World Health Organization, because it presents some very interesting nuances
to clarify certain concepts and nuance them diagnoses. In addition to a detailed medical
history, the doctor and his patient must conduct a meeting aimed at responding,
first, to the three hypocratic questions he has had since when, since he
attributes him to know how the patient is present and why he has come for
consultation Among other issues, the clinical interview has been the most traditional diagnostic method,
but we have additional equally interesting, semi- structured interviews, self-
administered questionnaires and projective tests. Semi- structured interviews allow a large amount of
information to be collected faithfully through a set of specific questions, some specific and
others more general, and ordered by minors of conduct. The self- administered
questionnaires, as their name indicates, are filled out by the subject himself without
the help of any auxiliary staff, simply following the indications that are at the
beginning of the same one. Three are the most relevant. Mv amnezor Mouth
fesexpressen adill Antry has a long tradition and has been widely used in the field
of psychological and psychiatric research. One of its designers was Hattabai, who established
the inventory items. No one seems to understand me. I get all the
sympathy I deserve, etc. With two options of true and false response et
ups audidig nos de quaschine that was designed to evaluate personality disorders according to the
criteria of the DSM four MCM and ennecomoth and accil adventhorey of easy application and
well structured. Thirdly, there are the projective tests, which are tests of
psychological measurement through which the subject projects what he carries inside when seeing the foil
presented to him. Each test in turn contains elementary units or simpler schemes.
Tests must be standard, two or more ons in reliability. Among the most
used we should highlight two tea te test of a thematic perception of the American
psychologist Marry is a classic in the exploration of personality that is based on his
theory of motivation, need pressure. It consists of two series of ten black
and white prints, with different scenes representing both personal situations, a character doing
something as interpersonal More than a character. The individual must say what he thinks
is happening in them. Invented history is but a projection of what it carries
within what it feels inwardly. Tester Rorchach consists of ten symmetric ink stains,
five black and white and the others colorless. The subject is asked to comment
on what he sees there. The answers are classified according to three criteria,
content the objects that are observed, in particular the perceptions of anatomical and human
animals, location at which level of importance emphasizes each stain. Sometimes small shadows
stand out more than others that are more striking and structural qualities. Shape color,
shadows and movement also has a very long tradition and is emblematic for many
people not familiar with psychology. Other projective methods include those based on the association
of words. One word stimulus gives rise to another as an answer. The
test of sentences without complete, short sentences incomplete that the patient must end life
has always been for me Sometimes I feel happiness consists of the hardest thing in
life is the wounds of the past. They have for me and diverse activities
such as drawing a house, a family, a tree and a human,
object manipulation games, etc. My work team uses very often the self-
reports, data and estimates of the patient himself, who, in the first
person and using simple clear language that avoids vague misgivings, responds to a number
of well- systematized questions. The most useful is the psychological tracing that we
have structured in the following way portrait of my personality. How am I my
way of being small biographical summary, childhood, adolescence, first youth, adult
stages, early and late until reaching our main days, influences in my life
and personality, traumas, lived, emotional impacts that have left an important mark
on my biography, changes in personality that I would take away from him and
that would add to him to achieve a greater psychological balance relationship with the members
of the family with which he lives. Father, mother, wife, husband,
siblings, short- and medium- term goals, psychopharmacological medication taken so
far, general side effects and duration of such administration, incompatibility with some medication
account of activities on a normal day and on a weekend, hobbies and circle
of friendships. This Decalogue gives us both a dense and clear information about the
person we have to deal with, which allows us a very rich knowledge of
it. One later, with all that material, we produced a practical summary
for a future programme of conduct that would facilitate the main objectives. It is
a way for the patient to get involved in their treatment and to know the
two methodology being followed. Let us not forget that the doctor is in charge
of stimulating, encouraging, inciting, pulling that person to go better according to
the scheme previously drawn. This perspective of interaction is very beneficial. Finally,
I do not want to fail to mention the reports of third parties, that
is, close relatives and even close friends who know this subject well in advance.
The latter has given written consent to the inclusion of this data. In
my experience, this documentation is often decisive, especially in the cases of a
highly disturbed personality that provides information about itself poor without nuances as a result of
its lack of introspection. How a personality disorder is diagnosed. To diagnose is
to determine what happens to an individual based on his symptoms and his manifestations of
behavior. These groupings of selected traits help us to establish a rating that defines
and points to a specific mismatch. It should be borne in mind that personality
disorders are not diseases in the classical sense of the term. I would therefore
like to say that their aetiology, causes and motives, pathogenesis, mechanisms by
which signs of the disease have been produced cannot be precisely established. Although this
is the aspect that can best be systematized prognosis, evolution and treatment. Since
personality, as we have said, is a structured, physical, psychological and
social system, the disorders of it imply a dysfunction of that system and are
more linked to the background than to the form the assessment of the disorders is
descriptive. Therefore, treatment should take into account the environment in which the patient
develops. Both the observable behavior range of intellectual affective behaviors, cognitive policies,
as well as interpersonal behavior, how to relate to family, friends, doctor,
psychologist and therapeutic team. It is important to discover the attitudes that underlie
and modify their way of acting, to record their defense mechanisms and their cognitive
form as they process and encode information, what is the organization of their thinking
and what powers it makes to the events that happen to them, as well
as to analyze the way in which it solves the various conflicts experienced. All
elements of evaluation, exploration and measurement must still be adjusted pentadimensional, physical,
biological, psychological, experiential, behavioral model. What is observed from outside cognitive,
what are ideas and thoughts and assertive plane of the social relationship, in
a word, to have a clear functional scheme, although many times everything is
involved in a blurry and diffuse climate. These five ingredients open the doors of
the main psychopathological paths. Personality disorders have been found in different countries and cultures.
Therefore, their classification is universal. What are the main criteria for establishing
that we are dealing with such a case? I have already commented that personality
traits are lasting patterns in the way of perceiving reality, thinking, feeling,
and relating to others, and they put their hands on a rich variety of
contexts. To establish a diagnosis of personality disorder, it is necessary to consider
a lasting and stable pattern of behaviors and experiences that depart from the normal and
from what in that culture is understood as healthy. This pattern gives rise to
a way of being inflexible, disadapted and with the obvious deterioration for oneself and
for the relationship with others. Let us not forget that in psychology and psychiatry
normal is not synonymous with health, since, for example, more than half
of the young people in a country do drugs statistically speaking, this would be
normal. Instead, non- addicts would be abnormal, but three would be
healthy. The abnormal is not necessarily pathological. These are persistent alterations or syndromes
that are not limited in time. A phased depression, many of them seasonal,
spring, autumn and once cured, refers to and disappears symptomatology, but
in personality disorder it does not happen this way. They are long- term
mismatches and correspond to chronic behavior patterns. They usually start in adolescence or youth
and have a gradual gradual slow insidious course, often going undiagnosed, with which
no one has managed to put in a certain treatment. In that case,
they do not occur at a stage of life, but they come from behind.
The ways of thinking, feeling, acting, and governing are disadapted.
These rigid, inflexible and inadequate manifestations affect these four facets the cognitive plane,
how to elaborate ideas and thoughts the sentimental world. Affective, unhealthy actions are
designed that do not facilitate a correct emotional life. Well structured, the actions
themselves are not inflexible or adaptive and, finally, the difficulties in controlling impulses.
The way of being gives rise to a subjective disposition of discomfort which also
has an objective rebuke. The person almost always suffers four, but what is
certain is that it makes others suffer. There is a significant impairment of family,
professional and social life which, over time, leads to the erosion of
coexistence. In colloquial language these individuals are labeled as rare strangers, difficult,
abnormal or maniac, summarizing a way of being negative and extravagant. Personality mismatch
occurs outside of any psychological disorder and not as a result of a mental illness,
i e it does not manifest after a depression, a state of anxiety
or a picturephobic, although it is evident that in any of these diseases there
is a certain modification of personality, but without its own entity, without the
psychopathological force of a personality disorder in a strict sense. Personality disorder is not
attributable to a medical condition or to the ingestion of certain substances. Thus,
for example, a cancer, an acute or chronic infection, or a generative
process can act as triggers of a certain personality mismatch, which is within normal
limits, but should not be considered as a strict disorder. If clinical help
has been sought, it is rare for it to be a misadjustment, as
those with a personality disorder are often unaware of it and therefore believe that they
do not need it. Most often, the whole family of the patient comes,
or the husband or wife to comment on what happens to him and the
terrible consequences that this has on living together. The awareness of the affected person
is the first step towards proper treatment. At present we have some evaluation scales
to measure the degree of enza of a disorder or disease five. The lack
of awareness of the condition or its symptoms is observed both in verbal and non
- verbal behavior, gestimimic, facial and bodily expressions, indicating the ignorance that
the individual has of his own pathology. There is a disagreement between the patient
and the doctor or psychologist, since the former does not accept the diagnosis of
the therapeutic equipment. Family history of personality disorders usually exists. Let us not
forget that the personality moves between the inheritance and the environment, the genetics and
the context in which that subject has developed and divided. Since personality is a
system with many references and areas, the psychiatrist or betrothed psychologist should use the
appropriate tools to evaluate all of them. Personality disorders are not cured with the
administration of psychopharmaceuticals, as personality disorders are not corrected with them. It is
appropriate to explain this to family members and to the subject himself, since it
is a fairly common misbelief. We insist that the design of the treatment should
be eclectic, integrating the biological, pharmacotherapy, psychological, psychotherapy and social sociotherapy
plans. However, a certain medication usually relieves some manifestations derived from the disorder,
mainly of anxious or depressive type. The treatment of a personality disorder is
almost always long- term, which in some families is a problem, given
the cost of it. In such cases, it is recommended that the patient
be assigned an action plan to improve certain behaviors and monitor their evolution once a
month. Six but which occurs when you suffer from a personality disorder and go
late for consultation, then errors and anomalies can be corrected. In the way
of being the answer is bifronte. It depends on the therapist' s ability
and the subject' s motivation to be helped. In conclusion, when we
try to structure some indicators of the therapeutic response, we have to draw a
complete map of the person, including all aspects of the case, which,
from a scientific point of view, is difficult and highly complex classification of personality
disorders. The magnitude of the issue before us is enormous. In a work
of woes and collaborators one thousand nine hundred and ninety- nine it is emphasized
that between ten and thirty percent of the general population suffers from a personality disorder.
From thirty to fifty percent of outpatient psychiatric patients, fifteen percent are admitted
by a diagnosis of this type. Many miscalled depressions are actually chronicled personality disorders
that no therapist has ever acted on. This usual association between depression and personality
disorder is named after distibe in the DSM language. Let' s see below
what personality disorders are according to ds EN the four and ce reads ten.
Understanding that all classification is an attempt to integrate the available knowledge that makes a
model by adding the different strands. In the SMITH we find the following groups
of disorders, group to schizoid and schizotypic paranoid. It encompasses eccentric people in
whom a fairly pathological behavior is observed. They rarely pass unnoticed to the people
who live with them. Group sees antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic limit, collective,
marked by instability and the tendency to show radical extremist behaviors, not moderate.
Group by avoidance, by dependence and obsessive compulsive, broad, arc ranging
from fear to anxiety and avoidance. Disorder group not specified in the above categories.
This includes mixed personality disorders, such as predepressive, depressive or immature personalities.
The 10th includes the latter in a marginal section sixty eight other personality-
specific disorders. In the following chapters. I will use the classification of groups
A, B, C and D, interspersing some clinical cases that will help
us to make the journey more didactic. I think that few things are as
pedagogical as these sessions in which the patient explains what happens to this classification.
I have added three forms not collected in this ordination and which I have described
in the text concert detail the immature personality, the predepressive and the depressive.
Nothing equal does not appear chapter five, a controversial issue unsolved. Few recent
psychology and psychiatry manuals are typified. This mode of personality, however, is
frequent in today' s life. It is not a simple task to classify
your symptoms and draw your profile, as many think that being behind most personality
disorders, what is hidden is a way to be immature. The controversy,
as it remains open and in fact, neither the above mentioned 10 of the
WHO nor the DSM four tr of the APA reflect this diagnosis in their lists.
First of all, it is important to explain what the source of misunderstandings
and ambiguities is all about. It is an indeterminate, polyhedric, imprecise amphibian
concept, which is used in many areas and which consists in all the languages
of mechuretti, maturité, maturita, reife. The language of the street uses
it correctly and wrongly, with consideration and without it, as happens with many
other words, When people say that someone is immature, a priori some disqualification
is observed. What is maturity in the psychological field are equal all possible experiences
of maturity, or there are nuances according to the text and context concerned.
N N s r n NS. I shall continue to refer in particular to
emotional, intellectual and professional maturity. All three form a set that explores decisive
human geographies. We can say that maturity is that state of knowledge and good
judgment, prudence and knowing that it has been achieved and that leads to a
positive management of psychology itself. In a word, it is what enables us
to direct and govern personal life in such a way that it produces the right
fruits. Maturity is fullness to reflect on feelings, ideas and professional life,
translating this reflection into a coherent, attractive, realistic, positive and lasting life
project. Maturity thus constitutes a mixture of sound knowledge, fair judgment, wisdom,
prudence and well- formed criteria that allow us to aspire to the goal
of understanding what life consists of, what are the main routes to follow.
Likewise, it helps us to respond to three key masses prisoners such as understanding
the affectivity of how to make our way into the thick jungle of intelligence and
how to have a professional life suggestive and full of meaning psychiatrists move freely in
the corridors of other people' s lives, we enter and leave her like
Peter through her house. Our daily work is to track the big arguments,
as well as the book of accounts. The results of the personal journey.
Life involves sailing against wind and tide sometimes and sometimes with the wind, in
favor, to climb the waves, to jump over possible shipwrecks that threaten to
take everything ahead and escape from pitfalls and sea betrayals. Rectilinear lives do not
exist, except in books. The mythical dream of complete happiness is a utopia.
However, if happiness is allowed when it is understood as maturity, calmness
and peace, both complete happiness and idyllic maturity are denied over the years.
Therefore, maturity can never be understood as a definitive destiny to which one arrives
and in which one establishes himself with a perennial character. It must be seen
in a different way, as an ever- improveable path, a process of
gradual, progressive, sequential knowledge and independence that improves and polishes over the years.
Hence, it is more correct to talk about the degree of maturity in
some adolescents, in the first youth, etc. These are moments of discernment
and lucidity in which we understand that it is to live. Maturity is growth,
development, step- by- step process of organization, great arguments,
feelings, profession, knowing how to overcome difficulties according to different ages and circumstances.
We must not forget that being mature is not something that is highlighted at
a specific time, but rather it translates into a prolonged conduct that offers solid
criteria of coherence and balance in the most diverse occasions is not linked to one
or several important episodes, but reflects a style, a way of functioning that
can be applied to the label of a mature person, the lush forest of
feelings. I am now going to degrate the demonstrations that allow us to infer
that we are in love with an immature person. First I' ll make
a brief sketch of what affectivity is. The definition is not easy. We
all know about her. We perceive it, we know its movements and movements,
but it is very difficult to summarize the jungle of experiences that are lodged
inside this difous and elusive concept looking for its signs of identity. Its essence
is to delve into narrow and winding vericuetes. Affectivity is constituted by a set
of phenomena of a subjective nature different from pure knowledge, which are often difficult
to verbalize and which cause an internal change that moves between two extreme poles.
Pleasure, displace, excitement, tranquility, tension, relaxation, approach, rejection,
activation or blocking. These are three experiences that narrow down this Amazonian field
full of nooks. The basic affective manifestations are four feelings, emotions, passions
and motivations, but the royal path is that of feelings. Feelings are private
subjective states, sometimes with a clear tonality, and others diffuse positive or negative
that produce approximation or rejection. What it means is that they are subjective that
are inside each of us and that they have a direct, personal and intimate
thread. Its impression can be clear, clear, precise or, on the
contrary, difose, ethereal, blurry, content, confusing and subtle. There
are no neutral feelings. They always approach us or distance us from the object
that appears before us. They link us and serve to clarify our preferences,
our choices, what forces us, as we have already said, to announce
or renounce. Feelings act as intermediaries between instincts and intelligence. They are the
psychological subsoil of behavior, the atmosphere that marks the tone of the mood.
Feelings are inhabited by bipolar experiences. Joy, sadness, love, or hatred,
hope, despair, congratulations, charm that weave a complex web. They
are characterized by their wealth and diversity five. But this variegated tropel needs some
order to avoid straying from us, disorienting ourselves to walk through life without government,
we will then see that in affective immaturity we are not able to distinguish
love, from falling in love or from desire, and that long- term
confusion can wreak havoc. That is why it is essential to be careful to
know the terrain that we set out to clarify with ourselves. In feelings is
found much of the roots of a person' s life. We must learn
to master the journey to our personal world. Sentimental education is taking on a
huge relief today. There are many who seek and study, who tell what
happens in their territory, but there are also many words that circulate in these
corridors and it is necessary to know what each one means in order not to
be called deceitful, to desire, to be attracted, to be interested in
someone, to feel love. These scattered islands are scattered by the sea of
emotional language and success becomes equivocal. It' s pathetic to see how some
people with a good professional level paradoxically don' t know anything about affectivity.
As a result, they lead a wandering life, broken, without compass that
brings them without flavors, love and falling in love. Love is a tendency
towards something or someone I discover as valuable. To love is to feel inclined,
to decorate, to be pushed and to have predilection. Love is attraction
and affection. There are many kinds of love in interpersonal relationships to ideals justice,
good beauty, to life forms, to be in contact with nature or
traditions, to friends, to a couple or to love God. Falling in
love is a mysterious and complex process that leads someone to think that it is
worthwhile to stop being independent to share life with someone else. Start with the
attraction. Here follows a very interesting journey. We have mortgaged our heads,
we keep thinking about her, we admire her six and we sense enthusiasm for
what she teaches and hides, shows and suggests. That is why the human
being is most portrayed in the loving choice. It makes clear his identity and
his pretensions. Loving another person implies the need to get out of oneself and
share existence with those who understand us reflects the needy condition of the human being.
The first attraction is usually physical, especially the face seven, since the
whole body depends on it. The exterior beauty is something light and imprecise that
we love, but that has a lot of fleetingness. The intelligent people do
not stay here, but then they seek the inner beauty usually crouched, which
requires almost the work of a speleologist to reach their last strongholds and find there
that mixture of balance and fullness. Then there is an exercise of mutual exploration,
marked by the attraction that passes from the physical plane to the psychological and
spiritual. Fiery and maneuvers are part of the strategy of conquest. With its
fixed and naughty rules that weave new and unexpected paths that force a training exercise.
If the seductions, the psychological mechanism to drag someone' s laws are
presided over by flirtation is played with words, gestures, silence, insinuations and
double meanings, all loving conquest means the triumph of a certain psychological technique.
In such circumstances, there is a time when an apotheosis of appearance occurs that
is part of one' s own coming. The first symptoms of falling in
love are the following attention disorder. Feeling enchanted, thinking enthusiastically about the other
person. I wish to be with her experience that the time at her side
runs very fast between both members of the couple. A magnetic field is created
with three points of physical, psychological and spiritual support. That is why it
is crucial to be right in loving choice. But what it' s like
to fall in love. It' s finding yourself out of yourself, it
' s telling someone I don' t understand life without you, you'
re a fundamental part of my project. To fall in love is to find
a person to whom one gives the plans of the hidden treasure. It is
the flame of love that vibrates and illuminates us. It says the dictionary of
authorities. The flame is the subtlest part of the fire that rises and rises
high in pyramidal. That original fire sustains the infatuation and its hixageos in nourishment
of knowledge. How easy it is to fall in love and how difficult it
is to stay in love. If love is the first argument of life,
the second is the pleasant work so that it will not be extinguished or carried
away by the routine or the thousand avatars of existence. Passionate infatuations usually occur
at an early age, while late love is more intellectual and its course slower
and more gradual until it settles the loving itinerary. Part of falling in love
lowers reality with the institutionalization of love and prolongs in daily life. Strategies must
always be prepared to overcome the difficulties and conjugal crises that before or after will
make their appearance as another of the ingredients of affective life. Those who have
a proper sentimental education know what the alchemy of love consists of and strive to
put it into play so that it becomes solid, strong and well compensated for
the emotional immaturity. One of the plots in which immaturity is especially observed is
in the sentimental field. In our world so technified and full of scientific advances,
the human has gradually been neglected in the decalogue I draw. Next,
I give readers the guidelines for understanding what the person is like, affectionately immature.
Not knowing what the sentimental world is. To know something implies knowledge,
perception of what is housed there, information to separate the accessory from the fundamental,
to discern in the jungle of facts and intentions and to make way for
the best. Western women are more skilled in this field than men, whose
sentimental illiteracy is having devastating sussacs. You don' t see you don'
t understand what' s going on or what the main laws and springs of
affectivity are. To build sentimental life on an incoherent and unsound basis when love
is made with materials of demolition and its construction, therefore, results in weakness
before or after it will fade away. It cannot be said in such a
case of genuine falling in love and, if there is, the rules of
the game are unknown. Sometimes what exists are other feelings of less depth,
but in the long run the basis will not work, for it is to
feel deeply in love and know how to maintain such a relationship, to divinize
love. The immature person idealizes affective life and exalts Conjugal love as something extraordinary
and wonderful, which is a mistake, because it does not deepen its analysis.
Love is a task, a hard task of personal improvement, through which
the defects of one' s conduct that affect the other are polished and treated.
Love makes us free and slaves. Already Greek mythology spoke of eros God
of love as the son of rock and pores of poverty and wealth. Make
the other person an absolute. This sign of immaturity is usually very expensive.
It is natural that, in the course of falling in love, the other
person shines with the very phenomenon that Ortega and Gassette called attention sickness. This
tile crystallization and faith Alberoni nascent state. However, the difficult daily coexistence is
putting everyone in place the truth without trap or cardboard, because one thing is
the initial image that we offer and another very different the real version of ordinary
life, not knowing that feelings are not static, but dynamic. Love,
like any living organ, is perfectible and defective and mutual love is the supreme
formation of companionship. That' s why you have to be careful about it.
Smart love involves taking care of small details, which requires a high percentage
of psychological craftsmanship in lexitimia or inability to express feelings. You live next to
a person unable to show affection, which is very hard. Love is built
day by day. We must put the best of ourselves, fight to correct
defects, know, ignore difficulties and have psychological resources to overcome frictions and disagreements.
The balanced and serene analysis of these confrontations should lead to the improvement of
such specific aspects, Not knowing how to give or receive love. Feelings are
a way back and forth from pleasure, to displace from excitement, to tranquility,
from attention, to relaxation, from approach, to rejection of activation,
to blocking. The unripe person believes that he is not worthy of affection and
is missed when two receive. Besides, he hasn' t learned how to
give it a whimper. He said the door of happiness opens out. The
immature, on the contrary, open their affectivity inwards, close them later and
then lose the key. Being unable to elaborate a common project with another person.
The immature does not contemplate putting someone into his life project and sharing it.
Everything is not projected in the same direction, it does not feel the
things of the other as its own, nor does it know how to face
and value the conflicts that are emerging. From there to the breakup there is
only one step. It is necessary to maintain a balanced growth of the couple,
which means never being abandoned This project mentioned above should not forget the three
basic ingredients love, work and culture. It is necessary to share, to
have complicity, to look together in the same direction, to ignore the methodology
of love. The main keys to staying close to someone are intelligence, will
and commitment. The intelligence to know, to lead our partner in the laborious
coexistence, as well as to skilfully handle communication. The will, because it
is the ability to set small goals that point to a more distant end.
When you want to achieve adequate conjugal stability, the will has a leading role.
Indeed, one of the deepest manifestations of maturity is a good education of
the will the commitment to be able to make the effort to build a long
- term relationship. If there is disloyalty with regard to the loving project,
it is immediately convenient in these cases not to be deceived and to take into
account the examples of those who daily give us fulfilled information, the press,
the radio and the television. A society as hedonistic as ours tolerates bad frustrations
from not finding quick deals in affective life. Soon bloom Relativism with what is
less important to any decision however hard, immaturity, allows only a fragile utilitarian
connection. If the couple or marriage does not work, it is changed to
another and settled matter. Conjugal love is one of the greatest adventures that exist.
A relationship must be based on understanding, dialogue, mutual care, tenderness,
small details. The ability to reflect and value life in its entirety has
been lost, and this has led to the decline of love because the articulation
of love with the other great components of existence is lacking. Love is looked
at with skepticism. Many no longer believe in him. The lexicography in this
regard has become misleading and the fundamental words float adrift in the vocabulary of the
immature, forming a complex web of meanings and contradictions. The myth of love
has been perverted by the instrumentalization of the dictionary, which in the long run
leads to disenchantment to a lost and hollow paradise trapped in the networks of consumerism
and permissiveness to fall in love, but not to be able to maintain that
love. We have all known some Don Juan master in the art of conquest
and a failure to sustain and protect what has achieved the best way to stay
in love, is to feel admiration for the other person, to see his
biographical trajectory, to observe his coherence, his quality and his values, to
excuse the negative aspects. In its right measure, many elements come into play
: complicity, companionship, sense of humor, spirituality, culture, mystery.
Both Pascal and Eschelera spoke of the logical logic of the heart, thinking that
feelings cannot be governed. Although he does not usually make this statement explicitly.
The acts of the unripe person are in this line. He believes that feelings
are like an impetuous wind that is difficult to control and therefore lives condemned to
the tyranny of whim. He does not know how to say no to the
new and unexpected affections with which he can break the balance of the couple because
they are fun and take him away from monotony. This philosophy of the yearning
turns the immature person into a vane, rotating and aimless, someone shaken by
the immediate stimulus. In conclusion, we can say that a proper administration of
the affective world must rest on four pillars, intelligence, will, sense of
commitment and ethics, In other words, reason, determination, promise and correct
use of freedom. A very significant medical history. He is a 50-
year- old businessman who has won a lot of money in his professional career.
He has the consultation following a rather serious couple crisis, with which he
is now his third wife. She tells us the following: I married for
the first time at forty- four years of age at school. He was
an open- minded person, friend of Bromas, organizer of parties and football
matches. I studied economics and took two more years than usual to finish the
race, because I dedicated myself to having fun and having fun. At twenty
- seven I got into the business world, first with an uncle of mine
became a partner. The beginnings were difficult, but little by little we settled
down and a few years later, our company was quite solvent. I went
out with a lot of women and I was only interested in sex. I
don' t know if you psychiatrists call that obsession, but sex was my
priority goal. After my job. The love conquest was my hobby and that
' s what I spent all my free time doing. I had sex with
all kinds of women. On many occasions it was only a goal challenge.
Get that hard girl and sleep with her. Forty- one years old,
I had a serious girlfriend who wanted to marry me. I promised him I
' d do it, but at the time of truth I got scared.
I was afraid of losing my freedom and after a very harsh situation in which
she and her family seriously offended me we broke up, that left me marked,
perhaps by those personal disqualifications that I had never heard before. I spent
more than a year locked up in my work and disinterested women. This coincided
with the expansion of my company and the need to make many trips, both
within Spain and abroad. On one of these trips to the south of France,
some friends invited me to spend a few days in Nisa. That'
s where I met my first wife. He was twenty- four years old
and had just finished English philology. It was Parisina and had lived for a
year in the United States. I was impressed by her beauty to stop or
to make a film actress, though somewhat shy. She was very smart and
very different from the women she had known so far. I was surprised at
the little he listened to me, and that was for me a cicate.
After a full- blown chase, I started dating her and when she returned
to work in Paris, I traveled frequently to see her and little by little
our relationship was consolidated. After nine months of courtship, he asked me to
marry him. I didn' t expect it. I wanted to keep my
life free forever and that' s all, but my parents knew her.
It made a good impression and after a few tense weeks, because I didn
' t decide to take the step, we got married very soon I realized
that I had been wrong, because she worked alone in the morning and I
all day We came to live in Barcelona and didn' t fit well with
any of my friends. The discussions began the days without speaking to us boredom
before the year. We didn' t know apart. I spent a few
very bad months, drinking a lot and with a somewhat chaotic life. I
went to a major bump at work. At the age of seven months,
a new secretary came to work in my office, whom I had been recommended
by acquaintances. I was 30 years old. I liked it from the first
moment I saw it was beautiful and effective. When I found out I had
a boyfriend, I was very upset, but I couldn' t say why.
I don' t think at any time she came up with anything with
me, although I was attracted to her and I started inviting her out for
coffee. Coinciding with my birthday, he reluctantly agreed to share a dinner.
We went to a fancy place I had chosen that night. I tried to
kiss her and even have sex, but she told me she wasn' t
getting married. In a few months. That angered me more and made me
concentrate all my strength on conquering her gift cards and one day I don'
t know very well how she told me she had broken up with her boyfriend.
Then I saw the sky open and in a few months he came to
live in my house. At first, it was all like a romantic movie.
I remember those times with a huge nostalgia, over time we entered into
a peaceful and peaceful life. I had almost run out of friends because of
the kind of life I had led. We spent some weekends in a small
country house. She liked reading, and I haven' t read in a
long time. He had not been educated like this, so he was not
used to it. She was losing interest in sex and that made me in
a bad mood. Clashes, silences and reproaches then arose, but without going
further. She was complaining that I didn' t take care of her.
When I saw that things were getting worse, I wanted to save the situation
by having a son, and I did. The pregnancy was complicated and she
was disappointed. As for me, maybe I wasn' t paying enough attention,
although whenever I came back from the trip I brought him a gift.
At the end of the pregnancy, he told me about separating us, which
left me wrong. I consulted with my partner, who told me that I
saw her too serious for me to separate myself that that was normal today and
nothing happened. I think it happened the last few weeks before giving birth very
depressed, wanting nothing, crying frequently. The birth went well, but the
situation was very sad at the age of four months. I didn' t
understand anything and went to consult a psychiatrist who diagnosed me with depression and sent
me medication. Since I got a lot worse, I left the drugs and
didn' t go back to the office. Months later, on a business
trip to Sicily, I spent a few days at the home of some friends,
of my friends, whom I hardly knew. In Taormina, one of
the most beautiful places I have visited, I knew a twenty- five-
year- old psychologist just leaving the university. Given my two previous failures,
I didn' t want to know anything about new commitments at that time.
I began to read psychological self- help books as men are from Mars.
The women of Venus J Gray, in which I saw reflected many of my
previous mistakes and how to make your Peaoc marriage work that I found more fun
and nice to have a psychologist next door. It was funny and I wanted
her to explain to me some of my reactions, to test me was skeptical
about love. I didn' t believe in anything after my failed experiences and
I thought it would last as long as it has to last. But it
happened that I had a car accident coming from southern France. It was night
it was s ta or very tired and I was giving heads. I got
off the road and realized at the last minute. That' s why I
didn' t kill myself. Result fractures in the sternum and ribs and many
bruised more. I spent almost a month in the hospital and she came to
see me several times and gave me books albums and despite my resistances, I
was conquered, I fell in love, but there came a time when she
stopped calling me and that surprised me. I' ve been missing for a
few weeks without any news and no sign of life. I was thinking about
her, but I had great doubts. Faced with a third relationship, one
good day he showed up at my house ready to spend his week on vacation.
I couldn' t say no, so I got carried away and soon
after we were living together. I wasn' t very convinced, but I
was forced. My business was expanding and I was working more and more.
She or she would so n n or bring her down in the afternoons with
a team of psychologists, but she didn' t make any money and that
bothered me. In the mornings he went out of shopping museums with his friends.
I had a lot of free time and I, on the contrary,
lived overflowing. We only saw each other on Saturday, afternoon and Sunday.
The relationship became more and more insultous, but what hurt me was that she
hardly needed to have sex. He always said I was too rough. When
I meet his third wife. He tells me he' s a very smart
man for business. He' s made a lot of money, but he
treats employees very hard. Also, in the relationship with me it is cold
and very critical. His initial image has fallen on me and now I realize
that he is a difficult man, but above all that he does not know
how to love, that he is not prepared for it. I told you
first softly and later with anger, which has irritated you a lot. After
a few months of cohabitation. I think it' s best if we split
up The truth is, I' ve fallen out of love. We are
facing a very representative case of contrast between a good professional level and a marked
inability to love in separate interviews. I ask both of you to make an
inventory of behaviors to modify, that is, that they would remove and add
to each other' s personality and behavior to try to fix the situation.
He comes to the following conclusions. Apparently, I don' t know how
to love. It is one thing to conquer by following a concrete dynamic that
ensures success and another rather different is to consolidate authentic love. In my conquests
I have sought myself more than the other person. One thing is successful with
women and another very different to keep it accomplished. Audacity has nothing to do
with the pretension of building a strong Conjugal relationship. My lack of genuine sentimental
education has resulted in my three failures. Even though my wife resists partner therapy
and the prognosis of the relationship is bad, I will test certain behavior guidelines
to improve and change attitude. I' ll also start individual psychotherapy. The
diagnosis I' ve been given is of emotional immaturity. It hurts to hear
this and I disagree enough about it, because I think the problem is in
my bad luck. In the case of my third wife I' ve been
forced and I haven' t been able to say no. The therapeutic team
has also spoken to me of an inconsistent morl light, without solid principles and
of a macho background that has been nefarious in establishing an equal communication with my
partners, Despite the bad initial prognosis of the case, we motivated this man
to modify his macho attitudes, arrogance, authoritarianism, hard character and his conduct,
making him see that the same effort that he had so many times put
in conquering a girl could now put him in the reconquest of his wife,
starting almost zero and leaving his pride aside. The change has been enormous and
she seems determined to continue, although she fears that it is just a mirage,
an example of an immature global personality. As I have explained before,
total immaturity is very difficult to systematize, as it affects almost all important plots
of behavior. In many of the personality disorders lies a background of immaturity.
Hence the scientific difficulty in typifying the symptoms to be defined by the diagnosis.
Let' s look at the next medical history. He is a thirty-
three- year- old man belonging to a family of medium- high economic
status. He does not come to the consultation, but his parents, who
also have two other children. His mother tells us, we came to tell
him about our son, who is not well, but we do not know
what happens to him. We' re worried about the kind of life he
leads. His brothers have a university career and he, who is the youngest,
did not start pharmacy and spent two years in the first year. Then
he quit. He didn' t study anything, but he liked the whole
college thing like his brothers. His life today is next. He works at
my husband' s pharmacy, making guards every five or six days. The
rest of the time he spends it at home, listening to music with the
door of his room closed, because he says for two months that he is
fixing it, although I see that he has everything super messy. He doesn
' t go out with friends, because he almost doesn' t have one,
and recently he' s had two disturbing episodes. The first was that
some young people went to the pharmacy to ask for drugs and were very laughing.
He thought they laughed at him and talked as if they knew him and
despised him. She had such a bad time, she called the police,
but she arrived when the others were gone. He filed a complaint that he
later withdrew. The second event was so. A sister of hers invited two
friends to spend the weekend. He' s a year older than he'
s single and works in another city. Like my son. He' s
very shy and withdrawn and he' s never dated girls, except where we
used to spend the summer and always in Pandilla. Ever since her sister'
s friends arrived, she began to think that they looked at him badly,
that they laughed at him because they thought he was gay and light- headed.
We know that they did not make any allusion in that regard. The
father points out our son. It' s decayed like sad and off.
He speaks little and locks himself in his room hours and hours. When he
goes to the pharmacy, he works well, but he says he gets tired
right away. The relationship with the teeth is rather dry. He rarely entertains
himself by chatting with them. A couple of weeks ago we told him he
needs to go to the doctor, although we dare not use the word psychiatrist,
because he is very sensitive and jealous of his intimacy. He refuses to
come arguing that he' s not nervous, that nothing happens to him,
that he only makes his life. At the request of the parents about a
possible diagnosis, I would like to comment on the following. We are facing
a personality disorder, without specifying that a priori it can be by avoidance,
given the difficulty of your child to establish healthy relationships with friends and acquaintances,
paranoid, as there are some indicators of suspicion in the account of the facts
the boys going to the pharmacy or the supposed laughter of the friends of his
immature sister because of the type of life that leads and the lack of awareness
regarding their psychopathological problems. A second more accurate diagnosis, paranoid depression, with
manifestations of sadness, apathy and sickly distrust, can also be added. It
is important to get the child to come to the consultation. To do this,
the best thing is to design a strategy with which you don' t
feel prescind, otherwise you won' t finally make it present and dedicate almost
the entire interview to your mother. He is a tall, long- haired
young man, with an elongated face and distant eyes, with a lost and
soulless look. Both their introversion and defensive mechanisms are diaphanous. His monosyllabic responses
do not invite the slightest dialogue, so I asked him for information about his
mother and the rest of the family. In writing. The second interview,
in which he officially accompanies his mother, is already more relaxed. I ask
you about your mood, the kind of life you lead, and your future.
We conducted a long interview that gives us the opportunity to ask you for
more details about your personality. He tells us I have come mainly to help
my mother, who is nervous and not eating well I am calm. I
like to make my life. I have few friends because I have suffered a
series of disappointments. There are people who are the ones who want to hurt
me and that' s why I' d rather stay home. There is
an important surprise that shows us a key feature of his personality. Asking him
about his future, he tells us I want to start the pharmacy career again,
because I like that job and I think I' m good for it.
One of the characteristics of immature personality is not being in reality. He
does not appreciate that he has lost the habit of studying, which has been
reading almost nothing for about three years. In these conditions, it is very
difficult for him to take advantage of the time and have the discipline to sit
in front of the books and surrender. Besides, he' s not aware
that even by passing every year, he' d finish the race. This
is the beginning of a debate with him, who is of the opinion.
I don' t accept what you say, because I know that if I
want to, I' ll study and get everything out, although at first
it will cost me a lot. And with regard to age, that doesn
' t worry me as much in clinical interviews as in the different tests.
His personality is going well with da. Three very marked features stand out.
Insecurity, low, self- esteem, lack of confidence in one' s
own inferiority complex. He compares a lot with others and this has led him
to give free rein to his imagination, escaping along this path and developing idyllic
situations far from his real life, inability to be in reality, which leads
him to want to start his university career again. We propose an alternative solution
that studies a career of only two years graduated in pharmacy, with which you
can work in the family business. He refuses because he doesn' t think
so. We also suggest that you take a medication to stabilize an antidepressant with
a selective action on 11 disinhibition, which will help you get loose with people
and communicate better. We also added a hypnotic to improve sleep quality. He
returns to consult at two weeks and his mother says the change has been huge.
He' s better off in a more talkative mood. He laughs,
he wants to do things. He admits he' s better but not too
much. We then initiate cognitive behavioral therapy, whose main psychological objectives are as
follows. I have to be more realistic. I have to take into account
my years, my kind of life, my real possibilities, to resume studies,
etcetera. That means I have to gradually change my mind. I can
' t spend my days locked up in my room. That' s not
living. Besides, I' ve been fixing my room for months with terrible
slowness. Given my obsessive background, I need to accept that I should take
anti- depression medication. It would be a mistake to leave her, especially
now that I have noticed some improvement. It is also essential that you receive
psychotherapy. So I can improve my personality. Continuity in treatment is essential.
I must fight to achieve the following goals, not compare myself with others,
learn to take advantage of time, read some books again, overcome the fear
to which they will say expand my circle of relationships, intensify my will as
psychotherapy progresses. He recognizes what is happening to him and knows what he has
to do, but he finds it very difficult to carry it out twelve times
since to date it has been a very impractical person for life, it is
very difficult for him to move from ideas to action. This is another feature
of her immaturity, since her will is little trained. We recommend small goals,
very concrete and realistic goals, stuck to the day as the only way
not to fail. His lack of realism has very often led him to think
of too ambitious plans that are then left at nothing, when the purposes so
unfettered. I' m going to present Luisa' s medical history below.
This is a 27- year- old girl, single at a low-
middle socio- economic level. She' s the little one of three sisters.
His widowed mother lives on her pension and a few rents. Luis studies
biologicals, but his academic career has been bad. He took the first course
in two years, the second in three and when he comes to the consultation
leads to two more. Third, she accompanies her mother, who is the
one who tells us the reason for her visit. I' m here to
talk to you about my daughter because she' s very worried about me She
' s very ill at school, and her behavior is very rebellious. He
' s been using drugs quite a few times. He started with the joints
and then he' s been on cocaine for a while, because I'
ve seen the paper. He has some very negative friends who do nothing,
neither study nor work. The worst thing has been that lately he has stolen
money at home and also from relatives he has gone to visit. We'
ve taken a psychologist, but she hasn' t been able to do anything
with her. Luisa, for her part, tells us I have come because
I want you to tell me what I am, but I don' t
need a psychiatrist yet. I went to a psychologist three times and he didn
' t convince me, and even though my mother insisted on me coming back,
I totally refused. That' s how part of the interview happened.
Why do you think you don' t need psychological help, because I'
m perfectly fine. The problem is, I don' t like to study,
I get tired, and that makes my mother very angry. You consider
yourself a psychologically healthy person. I think so, I have my character and
my friends, and my family doesn' t like that, because they'
re very classic. If you don' t understand that every now and then
I smoke a joint or drink some cocaine, but you just spend the day
giving me advice and telling me what to do. I' m sick of
them and I' d rather leave home, but I don' t have
a job or money. Why are you so late in school? You'
ve been around for many years and you' re still in the middle of
the race, because I don' t feel like studying. It costs me
a lot to go to class usually, sometimes yes and sometimes no. Teachers
are bad and I' m bored in classes. When you go to class,
you take notes. You' re careful, you' re in class.
I don' t usually take notes. Also, as I have repeated
each course, the classmates are new and I only know some people. It
' s a shame you abandoned yourself so much. I don' t know
I want to go on like this. We' ll see what happens.
After long interviews, various tests and appointments with Luisa' s mother and her
two sisters, we go for the diagnosis of immature personality. The dialogue with
her shows that she does not find a response to solvents that justify her situation.
After all these days of conversation, I want to give you a diagnosis.
If you agree, you have an immature personality, and that means exactly
that you don' t know what you want, that you demand very little,
that your will is almost virgin, that you don' t have educated
study habits, that you are disordered and you move by his law I feel
like you don' t know how to choose your friendships, that you don
' t distinguish between the people that suit you and those that harm you.
As you' ve told me yourself, it' s the same with the
kids you' ve dated. One got you into the joint world, another
almost got you pregnant. With the last one. You had a serious car
accident that you miraculously came out of unharmed. In short, you seem to
be 14 or 15 years old. Yeah, I realize that. Now I
don' t know what to say Maybe this is my destiny. That is
not a coherent answer. Things don' t just happen by chance, but
because you get carried away and you' re very influential. You don'
t have firm behavioral criteria. If you move through momentary impulses. In the
behavior program designed by the therapeutic team, the most important psychological objectives were framed
that I then discuss exercising the will on a daily basis. I have to
start with small purposes very well defined and run away from thinking great things.
The challenge now is to fight for concrete things, to go to class every
day and take advantage of the time to take notes, to be attentive,
to intervene, to avoid distractions, to be more disciplined, to study with
method. Even though I' m not used to it and at first it
costs me a lot. I must apply to this task and not give up
correcting the alcohol trend. I know it hurts a lot, but I consume
it because I let myself be carried away by my group of friends to change.
I have to learn to say I' m not willing to try.
Not consuming joints and cocaine leads nowhere positive. In due course. I wanted
to experience new things to know myself more. But now I must choose another
path, act but know how to postpone the reward. This is the pattern
that should govern my conduct. So far I' ve sought immediate benefits,
very quick gratifications to order my life. I must turn my habits around completely,
set the time to lie down and get up, keep the hours clean
my room not to be so influential. I have to go on acquiring more
solid and consistent criteria than I have had so far. I have lived tyrannized
by him the others, but now I must modify my ideas and develop new
rules that give me another style of behavior to stabilize the mood. I have
to achieve a less unequal mood with fewer ups and downs, remembering that these
oscillations obey external factors, such as the influence of the people around me and
internal ones. Stabilizing my judgment cannot change my mind overnight, because this does
not allow me to settle down. I have to follow the indications received in
this regard, to have better models of identity in psychotherapy. I' ve
been working on looking at positive things and behaviors to copy them that I find
interesting. The administration of anxiolytics to combat internal unrest was added to this action
plan. Although Luisa has had several relapses into the issue of cocaine and problems
when studying, her evolution has been quite positive. Two years after starting treatment,
she was able to complete her studies and seek her first job. Main
indicators of immature personality. The psychological signs that put us on the track that
we are facing an immature personality are the following gap between the chronological age and
the mental age. This is one of the most striking manifestations. In a
first approach, the passage of the years must precisely be positioned in the temporary
reality of ignorance of oneself. One of the rules of the Greek hero was
to know himself. No. If this psychological failure is allowed, it means
not knowing what our skills and limitations are, which leads us to embark on
impossible companies, thirteen without a future, and not to risk ourselves when circumstances
show a certain possibility. Emotional instability is expressed by changes in mood, moving
from euphoria to melancholy overnight and even on the same day. This must be
clearly distinguished from the mental oscillations characteristic of the so- called bipolar depressions or
depressive manic psychosis fourteen to which we have already referred, while the former are
essentially psychological, the latter obey biological patterns. The immature person is variable,
irregular. Their feelings move and swing in a pendulum way, which makes one
never know how to react to that changeable fragility. Fifteen is a very characteristic
note, the origin of which must be looked at in two respects. A
susceptibility almost sick and a hypertrophy of the private mental languages that take the subject
from here to there, making scenarios that only exist in his head little or
no. Responsibility. As I indicated earlier, immaturity has levels the same as
any other psychological aspect. The term liability comes from Latin. I' ll
answer what it means to answer, promise, satisfy to do. A person
is responsible when he strives to fulfill the obligations he has previously drawn In a
realistic way, Plato stated that each is the cause of his own choice and
Cervantes, through Don Quixote, remembers that each one is the son of his
works. Freedom and responsibility constitute an inseparable binomial. This means that there are
no firm standards of conduct without fidelity to the commitments made. Bad onu.
The perception of reality, the incorrect grasping of oneself and of the environment leads
us to develop a disadapted behavior, both intrapersonal, lack of harmony with oneself
and interpersonal, inadequate contact with others and erroneous assessment of distances, which results
in negative aspects such as excessive or pathological dependence, disappointment in trusting people with
whom we have only little and superficial treatment. In a word, being in
reality means having the ability to see things as they really are, both in
the personal as well as in the professional, social or cultural family. Absence
of a project of life, love, work and culture. Life doesn'
t improvise. It needs a certain organization, a scheme that designs the future
and that is based on the three great arguments that I have already pointed out,
love, work and culture. The immature person hasn' t dug deep
into any of them. His sentimental life is not well structured and, consequently,
floats without a professional hold. No realistic and demanding challenges or goals have
been set. Therefore, it only covers the file. As for culture,
it is fed by topical television and common places. In conclusion, his life
lacks content, lack of affective maturity, understanding that it is in what it
consists and how it vertebrates our life. The world of affectivity is essential by
love has a sense of life users, but there is no love without renunciations.
At the same time, it is important to know that no one can
be absolute to another. Eternal love does not exist. What does exist is
love worked day by day. To love does not mean to have sweet feelings,
but to turn to the other in the small things of each day,
starting again whenever necessary, to put the best of oneself at the service of
our partner. Affective maturity involves essentially three things. To know that every affective
commitment has a having and a weak, that is, positive and negative things.
Consequently, skills must be acquired so that the Conjugal life has the ability
to react in difficult times. Affective versatility appeals first to desire rather than to
the whim of will, and that leads to being dragged away by the rewarding
supremacy of the moment. Achieving better self- control self- government is a
good aspiration. Unlike the animal that gets dragged in. Man prefers to choose
to say no to what hinders his self- realization, self- control and
optimization of possibilities make us more free to achieve a good level of self-
esteem. One of the clearest features of immaturity is insecurity, which consists of
both a negative and inadequate assessment of oneself and a lack of confidence. Consequently,
the immature does not believe in himself, sometimes justifiably and sometimes because of
his distorted perception of things, he does not see himself able to direct his
own feelings correctly, to motivate himself or to achieve stable friendships, accepting in
each of them his positive and negative traits lack of maturity of intelligence. Intelligence
is, along with affectivity, the most important block of psychological tools in our
psychological heritage. There is a natural intelligence, which is the endowment that each
one has and which, to a large extent, is hereditary and a cultivated
intelligence that comes from years of study and inner enrichment that is achieved through repeated
efforts seventeen thanks to continuous nutrition. Both must be well harmonized and manage intelligent
behaviour, one that knows how to focus a topic, reason and make proper
judgments, solve the problems that arise, move towards a dignified and coherent personal
realization in computer terms, receive information, code it properly and provide valid and
effective answers. Other types of intelligence that I just leave pointed out are the
following theoretical, social practice, analytic, synthetic, discursive, mathematical, instrumental,
order, constancy, will, motivation, Phoenician for emotional musical business,
helps to pilot feelings with spontaneous provoked, creative, analogic, methodical skill and
that which I would call intelligence for life little or no education of the will.
Will is the ability to accomplish something by knowing how to postpone. The
reward is a jewel that adorns the personality. Their lack has devastating effects,
since it makes the subject weak, soft, fickle, capricious, unable to
set concrete goals and fulfill them. It is the image of the spoiled child
that produces so much sorrow in the immature personality. There is an exaltation of
the instant and a vertigo for the immediate. The need for an early reward
prevents you from giving up the demands of the environment and an individual who has
not learned to overcome himself, but to follow his immediate impulses, abandons things
when it becomes minimally difficult? What does this mean? Two very sharp notes.
Low tolerance for frustrations, that is, being a bad loser and tending
to take refuge in a fantastic world that takes unstable moral and ethical criteria away
from reality. Morality is a region of reality that must aspire to be objective.
Ethics, for its part, is a word derived from the Greek Ethos
and which means the usual way of acting character custom. Both terms are used
as synonyms. Morality is the art of living with dignity as human beings,
educating the freedom to know and put into practice everything that is good. It
is the art of using freedom correctly. The conception of the immature person in
relation to what is good or bad is caught with pins, as other criteria
are gaining points fashion, permissiveness, relativism, etcetera. This decalogue shows the
reverse model of mature personality. The latest scientific research on maturity is very interesting,
highlighting sons with emphasis the following characteristics, ability to love, ability to
work and acquisition of culture. Some authors confuse psychological maturity with a certain existential
wisdom to Chimbaum or Woll one thousand nine hundred ninety- one, of the
Moter one thousand nine hundred ninety- four Stenberg two thousand, when they are
really different things, although there are areas of confluence eighteen and certain osmosis is
established. In conclusion, we can say that personal maturity is an aspiration,
a goal, a medium- term goal. But it is rarely fully reached.
We have to be realistic. Utopias are bad traveling companions. Maturity presupposes
a certain state of fullness that is being reached through a gradual and gradual growth
process, concretion and ambiguity of the immature personality. As we have already commented
at the beginning of this chapter, the most recent classifications do not include the
diagnosis of immature personality, due, among other things, to its diffuse and
imprecise tones and to sharing some of its features with other misalignments. Given the
breadth of the term maturity, it is appropriate to speak of levels of personality
maturity, that is, of ascending or descending degrees in the development of oneself.
Maturity is something relative not absolute and depends on variables such as age,
type of life, studies, socio- cultural or economic level interpersonal relationships.
In order for a personality to develop in a harmonious way, it is necessary
to achieve a good conjunction of the biological provisions and the various learnings that take
place from childhood to adulthood, forming a range of experiences in which the following
characteristics stand out, the integration of the various elements that have been deposited throughout
the life of a person, neutralizing with one another to form a well structured
mosaic, the subordination of some over all, knowing to hierarchically hierarchize a scale
that seeks unity. In conclusion, we can say that the maturation of personality
consists in achieving a balance between the dispositional and experiential factors in order to reach
successive degrees of freedom, independence, knowledge of oneself and reality, as well
as in elaborating a life project under the auspices of reason and will. Recently,
Tyler two thousand three, two thousand nine hectares spoke of a new concept
entitled neither therapy Nest therapy, whose name derives from Latin nests nest, which
is a new therapeutic strategy that should be used in persistent personality disorders. It
does mean the attempt to modify the environment, the family partner environment of a
subject to try to minimize negative influences on it. This is a systematic modification
of the environment, which means a new way of dealing with personality disorders.
Today we know that the adaptation proclaimed by American psychiatry must be widely criticized.
I will make a brief argument about this. If we accept that society is
so neurotic, the normal thing is that a person folds into that collective behavior
and, consequently, does not adapt to those sick social behaviors, so he
moves away from that sample of population, but becomes a healthy person. This
concept is introduced in London in hospital treatment equipment. When checking the failure of
some subjects with personality disorders to comply with the treatment, follow the guidelines designed,
sometimes because of resistance to the psychiatrist, others because of lack of adherence
to the treatment, or simply because that environment does not facilitate psychological improvement.
The issue is exciting, but it demands realistic environmental objectives, with feet on
the ground and a knowledge of that environment through the patient' s family and,
in some cases, someone close to him or her. The problem is
who should take care of the nidotherapy. It is difficult to determine within the
psychological team who should apply it. Short programmes are beginning to be available.
We are on the skirt of its realization. Chapter six. Predepressive personality.
This pre- depressive mode does not appear in the above classification of personality disorders,
but I would like to refer to it because of its undoubted importance.
It is a real breeding ground in which it is easier for the symptoms of
depression to thrive. We could define it as that form that is characterized by
advancing, facilitating and predisposing to such psychic illness. It is its anteroom,
a vulnerable anteala prone to this mode of mood disorder. There is a long
history on this subject, already hypocrate century iv before Christ referred to the balance
of the four humors as a dialectical prototype of personality. The corpus hypocráticum maintained
that the melancholy mand came from the alterations of the blood and that the blood
contained the spirit that was clouded was damaged giving rise to the disease. This
basic conception will be more clearly expressed by platoon in the Taimeo his will.
Where the moods of acidic and salty phlegms and all bitter and bileous humors mix
their vapors with the movement of the soul, all kinds of diseases of the
psyche originate, including manifestations of obfuscation and distinction. It is remarkable to note
how the word distinguished from long tradition in German psychiatry first and Anglo- Saxon
later is already mentioned at this time. What is interesting is the joint mention
of sadness and obfuscation, resulting in the alteration of the soul from a state
of the body. In other words, the PSI that is negatively modified somatically
is a very modern conception. If we compare it with that in force during
the Middle Ages and part of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The
Platonic idea is that one of the worst ways to get sick lies in exaggerated
joy and overflowing pain, since in both cases the individual is frantic outside of
himself and is not able to reflect calmly. This circular antinomia between pleasure and
pain means a disorder of nature and it is necessary that the antinomia is well
compensated. The idea of measurement or platonic balance is therefore decisive. It is
pursued in order to achieve a good equation between the soul and the body.
If the body has more relevance and prevails over the soul, there is a
lack of knowledge and a certain inability to learn, which leads to ignorance the
human being who attains symmetry body soul is superior, great, extraordinary. They
are the wise, the poets, the thinkers, those capable of enduring a
tragic destiny and remaining undisturbed. The opposite is the ametry, a slide towards
the disproportion of the elements that integrate the human being. From this conception,
disease is always understood as asymmetry, imbalance, lack of harmony. For its
part, in Pedocles, based on the theory of the four moods of Hippocrates,
arising from the four basic elements of life, water, air, earth
and fire, refers to blood heat, dry phlegm, yellow bile moisture and
cold black bile, which are located respectively in the heart, brain, liver
and vessel. When they reach balance, the individual is healthy. When they
decompensate, the disease appears. Perhaps the first systematized study regarding the pre-
depressive personality is Porca Abraham, one thousand nine hundred and twelve, who draws
attention to the resemblance between these patients and obsessive neurotics. Such similarity refers especially
to the ambivalence love hatred towards a person in ln in the U. In
some cases, the disease starts from an attitude of hatred that leads the person
to a state of paralysis. In other words, it prevents him from loving.
Apart from this feature of ambiguity, we must also describe an excessive desire
for performance closely linked to a hypertrophy of moral consciousness, the superyo of psychoanalytic
doctrine and a fixation of the occupation of the loving object, even in the
non- depressive period three, which coincides with a marked resistance to the occupation
of that proposed object. In even more strictly psychoanalytic terms, we observe qualities
that are in themselves valuable, constancy, accuracy, scrupulousness, but that reach
truly extreme points and, therefore, pathological. Four, the problematization of the
simplest and most common things in ordinary life, the tendency to get frustrated from
relationships with other people, etc. Likewise, in Sigmond Freud we find another
description of the predepressive personality, which also presents elements close to the obsessive sphere,
such as certain prejudices that become fixed, but unlike obsessive neurotics. Here
the projection adds to the repression of hatred. From this perspective, developed by
Freud, mainly in his book Duel and Melancholy one thousand nine hundred and seventeen,
it is formulated that in these subjects the settlement returns to primitive stages,
since the fundamental operation resides in the introduction of the object of the alivid.
In a previous publication character and anal eroticism, one thousand nine hundred and eight,
Freud pointed out the eagerness of these subjects for order and their extraordinary tendency
to save. The constitutional typology of E Cretsmer thousand nine hundred and fifty encompasses
not only that which concerns personality, but also that which corresponds to the morphological
h. Its connection with the zoological conception of psychiatric diseases. It is evident
that the picnic type is related to depressive manic psychosis, eleptosomal with schizophrenias and
athletics with epileptic psychosis or, in a more general sense, with the epileptic
circle. For its part, the type of depression would be built on a
quiet, worried, calm personality. The designation of these types is ordered according
to the depressive temperamental mood. At this point there is a marked difference with
the ideas proposed by low HTL, who does not take the mood as decisive,
because even if it is something prominent in these patients, it is not
something decisive. Apart from this, Cretsmer also points to other features. Exaggerated
laboriousness, careful formality scrupulousness in his work. The sensitive delirium of self-
reference already offers a pre- depressive typological model, characterized by a tendency to
exhaustion, to which is added a specific pulsional structure of a sensitive nature,
which is a condition without eco- anon for the occurrence of such self-
referential events, that is, that person refers everything to himself in a suspicious,
suspicious, distrustful, hostile way. Kretsmer' s sensitive character approaches Dobré
' s hyperemotional. They are sensitive shy subjects, with a tiredness before the
anxious effort, psychological, on many occasions, with scruples, hesitations, perennial
doubts that have struggles of moral conscience and are extraordinarily affected by the reactions of
others, coming out very often traumatized or injured in social contact and with inhibition
of their aggressive reactions almost permanently. This sensitive paranoia always develops with anguish and
great internal emotional tensions, so its long- term reactions are more depressive and
hyposthenic, leading to psychological blockade than aggressive. The pre- morbid typology of
Maus depression, one thousand nine hundred and thirty, is also of great interest.
This author makes a differential diagnosis between single- phase depressions, biphasic depressions
and circular chronicles. Each corresponds to specific premorbid types, as well as differences
that define each entity' s most finished psychological typification. It refers to people
who are close to forty years of age, in which it can be observed
that their own and habitual rhythm is slowed down, become heavier and psychic energy
appears diminished. Therefore, an experience of detention prevails with loss of the ability
to project towards the future. All this refers to singular or single- phase
forms, since in multiphase depressions, pathogenetic determinants are not exclusively endogenous, observing
reactive components that feel like a specific overload in close relation to professional life,
decisions responsibilities. MAU points to the triggering moment of depression, the moment in
which the feeling of an exo recive overload is perceived that already crosses the limits
of the ability to cope with it. This feeling begins in a reactive mood
to take further profound life dealings. Maus also notes that in some cases the
situational and reactive and psychic factors persist in long- term depressions or in authentically
chronic depressions. I do not want to overlook two issues that I find interesting.
As to what is being said, Cretzmer spoke of the gliscroid temperament to
refer to the permanent manifestations of epilepsy directly related to character and personality. Later,
Mause outlined his characteristics and went on to affirm that this character manifests itself
in all aspects of his conduct in a patent way, reflected above all in
a particular look that is set on the person who looks at him as clinging
to the interlocutor, following with scrupulous attention to dialogue, gave him the name
of enechetical constitution of de viva dar of the Greek word n which means stickyness.
They show a generally higher intellectual level, an outstanding perseverance, a loss
of rapidity in adaptation, a tendency to stagnation and an obvious slowing of language,
a stuttering slowness that is accompanied by a poverty in verbal expressions. E
Bleuler coined the term epileptoidia the works of Mincovsk and one thousand nine hundred twenty
- three and one thousand nine hundred thirty COAC pierre abound in this same sense.
For its part, h J. Baetbrech thousand nine hundred and sixty-
six points out that the pre- depressive situation is but a distressing way of
life, often overburdened with activity, which leaves no time for rest or distraction.
In other areas than strictly professional ones. Ya F J. And J.
Wittendich a thousand nine hundred and fifty- four had pointed out that the
prime trigger of a depression is never an emotion, but a punctual situation or
a situational constellation that can be both of failure and of success. The jobs
of the Japanese psychiatrist and Mechimoda thousand nine hundred thirty- two. One thousand
nine hundred and sixty gather the most typical predepressant traits of their country, among
which stands out the hypersensitivity of the emotional apparatus that gives rise to an insistent
and tenacious thought or chaco, which is considered manifestation of a certain gene Possessing
this character is the precondition for suffering a depression to which is added the scrupulousness,
the social exemplaryness and the obsession of these subjects to do everything with an
exaggerated perfection. This conception is very close to the idea of depression due to
exhaustion of Pekielolls, which also refers to the way of installing the depressions present
in this type of constitution, which is characterized by a tendency to remain fixed
or attached to thoughts or feelings. Therefore, a subject with this character cannot
feel relieved, but after having carried out two in depth what he undertook.
This is a positive feature, of the character that only allows one to feel
satisfied when both the task and the duty or responsibility itself have been fulfilled.
These people are always highly appreciated as trustworthy and serious examples. When on any
occasion, whether of a psychic or a bodily nature, they exert themselves in
excess, presenl melancholy arises by summarizing, the personality prior to depression is characterized
by excessive application to work. He gives in depth in an honest pathological activity,
terrible scrupulousness, sick order, high sense of justice, bordering on excessive
limits, absence of laziness, all in an excessive pathological way. At present,
the studies try to measure and evaluate with more rigorous and better designed instruments
the different types of personality, thus understanding the totality of the mental traits that
move through behavior, imprudence and remanence. Finally, let us analyze the melancholic
typus of HT YEMAC one thousand nine hundred sixty- nine thousand nine hundred and
seventy- four, which constitutes one of the most precise and well- spoken
descriptions of personality and the development of the pre- depressive situation. This result
is based on the catamnesis and evolution of the disease over time, since,
from the methodological point of view, it was very difficult to obtain concrete data
on each individual before suffering the depressive phase. The psychiatric experience shows the difficulty
of observing the previous personality during the illness, as it is usually buried under
the symptomatology and characteristic of the current form. The vast majority of patients studied
by Tejemach, when asked about the possible reasons for their illness, replied that
they did not know what their condition could be due to. The essential feature
of this predepressant type is, according to Tejenbach, the fixation to an excessive
desire of order. In the pursuit of order we have pointed out as an
essential feature of the melancholic type. It is only a more pronounced version of
order, as we find it in many people, even those who have never
been melancholy, when we recognize in the pursuit of order a fundamental feature of
the structure of the melancholy type, this does not mean that every orderly person
runs the risk of becoming melancholy. The decisive thing is that the melancholy personality
is firmly fixed to an attitude characterized by order, which does not always manifest
itself in all sectors of existence, but at least in one that is essential.
Those who surround the subject, both at home and in the professional environment,
appreciate that eagerness. The clinic' s auxiliary staff realizes when the patient
' s remission has begun. Among all the sick, the melancholy are the
ones who show the best will to help and those who deserve the most confidence
in this regard. Working life is completely determined by application, conscientiousness, the
feeling of duty and formality. Order also prevails in relation to relations with others,
especially scrupulousness, sometimes even distressing with which I know how to keep the
environment free from disturbances, frictions, conflicts and, above all, from the
guilt in all its forms in relations with superiors and colleagues, fidelity, willingness
to serve and willingness to help are respected authority and hierarchy. As we see
from this description, order is the substantive fabric that shapes the personality and gives
it its most genuine character. This leads these subjects to raise demands far higher
than the average of the population, measuring almost mathematically their performance in the various
planes in which it can be explored. Five further schematic features could be summarized
in the following. Order in the world of work, with accuracy in performance
six. Order in interhuman relations is lived exclusively for work and for the family.
Hence, the absolute separation of family members can be threatening to balance souls.
Fear is only the essence of this kind of human relationship. Order in
relations with others scrupulousness are people who always ask forgiveness, who try to fix
things. This takes them to spend whole days, turning their heads to a
phrase or to any event that has happened with a great inner unrest that necessarily
leads them to humble themselves and apologize, conflicts of conscience that overload them,
finally, clairvoyance of possible threats that break their mental or bodily balance. The
conjunction of these data is called orderality. It constitutes the specific structure of the
pre- malancholic personality. They record, above all, the inability to cope
with excessive demands in the material and formal plane, in the background of which
they beat obsessive anxious and anancastic traits that are coordinated with the disease itself.
Many patients, seeing the general order that prevails throughout their existence broken, try
to rationalize what has happened, seeking reasons that justify their current state and by
force. Both searching for them are false ones, but that in the reflexive
elaboration are shown to the patient as valid. Sometimes these are somatic events of
little entity, such as flu states or somatic difficulties located in a specific place
of the organism, but of little permanence. In women it is very common
to attribute everything to the menstrual cycle, which for many of them has a
special meaning. Other times, the reasonings are inserted under the protection of conflictive
or problematic situations that are raised primates. In the reflection itself. Both pregnancy
and puerperium can play the same role. Finally, call you traces to the
two basic constellations that unfold in melancholy endogenous transformation, imprudence and remanence. Both
are in the status category. The subject is in correspondence with the situation,
which is similar to that which occurs in physiology between stimulus and response, and
which gives rise to a series of changing relationships in the person- world relationship.
Man is placed in various positions that he often feels as a threat of
his order, of his law. Then everything can become messy. The concept
of order was introduced into psychiatry by its one who tries to systematize the different
types of order that the subject experiences. Its primary form is the relationship.
I a world of Saint Sornon in inclusion the subject is attached to too narrow
a life. If the geometrical ordination of its existence is altered by a professional
promotion, a change of job, a move of domicile and, in general,
by anything that breaks the space itself. It can be a strong emotional
tension approaching the depressive. Let' s see what she says tell her off
about a move. A woman moves to another house that is much prettier than
the previous one. He has, of course, attachment to his old home,
but he feels more joy for the new one, which is more beautiful.
The joy before the move encourages his activity after the change and already installed
in his new home, his joy is yielding by a growing sorrow. She
herself can' t understand why she' s changed like this. You might
understand that the many jobs caused by the move have depressed you. But these
difficulties have not been experienced as such before. On the contrary, and on
the other hand, they have already passed and have been replaced. However,
grief continues in its kind of order to which it had become accustomed in its
former dwelling and in the specific situation of its habitat. There is the key
to having to found a new order is an existential requirement to discover new reference
connections. This requires the elasticity of freedom. No previous joy can overcome this
difficulty. The constellation of remanence consists of remaining behind oneself, without being able
to get rid of events lived in his biography. There is an inability to
control the past and guilt gradually comes out. Both constellations put us in front
of a common fact that the situations that tend to depression are lived as much
as a negative existential change as a mutation loaded with new demands. Sometimes both
factors are combined, although one of them usually prevails. Both, as they
set out, lead to depression. Imprudence involves living order and space excessively,
disproportionately sick. Remanence means feeling trapped by the past, being unable to overcome
it. The depressive personality itself the word depression harbors too many meanings in its
bosom. It is a polyhedral term that has also become fashionable in the language
of the street, which makes it used as often as imprecise. We'
re going to be more precise. Its concept as an expression of colloquial language
refers to a feeling of sadness, of decay, although most of the time
for something momentary, passing of little importance and relief as a state of mind.
It refers to an interior landscape that describes a way of finding an soul
mode, is more permanent and its foundation is somewhat more solid. As a
symptom. In any disease there is a constellation of symptoms, some essential and
others secondary. The former define the disease, as they are key parts of
it. The second ones are more in specific ners. There are many pathologies
in which depressive manifestations can be observed from terminal cancer to infectious disease, including
diabetes, osteoarthritis, inflammatory symptoms, anorexia, schizophrenia, or repeated anxiety crises
as a disease. This is the most accurate use in psychiatry and, as
such, mentions the causes and motives that have produced it, in addition to
symptomatology in its entirety. To continue with differential diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and
prevention. As a type of personality, there is an important nuance in such
a case, since one cannot say that someone has a depression, but is
depressive. His usual way of manifesting is presided over, centered, structured in
a sad and pessimistic mood. The features that are drawn are markedly melancholic.
As a type of life it is common to see people who are sad in
one- way lock with a low vital tone. Apparently they are under a
depression, but the subsequent analysis puts us on the mat that is about someone
whose life is simply monotonous, with a great isolation from the subject, that
there are no plans, no goals or challenges. In short, it is
a poor, flat existence with no vision for the future. This is not
cured by medication, but by giving a twist to that vital structure. The
consequence is demotivation, an empty life without content. A little history. As
I mentioned earlier, the polyhedral dimension of the word depression has made it used
to refer to different psychological conditions, as if it were a sort of tailor
drawer of psychopathological phenomena. For its part, the depressive personality concept has had
a strange pariopinta zixagrant history to the point that in the DSM four it is
not part of the main classification seven, but appears at the end in Appendix
B, whose generic title is criteria and axes proposed for further studies. Not
in elcie either. However, we found antecedents in the melancholic temperament of Hippocrates,
described more than 2, 000 years ago on the basis of the four
elements of nature blood, phlegm, bile, yellow and black bile. The
predominance of black bile appeared to be characteristic of this personality. In the 17th
century. R Borton described this form in his book Anatomy of Melancholy. Later,
this diagnosis was lost, until it re- emerged in the term Cyclotinia,
from one thousand eight hundred eighty- two, who associated depression and mania
in the same disease, although with two opposing faces and at the same time
separating a form of being depressive. Later. E crappellin thousand nine hundred and
twenty- one, described affective states of people who had an emotional tone below
normal and who were persistent a temperamental disposition to sadness. If someone is right
at a certain moment right away, there are negative memories, feelings of guilt
or reproaches that prevent them from tasting the positive aspects. E Cretsmer a thousand
nine hundred and twenty- five described a group of hereditary personality types, including
the depressive temperament characterized by pessimism and melancholy cuts. Neider one thousand nine hundred
and fifty described the depressive psychopathy, installed in the lack of comfort and in
the complaint with serious difficulties to face the future. And Tellenbach, as I
have already commented, systematized the melancholic types from a study of one hundred and
nineteen patients. The psychoanalysts, for their part, spoke of the depressive character,
which is expressed as a predisposition to be dejected, with low self-
esteem, chronic guilt feelings and a tendency to self- cryption. In nineteen
hundred and sixty- nine, clayy Deves described the dysphoric character whose main characteristics
were the chronic tendency to complain and the feeling of permanent unhappiness. These people
are always dissatisfied, apathetic, with little encouragement to do any kind of work
or activity. In a thousand nine hundred and seventy- one, L Rojas
Ballesteros designed in this same line the sad personality fect keychain. A thousand nine
hundred and seventy- two spoke of personality with a tendency to depression, and
in a thousand nine hundred and seventy- five J and J chilfrautw l Kleine
proposed the term" characterological pressure syndrome", enchronized as equivalent of the depressive
personality. Later, Spitzer and collaborators, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-
seven established three categories of disorders of single- polar depressions minor depressive disorders and
chronic- pressive disorders. The latter group includes the person r depressive tonality.
The depressive personality is constituted by a pattern of behaviors and thoughts that begin in
adulthood and emerge through a permanently sad mood, decayed with low level of self
- esteem tendency to criticize for everything and pessimistic vision of oneself and the world
around you. It is important to note that while the depressive is sad,
the depressive personality is sad. The difference lies in the temporary and permanent versus
the transitory and stable. The first appears and disappears. The second has a
fixed residence. The scientific studies carried out so far have many limitations because they
have been based on unsound and systematic criteria and because studies of family histories with
this type of personality have not been seriously evaluated. In addition, in this
case, the comorbidity association of a depressive personality with a depression is essential to
determine that it is before and that, after u s s s s s
NS. This mixture of depression and personality disorder is called distinction, which we
can thus define chronic depressive mood associated with low level of self- esteem,
complex insecurity, more or less pronounced inferiority and a despair that involves everything.
In nineteen hundred and ninety, at B he spoke of the schemes of depressive
personality, which are styles of behavior and thoughts centered on a triad, negative
vision of oneself, tendency to interpret personal experiences in a negative way and negative
view of the past. All three aspects induce the patient to interpret everything pessimistically.
These are three errors in the processing of information that cause a disorder in
the way of thinking that predisposes toward melancholy. In the last decade of the
20th century research on this prototype has grown and deepened in the attempt to systematize
its profile. Two authors stand out hs X CALM one thousand nine hundred ninety
- two cycle an indie ninety- nine. The first has described the subclinical
depression of itself, difficulty in enjoying the positive things of ordinary life, tendency
to worry. The second speaks of an affective, autonomous, independent disorder,
centered on fiscal points, but with a neurobiological substrate, a way of being
pessimistic. How we can define the depressive personality. It is that way of
being centered in a pessimistic view, of itself and of the environment, with
a tendency to feel displaced by any event of life and whose spirit is generally
inhabited by a mixture of pessimism, sadness, boredom and apathy. His behavior
sometimes overlaps with other manifestations, but on most occasions, his style is evident,
clear, open- minded. It' s what street people call a
negative person. It usually reduces their outer life and interests and in it they
grow the inner worry and rune focus on themselves, which leads them to have
few friendships as a pattern of strongly rooted behavior. Depressive personality, like almost
all others, is often characterized by a way of perceiving, feeling, thinking
and behaving. Let' s get into each of them. Perception is the
capture of reality in its complexity. Although all senses are also of great importance,
the sight becomes central, since the world enters through the eyes. The
laws that regulate this process are very diverse, while for conductism everything depends on
the stimulus or response relationship. For cognitive psychology, the question is different.
Our Mind receives from the outside a series of data, information that is then
processed and ordered. Concepts and interpretations of reality are later elaborated. According to
this scheme, the depressive personality is negativist, with a tendency to oppose the
criteria of others. Indirect oppositionism caters more to the bad than to the good,
as if its psychological gaze is selectively inclined to the negative, something that
is fixed in these subjects a caustic, derogatory, distant, cold as without
soul. From a sentimental point of view, the depressive personality shows melancholy lack
of illusions. Illusion is the wrapping of happiness, the pull that pushes life
forward and appears broken. In this kind of personality. Discontent and disillusionment are,
therefore, a constant even contagion to others. Their Demoralization This is the
issue at hand. That' s why people are running away from these guys,
who are being called party poopers about their way of thinking. Depressive personalities
are unable to embark on any company, as they a priori think that everyone
will go wrong. They prefer passivity. He won' t do anything.
Their languid and defeatist affectivity leads them to go ahead in negative, so they
tend to abstain and participate little. They exercise strong self- control and have
learned to stay out of it. They say nothing, express the right and
show little interest in what happens around them. All this is amalgamated inside,
giving rise to a series of subjective experiences low level of self- esteem,
a certain complex of inferiority insecurity. Inner monologues are generally self- critical.
It is possible to confuse this picture of the depressive personality with an authentic depression.
The difference must be established in the temporality of the facts. In the
first case, events are as they are, since the subject has an elaborate
behavior, that is, almost always in depression. However, everything happens from
a specific moment and if the treatment is correct, it will disappear in a
few weeks to fully remit. Finally, if we refer to the aspect of
behavior, one of the most frequent external symptoms of depressive personality behavior is anedonia.
Severe difficulty or inability to feel and seek pleasure It is the consequence of
the skeptical vision of life defeatism and serious attitude to existence. To her is
added an exaggerated fatigue, even before the effort. Years ago, the so
- called neurastenics were included in this psychological group, who avoid opening themselves to
other people, do not seek rewards, because there is an intrinsic deficit due
to lack of hope and they value very little their own possibilities. Psychological hypersensitivity
is added to them. They suffer for everything too much and it is easy
for them to feel hurt by others. Any small failure is lived in a
terrible dramatic way, especially inward, since its ability to express outwards is very
scarce. They' re having trouble relating from childhood to here. Treatment symptomatology.
The common mistake is to think that this is a depression. The first
step should be to make the subject see what happens to him so that he
becomes aware that his way of being and functioning is sick, inadequate and harmful.
If this is not achieved, the rest will have little value. Psychotherapy
allows to design patterns of healthy behaviors so that these subjects will modify and correct
their lost pattern. They act on feelings, the way of thinking, and
the manifestations of behavior. The establishment of a positive ratio between the physician and
the patient is essential an alliance in which the therapist' s is strong enough
to design new mental schemes. Thinking positive does not distort reality. To be
more logical in the elaboration of ideas and concepts, both personal and of the
environment. In many cases, however, antidepressant drugs need to be administered,
as they are combined with personality disorder and added depression. Chapter seven a suspicious
individual. There are many descriptions of this personality in the psychiatric bibliography, from
lew mar Grosse, Crepellino, kt Sneider, through Rojas Ballesteros, Francisco Alonso
Fernández ov Conde among the Spaniards. But Jack Clace referred to the Paranoid Constitution
and its two most prominent features, self- confidence and high self- awareness.
Dindel focused his description on the self- referential trend, the enormous and
negative influence of the environment and the excess in retaining and keeping painful experiences.
The symptom picture of s four points out as more marked the mistrust and the
generalised and unjustified suspicion towards others. From a phenomenological point of view, the
subject' s perception is permeated by the rda of suspicion, fear of being
damaged. This caution leads him to be on guard at the stalking bet waiting
for some kind of aggression or hostility. Paranoid thought attributes to other double intentions
in their words, gestures and even silences, both in what others say and
in what they silence. Any relationship has a strange, sinister and malevolent meaning
toward oneself. Any verbal and non- verbal lightness submitted to scrutiny and the
conclusions drawn are negative for the individual himself. The paranoid look is sharp,
thin, precise, attentive to any detail that emerges in the discourse, as
if the key to everything was semi- hidden and it was necessary to be
very aware of any expression to discover it. The paranoids create the center of
attention and anything that happens in their environment invites you to doubt, to distrust,
to examine the fact thoroughly to explain the inexplicable and find a basis to
sustain your arguments. There are several psychological characteristics to highlight inquiring attitude. Mistrust
takes on a very close- up and leads to questioning all interpersonal relationships,
both in what is seen and heard and in what remains hidden. Permanent anxiety
is due to an expectant fear, a feeling of restlessness and uneasiness. Anticipatory
fears make the subject live with the impression that strange surprising things are always happening
to him that open new gaps in him to imagine the worst isolation way to
defend himself from the veiled and unclear aggressions that emerge here and there. Loneliness
and lack of relationships are increasing paranoia, until the person becomes a Cruso vavensen
in his own home, even coming to lock himself in his room irrational fear,
to take any kind of food and or medicine. It is feared to
be poisoned or harmed, as in the vast majority of personality disorders. There
is no awareness of illness, so medical access to that person is almost impossible.
Aggressive reactions are the result of permanent feelings of persecution and injury. These
reactions are often reduced to a very small environment. The closest relatives on most
occasions lead to confinement at home so as not to see anyone ostracized. Resounding
sense of justice manifests itself in a radical tone as a result of a psychological
hypersensitivity, by which the individual gives a special meaning to everything that happens to
him, especially to the small details. This attitude leads to a lack of
affective harmony with the environment, which reduces to the minimum expression criteria for the
diagnosis of personality, paranoid disorder to, distrust and general suspicion from the beginning
of adulthood, so that the intentions of others are interpreted as malicious. These
appear in various contexts. As four or more of the following points indicate,
he suspects without sufficient basis that others will take advantage of them, harm them,
or deceive them of concern for unjustified doubts about the loyalty or loyalty of
friends and partners. Reticence to trust others for unjustified fear that the information they
share will be used against them as a covert meanings that are degrading or threatening
in the most innocent observations or facts harbor grudges for a long time, for
example, does not forget insults, insults or scorns, perceive attacks on his
or her person or reputation that are not apparent to others, and is predisposed
to react with anger or counter- attack suspicion repeatedly and unreasonably that his or
her spouse or partner is unfaithful to him or her. B these characteristics do
not appear exclusively in the course of a schizophremium, a mood disorder with psychotic
symptoms or other psychotic disorder, and are not due to the direct physiological effects
of a medical disease. Note whether the criteria are met before the onset of
schizophrenia. Adding premorbid, for example, paranoid personality disorder premorbid paranoid personality is
a serious disorder especially because the affected person refuses to receive medical treatment. It
' s usually your family who comes to the psychiatrist to comment on what'
s going on and know how to act. The fact of not being aware
of the disease is more accused than in other cases, because the subject is
increasingly locking himself in. In the event that the family obtains a consultation,
the good relationship between the doctor and the patient will be decisive. Let'
s look at the next medical history. This is a thirty- seven-
year- old man who works as a janitor, studied up to degrees of
philosophy and left the career to do psychology, of which he took only two
years. The parents come to the office without their son and their mother tell
us. She' s always been a withdrawn, introverted, very quiet person.
They usually close in their room and devote themselves to their two great hobbies,
chess and reading, especially philosophical subjects. He never wants to go out
with his sister, who is four years younger and only goes once a week
to a chess center where he plays with a sixty- two- year-
old man who we believe is almost a professional. He recommended that our son
buy an electronic chess game to play alone, which now barely leaves his bedroom.
The mother thinks she' d agree to come to the office. She
is concerned about her son' s low state of mind and recent comments about
his desire to die. The father to whom, apparently, the son resembles
much, hardly speaks, except when I ask him. Her point of view
is the mother who carries the singing voice. She' s been very insisting
that you come to see us and we take advantage of this first consultation to
call you on the phone. The result of that brief talk is quite good,
especially given that specialists have difficult access to subjects suffering from this personality disorder.
So, a few days later he comes to see us and I only
receive him without any person on my team, since, according to the parents,
he is an extraordinarily sensitive being. He is a man of about eighty
pounds in height, a harsh appearance of distant cold athletic complexion. I know
he measures his words a lot and it' s nothing syntonic. He tells
us I came because my mother has insisted on me a lot and my sister
and grandmother also find me low in spirits and think that maybe some vitamins or
something like that can get me out of this pothole. I like loneliness.
I don' t trust people. I' m having a hard time,
because I have to interpret what I' m told, and because I'
m very analytical, sometimes I suffer. I prefer to read a book by
Sartre, although my favourites are Chopenaguer and Nitzche. I am very interested in
the subject of existential anguish and death. I didn' t finish my psychology
career because I couldn' t concentrate and besides, because I was disappointed.
I thought it would help me understand myself better and solve my problems, but
it wasn' t because the subjects are heavy and don' t clarify anything.
To my question as to whether you are comfortable with your way of being,
I am answered like this. There' s something about your personality that
you' d change in some sense. I look normal everyone has a way
of being. Many of his answers are laconic, short of his tapes and
rarely give rise to further progress in the Hino Interrogation. After analyzing the results
of their tests of depression, anxiety and affectivity, we observed a wide pathology
with a strong depression, although underlying the anxiety picture, which is very harassed,
especially in the cognitive and assertive planes. I decide to leave the personality
exploration for a next interview out of fear that it will show its rejection.
We give you an anxiolytic dose jump to prasolan one milligram six shots a day,
a tranquilizing auroleptic, greater chlorpromacin or twenty- five for breakfast lunch and
dinner and a facilitative drug anthem to fight insomnia. He comes back two weeks
later and the mother tells us that he is calmer, but that the dream
is still bad. It takes him more than two hours to catch him since
he took his medication. In addition, this one is intermittent, so it
gets very tired in the morning. We traded her medicine for a stronger hypnotic.
Fruni after knowing a milligram forty- five minutes before going to bed,
stopped coming to the office for about six months, as he was preparing some
administrative oppositions to social security, took her out and joined his work. Shortly
afterwards, almost a year later, he returned to consult his mother' s
phone call, very concerned that his son' s confinement continued at home and
because a few days earlier he had left a cousin' s wedding to whom
he was initially reluctant to go after the appetizer, as he had interpreted the
questions of some relatives as malicious. When I see him again I find him
more airtight, very little dialogue. I was turning to the reading of sira.
I don' t want to complain about evolution It' s been complicated
by two symptoms, new auditory hallucinations. He hears noises that do not exist
and suspicious interpretation that these noises are to bother him who manifests so in his
account. I' ve been watching for a few months now that my mother
makes some weird noises with her mouth, sounds with which she wants to hurt
me. I told him and he says they' re my inventions. When
I talk to his mother, he explains to me that he has come to
threaten her that if he doesn' t change, he will take his measurements.
He even tells us he has dropped out at work, because he says
that some colleagues make comments or laugh when he passes and two neighbors upstairs,
whom I hardly greet when we meet down the stairs, make some very rare
noises, run chairs, drag furniture I hear the sink dripping. I know
they' re going against me and the other afternoon when we meet in the
elevator we stare at each other, because they realize that I know. Parents
insist that they are normal people, aware that their child is in psychiatric treatment,
so they ask and are interested in their evolution. The clinical picture we
have just discussed is becoming more complicated for a number of reasons. The atrocious
isolation of the patient, the, the drop in work, clear depressive symptoms
that add to a paranoid symptomatology. Finally, she agrees to take antidepressant medication,
although she insists not to return to the clinic. There are three elements
to discuss regarding treatment. The sick medical alliance, which is always key,
was especially important in this case because it allowed sharing readings and interests, as
well as satisfying their curiosity about psychology. Given this tuning, he accepted,
although with many reluctances, that he was a carrier of a personality disorder and
that he needed therapeutic help. The treatment followed the pharmacotherapy trilogy psychotherapy sociotherapy.
Butyrofenone- based medication was prescribed in rather high doses with loracepan anxiolytics and five
times a day and antipsychotic correctors of its side effects. With psychotherapy we manufactured
a behavior program that at first received as a spectator forced to do so and
later tried to get involved, putting into practice some of the guidelines. Finally,
we managed to get him to come to group therapy one day a week,
although at first he did it with great resistances and almost without participating.
The patient has improved over these years in group therapy. He' s learning
communication skills, though it costs him a lot. I don' t talk
about nonsense or frivolities. I like to touch on serious issues like existential anguish,
psychological films, or the subject of death in philosophy, and I know
that people are not interested in that. It has been proposed as a psychological
task to learn to talk about inconsequential issues, common everyday. She' s
even been asked to call some girl in the group and ask her out with
him. I have to think about that. We don' t know each
other enough. However, this clinical case is rare in its evolution for two
reasons. Because the patient was able to come to the office. Contrary to
what is common in individuals with paranoid personality, a good interpersonal relationship was established
with the mediation of their mother, who intervened in several joint sessions. The
deformation of the perception of reality, one of the characteristic features of this patient,
could be disassembled by a selective cognitive technique. See why the patient finally
agreed to take medication, which is usually flatly rejected by those with this disorder.
Concomitance with a state of anxiety first and depressed then made things easier.
In this sense, the fragile alliance with the doctor can easily be broken in
the face of small suspicions, doubts or medical and atrogenic interventions produced by a
wrong medical activity. Expectant distrust, as well as a kind of diffuse and
drawn hostility, mark paranoid behavior. In order for a treatment to have results,
the awareness of illness is crucial. Otherwise, the sick cannot be reached.
You have to pay close attention to your feelings of humiliation, but do
not take sides, because if we agree, we make the clinical picture become
more and more chronic. If the doctor is careful and manages to establish a
good relationship, the prognosis may be favorable. The inability to forgive and other
symptoms in the paranoid personality. In addition to the widespread and unjustified mistrust to
which we have already referred, it is characteristic a photographic memory for the supposed
or real grievances received with inability to forgive or forget small incidents that are often
oversized. Various research suggests that this disorder may have a biogenetic relationship with schizophrenia.
J. A. Gutierrez Arisa one thousand nine hundred and seventy- six.
That' s two Hendler and A. M. Gremberg thousand nine hundred
and eighty- two, L. J. Sieber and another thousand nine hundred
and ninety- one and he Aquard one thousand nine hundred and ninety- nine.
Although it seems that it is the projective defense mechanisms that are shaping this
disorder acting since the early years of youth I have gone one hundred and ninety
- nine. Today the aetiology of the same is still under discussion. The
psychological thesis points out the following features as managers of symptomatology, people who have
genetically inherited a way of being very introverted and ruminating that from an early age,
elaborate inadequate feelings towards the closest people who usually live humiliations and fabricate a
marked vulnerability followed by hostility and self- reference, as well as a tendency
to take excessive responsibility for their defects and errors. The fear of criticism and
disapproval of others is also found in this conduct. For this reason, and
Turcat and that teacher, one thousand nine hundred and ninety- seven, recommended
group therapy to develop social vieldes. Although continuity in care is often difficult because
of the strong mechanisms of resistance of patients in our clinical experience Enrique Rojas and
Cols two thousand. The great problem of cognitive behavioral therapy that these individuals keep
in memory small incidents, often trivial, that prevent improvement due to their inability
to overcome and forget those facts. In fact, Sigmund Freud defined this pathology
as defense neuropsychosis. For their part, Becky tea and Freeman thousand nine hundred
and ninety have emphasized the cognitive deformations that occur in this personality, establishing an
ordination of the inadequate experiences after correctly evaluating some details of the relationship with others.
It is very accurate the description that Crexmer made in his day a thousand
nine hundred and fifty, of the sensitive character typical of these subjects are shy,
sensitive, habitative, anxious, analytical, scrupulous and with an exaggerated sensitivity
in social contacts, tend to inhibit their initial reactions, which makes them dissatisfied
and accumulated containments. As we have said, poorly resolved conflicts, difficult circumstances
with evident marks of suffering and the sum of failures of different signs form a
context in which an acute paranoid reaction can develop, a drop of water can
trigger an extraordinary distrust that leads the individual to live always as if chapter eight,
a life alone, were threatened. For a long time, the schizoid
personality was considered to be the basis of schizophrenia or a way of being associated
with it. Historically, there are very interesting descriptions, such as that of
Ajac one thousand nine hundred and ten, who spoke of closed personality, or
that of Repelín one thousand nine hundred and nineteen, who referred to autistic per
sonality. From Hey Kretsmel, the expression schizoid personality was normalized h J Guntrip
thousand nine hundred seventy- one, psychoanalyst, put the emphasis on the tendency
to isolation with difficulties in establishing open social relations, which leads these subjects to
behave strangely. Whenever we analyze a disorder, it should be borne in mind
that between the healthy personality and the pathological one there is a cantinon with different
degrees. At a certain point, the border between the normal and the abnormal,
both quantitatively and qualitatively, is crossed. What is the main clinical note
of personality. Schizoid a marked difficulty to relate to others, with a huge
deficit for social skills. Not only do they not relate, but what is
most harassed, they do not want it. These solitaires, who play for
hours at the computer or get into their room and take refuge in a fantastic
world, do not communicate with their coworkers and, in fact, usually look
for a professional activity in which there is very little social interaction. They rarely
marry, as their lack of affection is a sign of first magnitude. They
are cold, distant, reserved and unable to express positive feelings in a few
words, neither enjoy one' s life nor are they passionate about anything.
They are impenetrable, rigid and unable to speak of the normal things of day
to day, as if there were permanently in them a philosophical or metaphysical background.
When living with schizoid subjects, their indifferent vital tone, dyed of absence
and self- absorbing, can be observed as if they were lost in an
inner vagrancy. However, this inner world is nothing interesting, because it is
almost empty of experiences, even insensitive outwards. The emotional expressiveness is flat nil
non- existent. Over time, this way of becoming a town of fears,
phobias and room mechanisms that lead the individual through a sliding ramp into isolated
life. They distance themselves from others because of their lack of harmony and inability
to make friendships. His life is built on the margins of people, including
the family. The absence of stimuli in the schisoids. External stimuli have little
influence. They live a monastic life, both at home and at work and
if they are laborious, they pass through existence without making noise in the vulgar
language they are often described as dull, insipid, anodyne, unbridled, and
their style is miserably and insultuous. They are a monument to boredom and cold
and dispassionate passivity. It' s as if they' ve put aside the
emotional baggage already in their first youth, which eventually leads them to a depressed
state. Let' s look at the next islands. Clinical teria quite representative.
He is a man of sixty- eight years old single retired civil servant
who comes to the consultation with a medical brother five years younger. He was
diagnosed with depression at the age of 50 and has been under control since then,
although his improvement has been limited. It' s brother who tells us
he always talks very little. He studied accounting and didn' t dare go
to college for fear of interacting with people. He' s been a stamp
collector and that' s filled his life. She' s never been out
with a girl. When I was younger I went with a group of cousins
and friends, but most of the time I preferred to stay home. The
brothers got married. There are four of us with Elli, when at weddings
it was said that the next one would be he felt very bad and the
patient himself says at fifty years old I realized that I had spent my life
working, but nothing more. I was very sad to see what had become
of me. My doctor brother told me that what I was was depressed.
I' ve seen enough psychiatrists send me pills, but I' m pretty
much the same. Lately, I' ve been sitting in a chair for
a couple of years. I' ve been watching TV since morning, and
I hardly go out and sleep badly. I' ve lost some appetite,
though I' ve never been much to eat. Below we reproduce part of
the interview. How your normal life has been without great things. You'
re happy with the kind of life you' ve led. I don'
t know I think I' m like this Why didn' t you get
married? I' ve always been shy about the women' s issue,
and I' ve passed my age. He would have liked to have children.
I don' t think so, because I' m not prepared for
it. It' s hard to educate them. I' d rather be
the way I am. How you have found yourself in a mood in the
last two weeks, about tired and with little desire to do things. Explain
to me better how it feels inside you. It' s hard. I
' m empty. My brother says I' m sad. I wouldn'
t know what to tell you about the day. I' m retired and
bored. I don' t know what to do. Besides, I'
m tired of stamps. What he likes the most zero with that he enjoys
the most. Being at home or with my brother, the doctor who talks
to me and takes me with him for a walk or to see his children.
I don' t like being with a lot of people, though.
The interrogation makes two things clear. A very unexpressive type of personality, in
whose discourse are practically absent the adjectives referring to its own state of mind and
a depression associated with its way of being that we measure following the scales of
becky Haemothan. At some point in the interview with the brother, he told
us that he had recently commented that he preferred to die, since his life
was meaningless, but that there had been no suicidal tendency at the moment.
The three- dimensional treatment we recommend was as follows. In pharmacotherapy, oxetine
at 20 was used for breakfast and dinner as a person with a thin,
slender, high- lectosomal morphology with low abdominal fat. Within a few weeks
he was switched to paroxetine at an equivalent dose, as this first drug significantly
slows appetite. Since there was no anxiety picture, no sedative was prescribed,
they were only suffocated to sleep. With regard to psychotherapy, he was given
very operational guidelines of behavior, simple that he should put into practice under the
presence and tutelage of his brother and as part of the sociotherapy. He was
advised to attend group psychotherapy once a week with people about his age, overcoming
his strong resistances, as well as often going out with his brother and quoting
nephews. Not being alone all day without doing almost anything and watching the television
of depression, slowly improved. He managed to come to group therapy, accompanied
by his brother, as if he were a young boy going to school for
the first time, although in the first three sessions he hardly spoke. Little
by little, he began to participate something and he was more willing to collaborate
with the medical team, although very much to trailer concogera affectiva beings. With
justice and Cretzmer stated that the people of this group suffer an affective limp.
Psychoanalysis usually attributes the origin of these disorders to some childhood trauma or impact that
has left an indelible mark marking all behavior. Two, on the other hand,
he urged Fairba in a thousand nine hundred and fifty- two revealed two
very particular symptoms, depersonalization and derealization, which means that these individuals are observers,
but not participants in the life around them. Therefore, when no treatment
is applied, the passage of the years makes the disorder chronic, strengthening its
roots and hindering its eradication. The schizoid personality is going to make a good
breeding ground so that there, in that way of being prospers. Asome c
give a schizophrenic chapter nine, an extravagant psychology. Still within group A of
the classification of the DSM four we find the modality of eccentrics. They draw
attention to their rare and scruffy external appearance. They talk about strange, intelligible
or magical things, being very frequent. Beliefs in telepathy, hidden powers,
chiromance, etc. They tend to distort in an almost systematic way the perception
of reality, capturing the facts in a very rare, very particular way,
regardless of the criteria of the people around them. These are some of the
differential nuances. Schisotypic personality disorder belongs to the spectrum of schizophrenia, which means
it is a good breeding ground for the disease to thrive. Three are personality
disorders in which affective life is reduced to minimal expression, with very poor social
and almost autistic relationships. The thought. The schizoid personality is schisotypic and the
personality by avoidance, the behavior of the schisotypic individual is imbued with a psychological
atmosphere, rare, strange, bizarre, exotic, unsuited to the reality of
what is life and the cultural environment. This leads to a way of living
isolated, hollow, useless empty on the margins of people and society, which
never allows to establish solid and stable friendship relationships. Everything is erratic and imprecise.
In the few social relationships that the schizotypic subject maintains, the most pronounced
characteristics are coldness and the sense of remoteness. It is like being with an
aimless automaton, a kind of absent presence manifests a profound disinterest in the affective
world. Feelings are improper to this personality, as if they did not belong
to it in this field. Everything is distance, a mist of difficult qualification
that invades and runs through his life. The marked distortion in the perception of
reality leads the schisotypic subject to a curious degree of eccentricity. The stimulus response
relationship is inadequate, as it does not pay attention to elective stimuli. Likewise,
it is wrong to codify and store almost everything that enters through the senses.
That' s why, sooner or later, people leave him alone.
Finally, to emphasize the constant depersonalized, as if they had no personality or
were empty, which leads them to live without direction or direction. Early manifestation
of the disease the schisotypic personality manifests itself already in adolescence or early youth.
K S. Kendlery Cols, one thousand nine hundred and ninety- three,
demonstrated the risk of developing this disorder in first- degree family members of the
sick. It has also been known that it shares with schizophrenic disease some biological
characteristics, such as the increase in the size of the cerebral ventricles and a
higher concentration of omobanyl acid in cerebrospinal fluid. They are associated with a reduced
ability to track objects in the visual field and some deterioration in hearing care.
In the same way that the tasks of continuous execution to r L are less
fine three peanuts, one hundred and ninety- nine. As we have already
mentioned, we are facing a personality that strongly calls attention to its poverty in
the expression of affections, which leads to an almost null social relationship already from
school, although accentuated in the beginnings of labor history, an excessive, reserved
and fragmented behavior, almost insensitive criteria for the diagnosis of personality. Schizotypic disorder.
Ah a general pattern of social and interpersonal deficits associated with acute malaise and
a reduced capacity for personal relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptive distortions and
eccentricities of behavior that begin at the beginning of adulthood and occur in various contexts,
as indicated by five or more of the following points, reference ideas,
excluding delusional ideas of reference, rare beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and
is not consistent with subcultural norms, for example, superstition, believing the clairvoyance
of epathy or sixth sense in children and adolescents, strange fantasies or concerns,
unusual perceptive experiences, including bodily illusions, thought and rare language, for example,
vague circumstantial, metaphoric over elaborated or stereotyped, suspicion or paranoid ideation inappropriate
or restricted affectivity, unusual behavior or appearance, eccentric or peculiar lack of intimate
friends or distrust apart from first- degree family members, excessive social anxiety that
does not diminish with familiarization and tends to be associated with perenoid fears rather than
with negative judgments about one' s own personality characteristics. Adding premorbid, for
example, disorder is premorbid personality. The diagnosis is usually easy, because symptomatology
manifests itself clearly, although often the problem lies in knowing if the subject has
gone a step further and we are faced with an authentic schizophrenia. They are
determinants, the appearance of auditory hallucinations. The patient hears voices that speak to
him of his activity, either in a dialogue, or in an imperative way,
the delirious experiences of self- reference, the interception of thought, having
the impression that his thoughts are being controlled in some way. It is necessary
to determine whether the schizotypic is active or passive, since the therapeutic orientation in
both cases changes considerably, as well as the specific medication and correlaxants neurolectic antidepressants
derived from the pinna wave in low doses, etc. Behavioral cognitive psychotherapy is
one of the ways to strengthen the consciousness of disorder, which constitutes a fundamental
psychological goal. Another is to teach him to enjoy a little of the simple
things of life by trying to learn the importance of pleasure. Finally, we
must also work on cognitive distortions, injuries and distortions in the perception of reality,
a task in which the ability of the doctor or psychologist is tested.
It is not uncommon to observe PÉRENOIX manifestations that complicate the case, as well
as avoidance behaviors. In short, the schizoid personality appears before us as very
rare, strange, anomalous, curious, with great distancing in human relations.
The most finished expression is that of central people who attract attention because it is
cold and does not connect with others. Ten. In Group B of the
4th century, the symptoms that constitute the geography of the psychopath are explained.
Different denominations have been used to point out this disorder, which shows a conduct
against the general rules established by society, which often leads to marginalization, crime
or illegality. When it comes to a dangerous individual, his or her hospitalization
is often necessary. The psychopath rarely comes to the psychiatrist except for the pressure
or blackmail of a first- degree relative. There are two reasons for this.
He has no awareness of anything abnormal happening to him. Therefore, he
does not need any kind of assistance and understands that society has placed him in
a context of crime and violence from which PEPI must protect itself in the one
thousand eight hundred six can be considered one of the pioneers both in freeing the
mentally ill from chains and in using psychotherapy to cure certain sufferings. Being the
introducer of the experimental us method. The concept of constitutive anomaly of personality comes
from the description of mania without delirium eg required in one thousand eight hundred twenty
- three referred to impulsive monomania, while seeing amore. In a thousand eight
hundred and twenty- eight he called it the madness of the degenerates and finally,
j Prichard Street one eight hundred and thirty- five made famous the expression
moonshner and moralist and cranquete in German to allude to moral madmen or people without
feelings that cannot be controlled and whose ethics is minimal. However, reactions against
this way of understanding psychiatry led to two great French doctors J. Falretti W.
Griesinger to deny the existence of that ethical madness. Despite the constitutionalist theories
of V magnan one hundred and eighty- nine, many others continued this investigation.
Dupre author of the psychopathic constitutions a thousand nine hundred and twelve, Hertznar
in the psychopathic personalities a thousand nine hundred and twenty- three and a thousand
nine hundred and fifty, Calle borel el desec sono el briopsiquico a thousand nine
hundred and forty- seven. O P. Bernard says Brisset that in his
Treaty of Psychiatry one thousand nine hundred and sixty- five, they exposed the
essential characteristics of these patients under the name clinical problems posed by the perverse constitutional,
those who have sexual perversions and the drug addicts. As early as the
19th century, Maideth had qualified this group as moral invalids have no moral sense
and its subversive conduct is constantly dominated by perverse tendencies and malignity. In the
United States, benjumen Bash used the expression of innate moral pravity to point out
the inability to control and govern the drives without losing judgment and reasoning. In
England he went to Chimousley one thousand eight hundred seventy. The first to refer
to the existence of a brain center in which natural feelings reside and that would
be responsible for this type of disorder one, but it is due to him
repelling the term psychopathic personality, which today is of common use at the tops
of the world theater. Although French tradition also speaks of unbalanced personality and Cripeling
nineteen thousand fifty- two describes psychopaths as people without affection and without will,
two serious shortcomings that prevent governing one' s psychology. For k Hendrys in
nineteen hundred and thirty- nine, the highlight of this behavior, of its
markedly antisocial and incorrigible character on his part, ch Cletke a thousand nine hundred
and fifty- nine, proposed the following definition highly asocial, aggressive and impulsive
person, who sometimes lacks not entirely feelings of guilt and who is unable to
create lasting bonds of affection with other people. Research in the Anglo- Saxon
countries has focused heavily on whether it is hereditary or reactive. Maux a thousand
nine hundred forty- one, Keren a thousand nine hundred forty- four,
Claicley a thousand nine hundred forty- four, Pen Rose a thousand nine hundred
forty- seven, Benhab Men a thousand nine hundred forty- eight, Darling
Dilandall a thousand nine hundred fifty- four, is Later a thousand nine hundred
fifty- five and a thousand nine hundred seventy- four, and so on.
All these authors insist on the existence of a pattern of irresponsible behavior,
devoid of feelings of guilt that has become chronic the treatment possible against the assertion
of many psychiatrists and psychologists that the psychopath has no cure. Today we know
that with early social biosytic treatment some positive results can be achieved. In other
words, these subjects can be brought closer to the normality band according to mental
health criteria. Consider the following clinical case in the consultation a woman of fifty
- four years old widow, mother of three children of eighteen, twenty-
three and two, of medium low socioeconomic level. He lives off his pension.
Although the eldest of the daughters works and contributes her salary to the house.
I' m here to consult for my son. He tells us he
doesn' t want to come. My daughters and I have gone through a
public mental health center, but the doctor and psychologist who took care of us
told us that the treatment was very difficult and that they took the case for
granted. Why do you think he' s not well psychologically and needs help?
I ask you, you have a way of being very violent. He
mistreats his sisters. Their language is harsh, terrible and when they catch their
attention, they threaten them with a knife telling them that one night they will
be raped. His friends are very rare. Many are drugged and dressed in
black leather jackets and painted hair. He had to leave school at the age
of thirteen because he didn' t go to class, although he had bad
grades since he was nine or ten years old. He was expelled from two
schools, in one for stealing money and in the other for his very aggressive
behavior. Tell me some anecdote with creta. I don' t know where
to start. There' s a lot of them. I think he has
always been a difficult, complicated, envious child with reactions that everyone at home
feared I remember that at fourteen years old his father, who still lived,
told him that he was very upset by his behavior and that he only gave
us problems and he threatened him. Be very careful with me because one day
I' ll kill you don' t forget it and I' ll stay
so calm that you know it A year earlier I had bought about two small
cats. I saw how he drowned one, and when I asked him why
he was doing that, he said to me that I wanted no further explanation.
It has been many times that he has not come home to sleep past
days, without giving signs of life and has no feelings. When his father
died, he said I knew he was going to die. It' s
the best thing for everyone. He did not shed a tear and the next
day he left with his friends and was away from home for two days.
My daughters are traumatized. We live in fear thinking where aggressiveness will come from.
I, as a mother, don' t know what to do with
it. I' ve often wondered if it' s my fault for not
giving him any more affection, but my daughters say it' s with him
that I' ve turned the most. It' ll be some childhood trauma.
His father did nothing but work. He was a good man at the
end of his life. They didn' t talk to each other. The
picture is very hard and I' m getting more and more nervous. I
have frequent clashes with my daughters, because they think I should be much tougher
with him. We all think something serious can happen.